目录Contents
也议content还是contents
到底是用“content”还是“contents”呢？摘要:A.几乎总是用contents的情况：1.当contents指包、袋、箱子、容器等等内的“内容”时（the contentsof a box, bag, bottle, building, or room…）…the contents of the chest proved them wrong.但海底沉箱内的物品证明他们弄错了。
（新概念英语第三册）Now cups say, "caution, contents are hot".现在纸杯上都印着“内有热饮，小心烫口。
” （CNN英语材料）2.当contents指书或杂志的目录时（a list at the beginning of a bookor magazine）I can't find it in the contents.（Macmillan English Dictioanary）B.几乎总是用content的情况用于名词之后指“容量; 含量”（amount of sth contained in sth else）: the silver content of a coin 硬币中银的含量（牛津高阶词典）food with a high fat content脂肪含量高的食物. （牛津高阶词典）C. 既可以用content也可以用contents的情况 (注:我的建议首先是依据原版词典的例句,其次是来自google和其他语料库里面用关键词搜索后所得的结果比较)1.都可以用，但建议用contentthe content(s) of the website/show/essay/meeting/article/one’s character2. 都可以用, 但建议用contentsthe content(s) of the letter/document/…he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart.他已将信的内容记熟了。
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营销价值
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品牌权益
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英文目录与摘要（Contents and Summaries）
英文目录与摘要（Contents and Summaries）作者：来源：《外国问题研究》2023年第02期FOREIGN HISTORY STUDIESCONTENTS（No.2，2023）East Asian Civilization StudiesThe Breaking of Diplomatic Relations to Ming Dynasty by Ashikaga Yoshimochi and the Linkageof His Internal and External Policies——A New Probe into the Cause of Diplomatic Interruptionbetween Ming and Japan in the Early 15th century Ma Yunchao（4）Russia’s Persistent Exploitation of Forest Resources in Northeast Ch ina after Completion ofMiddle East RailwayJiang Liwen and Ma Liang（16）Sun Yat sen’s Asian Imagination and JapanLv Meiling（23）Constructing the “Memory Realms” of Social Trauma——Centering on of Japanese AtrocitiesGroup against ChinaLi Guang and Yang Junli（31）Ancient Civilization StudiesOn the International System in the Near East during the Amarna AgeYuan Zhihui（38）The Rise and Fall of Carthage and Their Multicultural CharacterHe Libo（51）Justin Martyr and “Christian Philosophy” in the 2nd Century ADZhang Like（65）Europe-America StudiesThe Research on the Neo-Roman Theory of Liberty in England in the 17th CenturyJiang Jing（76）On the Relationship between Anglo-Indian Colonial Medicine and Caste System during the19th Century Chai Bin and Cheng Guanyu（86）The Rejection of Early Japanese Immigrants in the United States and Its Response （1885—1908）Shi Hui（99）The Ancient and Modern Silk Road StudiesA New Analysis of the Centennial Changes in the Regional Pattern of the Modern Middle East Huang Minxing（109）Aliyah Movement of Yemeni Jews： Evolution and MotivationYang Yulong（124）English Abstract（142）The Award Ceremony of the Third “Ri Zhi World History Prize” and the First High-level Forum onthe Development of Chinese World History Disciplines in the New Era Held Successfully in BeijingCover ⅡThe Appointment Ceremony of the Academic Committee of the “Shangshan World History ResearchFoundation” and the World History Discipline Development Seminar Held SuccessfullyCover ⅢSUMMARIES OF ARTICLESThe Breaking of Diplomatic Relations to Ming Dynasty by Ashikaga Yoshimochi and the Linkage of His Internal and External Policies——A New Probe into the Cause of Diplomatic Interruption between Ming and Japan in the Early 15th CenturyMa YunchaoAshikaga Yoshimochi（足利义持）was not determined to break the diplomatic relations with Ming Dynasty at the beginning of his succession. The opportunity to put it into practice was that Shiba Yoshimasa（斯波義将）， who supported foreign trade， had died. During the period of AshikagaYoshimochi， the power structure be tween Shōgun（将军）and Shugo Daimyō（守护大名）was different from that of the previous generation， and the policy of banning Japanese pirates became difficult， which was the realistic reason why he had to stop the diplomacy with Ming Dynasty. Moreover， in order to resist the Go-nanchō Regime（后南朝）， Yoshimochi tried to raise the political status of Tennōke Family（天皇家）. He must avoid the problem of the relationship between the King of Japan and the Emperor caused by Ming Dynasty’s canonization. The Ming-Japan relation during Ashikaga Yoshimitsu’s（足利义满） rule was established on the basis of his autocracy， and it was achieved under unique historical conditions. However， when such conditions vanished during Ashikaga Yoshimochi’s reign， the Ashikaga shogunate was forced to restore its original status. In the period of Ashikaga Yoshinori（足利义教）， the above problems were basically solved， which laid the foundation for restoration of diplomatic relations with Ming Dynasty.Russia’s Persistent Exploitation of Forest Resourc es in Northeast China after Completion of Middle East RailwayJiang Liwen and Ma LiangFrom the 19th century to the turn of the 20th century， in order to control the sphere of influence in northeastern china， czar built the Middle East Railway and the South Manchuria Railway line and the brigadier port on the basis of the unequal treaty between China and Russia and the treaty of concession and the joint eastern railway company contract. To this end， the forest resources in China along the Middle East Railway began to be harvested， consumed and plundered in huge quantities，causing serious damage to the forest ecology in northeast China. After the completion of the Middle East Railway in July 1903， the Russian side continued its frenzied exploitation and sale of forest resources on both sides of the Middle East Railway in order to continue to gain economic benefits，invoking the privileges granted by the statute of the Railway. Although the Qing government made many representations， the Middle East Railway Company renewed the Ji-tree planting contract and the Heilongjiang Railway Company logging contract with China on August 30， 1907 and April 1908， respectively.Sun Yat sen’s Asian Imaginationand JapanLv MeilingSun Yat-sen went to Hawaii from the age of thirteen and began to receive a Western-style education until he graduated from the Hong Kong School of Western Medicine at the age of twenty-six. His Western-style life， growth and learning experience formed his cognition of Western civilization， which inevitably included his understanding of its aggression. Nonetheless， the Western system and utensil civilization also became an indispensable ideological basis for Sun Yat-sen’s political revolution. At the same time， his understanding of the West and his dissatisfaction with the reality of China led him to think about China’s survival and future development. Under such a life and thought trajectory， Sun Yat-sen had almost nothing to do with Japan in the early days. However， Japan and the Japanese have played a crucial role in the revolutionary process of his life.Among them，The imagination of Asia played a certain role in the connection between Sun Yat-sen and Japan.Constructing the “MemoryRealms” of Social Trauma——Centering on of Japanese Atrocities Group against ChinaLi Guang and Yang JunliDuring the Japanese invasion of China， the Japanese invaders carried out a series of atrocious battlefield atrocities in China， such as the Holocaust， bacterial warfare， chemical warfare and forced conscription of comfort women， leaving a large number of documents， cultural relics，audio and video and other historical materials that can confirm and expose the crimes of Japan，which can be called the historical materials group of Japanese atrocities in China.These historical materials are not only the powerful evidence of the Japanese aggressors’ flagrant provocation of the war and atrocities on the battlefield， but also the concrete carrier of constructing the traumatic memories of Chinese society. Therefore， it is necessary to make full use of historical materials group of Japanese atrocities against China，construct a “memory Realms” of Chinese panoramic social trauma through literalization， audiovisual and intellectual approaches in multilingual literature，space and ceremony， textbooks and courses， and deconstruct the historical nihilism of Japanese right-wing forces in their attempt to deny Japanese atrocities against China. And a misplaced memory that turns the “perpetrator” into the“victim” and makes it a shared memory for human society to reflect on the war.Russia’s Persistent Exploitation of Forest Resources in Northeast China after Completion of Middle East RailwayJiang Liwen and Ma LiangFrom the 19th century to the turn of the 20th century， in order to control the sphere of influence in northeastern china， czar built the Middle East Railway and the South Manchuria Railway line and the brigadier port on the basis of the unequal treaty between China and Russia and the treaty of concession and the joint eastern railway company contract. To this end， the forest resources in China along the Middle East Railway began to be harvested， consumed and plundered in huge quantities，causing serious damage to the forest ecology in northeast China. After the completion of the Middle East Railway in July 1903， the Russian side continued its frenzied exploitation and sale of forest resources on both sides of the Middle East Railway in order to continue to gain economic benefits，invoking the privileges granted by the statute of the Railway. Although the Qing government made many representations， the Middle East Railway Company renewed the Ji-tree planting contract and the Heilongjiang Railway Company logging contract with China on August 30， 1907 and April 1908， respectively.Sun Yat sen’s Asian Imaginationand JapanLv MeilingSun Yat-sen went to Hawaii from the age of thirteen and began to receive a Western-style education until he graduated from the Hong Kong School of Western Medicine at the age of twenty-six. His Western-style life， growth and learning experience formed his cognition of Western civilization， which inevitably included his understanding of its aggression. Nonetheless， the Western system and utensil civilization also became an indispensable ideological basis for Sun Yat-sen’s political revolution. At the same time， his understanding of the West and his dissatisfaction with the reality of China led him to think about China’s survival and future developm ent. Under such a life and thought trajectory， Sun Yat-sen had almost nothing to do with Japan in the early days. However， Japan and the Japanese have played a crucial role in the revolutionary process of his life. Among them，The imagination of Asia played a certain role in the connection between Sun Yat-sen and Japan.Constructing the “MemoryRealms” of Social Trauma——Centering on of Japanese Atrocities Group against ChinaLi Guang and Yang JunliDuring the Japanese invasion of China， the Japanese invaders carried out a series of atrocious battlefield atrocities in China， such as the Holocaust， bacterial warfare， chemical warfare and forced conscription of comfort women， leaving a large number of documents， cultural relics，audio and video and other historical materials that can confirm and expose the crimes of Japan，which can be called the historical materials group of Japanese atrocities in China.These historical materials are not only the powerful evidence of the Japanese aggressors’ flagra nt provocation of the war and atrocities on the battlefield， but also the concrete carrier of constructing the traumatic memories of Chinese society. Therefore， it is necessary to make full use of historical materials group of Japanese atrocities against China，construct a “memory Realms” of Chinese panoramic social trauma through literalization， audiovisual and intellectual approaches in multilingual literature，space and ceremony， textbooks and courses， and deconstruct the historical nihilism of Japanese right-wing forces in their attempt to deny Japanese atrocities against China. And a misplaced memory that turns the “perpetrator” into the “victim” and makes it a shared memory for human society to reflect on the war.Russia’s Persistent Exploitati on of Forest Resources in Northeast China after Completion of Middle East RailwayJiang Liwen and Ma LiangFrom the 19th century to the turn of the 20th century， in order to control the sphere of influence in northeastern china， czar built the Middle East Railway and the South Manchuria Railway line and the brigadier port on the basis of the unequal treaty between China and Russia and the treaty of concession and the joint eastern railway company contract. To this end， the forest resources in China along the Middle East Railway began to be harvested， consumed and plundered in huge quantities，causing serious damage to the forest ecology in northeast China. After the completion of the Middle East Railway in July 1903， the Russian side continued its frenzied exploitation and sale of forest resources on both sides of the Middle East Railway in order to continue to gain economic benefits，invoking the privileges granted by the statute of the Railway. Although the Qing government made many representations， the Middle East Railway Company renewed the Ji-tree planting contract andthe Heilongjiang Railway Company logging contract with China on August 30， 1907 and April 1908， respectively.Sun Yat sen’s Asian Imaginationand JapanLv MeilingSun Yat-sen went to Hawaii from the age of thirteen and began to receive a Western-style education until he graduated from the Hong Kong School of Western Medicine at the age of twenty-six. His Western-style life， growth and learning experience formed his cognition of Western civilization， which inevitably included his understanding of its aggression. Nonetheless， the Western system and utensil civilization also became an indispensable ideological basis for Sun Yat-sen’s political revolution. At the same time， his understanding of the West and his dissatisfaction with the reality of China led him to think about China’s survival and future development. Under such a life and thought trajectory， Sun Yat-sen had almost nothing to do with Japan in the early days. However， Japan and the Japanese have played a crucial role in the revolutionary process of his life. Among them，The imagination of Asia played a certain role in the connection between Sun Yat-sen and Japan.Constructing the “MemoryRealms” of Social Tra uma——Centering on of Japanese Atrocities Group against ChinaLi Guang and Yang JunliDuring the Japanese invasion of China， the Japanese invaders carried out a series of atrocious battlefield atrocities in China， such as the Holocaust， bacterial warfare， chemical warfare and forced conscription of comfort women， leaving a large number of documents， cultural relics，audio and video and other historical materials that can confirm and expose the crimes of Japan，which can be called the historical materials group of Japanese atrocities in China.These historical materials are not only the powerful evidence of the Japanese aggressors’ flagrant provocation of the war and atrocities on the battlefield， but also the concrete carrier of constructing the traumatic memories of Chinese society. Therefore， it is necessary to make full use of historical materials group of Japanese atrocities against China，construct a “memory Realms” of Chinese panoramic social trauma through literalization， audiovisual and intellectual approaches in multilingual literature，space and ceremony， textbooks and courses， and deconstruct the historical nihilism of Japanese right-wing forces in their attempt to deny Japanese atrocities against China. And a misplaced memory that turns the “perpetrator” into the “victim” and makes it a shared memory for human society to reflect on the war.Russia’s Persistent Exploitation of Forest Resources in Northeast China after Completion of Middle East RailwayJiang Liwen and Ma LiangFrom the 19th century to the turn of the 20th century， in order to control the sphere of influence in northeastern china， czar built the Middle East Railway and the South Manchuria Railway line and the brigadier port on the basis of the unequal treaty between China and Russia and the treaty ofconcession and the joint eastern railway company contract. To this end， the forest resources in China along the Middle East Railway began to be harvested， consumed and plundered in huge quantities，causing serious damage to the forest ecology in northeast China. After the completion of the Middle East Railway in July 1903， the Russian side continued its frenzied exploitation and sale of forest resources on both sides of the Middle East Railway in order to continue to gain economic benefits，invoking the privileges granted by the statute of the Railway. Although the Qing government made many representations， the Middle East Railway Company renewed the Ji-tree planting contract and the Heilongjiang Railway Company logging contract with China on August 30， 1907 and April 1908， respectively.Sun Yat sen’s Asian Imaginationand JapanLv MeilingSun Yat-sen went to Hawaii from the age of thirteen and began to receive a Western-style education until he graduated from the Hong Kong School of Western Medicine at the age of twenty-six. His Western-style life， growth and learning experience formed his cognition of Western civilization， which inevitably included his understanding of its aggression. Nonetheless， the Western system and utensil civilization also became an indispensable ideological basis for Sun Yat-sen’s political revolution. At the same time， his understanding of the West and his dissatisfaction with the reality of China led him to think about China’s survival and future development. Under such a life and thought trajectory， Sun Yat-sen had almost nothing to do with Japan in the early days. However， Japan and the Japanese have played a crucial role in the revolutionary process of his life. Among them，The imagination of Asia played a certain role in the connection between Sun Yat-sen and Japan.Constructing the “MemoryRealms” of Social Trauma——Centering on of Japanese Atrocities Group against ChinaLi Guang and Yang JunliDuring the Japanese invasion of China， the Japanese invaders carried out a series of atrocious battlefield atrocities in China， such as the Holocaust， bacterial warfare， chemical warfare and forced conscription of comfort women， leaving a large number of documents， cultural relics，audio and video and other historical materials that can confirm and expose the crimes of Japan，which can be called the historical materials group of Japanese atrocities in China.These historical materials are not only the powerful evidence of the Japanes e aggressors’ flagrant provocation of the war and atrocities on the battlefield， but also the concrete carrier of constructing the traumatic memories of Chinese society. Therefore， it is necessary to make full use of historical materials group of Japanese atrocities against China，construct a “memory Realms” of Chinese panoramic social trauma through literalization， audiovisual and intellectual approaches in multilingual literature，space and ceremony， textbooks and courses， and deconstruct the historical nihilism of Japanese right-wing forces in their attempt to deny Japanese atrocities against China. And a misplaced memory that turns the “perpetrator” into the “victim” and makes it a shared memory for human society to reflect on the war.Russia’s P ersistent Exploitation of Forest Resources in Northeast China after Completion of Middle East RailwayJiang Liwen and Ma LiangFrom the 19th century to the turn of the 20th century， in order to control the sphere of influence in northeastern china， czar built the Middle East Railway and the South Manchuria Railway line and the brigadier port on the basis of the unequal treaty between China and Russia and the treaty of concession and the joint eastern railway company contract. To this end， the forest resources in China along the Middle East Railway began to be harvested， consumed and plundered in huge quantities，causing serious damage to the forest ecology in northeast China. After the completion of the Middle East Railway in July 1903， the Russian side continued its frenzied exploitation and sale of forest resources on both sides of the Middle East Railway in order to continue to gain economic benefits，invoking the privileges granted by the statute of the Railway. Although the Qing government made many representations， the Middle East Railway Company renewed the Ji-tree planting contract and the Heilongjiang Railway Company logging contract with China on August 30， 1907 and April 1908， respectively.Sun Yat sen’s Asian Imaginationand JapanLv M eilingSun Yat-sen went to Hawaii from the age of thirteen and began to receive a Western-style education until he graduated from the Hong Kong School of Western Medicine at the age of twenty-six. His Western-style life， growth and learning experience formed his cognition of Western civilization， which inevitably included his understanding of its aggression. Nonetheless， the Western system and utensil civilization also became an indispensable ideological basis for Sun Yat-sen’s political revolution. At the same time， his understanding of the West and his dissatisfaction with the reality of China led him to think about China’s survival and future development. Under such a life and thought trajectory， Sun Yat-sen had almost nothing to do with Japan in the early days. However， Japan and the Japanese have played a crucial role in the revolutionary process of his life. Among them，The imagination of Asia played a certain role in the connection between Sun Yat-sen and Japan.Constructing the “MemoryRealms” of Social Trauma——Centering on of Japanese Atrocities Group against ChinaLi Guang and Yang JunliDuring the Japanese invasion of China， the Japanese invaders carried out a series of atrocious battlefield atrocities in China， such as the Holocaust， bacterial warfare， chemical warfare and forced conscription of comfort women， leaving a large number of documents， cultural relics，audio and video and other historical materials that can confirm and expose the crimes of Japan，which can be called the historical materials group of Japanese atrocities in China.These historical materials are not only the powerful evidence of the Japanese aggressors’ flagrant provocation of the war and atrocities on the battlefield， but also the concrete carrier of constructing the traumatic memories of Chinese society. Therefore， it is necessary to make full use of historical materials groupof Japanese atrocities against China，construct a “memory Realms” of Chinese panoramic social trauma through literalization， audiovisual and intellectual approaches in multilingual literature，space and ceremony， textbooks and courses， and deconstruct the historical nihilism of Japanese right-wing forces in their attempt to deny Japanese atrocities against China. And a misplaced memory that turns the “perpetrator” into the “victim” and makes it a shared memory for human society to reflect on the war.。
目录怎么写
目录（Table of Contents）目录页由论文的章节、附录等的序号、标题和页码组成（不包括原创性声明），另页编排在摘要的后面。
用英文撰写的论文的章（一级标题）的序号应用英文数字或者罗马数字，如Chapter Three或者Chapter III。
如果正文中二级标题（节）及二级以下标题用阿拉伯数字编排序号，如3.1、3.2.2等，则目录页应列出这些标题、序号、页码。
章节的标题均必须与正文中的标题相一致。
目次间的行距为1.5行，但同一目次换行时应为单倍行距。
每一章序号和标题的字体用Arial黑体12 pt，其余的序号和标题用Times New Roman 12 pt。
章节必须逐级缩进，页码必须右对齐。
为了保证目次页与正文中的章、节、附录等的序号、标题和页码完全一致，目次页应该用Microsoft Word选项单中“插入\引用\索引和目录\目录”的命令设置格式，而不宜用手工打出。
请按以下目录样本编制目录CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (ii)ABSTRACT (iii)摘要 (iv)Chapter One INTRODUCTION (1)Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW (10)Chapter Eight CONCLUSION (180)8.1 Major Findings (180)8.1.1 Effects of input frequency (180)8.1.2 Effects of output frequency (181)8.1.3 Delayed effects (182)8.2 Implications (184)WORKS CITED (185)目录页例Chapter Five CONCLUSION (180)5.1 Major Findings (180)5.1.1 Effects of input frequency (180)5.1.2 Effects of output frequency (181)5.1.3 Delayed effects (182)5.2 Implications (184)注意：1. 目次页应该用Microsoft Word选项单中“插入\引用\索引和目录\目录”的命令设置格式，而不宜用手工打出。
Contents-日本药典目录英文版
CONTENTSPreface (i)The Japanese Pharmacopoeia,Sixteenth Edition (1)General Notices (1)General Rules for Crude Drugs (5)General Rules for Preparations (7)General Tests,Processes and Apparatus (25)1.Chemical Methods1.01Alcohol Number Determination (25)1.02Ammonium Limit Test (27)1.03Chloride Limit Test (28)1.04Flame Coloration Test (28)1.05Mineral Oil Test (28)1.06Oxygen Flask Combustion Method (28)1.07Heavy Metals Limit Test (29)1.08Nitrogen Determination(Semimicro-Kjeldahl Method) (30)1.09Qualitative Tests (31)1.10Iron Limit Test (37)1.11Arsenic Limit Test (37)1.12Methanol Test (39)1.13Fats and Fatty Oils Test (39)1.14Sulfate Limit Test (41)1.15Readily Carbonizable Substances Test (41)2.Physical MethodsChromatography2.01Liquid Chromatography (42)2.02Gas Chromatography (45)2.03Thin-layer Chromatography (47)2.04Amino Acid Analysis of Proteins (47)Spectroscopic Methods2.21Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceSpectroscopy (48)2.22Fluorometry (50)2.23Atomic AbsorptionSpectrophotometry (51)2.24Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophotometry (52)2.25Infrared Spectrophotometry (53)Other Physical Methods2.41Loss on Drying Test (55)2.42Congealing Point Determination (55)2.43Loss on Ignition Test (56)2.44Residue on Ignition Test (56)2.45Refractive Index Determination (56)2.46Residual Solvents Test (57)2.47Osmolarity Determination (57)2.48Water Determination(Karl FischerMethod) (58)2.49Optical Rotation Determination (61)2.50Endpoint Detection Methods inTitrimetry (62)2.51Conductivity Measurement (63)2.52Thermal Analysis (65)2.53Viscosity Determination (67)2.54pH Determination (69)2.55Vitamin A Assay (71)2.56Determination of Specific Gravity andDensity (72)2.57Boiling Point and Distilling RangeTest (74)2.58X-Ray Powder Diffraction Method (75)2.59Test for Total Organic Carbon (79)2.60Melting Point Determination (80)3.Powder Property Determinations3.01Determination of Bulk and TappedDensities (82)3.02Specific Surface Area by GasAdsorption (84)3.03Powder Particle DensityDetermination (86)3.04Particle Size Determination (87)4.Biological Tests/Biochemical Tests/Microbial Tests4.01Bacterial Endotoxins Test (92)4.02Microbial Assay for Antibiotics (96)4.03Digestion Test (100)4.04Pyrogen Test (103)4.05Microbial Limit Test (103)4.06Sterility Test (114)5.Tests for Crude Drugs5.01Crude Drugs Test (117)5.02Microbial Limit Test for Crude Drugs (120)6.Tests for Preparations6.01Test for Metal Particles in OphthalmicOintments (126)6.02Uniformity of Dosage Units (127)6.03Particle Size Distribution Test forPreparations (129)6.04Test for Acid-neutralizing Capacity ofGastrointestinal Medicines (129)6.05Test for Extractable Volume ofParenteral Preparations (130)6.06Foreign Insoluble Matter Test forInjections (131)6.07Insoluble Particulate Matter Test forInjections (131)6.08Insoluble Particulate Matter Test forOphthalmic Solutions (134)6.09Disintegration Test (135)6.10Dissolution Test (137)JP XVI Contents6.11Foreign Insoluble Matter Test forOphthalmic Solutions (141)7.Tests for Containers and Packing Materials7.01Test for Glass Containers for Injections..1417.02Test Methods for Plastic Containers (142)7.03Test for Rubber Closure for AqueousInfusions (148)8.Other Methods8.01Sterilization and Aseptic Manipulation (149)9.Reference Standards;Standard Solutions;Reagents,Test Solutions;MeasuringInstruments,Appliances,etc.Reference Standards9.01Reference Standards (150)Standard Solutions9.21Standard Solutions for VolumetricAnalysis (153)9.22Standard Solutions (164)9.23Matching Fluids for Color (166)Reagents,Test Solutions,etc.9.41Reagents,Test Solutions (167)9.42Solid Supports/Column Packings forChromatography (306)9.43Filter Papers,Filters for filtration,Test Papers,Crucibles,etc (308)9.44Standard Particles,etc (308)Measuring Instruments and Appliances,Thermometers,etc.9.61Optical Filters for Wavelength andTransmission Rate Calibration (309)9.62Measuring Instruments,Appliances (309)9.63Thermometers (310)Official Monographs (313)Crude Drugs (1593)Infrared Reference Spectra.....................1775–1961 Ultraviolet-visible Reference Spectra.........1965–2131General InformationG1Physics and ChemistryGuideline for Residual Solvents and Models for the Residual Solvents Test (2135)Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (2136)Near Infrared Spectrometry (2141)pH Test for Gastrointestinal Medicine (2144)System Suitability (2145)Test for Trace Amounts of Aluminum inTrans Parenteral Nutrition(TPN)Solutions (2146)Validation of Analytical Procedures (2148)G2Solid-state PropertiesLaser Diffraction Measurement ofParticle Size (2151)Powder Fineness (2154)Powder Flow (2155)Solid and Particle Densities (2158)G3Biotechnological/Biological Products Amino Acid Analysis (2159)Basic Requirements for Viral Safety ofBiotechnological/Biological Productslisted in Japanese Pharmacopoeia (2166)Capillary Electrophoresis (2179)Isoelectric Focusing (2184)Mass Spectrometry of Peptides andProteins (2186)Mycoplasma Testing for Cell Substrates used for the Production of Biotechnological/Biological Products (2188)Peptide Mapping (2191)Qualification of Animals as Origin ofAnimal-derived Medicinal Productsprovided in the General Notices ofJapanese Pharmacopoeia and OtherStandards (2194)SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (2196)Total Protein Assay (2201)G4MicroorganismsDecision of Limit for BacterialEndotoxins (2205)Disinfection and Sterilization Methods (2205)Media Fill Test(Process Simulation) (2206)Microbial Attributes of Non-sterilePharmaceutical Products (2209)Microbiological Evaluation of Processing Areas for Sterile PharmaceuticalProducts (2211)Preservatives-Effectiveness Tests (2215)Rapid Counting of Microbes usingFluorescent Staining (2217)Rapid Identification of MicroorganismsBased on Molecular Biological Method (2220)Sterility Assurance for Terminally Sterilized Pharmaceutical Products (2221)Terminal Sterilization and SterilizationIndicators (2225)G5Crude DrugsAristolochic Acid (2227)Purity Tests on Crude Drugs Using Genetic Information (2228)On the Scientific Names of Crude DrugsListed in the JP (2231)G6Drug FormulationTablet Friability Test (2244)G7Containers and PackagePlastic Containers for PharmaceuticalJP XVI ContentsProducts (2244)G8WaterQuality Control of Water for PharmaceuticalUse (2246)Water to be used in the Tests of Drugs (2253)G9OthersInternational Harmonization Implementedin the Japanese Pharmacopoeia SixteenthEdition (2253)AppendixAtomic Weight Table(2010) (2287)Standard Atomic Weights2010 (2288)Index (2291)Index in Latin name (2307)Index in Japanese (2309)PREFACEThe15th Edition of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP)was promulgated by Ministerial Notification No. 285of the Ministry of Health,Labour and Welfare (MHLW)on March31,2006.In July2006,the Committee on JP established the basic principles for the preparation of the JP16th Edi-tion,setting out the roles and characteristics of the JP, the definite measures for the revision,and the date of the revision.At the Committee,the five basic principles of JP, which we refer to as the``five pillars'',were estab-lished as follows:1)Including all drugs which are im-portant from the viewpoint of health care and medical treatment;2)Making qualitative improvement by in-troducing the latest science and technology;3)Pro-moting internationalization;4)Making prompt partial revision as necessary and facilitating smooth adminis-trative operation;and5)Ensuring transparency regarding the revision,and disseminating the JP to the public.It was agreed that the Committee on JP should make efforts,on the basis of these principles,to en-sure that the JP is used more effectively in the fields of health care and medical treatment by taking appropri-ate measurements,including getting the understanding and cooperation of other parties concerned.It was agreed that the JP should provide an official standard,being required to assure the quality of medi-cines in Japan in response to the progress of science and technology and medical demands at the time.It should define the standards for specifications,as well as the methods of testing to assure overall quality of all drugs in principle,and it should have a role in clarifying the criteria for quality assurance of drugs that are recognized to be essential for public health and medical treatment.The JP has been prepared with the aid of the knowledge and experience of many professionals in the pharmaceutical field.Therefore,the JP should have the characteristics of an official standard,which might be widely used by all parties concerned.It should provide information and understanding about the quality of drugs to the public,and it should be conducive to smooth and effective regulatory control of the quality of drugs,as well as promoting and maintaining international consistency and harmoniza-tion of technical requirements.It was also agreed that JP articles should cover drugs,which are important from the viewpoint of health care and medical treatment,clinical results and frequency of use,as soon as possible after they reach the market.The target date for the publication of JP16th Edi-tion(the Japanese edition)was set as April2011.JP Expert Committees are organized with the fol-lowing panels:Panel on the Principles of Revisions; Sub-committee on the Principles of Revisions;Panel on Medicinal Chemicals;Panel on Antibiotics;Panel on Biologicals;Panel on Crude Drugs;Panel on Phar-maceutical Excipients;Panel on Physico-Chemical Methods;Panel on Preparations;Panel on Physical Methods;Panel on Biological Tests;Panel on Nomen-clature;Panel on International Harmonization;Panel on Pharmaceutical Water;and Panel on Reference Standards.Furthermore,working groups are estab-lished under the Panel on Physico-Chemical Methods, Panel on Preparations and Panel on Biological Tests to expedite discussion on revision drafts.In the Committee on JP,Takao Hayakawa took the role of chairman from July2003to December2010, and Mitsuru Hashida from January2011to March 2011.In addition to the regular revision every five years in line with the basic principles for the preparation of the JP it was agreed that partial revision should be done as necessary to take account of recent progress of science and in the interests of international harmonization.In accordance with the above principles,the panels initiated deliberations on selection of articles,and on revisions for General Notices,General Rules for Crude Drugs,General Rules for Preparations,General Tests, Monographs and so on.Draft revisions covering subjects in General Notices, General Rules for Crude Drugs,General Rules for Preparations,General Tests and Monographs,for which discussions were finished between September 2005and March2007,were prepared for a supplement to the JP15.They were examined by the Committee on JP in April2007,followed by the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council(PAFSC)in June 2007,and then submitted to the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare.The supplement was named ``Supplement I to the JP15th Edition'',promulgated on September28,2007by Ministerial Notification No. 316of MHLW,and became effective on October1,i。
CONTENTS目录
CONTENTS 目录【特别报道】引领竞跑 全线齐发东风轻型车：百城巡展尽显风流来自商务处、经销商和客户的声音“东风汽车”行业首推整车消费信贷【风范时讯】“东风汽车”一季度产销大捷“双品牌”谋划郑州日产 LCV新天地新一代东风轻型车成广交会“明星”东风沼气服务车在安徽受欢迎“东风金莲花”成为博鳌亚洲论坛指定接待用车 埃及 MCV 公司总裁访问东风旅行车公司43 辆“东风莲花”落户湖北京山河南环保执法车辆发车仪式在郑州举行郑州日产 2008“夏季服务月”活动诚意进行 【招商信息】“东风零服”：创造中国汽车后市场新商机】【外眼看“东风汽车”《“东风汽车”拉开“315”事业计划序幕》等 【行业动态】《柴油不存在实质性的货源短缺》等三则【客户驿站】东风轻卡：80 万公里风采依旧大哥情怀塞上致富双宝告诉你一个赚钱的秘诀王先生的皮卡情结【创富讲堂】养成良好驾驶习惯跑熟悉的路线【包律师说法】汽车保险案例（八）【营销寓言】天使与魔鬼赵襄王学御【东风兄弟俱乐部】东风兄弟俱乐部进行分部运作指导东风兄弟俱乐部 IC 卡联网系统正式启用 倾听和微笑【健哥走天下】西递探幽【郝师傅教修车】发动机不能转动发动机有沉重而强烈的震动声【车趣四格】【特别报道】引领竞跑 全线齐发策划/《风范》编辑部 本刊记者 傅祥友 闫 霞 丰 凡/文从 2005 年 12 月底开始， 国家就已经在北京率先推行执行国家第三阶段排放标准的汽车 产品。
接下来，几个主要城市也开始推行。
例如，2006 年 9 月，广州拉开珠三角执行国Ⅲ 的序幕；2007 年 7 月1 日，深圳开始执行国Ⅲ排放标准，2008 年7 月 1 日后，全国都要执 行国家第三阶段排放标准。
在这种形势下，行业几个主要品牌陆续也推出了满足国Ⅲ法规的产品。
但由于这些产品 仅着眼于满足法规，所谓的国Ⅲ产品整体的性能和品质并未得到提升，这样，用户在承受高 价格压力的同时并未得到相应的高品质产品，致使市场需求受到抑制。
contents的用法
Contents的用法目录1.什么是C on te nt s2.Co nt en ts的优点3.Co nt en ts的基本语法4.创作多个有副标题的Co nt en ts5.Co nt en ts的其他应用场景6.总结1.什么是C ontentsC o nt en ts是一种在文档中创建目录的方法，它可以帮助读者快速浏览和导航文档的内容。
通过使用C on te nt s，读者可以直接点击目录中的链接，跳转到文档中对应的章节或标题，从而提高阅读效率和体验。
2. Co ntents的优点使用Co nt en ts有以下几个优点：-提高阅读效率：读者可以通过目录快速定位和导航到感兴趣的章节或标题。
-便于整理结构：通过C on te nt s，作者可以清晰地展示文档的结构和组织，使得读者更容易理解和消化文档的内容。
-良好的可读性：通过为文档添加目录，使得文档更加规范和易读。
3. Co ntents的基本语法在M ar kd ow n中，使用C on te nt s只需简单的几个步骤：1.使用`#`或`##`等级别标题定义文档的章节和标题。
2.在文档开头或适当位置，添加统一的目录链接，使用`[章节标题](#章节标题)`的格式，确保链接与章节标题对应。
3.在文档的合适位置添加目录占位符`[T OC]`，这样C on te n ts就会自动生成到该位置。
示例：```m ar kd ow n第一章简介1.1什么是M a r k d o w n1.2 M arkdown的优点[T OC]第二章用法2.1基本语法2.2高级用法```4.创作多个有副标题的Cont entsC o nt en ts不仅可以简单地添加章节标题，还可以根据文档的需要添加多个有副标题的Co n te nt s。
这样就能更加细致地划分文档的结构和内容，使阅读者能够更方便地找到相关信息。
示例：```m ar kd ow n第一章简介1.1什么是M a r k d o w n1.2 M arkdown的优点[T OC]第二章用法2.1基本语法2.1.1标题2.1.2段落2.2高级用法```5. Co ntents的其他应用场景除了在文档中创建目录外，C on te nt s还可以用于其他应用场景。
论文组成部分排列顺序
1. 论文组成部分排列顺序●∙封面(Cover)●∙谢辞(Acknowledgements)●∙目录(Contents)●∙正文(Mainbody)标题(Title)、副标题(Subtitle)作者(Author)摘要(Abstract)关键词(Key words)正文内容(Text)●∙注释(Endnotes)●∙参考文献(References)以上六部分均另页开始。
☒Acknowledgements☒，☒Contents☒字样字体为Arial 14pt，加粗，居中。
☒Endnotes☒、☒References☒字样字体为 Arial 14pt,加粗，居左。
2．论文格式规范细则2.1论文格式综合要求英语语言文学专业的学士论文除封面姓名学校导师、摘要和关键词翻译外，其余部分均用英语撰写。
封面由学院统一印刷，学生自行购买。
2.1.1纸张和打印�打印：标准A4白纸，根据论文的篇幅，单面打印。
�页边距：上空2.5cm,下空2cm，左空2.5cm，右空2cm。
�对齐：节标题左对齐（left alignment），正文使用两端对齐。
断句时空一格。
2.1.2字体�字型（font）大小：全文一致。
�英文：Times New Roman 12 pt，中文部分使用宋体小四号（即12 pt）。
�标题(Title)：Times New Roman 16pt 加粗；副标题(Subtitle): Times New Roman 14pt�一级标题：Arial 14pt 加粗。
�二级标题及以下标题：Arial 12pt 加粗�表、附录中的文字以及页码的字体可根据需要调整大小，一般用Arial加粗。
�段落首行：缩进5格或1个制表符（TAB）的距离。
�正文行距：1.5倍。
�引语段（block quotation）、参考文献著录条目：单倍行距。
�长篇引用已出版和未出版的文献，别人的谈话（包括学生的谈话）都应按引语段排列。
2.1.3页码（Pagination）�论文所有的页码标注在每一页右下角，第1页为正文第一章的第一页，10.5号字。