语言学课外单元补充习题及答案4
语言学 Chapter4 课后练习答案教学文案
语言学C h a p t e r4课后练习答案Chapter 4 Revision Exercises1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows:NP→(Det) N (PP) ...VP→(Qual) V (NP) ...AP→(Deg) A (PP) ...PP→(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement)3. What is category? How to determin e a word’s category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure.It has four important properties:1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear priorto the conjunction.2) a category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.3)coordinated categories must be of the same type.4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type ofthe elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Advb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.a) rich in mineralsAPA PPrich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPoften read detective storiesc) the argument against the proposalsNPDet N PPthe argument against the proposalsd) already above the windowPPDeg P NPalready above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentences, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree sentences.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.Modifiers: crippled(AdjP), with extreme caution(PP)SNP Infl VPAPDet A N Pst V NPDet N PPP NPAP NAA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.Modifiers: huge(AdjP), in the black sky(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N Pst V PPA P NPDet AP NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Modifiers: carefully(AdvP), yesterday(AdvP)SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V NP AdvPDet N AdvP AdvAdvThe man examined his car carefully yesterdayd) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Modifiers: wooden(AdjP), in the storm(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N PP Pst V PPA P NP P NPDet N Det NA wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.SNP Infl VPN V NPDet AP N Con NAJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNP Infl VPN Pst V PP Con V PPP NP PDet NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNP Infl VPN Pre V AP Con APA PP A PPP NP P NPN NMary is fond of literature but tired of statistics11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPCPC SNP Infl VPNP N Pre V NPNYou know that I hate warb) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPDet N CP-C SNP Infl VPNP N Pst V NPDet AP NAGerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP Infl VPN Pst V APA CPC SNP NP Infl VPDet N Pst V NPN Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Roll-Royce d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V PPP CPC SNP Infl VPN Plu V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure for each of these sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP Infl VPN Pst V NPNThe essay he wrote that was excellentSurface Structure: CPC SDeep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPNHerbert bought a house she loved thatSurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPNHerbert bought a house that she loved ec) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPC S P NPNP Infl VP NN Pre V NPNThe girl he adores whom majors in linguisticsSurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPNP C S P NP13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each sentence.a) Would you come tomorrow?Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Aux V AdvPAdvYou would come tomorrowSurface Structure: CPC SInfl NP Infl VPAux N Aux V AdvPb) What did Helen bring to the party?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN PPP Det NPNHelen did bring what to the party Surface Structure: CPC SNP Infl NP Infl VPN Pst N Pst V NPc) Who broke the window?Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet NWho broke the window。
《语言学》Chapter 4 Syntax 习题兼答案
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题参考答案Chapter 4 Syntax1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows:NP →(Det) N (PP) ...VP →(Qual) V (NP) ...AP →(Deg) A (PP) ...PP →(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.3. What is category? How to determine a word's category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution.若详细回答，则要加上：Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property ‘pretty’ to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly, the properties and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted by adverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving.The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix -er and superlative affix -est. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like moisture, fog, do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent, intelligent do not take comparative and superlative affixes -er and -est.The last and more reliable criterion of determining a word's category is its distribution. That is what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word. For example, nouns can typically appear with a determiner like the girl and a card, verbs with an auxiliary such as should stay and will go, andadjectives with a degree word such as very cool and too bright.A word's distributional facts together with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structures.It has (或写Conjunction exhibits) four important properties:1) There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.2) A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.3) Coordinated categories must be of the same type.4) The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements beingconjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure(or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).（以下几题只作初步的的成分划分，未画树形图, 仅供参考）7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Advb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriatetree structure for each.a) rich in mineralsXP(AP) →head (rich) A + complement (in minerals) PPb) often read detective storiesXP(VP) →specifier (often) Qual +head (read) V +complement (detective stories) NPc) the argument against the proposalsXP(NP) →specifier (the) Det +head (argument) N +complement (against the proposals) PP d) already above the windowXP(VP) →specifier (already) Deg +head (above) P +complement (the window) NPd) The apple might hit the man.S →NP (The apple) + Infl (might) +VP (hit the man)e) He often reads detective stories.S →NP (He) +VP (often reads detective stories)9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.（斜体的为名词的修饰语，划底线的为动词的修饰语）a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.（划底线的为并列的范畴）a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.b) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.b) Herbert bought a house that she lovedc) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each of these sentences. （斜体的为深层结构，普通字体的为表层结构）a) Would you come tomorrow?you would come tomorrowb) What did Helen bring to the party?Helen brought what to the partyc) Who broke the window?who broke the window。
语言学课后答案4.doc
1.syntax: the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.co-occurrence: It means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. For instance, what can precede a noun {dog) is usually the determiners and adjectives, and what can follow it when it takes the position of subject will be predicators such as bark, bite, run, etc. In short, co-occurrence is the syntactic environment in which a construction, with its relevant elements, can appear grammatically and conventionally. Thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.construction: it refers to any syntactic construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language, together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to the meaning or use construct contains. It can be further divided into the external and internal properties. Take sentence The boy kicked the ball as an example, we will determine the external syntax as an independent clause, while NP ("the boy"), VP ("kicked") and NP ("the ball") will be assigned respectively to the different elements in this clause.constituent: Constituent is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction: for example, in the sentence The boy ate the apple, S (A), the boy (B), ate the apple(C), each part is a constituent. Constituents can be joined together with other constituents to form larger units. If two constituents, in the case of the example above, B (the bo。
语言班补充考试题及答案
语言班补充考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 下列哪个选项是“语言”的正确定义？A. 一种用于交流的符号系统B. 一种用于娱乐的符号系统C. 一种用于数学计算的符号系统D. 一种用于物理实验的符号系统答案：A2. 语言的哪一部分负责词汇的存储？A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 语用答案：B3. 以下哪个不是语言的交际功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 艺术欣赏D. 命令与控制答案：C4. 语言的哪一部分涉及到语言的发音？A. 语法B. 语音学C. 语义学D. 语用学答案：B5. 语言的哪一部分关注语言在特定社会环境中的使用？A. 语法B. 语用学C. 语音学D. 语义学答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）6. 语言的______功能指的是通过语言来表达个人情感和态度。
答案：情感表达7. 语言的______功能涉及到语言的规则和结构。
答案：语法8. 语言的______功能是指语言在特定社会环境中的使用。
答案：语用9. 语言的______功能是指语言在传递信息时的作用。
答案：信息传递10. 语言的______功能是指语言在表达个人意愿和要求时的作用。
答案：命令与控制三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）11. 请简述语言的交际功能有哪些？答案：语言的交际功能包括信息传递、情感表达、命令与控制以及社会互动等。
信息传递功能是指通过语言来交流信息和知识；情感表达功能是指通过语言来表达个人的情感和态度；命令与控制功能是指通过语言来发出指令或要求；社会互动功能是指通过语言来进行社会交往和建立社会关系。
12. 请解释什么是语言的语用学，并举例说明。
答案：语用学是研究语言在特定社会环境中的使用和理解的学科。
它关注的是语言的使用者如何根据不同的语境和目的来选择和解释语言。
例如，在日常对话中，人们会根据对方的身份、场合和话题来调整自己的语言风格和用词，这就是语用学的一个实际应用。
结束语：以上是本次语言班补充考试的试题及答案，希望同学们能够通过这次考试加深对语言知识的理解和掌握。
语言学chapter4习题
语言学chapter4习题Chapter 4 SyntaxMultiple Choice1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator3. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome5. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate6. The sentence “They were wanted to r emain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex7. In the sentence “Mary gave a book to him”, “him” is with a(n) _________ case.A. accusativeB. dativeC. ablativeD. nominative8. The re lation between any two words in “What a nice day!” is known as ___________.A. choice relationB. paradigmatic relationC. vertical relationD. syntagmatic relation9. __________is mostly a category of the noun and pronoun.A. GenderB. TenseC. AspectD. Number10. Paradigmatic relation is known as _______________.A. horizontal relationB. chain relationC. choice relationD. semantic relation11. Which of the following phrases is exocentric?A. a clever girlB. an ugly manC. in timeD. fork and knife12. refers to the relations holding between elements replaceable with each at particular place in structure, or between one element present and the others absent.A. Syntagmatic relationB. Paradigmatic relationC. Co-occurrence relationD. Exocentric relation13. ______ is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as masculine:feminine: neuter, animate: inanimate, etc.A. CaseB. GenderC. NumberD. Category14. Syntactically, English is an example of ________ language.A. VSOB. SVOC. SOVD. OSV15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. the relation between elements that form part of the sameform, sequence, construction, etc. e.g between s, p and r in a form such as spring, or between a subject and a verb in constructions such Bill hunts is called .A. syntagmatic relationB. paradigmatic relationC. positional relationD. relation of substitutabilityFill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.2. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.3. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.4. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.5. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause.6. construction usually includes basic sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate (verb + object) construction, and connective (be complement) construction.7. IC is the short form of immediate used in the study of syntax.8. A sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement.1. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.2. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.3. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.4. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.5. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.6. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.7. In the phrase “in the near future”, the word “future” is head.8. Words like “actor”and “actress” manifest that grammatical gender strictly corresponds to biological gender.9. Paradigmatic relation in syntax is alternatively called horizontal relation.10.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category.Define the following terms1. Syntax2. IC analysisAnswer the following questions.1.What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）2.Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. （北京第二外国语大学，2004）3. Suggest a tree diagram of the sentence The little girl ran into the garden. The student wrote a letter yesterday. Examine each of the following sentences and indicate if it is a simple, coordinate, complex or compound complex sentences:（1）Jane did it because she was asked to.（2）The soldiers were warned to remain hidden and not to expose themselves.（3）David was never there, but his brother was. （4）She leads a tranquil life in the country. （5）Unless I hear from her, I won’t leave this town..Draw on your linguistic knowledge of English and paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show how syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences: （1）After a two-day debate, they finally decided on the helicopter.（2）The little girl saw the big man with the telescope.(3) The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(4) He saw young men and women present.。
语言学第四章课后答案
语言学第四章课后答案1、“桌子”，“书包”都属于名词，这体现了语法的什么性质（）。
[单选题] *A.抽象性(正确答案)B.递归性C.系统性D.稳定性答案解析：“桌子”、“书包”等词语，虽然意思不同，但根据某种共同特点——大都能受数量词的修饰，就可以建立“名词”这个类：这就是词的用法对语法单位类别的抽象。
这体现了语法的抽象性。
2、语法规则的“系统性”是指（）。
[单选题] *A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释(正确答案)D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案解析：所谓“系统”，指的是语法规则具有推导性和解释性。
3、“三思而后行”在今天读来依旧朗朗上口，体现了语法的什么性质（）。
[单选题] *A.抽象性B.递归性C.系统性D.稳定性(正确答案)答案解析：“三思而后行”这句话产生在古代，现在依旧适用，体现语法的稳定性。
4、下列不属于共时语法的是（）。
[单选题] *A.现代汉语语法B.先秦汉语语法C.汉语语法的演化(正确答案)D.近代汉语语法答案解析：共时语法指的是从某一时期存在的语法现象横向地静态地研究语法。
因此A、B、D选项都属于共时语法。
汉语语法的演化属于历时语法的体现。
5、以下关于“教学语法和信息语法”的内容说法有误的一项是（）。
[单选题] *A.这是根据语法研究的用途区分的语法B.教学语法研究的结果面对的是人，或者说这种语法系统要充分考虑人的特点C.信息语法也叫“计算机语法”D.语法规则体系，方便计算机处理信息。
其特点是精确可靠，定义和规则具有可推导性和可开发性(正确答案)答案解析：教学语法和信息语法是根据语法研究的用途区分的语法。
教学语法研究的结果面对的是人，或者说这种语法系统要充分考虑人的特点；信息语法也叫“计算机语法”，其研究结果服务的是机器，即建立一套可以自动识别和操作的语法规则体系，方便计算机处理信息。
其特点是精确可靠，定义和规则具有可推导性和可验证性。
语言学 Chapter4 课后练习答案
语言学C h a p t e r4课后练习答案(总15页)-本页仅作为预览文档封面，使用时请删除本页-Chapter 4 Revision Exercises1. What is syntaxSyntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure ruleThe grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements . specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows:NP→(Det) N (PP) ...VP→(Qual) V (NP) ...AP→(Deg) A (PP) ...PP→(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement)3. What is category How to determi ne a word’s categoryCategory refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it haveThe structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure.It has four important properties:1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appearprior to the conjunction.2) a category at any level a head or an entire XP can be coordinated.3)coordinated categories must be of the same type.4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type ofthe elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element playA phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structureThere are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Advb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.a) rich in mineralsAPA PPrich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPoften read detective storiesc) the argument against the proposalsNPDet N PPthe argument against the proposalsd) already above the windowPPDeg P NPalready above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentences, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree sentences.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.Modifiers: crippled(AdjP), with extreme caution(PP)SNP Infl VPAPDet A N Pst V NPDet N PPP NPAP NAA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme cautionb) A huge moon hung in the black sky.Modifiers: huge(AdjP), in the black sky(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N Pst V PPA P NPDet AP NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Modifiers: carefully(AdvP), yesterday(AdvP)SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V NP AdvPDet N AdvP AdvAdvThe man examined his car carefully yesterdayd) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Modifiers: wooden(AdjP), in the storm(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N PP Pst V PPA P NP P NPDet N Det NA wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.SNP Infl VPN V NPDet AP N Con NAJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNP Infl VPN Pst V PP Con V PPP NP PDet NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNP Infl VPN Pre V AP Con APA PP A PPP NP P NPN NMary is fond of literature but tired of statistics11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPCPC SNP Infl VPNP N Pre V NPNYou know that I hate warb) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPDet N CP-C SNP Infl VPNP N Pst V NPDet AP NAGerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English examc) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP Infl VPN Pst V APA CPC SNP NP Infl VPDet N Pst V NPN Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Roll-Royced) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V PPP CPC SNP Infl VPN Plu V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure for each of these sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APNP Infl VPN Pst V NPNThe essay he wrote that was excellent Surface Structure: CPC SDeep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPNHerbert bought a house she loved thatSurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPNHerbert bought a house that she loved ec) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPC S P NPNP Infl VP NN Pre V NPNThe girl he adores whom majors in linguisticsSurface Structure: CPC SNP C S P NPNP Infl VP NN N Pre V NPNThe girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each sentence.a) Would you come tomorrowDeep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Aux V AdvPAdvYou would come tomorrowSurface Structure: CPC SInfl NP Infl VPAux N Aux V AdvPb) What did Helen bring to the partyDeep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN PPP Det NPNHelen did bring what to the partySurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl NP Infl VPN Pst N Pst V NPc) Who broke the windowDeep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet NWho broke the windowSurface Structure: CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPDet N。
语言学-Chapter4-课后练习答案
Chapter 4 Revision Exercises1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows:NP →(Det) N (PP) ...VP →(Qual) V (NP) ...AP →(Deg) A (PP) ...PP →(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V , A or P.The XP rule: XP →(specifier) X (complement)3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word ’s category is its distribution.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of aconjunction is called coordinate structure.It has four important properties:1) there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to theconjunction.2) a category at any level (a head or an entire XP ) can be coordinated.3) coordinated categories must be of the same type.4) the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elementsbeing conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary. Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.a) rich in mineralsAPA PPrich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPoften read detective storiesc) the argument against the proposalsNPDet N PPthe argument against the proposalsd) already above the windowPPDeg P NPalready above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentences, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree sentences.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.Modifiers: crippled(AdjP), with extreme caution(PP)SNP Infl VPAPDet A N Pst V NPDet N PPP NPAP NA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.Modifiers: huge(AdjP), in the black sky(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N Pst V PPA P NPDet AP NA huge moon hung in the black sky c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Modifiers: carefully(AdvP), yesterday(AdvP)SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V NP AdvPDet N AdvP AdvAdv The man examined his car carefully yesterday d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Modifiers: wooden(AdjP), in the storm(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N PP Pst V PPDet N Det NA wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.SNP Infl VPN V NPDet AP N Con NAJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNP Infl VPN Pst V PP Con V PPP NP PDet NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNP Infl VPN Pre V AP Con APA PP A PPN NMary is fond of literature but tired of statistics11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPCPC SNP Infl VPNP N Pre V NPNYou know that I hate warb) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPDet N CP-C SNP Infl VPNP N Pst V NPDet AP NGerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English examc) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP Infl VPN Pst V APA CPC SNP NP Infl VPDet N Pst V NPN Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Roll-Royced) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V PPP CPC SNP Infl VPN Plu V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure for each of these sentences.Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP Infl VPN Pst V NPNThe essay he wrote that was excellent Surface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPNThe essay that he wrote e was excellent b) Herbert bought a house that she loved.Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN Herbert bought a house she loved that Surface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPN Herbert bought a house that she loved e c) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPS P NPN Pre V NPNThe girl he adores whom majors in linguisticsSurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPNP C S P NPNP Infl VP NN N Pre V NPNThe girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each sentence.a) Would you come tomorrow?Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Aux V AdvPAdvYou would come tomorrowSurface Structure: CPC SAux N Aux V AdvPAdvWould You e come tomorrow b) What did Helen bring to the party?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN PPP Det NPNHelen did bring what to the party Surface Structure: CPC SNP Infl NP Infl VPN Pst N Pst V NPN PPP Det NPN What did Helen e bring e to the party c) Who broke the window?Deep Structure:C SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet NWho broke the window Surface Structure: CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPDet N Who e broke the window。
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语言学课外单元补充习题及答案4语言学课外单元补充习题及答案编写说明本练习是基于《英语语言学》课程而设置，通过教师讲解、学生自学与练习，加深学生对人类语言的理性认识，初步具备运用理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力，从而提高学生的语言素养和学习语言的能力，为以后工作和科研奠定基础。
为此，我们特编写本练习的答案，仅供参考。
Language1.State the nature of language briefly with examples.2.Why is it said that the language system is unique to human beings?3.What are the characteristics of human language?4.What are the social functions of language?5.Do animals other than humans have their own languages?6.Exemplify how animals communicate with each other.7.Can language be viewed only as a system of communication? Why not?8.How did language come into being? What is the relationship between the origin of language and theorigin of human beings?9.Rewrite each of the following lists of words into natural order.（1）Five /the /fresh /potatoes（2）Pretty /American /girls /the two（3）Airlines /brand /France-made /new /the two（4）Fashions /Chinese /the /latest /three（5）Beginning /hardworking /two /the /workers10.Fill in the blanks with the proper words.（1）_______ function means language can be used to ―do‖ things.（2）_______ function means the use of language to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.（3）Most imperative sentences are associated with _______ function.（4）The sentence ―What‘s it like?‖ sho ws ______ function.（5）Greetings shows _______ function.（6）“We are most grateful for this.”shows______ function.（7）Propaganda shows ________ function.（8）________ refers to contexts removed from the immediate of the speaker.（9）For________, reference is not the only, not even the primary goal of communication.（10）Halliday‘s metafunctions include ________, ___________, _____________.（11）Linguistics should include at least five parameters:_________ __________ ___________ ____________ _________________..11.Say the following are true or false. If it is false correct it （1）Language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animals communication system.（2）There is not a certain degree of correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the actual happenings.（3）The theories discussed in the textbook about the origins of language are not at most a speculation.（4）The definition,― Language is a tool for human communication.‖ has no problem.（5）The definition, ―language is a set of rules‖, tells nothing about its functions.（6）Hall, like Sapir, treats language as a purely human institution.（7）Chomsky‘s definition about language is the same as Sap ir‘s.Linguistics1.Explain the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Point out three aspects .3.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?4.Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?5.How is Saussure‘s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky‘s distinction between competence and performance?6.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?7.What features of human language have been specified byC. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system?8.What is the main task for a linguist? State the importance of linguistics.9.Why is ―duality‖ regarded as an important feature of human language?10.Fill in the right word according to the explanations.（1）_____________ the scientific study of language.（2）_____________ the study of the interlinguistic relationships among different linguistic elements of language.（3）____________the study of universal features of language（4）____________ the study of a particular language at the particular point of time.（5）____________ the study of the structure and both the syntactic and semantic rules of a language （6）the study of the rules or principles prescribed for people to follow when they use a language.（7）___________the study of language is relation to other sciences（8）the study of the nature of human language and the human mind through the study of the U.G. 11.Say the following are true or false. If it is false correct it.（1）Sociolinguistics relates the study of language to Psychology.（2）In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.（3）In the past, traditional grammarians tended to over-emphasize the importance of the written word. （4）Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently.（5）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.（6）Saussure‘s distinction took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions.（7）Early grammars were base d on ―high‖（religious, literary）written language.（8）The study of language as a whole is often called applied linguistics.（9）Language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets.（10）T o explain what language is seems to be a na?ve andsimple question.（11）Language bears certain features distinguishing it from means of communication other forms of life may possess, such as bird songs and bee dances.Phonetics1.What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?2.What are the three branches of phonetics? How do they contribute to the study of speech sounds?3.Draw a picture for the speech organs of human beings.4.Where are the articulatory apparatus of a human being contained?5.What is voicing and how is it caused?6.What criteria are used to classify English vowels?7.What is the function of the nasal cavity ? How does it perform the function?8.Describe the various parts in the oral cavity which are involved in the production of speech sounds?9.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?10.How are the English consonants and vowels classified?11.Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:（1）voiced palatal affricate（2）voiceless labiodental fricative（3）voiced alveolar stop（4）front close short（5）back semi-open long（6）voiceless bilabial stop（7）tense front mid vowel（8）lateral liquid（9）lax high back vowel（10）voiced bilabial oral stop（11）mid central lax vowel（12）low front vowel（13）palatal glide（14）voiced interdental fricative（15）voiced affricate（16）velar nasal consonant（17）low back vowel（18）high back tense vowel（19）mid back lax vowel（20）voiceless interdental fricative12.Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:［d］［l］［t∫］［w］［u］［?］［b］［v］［a:］［m］［r］［i:］13. Draw a tongue chart for the basic English vowels.Phonology1.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?2.What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme ? How are allophones related to the phoneme?3.What is a minimal pair and what is a minimal set ? Why is it important to identify the minimal set in alanguage?4.Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.5.State the functions of stress in a language with examples.6.What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function inconveying meaning?7. A phonetic symbol is actually a ―cover term‖ for a composit e of distinct phonetic properties or features.Defin e each of the symbols below by marking a ―+‖ or a ―---‖ for each given feature: a ―+‖, if the property is present, a ―---‖ , if it is absent:Sound segments: u э a: i ? u: i: ou eiPhonetic features:HighLowBackTenseRoundSound segments: f n g θ z t lPhonetic features:StopNasalV oicedLabialAlveolarVelarLiquidfricative8.Distinguish and transcribe the following sounds in groups.（1）【p】in pit , tip and spit（2）【l】in lesson and people（3）【n】in ten and tenth（4）【k】in key and scheme（5）【t】in team and steam9.Fill in the proper word according to the explanations.（1）the frequency of vibration in the musical sound of the voice.（）.（2）a special emphasis on a sound or a sound group.（）.（3）the length of silence between parts of utterance.（）.（4）the smallest structured sound unit made up of a rule-governed sequence of phonemes.（）. （5）the phonetic process in which two phonemes ,adjacent to each other, become identical.（） .Morphology1.What does morphology study? How do we define morphology?2.Distinguish between phonologically and morphologically conditioned allomorphs, and betweeninflectional and derivational affixes, and between free and bound morphemes. Give examples.3.Dissect the following words into morphemes:Description/ underdevelopment/ photosynthetic /anatomy /radiation/ geography /philharmonic defrosted/ refreshment /demobilized /conducting/ suppression /circumspect/ dialogue deformed /combination4.Try to find out the meaning of the following roots in English and give two or three words that containeach of them:hydro chron demo dur agr kilo nym ped rupt gress poly syn5.State the morphological rules that govern the use of the given derivational affixesExample: --er This suffix is added to a verb to form a noun indicating the agent that carries out the action, e. g. writer---writer--ant --ment --sub --en --en --ee --ful --some --wise --un6.Explain the formation and meaning of the following compounds:Example: nightcap------ noun formed by combining two nouns, meaning a drink one takes before going to bed.cat‘s paw tablecloth green-eyed green born update jet lag bootleg built-in cockpit good-for-nothing7.Write out the proper word or words according to the explanations:（1）the smallest meaningful unit which can be used independently.（）（2）each of the phonetic forms or variants.（）（3）the different morphs of one morpheme.（）（4）the smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning.（）（5）words whose membership can be regularly expanded.（）（6）all the words of a given language.（）（7）the way how morphemes are combined to form new words.（）8.Point out the derivational and inflectional morphemes in the following words and give their meanings:teacher shorter breaks books girl‘s careless usefulness irregular Marxist readers wanted loved houses buses studied business9.divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a ―+‖ between each two morphemes:reconstruction sociolinguistics tourists readings morphophonemic predetermination endearment girls independent replacement grandparents generalization derivational television retroactive psycholinguistic befriended unpalatable10.Think of five English suffixes, give their meanings and explain what bases or stems they may besuffixed to.Example: --er meaning ―doer of ‖, making an agentive noun, is adde d to verbs, as shown in the following: reader, ―one who reads‖, speaker ―one who speaks‖Syntax1.Examine each of the following sentences and indicate if it is a simple, coordinate, complex orcompound complex sentences:（1）Jane did it because she was asked to.（2）The soldiers were warned to remain hidden and not to expose themselves.（3）David was never there, but his brother was. （4）She leads a tranquil life in the country. （5）Unless I hear from her, I won‘t leave this town../doc/2b3894729.html,e the appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for eachof the following sentences:（1）A clever magician fooled the audience.（2）The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.（3）They knew that the senator would win the election.3.For each of the following two sentences , draw a tree diagram of its underlying structure that willreveal the difference in the relationship between John/Mary and the verb ―see ‖:（1）Mary advised John to see the dentist.（2）Mary promised John to see the doctor.4.The formation of many sentences involves the operation of syntactic movement. The followingsentences are believed to have derived from their D—structure representations. Show the D—structure for each of these sentences.（1）The leader of the majority party was severely criticized by the media.（2）The man threw the rake away in the yard..（3）What can robot do for us?（4）Will the new shop owner hire her?5.Draw on your linguistic knowledge of English and paraphrase each of the following sentences in twodifferent ways to show how syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences:（1）Smoking cigarettes can be nauseating.（2）T ony is a dirty street fighter.（3）After a two-day debate, they finally decided on the helicopter.（4）The man is too heavy to move.（5）The little girl saw the big man with the telescope.6.Because languages have recursive properties, there is no limit to the potential length of sentences, andthe set of sentences of any language is infinite. Give two examples to show the recursive properties of sentences.7.Write down the embedded sentences below:（1）The girls pleaded for Mary to leave them alone.（2）I found my wife writing a letter to her friend.（3）Who told the teacher that I wouldn‘t attend his lectur e?（4）I know the man who is standing there.（5）For us to master a foreign language is very useful.（6）Give this book to the students whom we were just talking about.8.Explain the deep structure and surface structure, and account for the relations between the two kinds of structures> Semantics1.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?2.What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?3.How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each of the following pairsof antonyms belong?Left/right far/near vacant/occupied father/daughter north /south doctor/patient dark/bright ugly/beautiful4.Identify the relations between the following pairs of sentences:（1）T om‘s wife is pregnant. / Tom has a wife.（2）He likes swimming. / He likes sports.（3）My sister will soon be divorced. / My sister is a married woman.（4）He speaks English. / He speaks a foreign language.5.Try to analyze the following sentences in terms of predication analysis:（1）The man sells ice-cream.（2）Is the baby sleeping?（3）It is snowing（4）The tree grows well.6.Write out the proper word or words according to the explanations:（1）a sense relation between a pair of words, in which the meaning of a word is included in the meaning of the other.（）（2）the symbol refers to the linguistic elements.（）（3）an approach adopted by structural semantists in describing the meaning of words and phrases（4）the kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents—arguments and predication.（）8.Pick out from the following pairs the homonyms and the homophones:Style/stile hear/here bank/bank know/no hare/hair ear/ear tale/tail bear/bear soul/sole one/won tear/tare dear/deer9.Indicate which among the following are complementary pairs, which are gradable pairs, and which arerelational pairs:Larger/smaller asleep/awake parents/children legal/illegal false/true start/end fail/pass strong/weak beautiful /ugly trainer/trainee pregnant/sterile rude/polite ask/answer for/against.10.Which of the following sentences belong to illustrative language and which to metalanguage?（1）Yellow is the color of my true lover‘s hair.（2）―Yellow‖ is a color word.（3） A horse is an animal.（4）―Horse‖ contains the semantic property of ―animal‖.（5）Everybody likes flowers.（6）―Flowers‖ is spelled f-l-o-w-e-r-s.。