应用化学专业英语unit-7
应用化学专业英语翻译完整篇
1 Unit5元素周期表As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。
有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。
这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。
它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。
它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。
最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。
Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。
在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。
例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。
在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。
In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。
Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。
这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似.Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。
应用化学专业英语
英译汉：1.First, electrons are added one at a time moving from left to right across aperiod……首先，从左向右横跨一个周期时每次增加一个电子。
当这种情况发生时，最外层电子将受到逐渐增强的核引力，所以电子将更接近原子核而受到其更紧密的束缚力。
其次，在周期表中从上向下移动一列，最外层电子受到核的束缚力将变弱。
这是因为主能级数（屏蔽最外层电子受到核的吸引）在每族向下移动时增加。
这些趋势解释了通过观察元素的原子半径、电离能、电子亲和力和电负性而得到的元素性质的周期性规律。
2.It is important to note that at equilibrium the rates of reaction,rate r and rate fare equilibrium mixture are usually not equal……值得注意的是，在化学平衡时的反应速率，正反应速率和你反应速率相等但反应物和生成物的摩尔浓度在平衡混合态时一般不相等。
但是，事实上每种反应物和生成物在平衡时其浓度为定值，因为每种物质在一个反应中的消耗速率与其在相应你反应正的生成速率相等。
在化学平衡提出之前，这种系统被称为动力学平衡状态。
3.This is a mathematical expression of the law of chemical equilibrium which maybe stated as follows: When a reversible…………这是化学平衡定律的数学表达式，它可以通过如下所述：当一个可逆反应在给定温度下达到平衡时，在方程式中箭头右边物质的摩尔浓度的积除以左边物质摩尔浓度的积（每种物质浓度的幂等于反应方程式中每种物质的分子数）为定值，4.Analytical chemistry,or the art of recognizing different substances anddetermining their constituents, takes a prominent position among分析化学或鉴定不同物质并测定其成分的技术，因为可以解决每当化学过程被用于科学的或技术性的目的是产生的问题，而在科学应用领域中占显著地位。
大学应用化学英语教材
大学应用化学英语教材The Importance of Applied Chemistry in Modern SocietyIn today's rapidly advancing world, the field of applied chemistry plays a vital role in various industries and everyday life. As technology continues to evolve, the demand for professionals equipped with a solid foundation in applied chemistry grows. For this reason, the development of an effective and comprehensive English textbook tailored specifically for university students studying applied chemistry is necessary. In this article, we will explore the key components and structure that should be included in a top-notch applied chemistry English textbook.1. IntroductionThe textbook should begin with an introduction that highlights the importance of applied chemistry in society. It should emphasize the real-world applications of chemistry, such as drug discovery, materials engineering, environmental protection, and food production. This section should provide students with a clear understanding of the relevance and significance of studying applied chemistry.2. Basic Principles of Applied ChemistryThis section is dedicated to covering the fundamental principles of applied chemistry. It should include topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, stoichiometry, and reaction kinetics. The content should be concise and easy to comprehend, with well-organized tables, figures, and diagrams to aid understanding.3. Laboratory TechniquesA vital component of applied chemistry is practical laboratory work. Thus, the textbook should include a section dedicated to laboratory techniques commonly used in the field. This section should cover safety protocols, experimental procedures, data analysis, and proper documentation. It should provide students with the necessary skills to conduct experiments effectively and accurately.4. Organic ChemistryOrganic chemistry is a crucial aspect of applied chemistry, as it deals with the study of carbon-based compounds. This section should cover topics such as functional groups, nomenclature, reaction mechanisms, and synthetic methods. Emphasis should be placed on the application of organic chemistry in pharmaceuticals, polymers, and agricultural chemicals.5. Analytical ChemistryAnalytical chemistry focuses on the identification and quantification of chemical compounds. In this section, students should learn about various analytical techniques such as spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrochemistry. Practical examples and case studies should be included to demonstrate the application of analytical chemistry in environmental analysis, forensic science, and quality control.6. Inorganic ChemistryInorganic chemistry is the study of non-carbon-based compounds. This section should cover topics such as periodic trends, coordination compounds, and transition metals. Students should gain an understanding of theapplications of inorganic chemistry in materials science, catalysis, and energy production.7. Physical ChemistryPhysical chemistry combines the principles of physics and chemistry to study the properties and behavior of matter. This section should cover topics such as thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and chemical kinetics. Students should learn about the application of physical chemistry in fields like nanotechnology, energy storage, and molecular modeling.8. Environmental ChemistryThe textbook should include a dedicated section on environmental chemistry, as the protection and sustainability of the environment are pressing global concerns. This section should cover topics such as air and water pollution, greenhouse gases, and waste management. Students should gain insights into how chemistry can contribute to environmental conservation and remediation.9. Case Studies and Practical ApplicationsTo enrich students' learning experience, the textbook should incorporate case studies and practical applications throughout the content. These examples should showcase how applied chemistry principles are utilized in real-life scenarios. By analyzing and discussing these case studies, students can better understand the practical implications of their knowledge.10. Review Questions and ExercisesFinally, the textbook should include review questions and exercises at the end of each chapter to reinforce understanding and facilitate self-assessment. These questions should cover a wide range of difficulty levels, allowing students to test their knowledge and apply what they have learned.ConclusionIn conclusion, a high-quality English textbook for university students studying applied chemistry should incorporate an engaging introduction, cover the fundamental principles of chemistry, provide comprehensive laboratory techniques, delve into organic, analytical, inorganic, and physical chemistry, address environmental concerns, include case studies and practical applications, and offer review questions and exercises. By encompassing these components, the textbook can effectively equip students with the knowledge and skills needed to excel in the field of applied chemistry and contribute to the advancement of society.Word Count: 801 words。
应用化学专业英语-无机物的命名
Common：用希腊数字前缀表示氧原子和非金属原子的个数。
Stock：用罗马数字表明除氧（-2）外的非金属的氧化态。
6、Inorganic Acid（无机酸）
Acid Ion （酸基离子） per有 氧 酸 hypo无氧酸 -ate -ate -ite -ite -ide perAcid -ic -ic -ous -ous -ic acid acid acid acid acid
应用化学
无机物的命名
The Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds
无机物的命名
1、 Elementary Substance(单质)
2、Cation（阳离子）
3、Anion（阴离子）
4、Oxide, Base and Salt of Metal（氧化物,碱和金属盐） 5、Nonmetal Oxide （非金属氧化物） 6、Inorganic Acid（无机酸） 7、Acid Salt（酸式盐）
fluoride
chloride bromide iodide astatide
阴离子的命名
Symbol
FClBr-
Name
Fluoride Chloride Bromide
Symbo l ClO4ClO3ClO2-
Name
Perchlorate Chlorate Chlorite Nitrate Nitrite Phosphate Phosphite
4、Oxide, Base and Salt of Metal（氧化物，碱和金属盐）
5、Nonmetal Oxide （非金属氧化物） 6、Inorganic Acid（无机酸）
7、Acid Salt（酸式盐） 8、Basic Salt（碱式盐） 9、Complex salt(络合物)
应用化学专业英语课后练习题含答案
5.A heterogeneous mixture is one in which the components are evenly distributed throughout.
Answer: False.
Short answer
4.What is the difference between an acid and a base?
Answer: An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst in a biological reaction, lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.
6.What is a heterogeneous mixture?
4.What is the definition of a chemical reaction?
Answer: A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances are transformed into different substances through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds.
Chapter 2
True or False
3.The pH scale is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Answer: True.
4.A catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction itself.
应用化学专业英语翻译(第二版)
Unit10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons碳氢化合物的命名Alkanes烷烃理想的，每一种化合物都应该由一个明确描述它的结构的名称，并且通过这一名称能够画出它的结构式。
为了这一目的，全世界的化学家接受了世界纯粹与应用化学会（IUPAC）建立的一系列规则。
这个系统就是IUPAC系统，或称为日内瓦系统，因为IUPAC的第一次会议是在瑞士日内瓦召开的。
不含支链的烷烃的IUPAC命名包括两部分（1）表明链中碳原子数目的前缀；（2）后缀－ane，表明化合物是烷烃。
用于表示1至20个碳原子的前缀见表10.1表10.1中前4个前缀是由IUPAC选择的，因为它们早已在有机化学中确定了。
实际上，它们甚至早在它们成为规则之下的结构理论的暗示之前，它们的地位就确定了。
例如，在丁酸中出现的前缀but－，一种表示在白脱脂中存在的四个碳原子的化合物（拉丁语butyrum白脱（黄油））。
表示5个或更多碳原子的词根来源于希腊或拉丁词根。
含取代基的烷烃的IUPAC名称由母体名称和取代基名称组成，母体名称代表化合物的最长碳链，取代基名称代表连接在主链上的基团。
来源于烷烃的取代基称为烷基。
字母R－被广泛用来表示烷烃的存在.烷烃的命名是去掉原烷基名称中的－ane加上后缀－yl。
例如，烷基CH3CH2－称为乙基。
CH3－CH3乙烷（原碳氢化合物）CH3CH2－乙基（一个烷基）下面是IUPAC的烷烃命名规则：1. 饱和碳氢化合物称为烷烃。
2. 对有支链的碳氢化合物，最长的碳链作为主链，IUPAC命名按此主链命名。
3. 连接在主链上的基团称为取代基。
每一取代基有一名称和一数字.这一数字表示取代基连接在主链上的碳原子的位置。
4. 如果有多于一个的相同取代基，要给出表示支链位置的每个数字。
而且，表示支链数目的数字由前缀di－，tri－，tetra－，penta－等表示。
5. 如果有一个取代基，主链碳原子编号从靠近支链的一端开始，使支链位号最小。
大学化学专业英语PPT课件 第7章 chapter7
ii) The positions of substituents:
Ortho- 邻-，正-，原- :
ortho-aminotoluene 邻甲苯胺
oቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱtho-aluminic acid 原铝酸 Meta- 间-，偏-： meta-aminotoluene 间甲苯胺
meta-aluminic acid 偏铝酸
7.2 Functional Groups with Covalent Single Bonds
1.Nomenclature for functional groups with single bonds a.Alkyl or aryl halides (RX or ArX)
ethane ethene
name of saturated hydrocarbon + “adiene”
ii) For the alkene with two double bond:
e.g.
butane 1,3 butadiene
iii) For the individual alkyne: Name of saturated hydrocarbon(“ane” dropped) + “yne” e.g. ethane ethyne iv) For the alkyne with two triple bond: Name of saturated hydrocarbon(“ane” dropped) + “adiyne” e.g. pentane 1,3 pentadiyne
v) For the alkyne with three triple bond:
Name of saturated hydrocarbon(“ane” dropped) + “atriyne”
化工专业英语-unit 7
atmospheric pressure（大气压） and ambient temperature（环境温度，
常温）; despite a hundred years of effort, the chemical industry still needs high temperatures and pressures of hundreds of atmospheres to do the same job.
Biological fixation also uses a catalyst which contains molybdenum（钼） (or vanadium（钒）) and iron embedded（植入的， 深入的） in a very large protein, the detailed structure of which eluded（躲避） chemists until late 1992. How it works is still not understood in detail.
Indeed, until the invention of the Haber process
(哈伯工艺), all
nitrogen-containing chemicals came from mineral sources ultimately derived from biological activity（生物活性/生物活动）. Essentially all the nitrogen in manufactured chemicals comes from ammonia derived from the Haber-based process. So much ammonia is made (more molecules than any other compound, though because it is a light molecule greater weights of other products are produced), and so energy-intensive (能源密积型的，高能耗的) is the process, that ammonia production alone was estimated to use 3% of the World’s energy supply in the mid-1980s.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Most transition metals form more than one kind of ion, so it is usually necessary to include a Stock number in the names of their compounds.
单原子阴离子通过在元素名字（名字的词干） 的第一部分加后缀-ide和离子单词来命名。
There is no need to give the charge, because most elements that form monatomic anions form only one kind of ion.
化合物的系统名称，被称作化学命名，它遵循 着一套规则，以便我们不必去记忆每个化合物 的名称，而只需记住这个规则即可。
Names of Cations
阳离子名称
The names of mon of the element, with the addition of the word ion, as in sodium ion for Na+.
另一方面，系统名称显示出其存在的元素， 在某些情况下可显示其原子是如何排列的。
The systematic name of table salt, for instance, is sodium chloride, which indicates at once that it is a compound of sodium and chlorine.
大多数过渡金属都能形成超过一种的离子， 因此在它们化合物的名称中包含物料编号通 常是有必要的。
An older system of nomenclature is still in use.
旧的命名系统仍然在使用。
For example, some cations were once denoted by the endings –ous and –ic for the ions with lower and higher charges, respectively.
例如，一些阳离子曾经用-ous和-ic结尾分别 表示较低的和较高的电荷。
In this system, iron (Ⅱ) ions are called ferrous ions and iron (Ⅲ) ions are called ferric ions.
在这个系统中，二价铁离子被称作亚铁离子， 三价铁离子被称作铁离子。
当元素能形成超过一种的阳离子，如铜能形成 Cu+和Cu2+，我们使用物料编号，罗马数字等 于阳离子电荷，
Thus, Cu+ is a copper (Ⅰ) ion and Cu2+ is a copper (Ⅱ) ion. Similarly, Fe2+ is an iron (Ⅱ) ion and Fe3+ is an iron (Ⅲ) ion.
名称中不必给出电荷，因为大部分的元素形成 单原子阴离子只有一种形式。
However, it is useful from the outset to know something about how to form their names.
然而，从一开始了解一下化合物名字的形成 是有用的。
Many compounds were given common names before their compositions were known. Common names include water, salt, sugar, ammonia, and quartz.
单原子阳离子的名称与元素的名称相同， 外加离子一词，如Na+表示钠离子。
When an element can form more than one kind of cation, such as Cu+ and Cu2+ from copper, we use the Stock number, a Roman numeral equal to the charge of the cation.
ammonia [əˈməʊnɪə] 氨水
许多化合物在未了解其构成前给予他们俗称。 俗称包括水、盐、糖、氨和石英。
A systematic name, on the other hand, reveals which elements are present and, in some cases, how their atoms are arranged.
Names of Anions
阴离子名称
Monatomic anions are named by adding the suffix –ide and the word ion to the first part of the name of the element ( the “stem” of its name ).
例如食盐的系统名称是氯化钠，这 立即表明它是一个钠和氯的化合物。
The systematic naming of compounds, which is called chemical nomenclature, follows a set of rules, so that the name of each compound need not be memorized, only the rules.
The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substance
无机化合物命名法
You will meet compounds in this text and will learn their name as you go along.
在本文中，你会遇到许多化合物，并且 当你阅读下去时你将获悉他们的名字。