铁道工程专业Green-Building绿色建筑大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译
文献、资料中文题目：绿色建筑
文献、资料英文题目：Green Building
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文献、资料发表（出版）日期：
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专业：铁道工程
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翻译日期： 2017.02.14
外文资料译文
原文：Green Building
Abstract: Green building refers to doing its best to maximize conservation of resources (energy, land, water, and wood)，protecting the environment and reducing pollution in its life cycle. Providing people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. I described more details of green building design’ notion, green building’ design, as well as the significance of the concept of green building and improving the effectiveness analysis of the external effects of green building measures,
Key words: green buildings; protect the ecology; signification ; analysing the effects
1.What is a green building
Green building refers to building life cycle, the maximum conservation of resources (energy, land, water and materials), protecting the environment and reducing pollution, providing people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature harmony of the building. The so-called green building "green" does not mean a general sense of three-dimensional green, roof garden, but represents a concept or symbol, refers to building environmentally and friendly, makes full use of natural resources, environment and basic ecological damage to the environment without balance of a building under construction, but also known as sustainable building, eco-building, back into the wild construction, energy saving construction.
Green building interior layout is very reasonable, to minimize the use of synthetic materials, full use of the sun, saves energy for the residents and creates almost-natural feeling.
People, architectures and the natural environment for the harmonious development goals, in the use of natural and artificial means to create good conditions
and healthy living environment, as much as possible to control and reduce the use and destruction of the natural environment, to fully reflect the nature obtain and return balance.
2. the meaning of green building
The basic connotation of green building can be summarized as: to reduce the load on the environment architecture, which saves energy and resources; provides a safe, healthy, comfortable living space with goods; affinity with the natural environment, so that people and building's coexistence with the environment and sustainable development becomes harmonious .
3.Development of the significance of green building rating system Establish green building rating system is a revolution in the field of architecture and the Enlightenment, its far more than energy savings. It is innovative in many ways and organic synthesis, thereby building in harmony with nature, full utilization of resources and energy, create healthy, comfortable and beautiful living space. It's revolutionary for the field of architecture from the technical, social and economic angles.
3.1 Technical Significance
Green building study of early technical problems of individual-based, technology is isolated and one-sided, not formed an organic whole, the integration of design and economic study of consciousness is far from the only strategy of economic analysis phase of the subsidiary's knowledge . However, individual technical research results of early modern green building techniques for the multi-dimensional development and systems integration will lay a solid foundation. Since the nineties of the 20th century, with the understanding of green building gradually deepen and mature, people give up way too utopian thinking environmental consciousness and moral constraints and spontaneous green behavior, turned to explore more workable environmental philosophy, environmental and capital combined into the future world with the new direction of development of environmental protection, green building has entered a result of ecological ethics from the practice of promoting ecological research to deepen the new stage. Green Building Technology takes on the natural science, social science,
humanities, computer science, information science and other subjects the trend of integration of research results, making green building design into the multi-dimensional stage of development strategy study. The deepening of green building technology strategy and development in materials, equipment, morphology and so on. Various advanced fields, in technology development, technology and other design elements of the integration is also starting from the past the simple addition, more attention to the periphery of the retaining structure itself design technology and architecture to combine the overall system change, gradually becoming green building systems. Green building rating system was established green building technologies gradually improve and systematize the inevitable result, it is the organic integration of green building technology, a platform built to green building technology, information technology, computer technology and many other subjects can be a unified platform in their respective roles, the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for designers, planners, engineers and managers a more simple, Guizhangmingque green building assessment tools and design guidelines with clear rule.
3.2 The social significance.
Green building rating system reflects the social significance of the main advocates of the new way of life, heightened awareness and public participation in the continuation of local culture are two aspects.
To promote a healthy lifestyle. Green building rating system, the social significance of the primary advocate a healthy lifestyle, which is based on the design and construction of green buildings as a community education process. The principles of green building rating system is the effective use of resources and ecological rules to follow, based on the health of building space to create and maintain sustainable development. The concept of the past to correct people's misconceptions about consumer lifestyles, that can not blindly pursue material luxury, but should keep the environment under the premise of sustainable use of modest comfort to pursue life. From the fundamental terms, construction is to meet human needs built up of material
goods as people's lifestyle is not sustainable when, the value of green building itself will be reduced, but only had a real social need When the requirements of sustainable development and way of life that matches the green building to achieve the best results.
Enhanced awareness of public participation. Green Building Rating system is not a monopoly for the design staff of professional tools, but for planners, designers, engineers, managers, developers, property owners, jointly owned by the public and other assessment tools. It brokes the previous professional development of the monopoly to encourage the participation of the public and other public officers. Through public participation, the introduction of architects and other building users, the construction of dialogue participants, making the original design process dominated by the architect becomes more open. Proved the involvement of various views and a good help to create a dynamic culture, embody social justice community.
3.3 The economic significance.
Green building rating system, the economic significance can be divided into macro and micro levels. At the macro level, the green building rating system from the system life-cycle perspective, the green building design integrated into the economic issues involved in the production from the building materials, design, construction, operation, resource use, waste disposal, recycling of demolition until the natural resources the whole process. Economic considerations of green building is no longer limited to the design process itself, while the policy extended to the design of the narrow role to play to support the policy level, including the establishment of "green labeling" system, improving the construction environmental audit and management system, increase and construction-related energy consumption, pollutant emissions and other acts of tax efforts, improve the legal system of environmental protection, from the increase in government construction projects on the sustainability of economic support and raise the cost to the construction of polluting the environment acts as the costs for green buildings design and construction to create a favorable external environment. This goal is not entirely the responsibility of government agencies, as the architects involved in
design work as a sound system of responsibility for recommendations obligations, because only the most from the practice of the need is real and urgent. The related policy issues in green building design strategies, building a system to solve the economic problems facing the important aspects. At the micro level, the current from the economic point of Design Strategy is more fully consider the economic operation of the project, and specific technical strategies accordingly adjusted.
3.4 Ethical Significance.
Green building rating system, the theoretical basis of the concept of sustainable development, therefore, whether the evaluation system of each country how much difference in structure, they all have one thing in common: To reduce the burden of ecological environment, improve construction quality of the environment for future generations to remain the development of room. This radically changes the long-sought human blindly to the natural attitude, reflecting people's understanding of the relationship between man and nature by the opposition to the uniform change. According to the current global energy reserves and resources distribution, the Earth's natural environment is also far from the edge of exhaustion, enough people enjoy the luxury of contemporary material life. But now we have to consume a resource, it means that future generations will be less of a living space. More importantly, if we consume the natural environment more than it can limit self-renewal, then the future of the younger generation is facing the planet's ecosystems can not recover the risk into a real crisis. Therefore we can say, the development of green buildings and their corresponding evaluation system, for more contemporary people is the responsibility and obligations. For more the interests of future generations and advantages for green building design.
4.Green building design include the followings:
Saving energy: full use of solar energy, using energy-efficient building reducing heating and air conditioning use. Set according to the principle of natural ventilation cooling
system that allows efficient use of building to the dominant wind direction in summer. Adapted to local climatic conditions, building use form and general layout of the plane.
Resource conservation: in the building design, construction and selection of construction materials, are considered fair use and disposal of resources. To reduce the use of resources, strive to make the use of renewable resources. Conserve water resources, including water conservation and greening.
Return to Nature: Green Building exterior to emphasize integration with the surrounding environment, harmony, movement each other so that the protection of natural ecological environment.
5 .Effects of green building
5.1 Effects of the composition of green building
Effects of green building, including internal effects and external effects, direct benefits and direct costs as the internal effect, known as the indirect benefits and indirect costs of external effects, according to engineering economics point of view: the internal effects can be financial evaluation, external effects should be economic evaluation, economic evaluation is based on the so-called rational allocation of scarce resources and socio-economic principles of sustainable development, from the perspective of the overall national economy, study projects spending of social resources and contributions to the community to evaluate the project's economic and reasonable and external effects generally include industry effects, environmental and ecological effects, technology diffusion effect, the external effect will cause the private costs (internal costs or indirect costs) and social costs inconsistent, leading to the actual price is different from the best price. From the perspective of sustainable development, green building assessment effects of the main indicators of external effects.
Since beginning the development of green building, unity of quantitative indicators system is still not established, I believe that the following aspects should be analyzed: (1) strictly control the construction industry, size, limit the number of employees. Extensive growth model epitomized by the struggle over the construction project, the
construction process using human wave tactics, once the state limit the scale of construction, will form the "adequate", which will not reduce the degree of mechanization, labor, the low level. (2) more investments in upgrade technology, establish and perfect the mechanism for scientific and technical equipment. Focus on the development and application of building technology, combined with the project, the characteristics of future construction, a planned way scientific and technological research and development of new machinery, new processes, new materials, and actively introduction, absorb and assimilate the advanced scientific and technological achievements of science and technology to improve the level of mechanization. (3) in urban planning, survey and design through the "green building" ideas. Family housing and urban construction or alteration must remain in the room, from lighting, ventilation, drainage and control the damages to the environment. (4) construction work, reduced resource consumption, the production process in construction, energy saving measures should be adopted to prevent the excessive consumption of land resources, water resources, power resources.
5.2 External effects of the challenges to building the economy
Under the control of the government's intervention, to a certain extent on the efficient allocation of resources to strengthen the implementation of energy conservation mandatory standards for construction supervision. To further improve the building energy monitoring system, and strengthen the mandatory building energy efficiency standards in order to carry out the implementation of the project as the main content of the whole process of monitoring, particularly for large public buildings to enhance the building energy regulation, reflected in the project cost on the part of internal costs, making the "non-green building" project's internal costs, internal efficiency and reducing the external costs of green building, the external efficiency increasing, so that effective economic resources to the rational flow of green building.
6. to improve the external effects of green building measures
Enterprise architecture in the new economy to obtain a competitive advantage, improve the external effects only continually tap the ways and means to improve the external efficiency, reduce external costs, the basic ideas and principles: (1) Construction of natural resources in the life cycle and minimized energy consumption; (2) reducing building life cycle emissions; (3) protecting the ecological (natural) environment; (4) to form a healthy, comfortable and safe indoor space; (5) the quality of construction, functionality, performance and environmental unity.
Summary
described above, the meaning of green building design and analysis of its effectiveness and improve the external effects of green building measures. But how does the future design of green buildings need a degree in practice we try to figure out, I believe that green building will become the trend of future construction.
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文献出处: Dalman, M. Deniz, and Junhong Min. "Marketing Strategy for Unusual Brand Differentiation: Trivial Attribute Effect." International Journal of Marketing Studies 6.5 (2014): 63-72. 原文 Marketing Strategy for Unusual Brand Differentiation: Trivial Attribute Effect Dalman, M. Deniz & Junhong Min Abstract This research investigates that brand differentiation creating superior values can be achieved not only by adding meaningful attributes but also meaningless attributes, which is called "trivial attribute effect." Two studies provided empirical evidences as following; first, trivial attribute effect creates a strong brand differentiation even after subjects realize that trivial attribute has no value. Second, trivial attribute effect is more pronounced in hedonic service category compared to the utilitarian category. Last, the amount of willingness to pay is higher when trivial attribute is presented and evaluated in joint evaluation mode than separate evaluation mode. Finally, we conclude with discussion and provide suggestions for further research. Keywords: brand differentiation, evaluation mode, service industry, trivial attribute Introduction Problem Definition Perhaps the most important factor for new product success is to create the meaningful brand differentiation that provides customers with superior values beyond what the competitors can offer in the same industry (Porter, 1985). Not surprisingly, more than 50 percent of annual sales in consumer product industries including automobiles, biotechnology, computer software, and pharmaceuticals are attributed to such meaningful brand differentiation by including new or noble attributes (Schilling &Hill, 1998). However, the brand differentiation that increases consumer preference is not only by introducing meaningful attributes but also meaningless attributes. For
外文文献—动画
Animation Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Early examples An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word. A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been
土木工程毕业设计范文,图纸计算书、建筑说明书外文翻译、开题报告书
- - -. 毕业设计（论文） 开题报告 题目XX雅筑地产中天锦庭6号住宅楼设计 专业土木工程 班级 学生 指导教师教授 讲师
一、毕业设计(论文)课题来源、类型 本论文课题来源于XX雅筑地产中天锦庭6号住宅楼设计，本设计来自工程实际，结构类型为钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构。该建筑分十三层，耐火等级为一级，主体结构为二级耐久年限，抗震设防为八级。二、选题的目的及意义 随着我国经济发展和城市化进程，人们对住宅的需求量逐渐增多，住宅物业管理日益为人们所关注。住宅小区已经成为人们安家置业的首选，几十万到几百万的小区住宅比比皆是。尤其近几年，高层小高层已然成为现代开发商与消费者选择的主流。这是由高层和小高层的特点所决定的，高层建筑可节约城市用地，缩短公用设施和市政管网的开发周期。人们花的钱越多，不但对住宅的本身的美观质量要求越来越高，同时对物业小区的服务和管理也要求越来越高，比如对小区的绿化，保安，停车场，维修甚至对各项投诉的要求小区管理者做的好。信息时代的今天，住宅小区的硬件设施也必须跟得上时代的步伐，对现代化住宅小区建设的要求越来越高。小区楼的艺术美更要符合现代人的需求，此外还必须有较高的实用性、经济性。住宅小区的居住环境安全与否，是小区居民极其关心的问题，要创建一个安全的居住环境不仅要有科学的小区管理制度，而且在很大程度上也依赖于小区规划的安全性，这其中涉及到居民的生理、心理安全和社会安全等因素。在住宅小区的规划设计中应充分考虑居民的有效防X行为，通过控制小区和组团入口、明确划分空间领域等措施来提高小区的安全防卫能力。一是在小区和组团的入口处设置明显标志，使住宅小区具有较强的领域性和归属性。二是注重院落空间的强化，使居民之间既有充分了解和相互熟悉的机会，又可以使住户视线能够触及到住宅入口，便于对陌生人进行观察、监视。三是注重小区交通网络的合理组织。在小区主干道的规划设计上要做到“顺而不穿，通而不畅”，减少交通环境的混乱交杂，提高安全系数，在小区级道路的规划上尽量作曲形设计，限制车辆穿行的速度，达到安全与降低噪音的目的。同时，规划时应尽量减少组团的出入口，一般设置两个即可，以便有效控制外来行人任意穿行，从而起到安全防卫的作用。我这次选择的是高层住宅楼的设计，目的就是为了设计一栋满足居住需求和美观要求的住宅楼。并且也可以通过这次的毕业设计，把以前学习的专业课的知识运用到实践中，以及对它们更加深入的学习和系统化的总结。在这个过程中需要查阅、搜集许多的资料，将提高我运用图书馆的资料文献和互联网上大量信息的能力。office办公软件的综合运用使我的电脑基本功有了很大的提高。从建筑设计到结构的计算设计都是由自己单独完成，这就培养了我们独立解决设计中的问题以及娴熟使用auto CAD和PKPM系列软件的能力。综合性地运用几年内所学知识去分析、解决一个问题，在作毕业设计的过程中，所学知识得到疏理和运用，它既是一次检阅，又是一次锻炼。
外文文献—动画讲课教案
外文文献—动画
Animation Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Early examples An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran There is no single person who can be considered the "creator" of film animation, as there were several people working on projects which could be considered animation at about the same time. Georges Méliès was a creator of special-effect films; he was generally one of the first people to use animation with his technique. He discovered a technique by accident which was to stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation. Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. An Egyptian burial chamber mural , approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word. A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been invented in 180 AD. The phenakistoscope, praxinoscope, and the common flip book were early popular animation devices invented during the 19th century. These devices produced the appearance of movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much
外文文献(市场营销策略)
Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails selecting two or more segments and developing a separate marketing mix to reach segment. Positioning the Product Management's ability to bring attention to a product and to differentiate it in a favorable way from similar products goes a long way toward determining that product's revenues.Thus management needs to engage in positioning,which means developing the image that a product projects in relation to competitive products and to the firm's other products. Marketing executives can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.Sometimes they decide to use more than one for a particular product.Here are several major positioning strategies: