中山大学837外国语言学及应用语言学专业课考研真题(2019年)

中山大学

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（2019年）

英语语言学试题(1)及答案

英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.

中山大学肿瘤学专业研究生考试题库

肿瘤标志物：是指那些与恶性肿瘤有关的能用生物学或免疫学方法进行定量测定的，并能在临床肿瘤学方面提供有关诊断、预后或治疗监测信息的一类物质。肿瘤标记物通常是由恶性肿瘤细胞所产生的抗原和生物活性物质，可在肿瘤组织、体液和排泄物中检出。多药耐药性：一旦肿瘤细胞对某一药物抗药时, 对其它一些结构不同,作用机制也不同的药物也具有抗药性, 即多药耐药(MDR)现象。研究发现这和多药耐药基因(mdr－1, mdrp)及由它们调控的P－糖蛋白有关。p-gp实际是一种跨膜蛋白,能够通过ATP将药物从细胞内泵出。姑息性放疗：是指应用放疗方法治疗晚期肿瘤的复发和转移病灶，以达到改善症状的目的。有时将姑息性放疗称为减症放疗，用于下列情况：止痛如肿瘤骨转移及软组织浸润等所引起的疼痛。缓解压迫如肿瘤引起的消化道、呼吸道、泌尿系统等的梗阻。止血如肺癌或肺转移病灶引起的咯血等。促进溃疡性癌灶控制、如通过缩小肿瘤或改善症状后使生活质量提高。新辅助化疗：为了提高中期病人的切除率和治愈率，比较成熟的化疗或方案可用于术前(称为新辅助化疗)，目的是提高切除率和治愈率肿瘤特异性移植抗原TSTA：：在近交系动物，将移植瘤摘除后，可使动物产生特异性地抵抗同一种肿瘤的再次攻击，从而证实存在肿瘤特异性抗原（TSA）。因采用肿瘤移植模型证实，又称为肿瘤特异性移植抗原（TSTA）。肿瘤恶病质。它是肿瘤通过各种途径使机体代谢发生改变，使机体不能从外界吸收营养物质，肿瘤从人体固有的脂肪、蛋白质夺取营养构建自身，故机体失去了大量营养物质，特别是必需氨基酸和维生素（由脂肪蛋白质分解而形成）。体内氧化过程减弱，氧化不全产物堆积，营养物质不能被充分利用，造成以浪费型代谢为主的状态，热量不足，进而引起食欲不振，只能进少量饮食或根本不能进食，极度消瘦，皮包骨头，只剩下骨头架子，形如骷髅，贫血，无力，完全卧床，生活不能自理，极度痛苦，全身衰竭等综合征前列腺特异抗原PSA，是一种具有蛋白酶活性的抗原，表达于前列腺导管上皮细胞，可作为诊断前列腺癌有价值的标志物。上腔静脉综合征SVCS）是一组由于通过上腔静脉回流到右心房的血流部分或完全受阻相互影响所致的症候群，为肿瘤临床上最常见的急症。患者出现急性或亚急性呼吸困难和面颈肿胀。检查可见面颈、上肢和胸部静脉回流受阻，淤血，水肿，进一步发展可导致缺氧和颅内压增高，需要紧急处理以缓解症状。阻塞机制不外乎以下几种：即血栓形成、纤维化、外来压迫和肿瘤侵犯隐性乳腺癌（3.2.1）是指乳房内未扪及肿块而已有腋淋巴结转移或其它部位远处转移的乳腺癌。炎性乳癌（3.2.1）是由于癌细胞浸润到真皮下淋巴管，引发淋巴管阻塞和继发炎症的一种特殊病变。炎性乳腺癌以侵犯淋巴管道为主要表现，发病多急骤，主要表现为乳房皮肤的红、肿、热、痛、压痛等乳房炎性症状，转移几率高，预后差。前哨淋巴结（6.2.4）是指首先接受区域淋巴引流的那一组淋巴结（可以是一个或者多个淋巴结），在恶性肿瘤是指肿瘤细胞到达的第1站淋巴结，如果SLN不发生转移，则其他淋巴结发生转移的可能性<1％。 Pagets病（1.3.4）是一种皮肤鳞状上皮的原位癌。特点是在鳞状上皮的表层浸润着圆形的Pagets细胞。可分为乳腺Pagets病和乳腺外Pagets病两大类。乳腺的病变主要在乳头或乳晕，临床层湿疹样，称湿疹样乳癌。乳腺外的病变主要位于会阴部、肛周或阴囊等处。隐性肺癌（1.2.1）指对原发肿瘤大小无法估计，在支气管分泌物中找到癌细胞，但在影像学或支气管镜检查未发现癌症。中央型肺癌（1.1.1）发生在段支气管以上至主支气管的癌肿称为中央型，约占3/4，以鳞状上皮细胞癌和小细胞未分化癌较多见。肺上沟癌（1.2.1）指发生于肺尖部的周围型肺癌，以交感神经链、脊柱、锁骨下动脉及臂丛神经受侵为主要表现。 Honer综合征（1.2.1）肿瘤压迫颈部交感神经，引起病侧眼睑下垂、瞳孔缩小、眼球内陷，同侧额部与胸壁无汗或少汗，也常有肿瘤压迫臂丛神经造成以腋下为主、向上肢内侧放射的火灼样疼痛，在夜间尤甚。 Krukenberg瘤（1.2.1）胃粘液癌细胞浸润至胃浆膜后，可脱落到腹腔，种植于腹壁及盆腔器官腹膜上。有时在卵巢形成转移性粘液癌，称Krukenberg瘤。 Virchow淋巴结（6.2.1）：胃癌多向左侧锁骨上窝淋巴结群转移，因此处系胸导管颈静脉入口，这种肿大的淋巴结称为Virchow淋巴结，常为胃癌、食管癌转移的标志。淋巴瘤（1.2.1）恶性淋巴瘤是原发于淋巴结及结外淋巴组织的恶性肿瘤。其发生多与免疫应答时，淋巴细胞向各种免疫应答细胞分化过程中发生的恶变有关，根据病理学改变，分为霍奇金病和非霍奇金淋巴瘤两大类。蕈样霉菌病（1.2.1）是T细胞源性淋巴瘤。原发于皮肤，早期为湿疹样病损，皮肤瘙痒，表面斑疹。以后发展为不规则瘤样结节，可扩散至淋巴结和内脏。 R-S细胞（1.3.2）何杰金病中镜下可见淋巴结的正常结构破坏消失，由瘤组织取代。瘤组织中有一种独特的多核瘤巨细胞，体积大，直径大，椭圆形或不规则形；胞浆丰富，双色性或呈嗜酸性；核大，可为双核或多核，染色质常沿核膜聚集成堆，核膜厚。核内有一大的嗜酸性核仁，直径约 3~4um，周围有一透明晕。这种细胞称为R-S细胞。双核的R-S细胞的两核并列，都有大的嗜酸性核仁，形似镜中之镜影细胞。这些双核和多核的R-S细胞是诊断何杰金病的重要依据。亚临床肝癌（1.2.1）经AFP普查检出的早期肝癌病例，可以没有任何症状和体征。小肝癌（1.2.1）单个结节直径小于3cm或两个结节直径之和小于3cm的肝癌。 AFP（4.2.1）甲胎蛋白，是在胚胎早期表达的糖蛋白，出生1周后消失。肝癌细胞可重新表达AFP，使AFP血清水平显著上升，是原发性

2021复旦大学英语语言文学考研参考书真题经验

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从决定考研开始就一直查各种资料和各种考验心得，经常在high研看师哥师姐们的热血经历，也得到了很多师哥师姐们的帮助，在这里先谢谢大家了。我准备考研比较早，元旦左右就开始了，因为大三课比较多，所以前期复习时间较短，速度有点慢，因此，如果大家已经有目标，建议越早开始越好The early bird catches the worm! 政治：暑假开始复习政治，一直到最后都是跟着肖秀荣老师的书在走，1000题很重要，可以抓很多细节性的知识，建议不要在书上直接写，方便后期反复利用。暑假期间可以先看去年大纲，大概有个印象，最后冲刺时四八套题一定要好好背，今年肖老师大题基本都中了。政治最好每天都分配一定的时间，这一科记得快忘的也快。考研政治每门课都是一个庞大的体系，有着大量的内容。因此需要建构每门课的大体系框架，通过一个框架把整门课连接起来，背李凡政治新时器就够了。以中国近现代史纲要为例，以时间顺序可以把中国近现代史纲要分为两部分，即以1949年10月为分界限的中国近代史和中国现代史。中国近代史又可分为两部分，即以“五四运动”为界限的旧民主主义运动和新民主主义运动两部分。在这两个阶段有一条非常明显的主线：列强对中国的侵略和中华民族各个阶层为了中国的独立所做出的努力。根据这条主线旧民主主义运动又可以分为几个部分，即地主阶级、资产阶级维新派、资产阶级革命派、农民阶级做出的尝试，分别是“洋务运动”“戊戌变法”“辛亥革命”“太平天国运动”和“义和团运动”。“五四运动”后的新民主主义运动也可根据主线分为几个阶段，即第一次国内革命战争时期，国共十年对峙时期，抗日战争时期，解放战争时期。中国现代史就是新中国的建设史，可以根据这条主线分为几个阶段，即1949~1956年的过渡时期，1956~1966年的社会主义建设时期，1966~1976年的“十年文革”时期，1976以后的社会主义建设新时期。二外法语：本科学校教材是新大学法语，我复习用过的资料有：考研必备，二外法语考研综合（肖红），和圣才出版的名校历年二外真题，不过这些书提供的答案有些

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