线性有界算子序列的一致强(弱)收敛

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1.3线性有界算子,巴拿赫空间中的几个定理

1.3线性有界算子,巴拿赫空间中的几个定理

§3线性有界算子,巴拿赫空间中的几个定理一、线性赋泛空间在前一节,对集合引入距离的概念,从而定义了极限下面再引入元素的加法及数乘的代数运算。

定义1:设为一集合,如果:(一)在中定义了加法,即对中的任意元素,存在相应的元素,记,称为的和,并适合:E E ,x y u E ∈u x y =+,x y E(1)(2)()(3)在中存在唯一的元素(称为零元素),对任何中的元素,有(4)在中存在唯一的元素,使称为的负元素,记为。

(二)在中定义了元素与数(实数或复数)的乘法,即在中存在元素,x y y x+=+()()x y z x y z ++=++z E ∈E θE x x xθ+=E 'x 'x x θ+='x x x −E E v记(为任何实数或复数,),称之为与元素的数积,适合:(5)(6)(是数)(7)(8)便称为线性空间(或向量空间),称中元素为向量。

若数积运算只对实数(复数)有意义,则称是实(复)线性空间。

v ax =a a x E ∈x ()()a bx ab x =,a b ()a b x ax bx+=+()a x y ax ay+=+E E E 1x x⋅=定义2:设是线性空间,是的非空子集。

如果对任何,对于中的元素都有及,那么,按中的加法及数积也成为线性空间,称为的线性子空间(或简称子空间)。

和是的两个子空间,称为平凡子空间。

若则称是的真子空间,每个子空间都含有零元素。

E M E αM ,x y x y M +∈x M α∈M E E E E {}0E M ≠M E定义3:设是线性空间的向量是个数,称为的线性组合。

若中之集的任意的有限个向量都线性无关,则称是的线性无关子集。

若是中的线性无关子集且对于中的每个非零向量都是中向量的线性组合,则称是的一组基若中存在由(有限)个线性无关向量组成的基,就说是维(有限维)线性空间,否则说是无限维空间。

E n E M M E A E E x A A E E n E n 12,,,n x x x …12,,,n ααα…11n n x x αα++…1,,n x x …引入距离,则不难验证,满足距离公理的三个条件,于是线性赋范空间就成为距离空间,今后对线性赋范空间总是按(*)式引入距离使之成为距离空间。

线性有界算子序列的一致强(弱)收敛

线性有界算子序列的一致强(弱)收敛

线性有界算子序列的一致强(弱)收敛线性有界算子序列的一致强(弱)收敛,指的是在定义在线性变换空间上的有界算子序列\{T_n\}中,存在一个定义在这个空间里的数K,使得||T_n||\leqK,并且当n\rightarrow\infty时,T_{n}以足够快的速度向T趋近,其中||T_n||是这个序列的算子范数,T是这个空间的有界算子。

首先要说的是,线性有界算子序列的一致强收敛,是指一个线性变换空间上的有界算子序列,它具有线性复叱性,并且有数K使得||T_n||\leqK,当n\rightarrow\infty时,T_n和T的定义范围趋于一致,这个过程使得T_n不断次级收敛到T(若T是收敛点,则T也收敛到T,而T_n不断增加,最终收敛到T),使得T_n等效于T,称为一致强收敛。

由于一致强收敛的定义具有线性复叱性,所以我们可以得出抽象的总结:T_n的一致强收敛类似于一致收敛,但是它不是以完全一致的方式,而是以不断次级的形式收敛的,最终收敛到某个点T,即T_n等于T,称为一致强收敛。

另外,线性有界算子序列的一致弱收敛是指在定义在线性变换空间上的有界算子序列中,存在一个定义在这个空间里的数K,使得||T_n||\leqK,而且当n\rightarrow\infty时,T_{n}不断向T靠近,但动态幅度很小,最终没有达到等同于T,也就是T_n不能真正等效于T,但它们之间的差异趋于零,称为一致弱收敛。

总之,线性有界算子序列的一致强(弱)收敛,指的是在定义在线性变换空间上的有界算子序列\{T_n\}中,存在一个定义在这个空间里的数K,使得||T_n||\leqK,并且当n\rightarrow\infty时,有一致强收敛和一致弱收敛,也就是说,T_n以不同的范围靠近T,使得T_n逐渐收敛到T,从而减少了两者之间的偏差,使其有效的趋近于T,最终达到稳定的状态。

第四章4.4-4.5 线性算子的基本定理强收敛弱收敛

第四章4.4-4.5 线性算子的基本定理强收敛弱收敛

T-1(k1y1+k2y2)=k1T-1y1+k2T-1y2T-1是线性算子。
定理5 (巴拿赫逆算子定理)设X, Y都是巴拿赫空间TB(X,Y)是 双射,则T-1是有界线性算子。 证 T是双射T-1存在且T-1是线性算子(定理4) 同时,T是双射 T是开映射 设 GX 是开集(T-1)-1(G)=T(G)Y是开集
u x0 r0 x r0 , Tnu Tn x0 r0Tn x
1 Tn x Tnu Tn x0 r0 1 1 2M Tn x Tnu Tn x0 Tnu Tn x0 r0 r0 r0 2M Tn sup Tn x , n 1, 2, r0 x 1
间,T: DY是线性算子,如果T的图像GT是XY的闭线性 子空间,则称T为闭线性算子。
定理9 (闭线性算子的充要条件) 设X, Y都是线性赋范空间,DX 是线性子空间。T: DY是线性算子,则T是闭线性算子的充要条 件是对{xn}D, 当xnxX, TxnyY时,有xD, 且Tx=y. 证 “” (x,y)GT{(xn,Txn)}GT, 使(xn,Txn)(x,y) {xn}D,使xnx, Txny xБайду номын сангаасD, 且 Tx=y (x,y)=(x,Tx)GT GT=GT T是闭线性算子 “” GT是闭集, 设{xn}D, 且xnxX, TxnyY (xn,Txn)(x,y) {(xn,Txn)}GT, GT是闭集(x,y)GT xD, 且Tx=y
对yY,有
S T Y X Y S T y sy T (Sy ) I y y y
2) T-1T=Ix, TT-1=Iy 3) 若T是线性算子,则T-1也是线性算子(将在后面证明)。

第四章4.1-4.3线性泛函与线性泛函的延拓定理(短)

第四章4.1-4.3线性泛函与线性泛函的延拓定理(短)
n n
T 是线性算子。 {Tn }是基本列 0, N , 当 n, m N 时,Tn Tm Tn Tm Tn 为基本数列 Tn 有界,设 Tn M , ( n 1, 2,3, ) Tn x Tn x M x Tx M x(n ) T 是有界算子 T B ( X , Y )
注:1)定义中,D为算子T的定义域; M是算子T的界值;T(D)={Tx|xD}称
为算子T的值域 2)有界算子与有界函数不同。例如 f(x)=x 无界函数 有界算子: |f(x)|=|x|<2|x|
3) T是连续算子 T在D上处处连续
2. 有界线性算子的性质 定理1 设X、Y是线性赋范空间,DX是线性子空间,T: DY 是线性算子,则
x X
定理2 设X、Y是线性赋范空间,DX是线性子空间,T: DY是 有界线性算子,则T的范数具有下列性质: (1) ||Tx||||T|| ||x||, xD (2)
T sup Tx Y sup Tx Y
x 1 xD x 1 xD
(即||T||是有界线性算子T的最小界值) (可作为范数定义)
x 1 x D
则B (X,Y)成为线性赋范空间,称之为(有界)线性算子空间。
2. 线性算子空间中的极限理论 定义4 (算子序列的一致收敛与强收敛)设X、Y是两个线性赋范 空间,Tn, TB(X,Y), n=1,2,…
(1) 如果||Tn-T||0, 则称算子序列{Tn}按范数收敛于T, 或称{Tn}一致收敛于T. (2) 如果xX,||Tnx -Tx||0, 则称算子序列{Tn}强收敛 于T, 或称{Tn}按点收敛于T.
T su p T x T x 0 m ax

一致收敛的比较判别法

一致收敛的比较判别法

一致收敛的比较判别法一致收敛的比较判别法是数学分析中的一种重要策略,适用于求解函数序列的收敛性问题。

其主要思想是通过比较函数序列与已知函数的大小关系,来推断函数序列的收敛性。

下面我们就来详细介绍一下这一方法。

1. 一致收敛的概念在介绍一致收敛的比较判别法之前,我们先来了解一下一致收敛这个概念。

对于一个函数序列{f_n(x)},如果存在一个函数f(x),使得对于任何给定的正数ε,都存在一个正整数N,当n>N时,有|f_n(x)-f(x)|<ε成立,那么我们称这个函数序列一致收敛于函数f(x)。

这种收敛方式相比于点态收敛和平均收敛而言,更加强一些,也更适合于一些特殊函数的收敛性分析。

2. 比较判别法的基本思路有了一致收敛的概念之后,我们就可以开始介绍一致收敛的比较判别法了。

这种方法的基本思路就是通过一个已知函数g(x),与函数序列{f_n(x)}相比较,从而来推断{f_n(x)}的收敛性。

具体来说,如果存在一个正整数N和正数M,使得对于任意的x和n>N,有|f_n(x)|≤M|g(x)|成立,那么我们就可以得出结论:若g(x)一致收敛,那么{f_n(x)}一致收敛;反之,若{f_n(x)}不一致收敛,则g(x)也不一致收敛。

3. 举例说明为了更好地理解一致收敛的比较判别法,我们举个例子来说明。

考虑两个函数序列{a_n(x)}和{b_n(x)},其中a_n(x)=x^n/(1+x^n),b_n(x)=x^n。

我们想知道这两个函数序列是否一致收敛。

由于比较判别法的思路是将未知的函数序列与已知的函数相比较,因此我们可以先找到一个已知函数g(x),它能够与{a_n(x)}或{b_n(x)}进行比较。

因为a_n(x)的极限函数是f(x)=1(当x>0时),因此我们取g(x)=1,那么对于任意的x和n,有|a_n(x)|≤1|g(x)|成立。

因此,根据比较判别法,可以得出结论:{a_n(x)}一致收敛于f(x)=1。

Banach空间中线性算子核逆的一致有界性与收敛性[英文]

Banach空间中线性算子核逆的一致有界性与收敛性[英文]

应用数学MATHEMATICA APPLICATA2021,34(1):216-223The Uniform Boundedness and Convergence for the Core Inverses of Linear Operators in Banach SpacesZHAO Yayuan(赵亚媛),CHEN Saijie(陈赛杰)ZHU Lanping(朱兰萍),HUANG Qianglian(黄强联) (School of Mathematical Sciences,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou225002,China)Abstract:The main topic of this paper is the relationship between uniform boundednessand convergence of the core inverses of linear operators in Banach spaces.Wefirst obtainthe equivalence of the uniform boundedness and convergence for core inverse and we givethe expression of core inverse.Secondly,we investigate the stable perturbation for the coreinverse and prove that the stable perturbation and the continuity of the core inverse areequivalent.As applications,we also give the continuity characterization for the core inverseoffinite rank operators and derive the sufficient and necessary condition for the core inverseof the perturbed operator to have the simplest possible expression.Key words:Core inverses;Uniform boundedness;Convergence;Generalized inverse;Stable perturbationCLC Number:O177.91AMS(2000)Subject Classification:47A55;47A58Document code:A Article ID:1001-9847(2021)01-0216-081.Introduction and PreliminariesLet X,Y be Banach spaces and B(X,Y)denote the Banach space of all bounded linear operators from X into Y.We write B(X)as B(X,X).For any T∈B(X,Y),we denote the null space and the range of T by N(T)and R(T),respectively.The identity operator will be denoted by I.Recall that an operator S∈B(Y,X)is said to be a generalized inverse of T∈B(X,Y) if S satisfies:(1)T ST=T and(2)ST S=S.A generalized inverse of T is usually denoted by T+.While the generalized inverse may not exist and it is not unique even if it exists.In order to force its uniqueness,some further conditions have to be imposed.Let us recall definitions of three important generalized inverses.∗Received date:2020-03-02Foundation item:Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11771378, 11871064,11971419);the Yangzhou University Foundation for Young Academic Leaders(2016zqn03);the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Yangzhou University(XKYCX19-057) Biography:ZHAO Yayuan,female,Han,Anhui,major in functional analysis.Corresponding auther:HUANG Qianglian.No.1ZHAO Yayuan,et al.:The Uniform Boundedness and Convergence for the Core Inverses217Definition1.1Let X and Y be Hilbert spaces.An operator S∈B(Y,X)is called the Moore-Penrose inverse of T∈B(X,Y)if S satisfies the Penrose equations:(1)T ST=T;(2)ST S=S;(3)(T S)∗=T S and(4)(ST)∗=ST,where T∗denotes the adjoint operator of T.The Moore-Penrose inverse of T is always written by T†,which is uniquely determined if it exists.Definition1.2Let X be a Banach space.An operator S∈B(X)is said to be the group inverse of T∈B(X),always denoted by T♯,if S satisfies(1)T ST=T;(2)ST S=S and(5)T S=ST.The core inverse is a generalized inverse somehow between the Moore-Penrose inverse and the group inverse,which was introduced by Baksalary and Trenkler for the matrix T satisfying Rank T2=Rank T♯.In[2],Raki´c,Dinˇc i´c and Djordjevi´c extended it to the operator on a Hilbert space:Definition1.3[2]Let X be a Hilbert space.An operator S∈B(X)is said to be the core inverse of T∈B(X),denoted by T#⃝,if S satisfies(1)T ST=T;(2)ST S=S;(3)(T S)∗=T S;(6)ST2=T and(7)T S2=S.For the invertible operator,by the well known Banach Lemma and the identity:−T−1n=−T−1m(T m−T n)T−1n,T−1mwe can get the following theorems.Theorem1.1Let T∈B(X,Y)be invertible and T−1its inverse.If T n∈B(X,Y) satisfies T n→T,then there exists N∈N,such that for all n≥N,T n is invertible and=T−1[I+(T n−T)T−1]−1=[I+T−1(T n−T)]−1T−1.T−1n→T−1,which means that the mapping T→T−1is continuous. Furthermore,T−1nTheorem1.2Let T n and T∈B(X,Y)satisfy T n→T.If T n is invertible and ∥T−1n∥<+∞,then T is invertible and T−1n→T−1.supn∈N∥T−1n∥< Hence we can claim that T is invertible if and only if T n is invertible with supn∈N→T−1.It is natural to ask whether similar results hold for various +∞,in this case,T−1ngeneralized inverses.Such problems of expression,boundedness and convergence have been investigated for the generalized inverse in[3–11],the Moore-Penrose inverse in[6–8,11–15], the group inverse in[3,8,11,16–18]and the core inverse in[1,2,19].Especially,Koliha[14], ZHU,ZHU and HUANG[11]proved the equivalence between the uniform boundedness and convergence for the Moore-Penrose inverse and group inverse,respectively.In this paper,we shall investigate the same problems for the core inverse.By utilizing the stable perturbation,we obtain the equivalence of the uniform boundedness and convergence for core inverse and some expression results.For the stable perturbation of the generalized inverse,we have the following theorem which plays a crucial role in our proof.Theorem1.3[8]Let X and Y be Banach spaces and T+∈B(Y,X)be a generalized inverse of T∈B(X,Y).Assume that I+δT T+:Y→Y be bijective withδT∈B(X,Y). Then the following statements are equivalent:1)B=T+(I+δT T+)−1=(I+T+δT)−1T+is a generalized inverse of T=T+δT;2)T is a stable perturbation of T,i.e.,R(T)∩N(T+)={0};3)Y=R(T)⊕N(T+);218MATHEMATICA APPLICATA20214)Y=R(T)˙+N(T+);5)X=N(T)⊕R(T+);6)X=N(T)+R(T+);7)R(T)=T R(T+).In the next section,wefirst prove that T is core invertible if and only if T n is coreinvertible with supn∈N ∥T#⃝n∥<+∞and give a concrete expression of T#⃝.Secondly,we provethe equivalence between the stable perturbation and the continuity for the core inverse.As applications,we also derive the continuity characterization for the core inverse offinite rank operators and the characterization for the core inverse of the perturbed operator to have the simplest possible expression.For the null space-preserving or the dimension of null space-preserving perturbation,we give a complete answer to the problem proposed in[19].2.Main ResultsAs mentioned above,an operator T is invertible if and only if T n is invertible with supn∈N∥T−1n∥<+∞.It turns out that the same property is also enjoyed by the core inverse.Theorem2.1Let X be a Hilbert space and T n,T∈B(X)with T n→T.If the coreinverse T#⃝nexists,then the following statements are equivalent:1)supn∈N∥T#⃝n∥<+∞;2)T has the core inverse T#⃝satisfying T#⃝n→T#⃝.In this case,for all sufficiently large n,T#⃝=W−1n T S n M−1n,where S n=T#⃝n [I+(T−T n)T#⃝n]−1,W n=T S n−T−I and M n=I−T S n−(T S n)∗.Proof It is obvious to see2)⇒1)and we only need to prove1)⇒2).By the definition of the core inverse,we can getT∗n (I−T n T#⃝n)=T∗n−T∗n(T n T#⃝n)∗=T∗n−(T n T#⃝n T n)∗=0and(I−T#⃝mT m)T m=T m−T#⃝m T2m=0.Then it follows from supn∈N∥T#⃝n∥<+∞andT#⃝m−T#⃝n=T#⃝m T n T#⃝n−T#⃝m T m T#⃝n+T#⃝m−T#⃝m T n T#⃝n+T#⃝m T m T#⃝n−T#⃝n=T#⃝m(T n−T m)T#⃝n+T#⃝m(I−T n T#⃝n)−(I−T#⃝m T m)T#⃝n=T#⃝m(T n−T m)T#⃝n+T#⃝m T m T#⃝m(I−T n T#⃝n)−(I−T#⃝m T m)T n(T#⃝n)2=T#⃝m(T n−T m)T#⃝n+T#⃝m(T m T#⃝m)∗(I−T n T#⃝n)−(I−T#⃝m T m)T n(T#⃝n)2=T#⃝m(T n−T m)T#⃝n+T#⃝m(T#⃝m)∗T∗m(I−T n T#⃝n)−T#⃝m(T#⃝m)∗T∗n(I−T n T#⃝n)−(I−T#⃝m T m)T n(T#⃝n)2+(I−T#⃝m T m)T m(T#⃝n)2=−T#⃝m(T m−T n)T#⃝n+T#⃝m(T#⃝m)∗(T∗m−T∗n)(I−T n T#⃝n)+(I−T#⃝mT m)(T m−T n)(T#⃝n)2that{T#⃝n}is a Cauchy sequence in B(X).Since B(X)is complete,we can assume T#⃝n→S∈B(X)and take the limit infive equations in the definition of T#⃝n.Then S is the coreinverse of T and T#⃝n→S=T#⃝.HenceI−T#⃝nT n−T#⃝T→I−2T#⃝T.No.1ZHAO Yayuan,et al.:The Uniform Boundedness and Convergence for the Core Inverses219Noticing(I−2T#⃝T)2=I,we know that I−2T#⃝T is invertible.Thus there exists N∈N, such that for all n>N,I−T#⃝nT n−T#⃝T is invertible and∥(T−T n)T#⃝n∥≤∥T−T n∥∥T#⃝n∥≤12<1.By the Banach Lemma,I+(T−T n)T#⃝nis invertible.Therefore,R(T)=R[T(I−T#⃝nT n−T#⃝T)]=R[T(T#⃝n T n)]=T R(T#⃝n T n)=T R(T#⃝n).Since I+(T−T n)T#⃝nis invertible,from Theorem1.3,S n=T#⃝n [I+(T−T n)T#⃝n]−1is a generalized inverse of T.Observing that(T T#⃝−T−I)(T#⃝T−T#⃝−I)=(T#⃝T−T#⃝−I)(T T#⃝−T−I)=I,[I−T T#⃝−(T T#⃝)∗]2=(I−2T T#⃝)2=I,we can get that T T#⃝−T−I and I−2T T#⃝are invertible.SinceT S n−T−I→T T#⃝−T−IandI−T S n−(T S n)∗→I−T T#⃝−(T T#⃝)∗=I−2T T#⃝,we know that for all sufficiently large n,W n=T S n−T−I and M n=I−T S n−(T S n)∗are invertible.To complete the proof,we shall show thatV n=W−1n T S n M−1nis the core inverse of T.In fact,M∗n=M n and if we set Q n=T S n,then Q n W n=−T=−Q n T,W n Q n=−T2S n=−T Q n,W n T=−T2,Q n M n=−Q n Q∗n =M n Q∗n,M n Q n=−Q∗nQ n=Q∗nM n,M n T=−Q∗nT.HenceT W−1n =−Q n,M−1nQ n=Q∗nM−1n,Q n M−1n=M−1nQ∗n.Thus,by the definition of V n,T V n=T W−1n Q n M−1n=−Q2nM−1n=−Q n M−1n,V n T=W−1n Q n M−1nT=W−1nM−1nQ∗nT=−W−1nTand soT V n T=−Q n M−1n T=−M−1nQ∗nT=T,V n T V n=−W−1n T V n=W−1nQ n M−1n=V n,(T V n)∗=(−Q n M−1n )∗=−M−1nQ∗n=−Q n M−1n=T V n,V n T2=−W−1n T T=W−1nW n T=T.Therefore,V n is a generalized inverse of T andR(V n)=R(W−1n T S n M−1n)=W−1nT R(S n)=W−1nT R(T#⃝n)=W−1n R(T)=W−1nR(T T#⃝)=W−1nR(T2)=W−1nR(W n T)=R(T)=R(T V n)=N(I−T V n).This imples(I−T V n)V n=0and so T V2n=V n.Thus,V n is the core inverse of T.The proofis complete.Theorem2.1provides a sufficient and necessary condition for the core invertibility of T nto imply the core invertibility of T and T#⃝n→T#⃝.Naturally,we can propose the following220MATHEMATICA APPLICATA 2021problems:Can the core invertibility of T imply the core invertibility of T n ?If T n is also coreinvertible,does the core inverse T #⃝n converge or T #⃝n →T #⃝?The following two examples showthat the answers are no in general.Example 2.1Let T = 000113−1−1−3 and T n = 1n 01n 113−1+1n−1−3+1n ,then T n →T and T is core invertible with T #⃝= 0000−1414014−14.But T n is not core invertible since Rank T n =2and Rank T 2n =1.Example 2.2Let T = 000112−1−1−2 and T n = 1n 01n 112−1+1n −1−2+1n,then T n →T ,both T and T n are core invertible with T #⃝= 0000−1212012−12and T #⃝n =13 −2n +1−n +2−n −1−6n +2−3n +4−3n −24n −12n −22n +1 .Obviously,T #⃝n is unbounded and divergent.The next theorem shows that if T is core invertible,then T n is core invertible with T #⃝n →T #⃝if and only if T n is a stable perturbation of T .Moreover,a concrete expression of T #⃝n is also obtained.Theorem 2.2Let X be a Hilbert space and T ∈B (X )be core invertible.Let T n ∈B (X )satisfy T n →T ,then the following statements are equivalent:1)For all sufficiently large n ,T n is a stable perturbation of T ,i.e.,R (T n )∩N (T #⃝)={0};2)There exists N ∈N ,such that for all n ≥N ,T n is core invertible withT #⃝n→T #⃝.In this case,for all sufficiently large n ,T #⃝n =K −1n T n B n G −1n ,where B n =T #⃝[I +(T n −T )T #⃝]−1,K n =T n B n −T n −I and G n =I −T n B n −(T n B n )∗.Proof 1)⇒2)It follows from Theorem 1.3that,for all sufficiently large n ,I +(T n −T )T #⃝is invertible and B n =T #⃝[I +(T n −T )T #⃝]−1=[I +T #⃝(T n −T )]−1T #⃝is a generalized inverse of T n .Similar to the proof of Theorem 2.1,we can prove that for all sufficiently large n ,K n =T n B n −T n −IandG n =I −T n B n −(T n B n )∗No.1ZHAO Yayuan,et al.:The Uniform Boundedness and Convergence for the Core Inverses221are invertible,K−1n T n B n G−1nis the core inverse of T n,and obviously,T#⃝n =K−1nT n B n G−1n→(T#⃝T−T#⃝−I)T T#⃝(I−2T T#⃝)=T#⃝.2)⇒1)For all sufficiently large n,we know that both I+(T n−T)T#⃝and I−T#⃝n T n+ T#⃝T are invertible,andR(T n)=R[T n(I−T#⃝nT n+T#⃝T)]=R(T n T#⃝T)=T n R(T#⃝),By Theorem1.3,we get R(T n)∩N(T#⃝)={0}.The proof is complete.As an application,we can give a characterization that T n is core invertible with T#⃝n→T#⃝forfinite rank operators.Corollary 2.1Let T∈B(X)be offinite rank.If T n→T and T is core invertible, then the following statements are equivalent:1)Rank T n=Rank T for all sufficiently large n;2)There exists N∈N,such that for all n≥N,T n is core invertible withT#⃝n→T#⃝;3)There exists N∈N,such that for all n≥N,T n is core invertible withsupn∈N∥T#⃝n∥<+∞.In this case,T#⃝n=(T n B n−T n−I)−1T n B n[I−T n B n−(T n B n)∗]−1.Proof It suffices to prove1)⇔2).Without loss of generality,we can assume that I+(T n−T)T#⃝is invertible.It follows from[I+(T n−T)T#⃝]T=T n T#⃝Tthat dim R(T)=dim R(T n T#⃝T)=dim T n R(T#⃝T)=dim T n R(T#⃝)=dim R(T n T#⃝).If Rank T n=Rank T,thendim R(T n)=dim R(T n T#⃝).Since R(T n T#⃝)⊆R(T n),we get R(T n)=R(T n T#⃝)=T n R(T#⃝).Using Theorem1.3,we can have R(T n)∩N(T#⃝)={0}.Hence by Theorem2.2,2)holds.Conversely,if T n is core invertiblewith T#⃝n→T#⃝,then T n T#⃝n→T T#⃝.Hence for all sufficiently large n,I−T n T#⃝n+T T#⃝andI−T T#⃝+T n T#⃝nare invertible.ThusR(T n T#⃝n )=R[T n T#⃝n(I−T n T#⃝n+T T#⃝)]=R(T n T#⃝nT T#⃝)andR(T T#⃝)=R[T T#⃝(I−T T#⃝+T n T#⃝n )]=R(T T#⃝T n T#⃝n).Therefore,dim R(T n T#⃝n )≤dim R(T T#⃝)and dim R(T T#⃝)≤dim R(T n T#⃝n),i.e., Rank T n=Rank T.The proof is complete.It is also noteworthy that we provide a direct and brief proof in Corollary2.1and we do not use the Finite Rank Theorem[9].Next,we can give the characterization for the core inverse T#⃝nto have the simplest possible expression.Corollary2.2Let X be a Hilbert space and T∈B(X)be core invertible.If T n∈B(X) satisfies T n→T,then for all sufficiently large n,T n is core invertible andT#⃝n=T#⃝[I+(T n−T)T#⃝]−1=[I+T#⃝(T n−T)]−1T#⃝if and only if T n=T T#⃝T n.222MATHEMATICA APPLICATA2021Proof Sufficiency.If T n=T T#⃝T n,then R(T n)⊂R(T)andR(T n)∩N(T#⃝)⊆R(T)∩N(T#⃝)={0}.By Theorem1.3,B n=T#⃝[I+(T n−T)T#⃝]−1=[I+T#⃝(T n−T)]−1T#⃝is a generalized inverse of T n.Noticing B n=T T#⃝B n=B n T T#⃝andT n B n=T T#⃝T n T#⃝[I+(T n−T)T#⃝]−1=T T#⃝[I+(T n−T)T#⃝][I+(T n−T)T#⃝]−1=T T#⃝,B n T n T T#⃝=[I+T#⃝(T n−T)]−1T#⃝T n T T#⃝=[I+T#⃝(T n−T)]−1[I+T#⃝(T n−T)]T T#⃝=T T#⃝,we can get[I−T n B n−(T n B n)∗]2=(I−2T T#⃝)2=I and(T n B n−T n−I)(B n T n−B n−I)=I+T n B2n T n+B n−T n B2n−B n T n=I+T T#⃝B n T n+B n−T T#⃝B n−B n T n=I+B n T n+B n−B n−B n T n=I,(B n T n−B n−I)(T n B n−T n−I)=I+B n T2n B n+T n−B n T2n−T n B n=I+B n T n T T#⃝+T n−B n T n T T#⃝T n−T T#⃝=I+T T#⃝+T n−T T#⃝T n−T T#⃝=I+T T#⃝+T n−T n−T T#⃝=I.Hence[I−T n B n−(T n B n)∗]−1=I−2T T#⃝and(T n B n−T n−I)−1=B n T n−B n−I.Therefore, by Theorem2.2,we have=(T n B n−T n−I)−1T n B n[I−T n B n−(T n B n)∗]−1T#⃝n=(B n T n−B n−I)T T#⃝(I−2T T#⃝)=(B n T n T T#⃝−B n T T#⃝−T T#⃝)(I−2T T#⃝)=−B n+2B n T T#⃝=B n.Necessity.If B n is the core inverse of T n,then)=R(B n)=R(T#⃝)=R(T)=R(T T#⃝)=N(I−T T#⃝).R(T n)=R(T#⃝nThis means(I−T T#⃝)T n=0,i.e.,T n=T T#⃝T n.The proof is complete.Since both the null space-preserving perturbation and the dimension of null space-preserving perturbation are all stable perturbations[6−7],we can get the following corollary which gives a complete answer to the problem proposed in[19].Corollary2.3Let X be a Hilbert space.Let T∈B(X)with its core inverse T#⃝∈B(X) and T n∈B(X)with T n→T.IfN(T n)=N(T)or dim N(T n)=dim N(T)<+∞→T#⃝.holds,then for all sufficiently large n,T n is core invertible and T#⃝nIn this case,=(T n B n−T n−I)−1T n B n[I−T n B n−(T n B n)∗]−1.T#⃝nReferences:[1]BAKSALARY O M,TRENKLER G.Core inverse of matrices[J].Linear Multilinear Algebra.,2010,58(6):681-697.No.1ZHAO Yayuan,et al.:The Uniform Boundedness and Convergence for the Core Inverses223[2]RAKI´C D S,DINˇCI´C N C,DJORDJEVI´C D S.Core inverse and core partial order of Hilbert spaceoperators[J]put.,2014,244(1):283-302.[3]CASTRO-GONZ´ALZE N,V´ELZE-CERRADA J Y.On the perturbation of the group generalizedinverse for a class of bounded operators in Banach spaces[J].J.Math.Anal.Appl.,2008,341(2): 1213-1223.[4]CHEN Guoliang,XUE Yifeng.Perturbation analysis for the operator equation T x=b in Banachspaces[J].J.Math.Anal.Appl.,1997,212(1):107-125.[5]DING Jiu.On the expression of generalized inverses of perturbed bounded linear operators[J].Mis-souri J.Math.Sci.,2003,15(1):40-47.[6]HUANG Qianglian,MA Jipu.Continuity of generalized inverses of linear operators in Banach spacesand its applications[J].Appl.Math.Mech.,2005,26(12):1657-1663.[7]HUANG Qianglian,ZHU Lanping,GENG Wanhui,et al.Perturbation and expression for innerinverses in Banach spaces and its applications[J].Linear Algebra Appl.,2012,436(9):3715-3729. [8]HUANG Qianglian,ZHU Lanping,JIANG Yueyu.On stable perturbations for outer inverses of linearoperators in Banach spaces[J].Linear Algebra Appl.,2012,437(7):1942-1954.[9]MA plete rank theorem of advanced calculus and singularities of bounded linear opera-tors[J].Front.Math.China.,2008,3(2):305-316.[10]NASHED M Z.Generalized Inverses and Applications[M].New York:Academic Press,1976.[11]ZHU Lanping,ZHU Changpeng,HUANG Qianglian.On the uniform boundedness and convergenceof generalized,Moore-Penrose and group inverses[J].Filomat.,2017,31(19):5993-6003.[12]DING Jiu.New perturbation results on pseudo-inverses of linear operators in Banach spaces[J].LinearAlgebra Appl.,2003,362(1):229-235.[13]HUANG Qianglian,MA Jipu.A note on the continuity of Moore-Penrose inverses T†[J].MathematicaApplicata.,2006,19(4):776-781.[14]KOLIHA J J.Continuity and differentiability of the Moore-Penrose inverse in C∗-algebras[J].Math-ematica Scandinavica.,2001,88(1):154-160.[15]XU Qingxiang,WEI Yimin,GU Yangyang.Sharp norm-estimations for Moore-Penrose inverses ofstable perturbations of Hilbert C*-module operators[J].SIAM J.Numer.Anal.,2010,47(6):4735-4758.[16]BEN´CTEZ J,CVETKOVI´C-ILI´C D,LIU Xiaoji.On the continuity of the group inverse in C∗-algebras[J].Banach J.Math.Anal.Appl.,2014,8(2):204-213.[17]WEI Yimin,LI Xiezhang.An improvement on the perturbation of the group inverse and obliqueprojection[J].Linear Algebra Appl.,2001,338(1):53-66.[18]WEI Yimin.On the perturbation of the group inverse and oblique projection[J]put.,1999,98(1):29-42.[19]HUANG Qianglian,CHEN Saijie,GUO Zhirong,et al.Regular factorizations and perturbation anal-ysis for the core inverse of linear operators in Hilbert spaces[J]put.Math.,2019,96(10): 1943-1956.Banach空间中线性算子核逆的一致有界性与收敛性赵亚媛,陈赛杰,朱兰萍,黄强联(扬州大学数学科学学院,江苏扬州225002)摘要:本文主要研究Banach空间中线性算子核逆的一致有界性与收敛性之间的关系.首先证明核逆的一致有界性与收敛性的等价性,给出了核逆的表达式.其次,利用稳定扰动,证明核逆的稳定扰动与连续性是等价的.作为应用,我们还给出有限秩算子核逆的连续性特征,并给出扰动算子的核逆具有最简表达式的充分必要条件.关键词:核逆;一致有界;收敛;广义逆;稳定扰动。

4 有界线性算子与线性算子的基本定理g

4 有界线性算子与线性算子的基本定理g
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第6页 页 3 有界线性算子的范数 定义2 是线性赋范空间, ⊂ 是线性子空间 是线性子空间, 是有界线性算子, 定义 设X,Y是线性赋范空间,D⊂X是线性子空间 T: D→Y是有界线性算子,则称 是线性赋范空间 → 是有界线性算子 ||T||=inf { M | ||Tx||Y ≤ M||x||X, ∀x∈D} 为算子 的范数 为算子T的 ∈ 是线性赋范空间, 是线性子空间, 定理2 设X,Y是线性赋范空间,D⊂X是线性子空间,T: D→Y是 定理 是线性赋范空间 ⊂ 是线性子空间 → 是 有界线性算子, 的范数具有下列性质: 有界线性算子,则T的范数具有下列性质: 的范数具有下列性质 (1)||Tx||≤||T|| ||x||,∀x∈D(即||T||是有界线性算子 的最小界值定义) ≤ 是有界线性算子T的最小界值定义 (1) ∀ ∈ ( 是有界线性算子 的最小界值定义) (2) 证 ⇒ ⇒ ⇒
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一、有界线性算子的定义与性质
1 有界线性算子的定义 定义1 是线性赋范空间, 是线性子空间, 定义1 设X是线性赋范空间,D⊂X是线性子空间,映射 D→Y. 是线性赋范空间 ⊂ 是线性子空间 映射T: → . T(x1+x2)=Tx1+Tx2 (1)T是线性算子⇔∀x 是线性算子⇔∀ 及数 , (1) 是线性算子⇔∀ 1, x2∈D及数α∈K,有 T(αx)=αTx (2)T是连续算子⇔∀x ∈ (2) 是连续算子⇔∀ n, x∈D,n=1,2,…, xn→x, 有Txn→Tx 是连续算子⇔∀ ⇔∀x,x ⇔∀ 0∈D, x→x0, 有Tx→Tx0;⇔T在D上处处连续 → → 在 上处处连续 (3)T是有界算子⇔∀x∈ (3) 是有界算子⇔∀ ∈D, ∃M>0, 使||Tx||≤M||x||X 是有界算子⇔∀ , ≤ (4)T是有界线性算子⇔ 既是有界算子 既是有界算子, (4) 是有界线性算子⇔T既是有界算子,又是线性算子 是有界线性算子 (5)T是连续线性算子⇔ 既是连续算子, (5) 是连续线性算子⇔T 既是连续算子,又是线性算子 是连续线性算子 定义中, 算子 的定义域; 算子T 算子T的界值 的界值;T(D)={Tx|x∈D}- 算子 的值域 算子T的值域 注:1)定义中,D -算子T的定义域 M -算子 的界值 定义中 ∈ 无界函数 2)有界算子与有界函数不同,例如 f (x)=x )有界算子与有界函数不同, 有界算子: 有界算子:|f(x)|=|x|<2|x|

泛函分析复习与总结

泛函分析复习与总结

《泛函分析》复习与总结第一部分 空间及其性质泛函分析的主要内容分为空间和算子两大部分. 空间包括泛函分析所学过的各种抽象空间, 函数空间, 向量空间等, 也包括空间的性质, 例如完备性, 紧性, 线性性质, 空间中集合的各种性质等等。

以下几点是对第一部分内容的归纳和总结。

一.空间(1)距离空间 (集合+距离)!验证距离的三个条件:(,)X ρ称为是距离空间,如果对于,,x y z X ∈(i) 【非负性】(,)0x y ρ≥,并且(,)0x y ρ=当且仅当x y =【正定性】;(ii) 【对称性】(,)(,)x y y x ρρ=;(iii) 【三角不等式】(,)(,)(,)x y x y y z ρρρ≤+。

距离空间的典型代表:s 空间、S 空间、所有的赋范线性空间、所有的内积空间。

(2)赋范线性空间 (线性空间 + 范数)!验证范数的三个条件:(,||||)X ⋅称为是赋范线性空间,如果X是数域K =¡(或K =£)上的线性空间,对于a K ∈和,x y X ∈,成立(i) 【非负性】||||0x ≥,并且||||0x =当且仅当0x =【正定性】; (ii) 【齐次性】||||||||||ax a x =⋅;(iii) 【三角不等式】||||||||||||x y x y +≤+。

赋范线性空间的典型代表:n ¡空间(1,2,3,n =L )、n £空间(1,2,3,n =L )、p l 空间(1p ≤≤∞)、([,])p L ab 空间(1p ≤≤∞)、[,]Cab 空间、[,]k C a b 空间、Banach 空间、所有的内积空间(范数是由内积导出的范数)。

(3)内积空间 (线性空间 + 内积)!验证内积的四个条件:(,(,))X ⋅⋅称为是内积空间,如果X 是数域K =¡(或K =£)上的线性空间,对于a K ∈和,,x y z X ∈,成立(i) 【非负性】(,)0x x ≥,并且(,)0x x =当且仅当0x =【正定性】;(ii) 【第一变元可加性】(,)(,)(,)x y z x z x z +=+;(iii) 【第一变元齐次性】(,)(,)ax z a x z =;(iv) 【共轭对称性】(,)(,)x z z x =。

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