Pipeline Inspection & Corrosion Analysis (28 Oct 2008)
油气管道清管器的通过性能设计
油气管道清管器的通过性能设计白港生李卫全张元马宁王馨饶苗小波刘高菲于超中油管道检测技术有限责任公司摘要：管道清管器在长输油气管道的清管、扫线中具有重要的作用，因而被大量广泛地应用于各类长输管道中。
然而，由于部分设计者对清管器的通过性能没有很好的了解或者根本就不知道怎样计算清管器的通过性能指标，所以很容易因为清管器的通过性能参数不满足管道实际工况要求而造成清管器的停球或卡堵现象。
通过清管器模型推演、理论计算，推导出清管器通过凹陷变形直管段、三通、厚壁及阀门、弯头时需要满足的长度、骨架钢体直径、皮碗密封间距等基本设计参数，并给出具体的指导公式和经验值。
该成果不仅对清管器的设计者提供了很好的参考设计依据，也为清管器在采购和选择时提供了判别依据。
关键词：油气管道；清管器；通过性能；设计参数Design of Pig Passing Performance in Oil and Gas PipelineBAI Gangsheng，LI Weiquan，ZHANG Yuan，MA Ning，WANG Xinrao，MIAO Xiaobo，LIU Gaofei，YU ChaoPipeline Inspection Technology Co.，Ltd.，CNPCAbstract：Pipeline pigs play an important role in pigging and pipeline cleaning of long-distance oil and gas pipelines，so it is widely used in all kinds of long-distance pipelines.However，because some design-ers do not have a good understanding of the pig's passing performance or do not know how to calculate the pig's passing performance index at all，it is easy to cause the pig's stopping or blocking phenomenon due to the pig's passing performance parameters do not meet the actual working conditions of the pipeline.In this paper，the basic design parameters such as length，diameter of skeleton steel body，and distance between bowl seals，which should be met when the pig passes through straight pipe section，thick wall，tee and elbow，are deduced through the pig model and theoretical calculation，then the specific guiding formulas and empirical values are given.This result not only provides a good reference for the pig design-er，but also provides a judgment basis for the pig user when purchasing and selecting.Keywords：oil and gas pipeline；pig；passing performance；design parameter我国的长输油气管道建设里程已经超过13万公里，清管器在埋地长输油气管道的日常维护中起到越来越重要的作用。
精益生产名词解析：检查Inspection
精益生产名词解析：检查Inspection Inspection(检查)
在大批量生产中，专业检验员在制造产品的工序外，检查产品质量的行动。
精益制造商在生产工序中，使用防止错误的设施，并且把质量保证的任务分配给操作员。
如果发现有质量问题，经由质保小组找出问题的源头所在。
这个工序不仅要防止缺陷进入到后续工序，而且要停下来确定原因，并采取纠正措施。
参见：差错预防，Jidoka
传递顾客需求的信息到各个需要的部门，再直接送到各个生产工位的工序。
在大批量制造的公司里，信息通常采取平行流动的形式：预测信息从一个公司传递到另一个公司、从一个工厂到另一个工厂；生产计划也同样是从公司到公司、从工厂到工厂；每日（或每周、每小时）的装运单告诉每个工厂下一次要装运什么。
当公司收到客户要求变更数量的时候，不得不取消原计划以及装运订单，并立即调整生产系统，以适应需求的变化。
精益思想的公司则尝试通过一个简单的时间安排点（schedulingpoint），以及创建一些信息的拉动环来简化信息流。
这些信息向上游流动到前一个生产工序，然后再从那个点向上流动--一直到最初的那个生产点。
Fab厂常用术语
Fab厂常用术语Fab厂常用术语some phrases and words in FAB cleanroom systemA.M.U 原子质量数ADI After develop inspection显影后检视! n( \+ q8 _% g' zAEI 蚀科后检查% Y4 _+ @7 ^% v9 U, gAlignment 排成一直线，对平7 B: R) M; B R# i5 dAlloy 融合：电压与电流成线性关系，降低接触的阻值ARC：anti-reflect coating 防反射层ASHER: 一种干法刻蚀方式ASI 光阻去除后检查Backside 晶片背面Backside Etch 背面蚀刻Beam-Current 电子束电流BPSG: 含有硼磷的硅玻璃Break 中断，stepper机台内中途停止键Cassette 装晶片的晶舟CD：critical dimension 关键性尺寸Chamber 反应室Chart 图表Child lot 子批Chip (die) 晶粒CMP 化学机械研磨Coater 光阻覆盖（机台）Coating 涂布，光阻覆盖Contact Hole 接触窗Control Wafer 控片Critical layer 重要层CVD 化学气相淀积Cycle time 生产周期Defect 缺陷DEP: deposit 淀积Descum 预处理% u$ j$ I6 Z* J3 g/ jDeveloper 显影液；显影（机台）Development 显影DG: dual gate 双门DI water 去离子水Diffusion 扩散Doping 掺杂Dose 剂量Downgrade 降级DRC: design rule check 设计规则检查Dry Clean 干洗Due date 交期Dummy wafer 挡片E/R: etch rate 蚀刻速率EE 设备工程师End Point 蚀刻终点ESD: electrostatic discharge/electrostatic damage 静电离子损伤ET: etch 蚀刻Exhaust 排气（将管路中的空气排除）Exposure 曝光FAB 工厂FIB: focused ion beam 聚焦离子束Field Oxide 场氧化层Flatness 平坦度Focus 焦距Foundry 代工FSG: 含有氟的硅玻璃Furnace 炉管GOI: gate oxide integrity 门氧化层完整性/ z5 y$ x X! J- Q& @+ ^H.M.D.S Hexamethyldisilazane,经去水烘烤的晶片，将涂上一层增加光阻与晶片表面附着力的化合物，称H.M.D.SHCI: hot carrier injection 热载流子注入HDP：high density plasma 高密度等离子体High-Voltage 高压Hot bake 烘烤ID 辨认，鉴定Implant 植入Layer 层次LDD: lightly doped drain 轻掺杂漏Local defocus 局部失焦因机台或晶片造成之脏污LOCOS: local oxidation of silicon 局部氧化Loop 巡路Lot 批Mask (reticle) 光罩Merge 合并Metal Via 金属接触窗MFG 制造部Mid-Current 中电流Module 部门NIT: Si3N4 氮化硅Non-critical 非重要NP: n-doped plus(N+) N型重掺杂NW: n-doped well N阱% A1 t4 E7 M; C" L; w$ g/ ^/ J. TOD: oxide definition 定义氧化层OM: optic microscope 光学显微镜OOC 超出控制界线; L2 t: i6 j1 S) v. {7 [OOS 超出规格界线Over Etch 过蚀刻Over flow 溢出Overlay 测量前层与本层之间曝光的准确度OX: SiO2 二氧化硅P.R. Photo resisit 光阻P1: poly 多晶硅PA; passivation 钝化层Parent lot 母批Particle 含尘量/微尘粒子PE: 1. process engineer; 2. plasma enhance 1、工艺工程师 2、等离子体增强PH: photo 黄光或微影Pilot 实验的Plasma 电浆Pod 装晶舟与晶片的盒子Polymer 聚合物POR Process of recordPP: p-doped plus(P+) P型重掺杂PR: photo resist 光阻PVD 物理气相淀积PW: p-doped well P阱Queue time 等待时间R/C: runcard 运作卡Recipe 程式Release 放行Resistance 电阻Reticle 光罩RF 射频RM: remove. 消除Rotation 旋转RTA: rapid thermal anneal 迅速热退火RTP: rapid thermal process 迅速热处理SA: salicide 硅化金属y" [2 {/ B' C5 C' @SAB: salicide block 硅化金属阻止区SAC: sacrifice layer 牺牲层Scratch 刮伤Selectivity 选择比SEM：scanning electron microscope 扫描式电子显微镜Slot 槽位Source-Head 离子源SPC 制程统计管制Spin 旋转Spin Dry 旋干Sputter 溅射SR Si rich oxide 富氧硅Stocker 仓储Stress 内应力STRIP: 一种湿法刻蚀方式TEOS –(CH3CH2O)4Si 四乙氧基硅烷/正硅酸四乙酯，常温下液态。
出货检验英语
出货检验英语单词Inspection释义：检查；检验；审视；视察。
用法：常作名词，可用于各种需要检查、审视的场景描述。
例如：The inspection of the building took a whole day.（对这栋建筑物的检查花了一整天时间。
）双语例句：Regular inspection is necessary to ensure the quality of products.（为确保产品质量，定期检查是必要的。
）Shipment释义：装货；装载的货物；出货；运输。
用法：作名词，可表示货物运输的相关行为或所运输的货物本身。
例如：The shipment will arrive next week.（这批货物将于下周到达。
）双语例句：We are waiting for the shipment from our supplier.（我们正在等供应商的出货。
）Examine释义：检查；审查；调查；考察。
用法：动词，强调仔细查看、审视以了解情况等。
例如：They will examine the documents carefully.（他们会仔细审查这些文件。
）双语例句：The inspector will examine the products before shipment.（检验员会在出货前检查这些产品。
）Check释义：检查；核对；制止；控制。
用法：既可用作动词也可用作名词，用途广泛，可指简单核对或较为细致的检查等。
例如：Please check the list before you leave.（你离开之前请核对一下清单。
）（动词用法）；We made a quick check of the equipment.（我们对设备作了快速检查。
）（名词用法）双语例句：The workers need to check the quality of the goods during the shipment process.（工人们需要在出货过程中检查货物的质量。
服装检验常用英语术语(英文版)
服装检验常用英语术语2010-12-01 19:32:56| 分类：纺检知识| 标签：|字号大中小订阅质量标准：quality stanard（OEKO-TEX STANDARD 100、ISO9002、SGS、ITS、AATCC、M&S）客检：customer inspection台板检验：table inspection经向检验：lamp inspection色牢度：colour fastness皂洗色牢度：washing colour fastness光照色牢度：lifht colour fastness摩擦色牢度：rubbing/cricking colour fastness汗渍色牢度：perspiration colour fastness水渍色牢度：water colour fastness氯漂白色牢度：chlorine bleach colour fastness尺寸稳定性：dimensional stability外观持久性：apprearance retention拉伸强度：tensile strength撕破强度：tear strength接缝滑裂：seam slippage抗起毛起球性：pilling resistance耐磨性：abrasion resistance拒水性：water repellency抗水性：water resistance织物密度：thread per inch/stich density纱支：yarn count克重：weightFabric defects布疵COLOR YARN 色纱THICK YARN 粗纱DRAW YARN 抽纱THREAD VISIBLE OUTSIDE 缝线外露WAVY AT PLACKET 前筒起蛇（皱）APPROVED SWATCH 已批的布办ART. NO./STYLE NO. 款号AUTOLOCK ZIPPER 自动锁拉链BACK STITCHES 回针/返针BAD JOINED STITCHES 驳线不良BROKEN HOLE 破洞BROKEN STITCHES 断线BROKEN YARN 断纱BUBBLING 起泡BUMP AT PLACKET EDGE 筒边钮门位不顺直CENTER BACK RIDES UP 后幅起吊CHECKS / STRIPES NOT MATCH 格仔/条子不对称COLLAR POINTS HI / LOW 领尖高低COLOR FADING 褪色COLOR FASTNESS PROBLEM 褪色问题COLOR SHADING 色差COLOR FIBRE WOVEN IN 杂色纤维织入CREASE MARK 摺痕COLOR THREAD LEFT INSIDE 藏色线COLOR YARN 色纱COLOR TOO DULL / BRIGHT 颜色太哑/闪COMBI PROGRAM 配色组合CONTRAST COLOR 撞色CROCKING TEST 摩擦测试CROSSED BACK VENT 背叉搅CUFF EDGE NOT LEVELED 鸡英边高低DIRTY DOT （较小的）污点DIRTY MARK 污渍DIRTY SPOT （较大的）污点DROP TEST 跌落测试DRY RUB 干擦EXCESS EXTENSION 突咀FABRIC DEFECT 布疵FABRIC TOO CLOSED TO ZIPPER 面布车得太贴近拉链FLAP STRICKING UP 袋盖反翘FLUO.=FLUORESCENCE 荧光FLYING UP 飞起，翘起FTY.STICKER 工厂的贴纸GAPPING 藏木虱（烫工）GLAZE MARK （熨烫）起镜HEM NOT LEVELED 高低脚HI / LOW POCKET 高低袋HIKING AT BOTTOM OF PLACKET 前筒吊脚HIKING UP 起吊HORIZONTAL SEAM NOT LEVELED 水平缝骨不对称INNER CUFF VISIBLE 介英反光IRON MARK 烫痕KNOT 结头LASTEST SIZE SPECIFICATION 最新的尺寸表MIXED COLOR YARN 色纱LINING TOO FULL / TIGHT 里布太多/太紧MAJOR DEFECT 大疵MATCH COLOR 配色MATERIAL DEFECT 物料疵点MINOR DEFECT 小疵NECK DROP PUCKER 筒顶起皱NEEDLE DAMAGE 针损坏布料NEEDLE HOLE 针孔OFF GRAIN 布纹歪OIL STAIN 油渍OPEN SEAM 爆口OVERLAPPED COLLAR 叠领，踏领OVERLAPPED LIPS 叠唇OVERPRESS 熨烫过度OVERWASH 洗水过度PLACKET BOTTOM SPREAD OPEN 筒脚张开PLACKET WAVY 前筒起蛇（皱）PLEATED SEWING 打褶POCKET OPENING SPRAY OPEN 口袋“笑口” POOR BACK-STITCHES 回针不佳POOR IRONING 烫工不良PRESSING MARK 压痕PREVIOUS SHIPMENT 以前走的货PRODUCTION STATUS 生产情况PUCKER 起皱QC STICKER QC贴纸，“鸡纸”RAW EDGE 散口PRINTING SCRIMP 印花裂痕RUN OFF STITCHES (车缝）落坑SEAM OVERTURN 止口反骨SEWN IN WASTE 车缝时混有杂物SLUB 毛粒SHADING GARMENT TO GARMENT 衫与衫之间色差SHADING WITHIN 1PCS GARMENT 衣服裁片色差SHIPMENT UNDER CONSIGNMENT 寄卖SLANTING POCKET 歪袋SHORT SHIPMENT 短装SKIPPED STITCHES 跳线SMILING POCHET 袋“笑口”STICKER 贴纸ZIPPER NOT MOVABLE 拉链不能拉STITCHES NOT IN SEAM SHADOW 缝线没被盖住STRIPES/CHECKS NOT MATCHING 不对条/格SUB-CONTRACTOR 外发厂SUBSTITUTE FABRIC 代用布SUPPORT SITCHES VISIBLE辅助线外露FABRIC SWATCH 布办TENSION 张力THICK YARN 粗纱TOPPEST PLACKET PUCKER 筒顶起皱UNDERPRESS 熨烫不够TOTAL DIFFERENT COLOR 颜色完全不同UNEVEN COLOR 深浅色TRAPPED COLOR THREAD 藏色线TWIST 扭TWIST LEG 扭髀UNCUT THREAD ENDS 线头UNDER STITCHES VISIBLE 底线露出UNDERPLY TURN OUT 反光UNDERPLY VISIBLE OUTSIDE 反光UNDESIREABLE ODOR 臭味，不可接受的气味UNEVEN COLLAR 歪领UNEVEN LENGTH OF PLACKET 长短筒UNEVEN LENGTH OF SLEEVE 长短袖UNEVEN LIPS 大小唇UNEVEN STITCHING DENSITY 针步密度不均匀UNMEET BACK VENT 背叉豁UNMATCHED CROTCH CROSS 下裆十字骨错位WET RUB 湿擦WRONG COMBO 颜色组合错误WRONG PATTERN 图案错误WRONG SIZE INDICATED 错码YARN DRAWN OUT 抽纱验货用语资料成品检验Checking of finished products检验，检查inspection, check商检commodity inspection领面松wrinkles at top collar领面紧top collar appears tight领面起泡crumples at top collar领外口松collar edge appears loose领外口紧collar edge appears tight底领伸出collar band is longer than collar底领缩进collar band is shorter than collar底领里起皱wrinkles at collar band facing底领外露collar band lean out of collar倘领偏斜collar deviates from front center line 领窝不平creases below neckline后领窝起涌bunches below back neckline驳头起皱wrinkles at top lapel驳头反翘top lapel appears tight驳头外口松lapel edge appears loose驳头外口紧lapel edge appears tight驳口不直lapel roll line is uneven串口不直gorge line is uneven领卡脖tight neckline领离脖collar stand away from neck小肩起皱puckers at shoulders袖隆起皱creases at underarm袖隆缝起皱puckers at underarm seam塌肩wrinkles at shoulder塌胸lack of fullness at chest省尖起泡crumples at dart point拉链起皱wrinkles at zip fly止口不直front edge is uneven止口缩角front edge is out of square止口反翘front edge is upturned止口反吐facing leans out of front edge止口豁split at front edge止口下部搭叠过多crossing at front edge底边起皱wrinkles at hem后身起吊back of coat rides up背衩豁开split at back vent背衩搭叠过多crossing at back vent绗棉起皱puckers at quilting絮棉不均padded cotton is uneven边缘缺棉empty hem绱袖不圆顺diagonal wrinkles at sleeve cap 袖子偏前sleeve leans to front袖子偏后sleeve leans to back前袖缝外翻inseam leans to front袖口起皱wrinkles at sleeve opening袖里拧diagonal wrinkles at sleeve lining袋盖反翘top flap appears tight袋盖反吐flap lining leans out of edge袋盖不直flap edge is uneven袋口角起皱creases on two ends of pocket mouth袋口裂split at pocket mout h腰头探出end of waistband is uneven后裆下垂slack seat短裆short seat腰缝起皱wrinkles at waistband facing里襟里起皱creases at right fly夹裆tight crotch绣花不良embroidery design out line is uncovered 前浪不平wrinkles at front rise裆缝断线bursting of crotch seam裤脚前后two legs are uneven脚口不齐leg opening is uneven吊脚pulling at outseam or inseam烫迹线外撇crease line leans to outside烫迹线内撇crease line leans to inside腰缝下口涌bunches below waistline seam裙裥豁开split at lower part of skirt裙身吊split hem line rides up裙浪不匀skirt flare is uneven线路偏移stitch seam leans out line双轨接线stitch seam is uneven跳针skipping尺码不符off size缝制不良stitching quality is not good毛头raw edge leans out of seam洗水不良washing quality is not good熨烫不良pressing quality is not good极光iron-shine水渍water stain锈迹rust污渍spot线头thread residue色差color shade, off shade, color deviation 褪色fading, fugitive color。
石油英语词汇（P4）_生物化学英语词汇
pinna trace 羽片迹pinna 羽片pinnace 舢板；舰载艇pinnacle reef 尖礁pinnacle 尖顶；顶点；尖礁pinnate draingage 羽状水系pinnate fracture 羽状裂缝pinnate joint 羽状节理pinnate shear joint 羽状剪节理pinnate tension gash 羽状张裂缝pinnate tension joint 羽状张节理pinned coupler 插销连接器pinned open position 销钉固定的开启位置pinnipedina 鳍脚亚目pinocamphone 松莰酮pinoline 松香烃pinpoint porosity 极小孔隙性pinpoint test 一点测试pinpoint 针头pinpointer 管道检漏器pint 品脱pintle 舵栓；枢轴；针栓pinux 松属piochelys 蛇颈龟属piocs 实际输入输出控制系统pion 介子pioneer well 初探井pioneer 先驱者pioneering research 开创性研究pioneering 踏勘piovted window 摇窗pip integrator 脉冲积分器pip matching 反射脉冲调整pip 泵入压力pip 泵吸入口压力pip 程序互连过程pip 脉冲pip 生产注入封隔器pipage 管线；管输费用pipe abandon 弃管作业pipe adapter 管接头pipe alignment 管道放线pipe amplitude log 套管声幅测井图pipe analysis log 套管分析测井pipe analysis tool 套管分析测井仪pipe anchor 管线固定锚pipe arrangement 管子排列pipe barge 载管船pipe base perforating 中心管打眼pipe base 中心管pipe basket 钻杆装运车架pipe becoming stuck 钻杆被卡pipe bed 管垫pipe bend 弯管pipe bender 弯管机pipe bending roll 弯管辊pipe bending 弯制管子pipe bevel 管坡口pipe bneding shoe 弯管胎瓦pipe boom jaw 管子吊臂卡爪pipe bracket 管托pipe brush 管刷pipe buggy 钻台前送管小车pipe bundle 管束pipe cap 管端盖帽pipe capacity 管路的输送能力pipe car 运管车pipe carrier 管架pipe choking 管子堵塞pipe clamp 管卡pipe cleaner 清管机pipe cleaning machine 清管机pipe clip 管夹pipe coater 管道绝缘工pipe coating machine 管子涂敷机pipe coating plant 管子涂层预制厂pipe coating 管面涂层pipe coil 盘管pipe collar 管箍pipe concrete coating thickness 管子混凝土加重层厚度pipe connection 管子连接pipe conveyed logging 钻杆传送测井pipe cooler 管式冷却器pipe core 中心管pipe coupling 管箍pipe cradle 管子吊架pipe cutter 切管器pipe cutting machine 切管机pipe detector 管子位置探测器pipe ditch 管沟pipe dog 管钳；钩管环pipe dolly 带辊架管车pipe dope 螺纹润滑油；管外壁涂料pipe driving 顶管pipe elevator 油管吊卡pipe end facing machine 管端坡口机pipe end flange 管端法兰pipe end preheating 管口预热pipe end 管端pipe expander 胀管器pipe expansion joint 管子伸缩连接；伸缩管接头；伸缩器；补偿器pipe explosion 管爆裂pipe explosive 管爆裂pipe eye 管子钩环pipe facing machine 对管机pipe filter 管式过滤器pipe finger 指梁pipe fitter 管工pipe fittings 管件pipe flange 管子法兰pipe friction coefficient 钻杆摩擦系数pipe gallery 管子坑道pipe gang 对管班pipe go-devil 清管器pipe graber 抓管机pipe grade 管材等级pipe grapple 管卡pipe grip 捞管爪；管钳pipe hanger 吊管架pipe hauling trailer 运管拖车pipe head 管路进油端pipe heater 管式加热炉pipe heater 管式炉pipe holder 管子支架pipe hook 吊管钩pipe in pipe casing 双层组合套管结构pipe installation 管路铺设pipe insulating segment 管子扇形保温块pipe jack 对管夹具；立根撬杠pipe joint compound 管子胶合剂pipe joint 管子连接pipe junction 管节pipe lagging 管套pipe lathe 管子加工车床pipe laying ship 铺管船pipe leak 管子裂缝pipe line anchor 管道固定锚pipe line pusher 管道技师pipe liner 管套pipe man 管工；消防水枪手pipe manifold valves 梳形分配阀组pipe manifold 分叉管；梳形管pipe measurement 管子测量pipe mill 钢管厂pipe network 管网pipe nipple 短管pipe opening 管子割缝间隙pipe ore sampler 取样管pipe pad 管垫pipe pier 管墩pipe pig 清管器pipe plate 制管钢板pipe plug 管堵pipe protection 管道保护pipe protector 管子护丝pipe prover 管子检验器；管式流量标定装置pipe pusher 钻工；顶管机pipe pushing 顶管pipe rack 管排；管架pipe racker 架工pipe racking stand 立根架pipe ram 闸板pipe ramp 管子坡道pipe range 管路网；一组管子pipe reciprocator 上下活动套管的装置pipe recovery log 钻杆打捞测井pipe recovery 管材回收pipe reducer 大小头pipe resistance 管子阻力pipe retrieval 收回管线作业pipe riser 升管机；立管pipe rubber 钻杆橡胶护箍pipe run 管道pipe saddle 鞍形管座pipe scaffolding 管子脚手架pipe scale 管垢pipe scraper 刮管器pipe sealing 管子密封pipe section modulus 管子截面系数pipe setback 立根盒；靠在指梁上排立的立根pipe shoe 管鞋pipe skid 运管滑行台pipe slacking block 钻杆盒pipe sleeve joint 管套接头pipe sleeve 管套pipe sling 吊管机pipe spanner 管钳pipe stabber 管子对准器pipe still 管式蒸镏炉pipe storage 管材库pipe straightener 管子校直器pipe straightening machine 直管机pipe stretch method 管柱伸展法pipe string 管柱；一段管线pipe support 管支座pipe surface temperature 管壁温度pipe swedge 管子整形器pipe swing 管子活动接头pipe system 管路系统pipe tally 管子丈量；管子点数pipe tap 管螺纹丝锥pipe tapping machine 管道开孔机pipe tensioner 管子张紧装置pipe testing 管子检验pipe thread protector 护丝pipe thread tap 管螺纹丝锥pipe thread 管螺纹pipe threading machine 管螺纹机pipe tongs 管钳pipe train 管道挤塑机组pipe trench 管沟pipe trolley 推管车；高线滑车pipe twist 管钳pipe union 管子活接头pipe valve 管阀pipe vice 管子虎钳pipe viscometer 管式粘度计pipe wall 管壁pipe waves 管道波pipe way 指梁；管道栈桥pipe welding clamp 管道焊接对管器pipe wind-up angle 钻柱扭转角pipe wiper 钻杆刮泥器pipe wrapping machine 管子缠带机pipe wrench 管钳pipe yard 管子场pipe 管子；导管；管状物；缩管；重皮；烟斗；最大桶pipe-base-type screen 带中心管的筛管pipe-bending machine 弯管机pipe-bending mandrel 弯管芯pipe-carrier-class supply vessel 载管级供应船pipe-casting in trenches 管子浇灌在管沟中pipe-delivery truck 管子运输车pipe-end-preparing lathe 管端坡口车床pipe-freeing concentrate 解卡剂pipe-handling 管子操作pipe-in system 管道系统pipe-jacking system 顶管机pipe-laying plan 铺管计划pipe-laying progress chart 铺管进度图表pipe-laying tractor 铺管拖拉机pipe-laying winch 铺管绞车pipe-line cradle 管道吊架pipe-stablizing pile 稳管桩pipe-to-soil potential 管地电位pipe-to-soil resistance 管地电阻pipe-type meter prover 管式流量计标定装置pipeage =pipagepiped oil 管输原油pipehandler 管子操作装置pipelay vessel 铺管船pipelayer 吊管机pipelaying barge 铺管船pipelaying 管道铺设；铺管pipeless hydrodrill 无杆水力钻具pipeless screen 无中心管的筛管pipeline abandonment 管线报废pipeline anchoring 管线锚固pipeline and cable crossing 管线与电缆的交叉pipeline atlas 管线图集pipeline bedding 管线支垫pipeline blending 管道混油pipeline blind 管线盲板pipeline bridge 管桥pipeline brush 管线刷pipeline burying machine 埋管机pipeline capacity 管线输送能力pipeline cat 有经验的管道建筑人员pipeline chaining 流水线链接pipeline clamp 管夹pipeline cleaner 清管器pipeline clock rate 流水线时钟速率pipeline coating property 管线涂层性能pipeline communication 管道通信pipeline construction 管道建造pipeline control valve 管道操纵阀pipeline corridor 管廊pipeline corrosion leak 管线腐蚀泄漏pipeline corrosion protection 管线防腐pipeline cost index 管线费用指数pipeline crack arrester 管线裂缝限制器pipeline crossing 管道穿越pipeline cycle 流水线周期pipeline delumper 管道破碎机pipeline design 管线设计pipeline engineering 管道工程pipeline erosion 管道磨蚀pipeline excavator 管沟挖掘机pipeline feng 冯氏管子pipeline filter 管线过滤器pipeline float and drag method 管道浮拖法pipeline flotation 管线漂浮pipeline fluid inventory 管线存液量pipeline fracture test 管线破裂试验pipeline gas 管输天然气pipeline gauger 管线计量工pipeline head 管线起点pipeline heater 管线加热炉pipeline hydraulic surge 管线水击pipeline hydraulics 管路水力学pipeline identification 管路标志pipeline inspection sphere 管线检查球形潜水器pipeline inspector 管线检验员pipeline installation 管线敷设pipeline interval 流水线间隔时间pipeline kettle 管线防腐用沥青锅pipeline lay-stress analysis 铺管应力分析pipeline laying 管道铺设pipeline layout 管道线路设计pipeline leak detection 管线检漏pipeline maintenance 管道维护pipeline management 管线管理pipeline microwave network 管线微波网pipeline monitoring station 管线监控站pipeline monitoring system 管线监控系统pipeline oil 管输原油pipeline operation report 管线运行报告pipeline orifice 管道锐孔流量计pipeline overhead time 流水线开销时间pipeline patrol 管线巡线pipeline pitch 道管的坡度pipeline plough 管沟挖掘犁pipeline processor 流水线处理机pipeline purging 管道吹洗pipeline reeling 卷管线pipeline rider 巡线员pipeline rout 管道走向pipeline route profile 管道纵断面图pipeline route survey 管道线路勘测pipeline routing 管道选线pipeline run 管道输送量pipeline safety 管线安全pipeline sales oil specification 管线销售原油规格pipeline sample 管线油样pipeline scraper 刮管器pipeline shore-approach 海滨区管线pipeline shutdown 管线停输pipeline sling 吊管带pipeline span 管道跨度pipeline spread 管道施工队pipeline stage 流水线站pipeline station 管线泵站pipeline stock 管道内积存油pipeline storage 管道内存油量pipeline suspension bridge 管线吊桥pipeline tank 管道油罐pipeline tapping 管道开口pipeline tariff 管线运输价目pipeline thread 管道螺纹pipeline transmission capacity 管道输送能力pipeline transport 管线输送pipeline transportation 管道输送pipeline trash 管道废料pipeline unreeling 松开管线卷pipeline valve 管道阀门pipeline walker 管道巡查人员pipeline walking 巡线pipeline welding 管线焊接pipeline wrapping 管道包扎pipeline 管线pipeline's surrounding environment 管线周围环境pipeline-connected 用管线连接的pipeline-quality gas 符合管道外输标准的天然气pipeline-quality oil 符合管道外输标准的原油pipeline-up station 对管站pipeliner 管道工pipelining in cpu 中央处理机流水线pipelining 管道输送；管道敷设pipelocator 管线位置探测器piperazin 哌嗪；对二氮已环piperidine 哌啶；氮杂环已烷；氮已环piperidinium chloride 氯化哌啶piperylene 戊间二烯；1pipet 移液管pipette 移液管pipework 管道工程piping arrangement 管道布置piping bridge 管道桥piping diagram 管路图piping for tank farm 油库管道piping hanger 管道吊架piping insulation 管道绝缘piping jacket 管道保护层piping layout 管道平面布置图piping manifold 管道分叉管组piping plan 管系布置图piping porosity 长形不连续气孔piping repair products 管线修理用配件产品piping standards 管道标准piping system 管道系统piping 管道系统；管道输送；管道铺设pipper 瞄准器中心pique 探井；刺激；俯冲攻击pir 孔隙度指示比piracy 河流截夺pirate river 袭夺河pirate stream 袭夺河pirate valley 袭夺谷pirated stream 被夺流河pirated valley 被夺流谷pirating 掠夺pirssonite 钙水碱pisces 鱼形总纲piscichnia 鱼迹纲；全遗迹类piscivorous 食鱼的pise 砌墙泥pisolina 豆nfda3属pisolite 豆石pisolith 豆石pisolitic limestone 豆状灰岩pisolitic sinter 豆状钙华pisolitic structure 豆状构造pisolitic 豆状pisophalt 软沥青pisosparite 豆状亮晶灰岩pissasphalt 天然沥青pisselaeum 臭沥青pistillachitina 杆几丁虫属pistol 手枪；焊接工具；金属喷镀器piston action 活塞作用piston body 活塞体piston bore 活塞缸筒piston bush 活塞衬套piston clearance 活塞余隙piston compressor 活塞式压缩机piston core-sampler 活塞式井壁取心器piston crown 活塞顶piston cup 活塞皮碗piston curl 活塞环piston displacement method 活塞置换法piston displacement prover 活塞置换式检定装置piston displacement 活塞位移piston displacer 活塞置换器piston drive sampler 活塞式驱动取样器piston effect 活塞效应piston engine 活塞式发动机piston face 活塞表面piston follower 活塞随动件piston governor valve 活塞调节阀piston head 活塞头piston knock 活塞爆震piston liquid meter 活塞式流量计piston load capacity 活塞载荷能力piston metering pump 活塞式计量泵piston motor 活塞式液压马达piston nut 活塞螺帽piston operated valve 活塞操作阀piston packing ring 活塞环piston packing 活塞填料piston path 活塞冲程piston pin 活塞销piston positioner 活塞式定位器piston pressure 活塞压力piston pump 活塞泵piston ring compressor 活塞环压紧装置piston ring groove 活塞涨圈槽piston ring sticking 活塞环粘滞piston ring 活塞环piston rod guide 活塞相导向器piston rod oiler 活塞杆加油器piston rod packing 拉杆盘根piston rod 活塞杆piston sampler 活塞式取样器piston slide valve 活塞滑阀piston spinning pump 活塞纺丝泵piston stroke 活塞冲程piston stroking upward 活塞上行piston supercharger 活塞增压器piston travel 活塞冲程piston valve body 活塞阀阀体piston valve 活塞阀piston 活塞piston-actuated 活塞促动的piston-like displacement 活塞式驱替piston-like flow 活塞式流动piston-like front 活塞状前缘piston-like movement 活塞式推进piston-type flow 活塞式流动piston-type pump 活塞式泵piston-type sliding valve 活塞式滑阀pistonphone 活塞发声器pit alert system 液位报警系统pit capacity 泥浆池容量pit corrosion 麻点腐蚀pit depth 点蚀深度pit gain 池内液位增长pit gauge 深度尺pit leak 麻点漏油pit level indicator 池液面指示器pit level 池液位pit liner 储池衬板pit sampling 槽探取样pit shooting 土坑爆炸pit temperature 泥浆池中泥浆温度pit 坑pit-alert sensor 泥浆池液面报警传感器pit-and-mound structure 坑-丘构造pit-level device 泥浆池液面指示器pit-volume indicator 泥浆池液面指示器pit-volume recoder 泥浆池泥浆量记录仪pit-volume totalizer 泥浆池液面监测器pitasphalt 软沥青pitch angle 倾斜角pitch arc 相应于一个齿节的弧pitch attitude 俯仰状态；俯仰姿态pitch based fiber 浸渍树脂的纤维pitch block 节圆柱pitch chain 节链pitch circle 节圆pitch coal 沥青煤pitch cone angle 节锥角pitch cone 分圆锥pitch corrosion 点腐蚀pitch curve 节线pitch diameter 中径pitch distortion 俯仰失真pitch earth 地沥青pitch gauge 螺距规pitch lake 沥青湖pitch length 极点长度pitch line 节线pitch of drill 钻头轴距pitch of rivet 铆订间距pitch of screw 螺距pitch of strand 绳索绞距pitch of the laps 绕圈pitch ore 沥青铀矿pitch paper 沥青纸pitch pipe 倾斜管线pitch point 节点pitch radius 节圆半径pitch ratio 螺距比pitch wheel 相互啮合的齿轮pitch 螺距pitchblende 沥青铀矿pitcher pump 手压泵pitcher 投掷者；俯仰操纵机构pitching angle 倾角pitching anticline 伏背斜pitching axis 倾伏轴pitching end 倾没端pitching fold 倾伏褶皱pitching 扔出；俯仰；前后颠簸；俯仰角pitchout 突然转弯pitchover 按程序转弯pitchstone 松脂岩pitchy limonite 沥青褐铁矿pitchy 沥青的pitella 彼特叠层石属pitfall 陷井pith 木髓；精髓；重要性pithole 管子腐蚀处pitman shaft 联接杆pitman 联接杆pitmen pitman 的复数pitometer 皮托压差计；流量计pitot gauge 皮托压差计pitot loss 总压损失pitot static tube 皮托静压管pitot tube 皮托管pitot 空速管；皮托管pittasphalt 软沥青pitted drill pipe 麻点腐蚀的钻杆pitted outwash plain 多坑冰水平原pitted outwash 多坑冰水沉积pitted pebble 麻面卵石pitted pipe 麻点腐蚀的管子pitted plain 多坑冰水平原pitting control index 点蚀控制指数pitting corrosion 麻点腐蚀pitting factor 点蚀率pitting penetration 点蚀深度pitting potential 点蚀电位pitting resistance 抗点蚀性pitting test 点蚀试验pitting 麻点腐蚀pittolium 软沥青pity 遗憾的事；怜悯pitysporites 松型粉属piv drive 无级变速装置piv 峰值反向电压piv 无级变速的pivot angle 摆角pivot arm 旋转臂pivot axis 枢轴线pivot bearing 枢轴承pivot bolt 枢轴螺栓pivot center 摆心pivot element 主元pivot joint 枢轴节pivot journal 枢轴颈pivot point technique 支点法pivot shaft 枢轴pivot 枢pivotability 枢转性pivotal axis 枢转线pivotal element 主元素pivotal fault 枢转断层pivotal methods 主元素法pivoted bearing 枢轴承pivoted bolt 枢轴螺栓pivoted float 活动浮标pivoted 旋转的pix detector 视频检波器pix pic的复数pixel brightness 象元亮度pixel count 象元计数pixel displacement 象元位移pixel resolution 象素分辨率pixel site 象元部位pixel size 象素大小pixel spacing 象元间隔pixel zooming 象素放大pixel 象素pj 微微焦耳pj 圆周喷射pjm 等离子射流加工pk 派克pkn model pkn裂缝几何形状模型pkr 封隔器pl 板；板极；屏极；极板pl 程序设计语言pl 程序语言pl 方位线pl 管道pl 邻近侧向测井pl 零部件明细表pl 生产测井pl 栓；插头pl 有效载荷pl 指示灯pl 专利许可证pl. 处所pl. 复数pl. 极；电极；磁极pl. 屏极；极板pl1 1号程序语言pla 可编程序逻辑阵列placard 招贴；招牌place of deposition 沉积处；结蜡处place of payment 支付地点place of settling 沉淀处place stress on 强调place value 放电值place 地点placeing of well 布井placement efficiency 充填效率placement fluid 充填液placement method 充填方法placement of proppant 布砂placement operation 充填作业placement 方位placer 砂矿placering 砂矿开采placing on production 使井投产placing party 铺管班placing rate 铺管速度placing sand 充填砂placing site 铺管工地placodermi 盾皮鱼纲plagiaplite 斜长细晶岩plagioclase arkose 斜长石砂岩plagioclase 斜长石plagioclasite 斜长岩plagiogranite 斜长花岗岩plagioliparite 斜长流纹岩plagiophyre 斜长斑岩plagioptychus 斜褶蛤属plague 灾害；麻烦；祸患plain adapter 平接头plain asphalt 纯地沥青plain bar 光面钢筋plain bearing 滑动轴承plain butt-weld 对焊plain carbon steel 普通碳钢plain cement 纯水泥plain clinometer 钻杆下部装的测斜仪plain denudation 蚀原作用plain dividing apparatus 普通分度装置plain dividing head 普通分度头plain elbow 不带边弯头plain end adapter 平头接管器plain end pipe 普通管子plain end 管子未加厚端部plain equal cross 不带边同径四通plain equal tee 不带边同径三通plain fishtail 普通的鱼尾钻头plain flange 对接法兰plain flood 平原洪流plain indexing 普通分度plain journal bearing 滑动轴承plain metal 普通金属plain milling machine 普通铣床plain ring 平垫圈plain spark-gap 简单放电器plain strain 简单应变plain transit 普通经纬仪plain tubing 普通油管plain type 普通式plain washer 平垫圈plain water 淡水plain weave 平纹编织plain 平的plain-type horton spheriod 光扁球形储罐plaintiff 原告plaisancian 普莱桑斯阶plait point 褶点plait 褶；辫绳plakite 云母片岩plan contract 计划合同plan view image 平面图象plan view 平面图plan 详图plan-do-see 计划-执行-考核planar antithetic fault 平面状反向组断层planar array 平面阵planar cross-bedding 平面交错层planar cross-stratification 平面交错层理planar diode 平面二极管planar fault 面状断层planar flow structure 流面构造planar helix winding 平面螺旋形缠绕法planar oil-water interface 平面油水界面planar parallelism 面平行性planar schisiosity 面状片理planar structure 板状构造planar synthetic fault 面状同向断层planar tectonic anisotropy 面状构造各向异性planar water 吸附水planar wave 平面波planar winding 平面缠绕法planar 平面的；平的；二维的planarity 平面性planation surface 侵蚀面planation 夷平作用planchet 圆片planck's constant 普朗克常数plane angle 平面角plane coordinate azimuth 平面坐标方位角plane coordinates 平面坐标plane curve 平面曲线plane detonation front 平面爆炸波前plane fault 平面断层plane geometry 平面几何plane hologram 平面全息图plane milling machine 平面铣床plane net 平面网plane of denudation 剥蚀面plane of fracture 破裂面plane of unconformity 不整合面plane polar coordinates 平面极坐标plane polarization 平面偏振plane polarized wave 平面偏振波plane pressure field 平面压力场plane pressure wave 平面压力波plane problem 平面问题plane rectangular coordinate 平面直角坐标plane sailing 平面航法plane schistosity 面状片理plane shear slide 平面剪切滑坡plane strain 平面应变plane stress 平面应力plane surveying 平面测量plane symmetry 平面对称plane table 测绘板；平板仪plane triangle 平面三角形plane view 平面图plane wave decomposition 平面波分解plane wave response 平面波响应plane wave 平面波plane 平面plane-layer point source modeling 水平层点震源模拟plane-position indicator radar 平面位置指示雷达plane-position indicator 平面位置指示器plane-strain elastic modulus 平面应变弹性模量plane-table alidade 平板照准仪plane-table survey 平板仪测量plane-table tachymetric survey 平板仪视距测量plane-table tachymetry 平板仪视距法plane-table traverse 平板仪导线plane-wave field 平面波场plane-wave reflectivity 平波反射率plane-wave seismogram 平面波地震记录plane-wave simulation 平面波模拟planed fault 平削断层planeload 飞机负载量planer drilling machine 龙门钻床planer 刨床；整平机planet gear 行星齿轮planet pinion 行星小齿轮planet wheel 行星齿轮planet 行星planet-gearing 行星式齿轮传动planetabling 平板仪测量planetaria planetarium 的复数planetarium 天文馆；天象仪planetary fracture 行星式断裂planetary gear drive 行星式齿轮传动planetary gear ratio 行星式齿轮传动比planetary gear train 行星式齿轮系planetary gear transmission 行星齿轮传动planetary gear 行星式齿轮planetary geology 行星地质学planetary reducer 行星齿轮减速器planetary set 行星齿轮组planetoid 小行星；类似行星的物体plani- 平面planianticline 平背斜planiform 平面的planigraphy x射线层析照相法planimegraph 比例规planimeter 求积仪planimetric accuracy 平面控制精度planimetric adjustment 平面平差planimetric control point 平面控制点planimetric coordinates 平面坐标planimetric map 平面图planimetric position 平面位置planimetric rectangular coordinates 平面直角坐标planimetry 测面积学；平面几何学planina 广平岩溶高原planing machine 刨床planing 刨削planipiral form 平旋形planisaic 着色照片图planisphere 平面球体图planisporites 三角细刺孢planitron 平面数字管plank 板planking 铺板；板材；地板；船壳板plankton micro-organism 微浮游生物plankton 浮游生物planktonic algae 浮游藻类planktonic microfossil 微型浮游生物化石planktonic organism 浮游生物planktonic 浮游的planned course 设计轨迹planned economy 计划经济planned maintenance 计划维修planned preventive repair 计划预修planned price 计划价格planned project 规划项目planned purchase 计划收购planned shutdown 计划停输planned well path 设计井身planned well 设计井planner 计划者；设计者planning adjustment 计划调节planning and design 规划设计planning authorities 计划部门planning cycle 计划周期planning management system 计划管理体制planning 计划plano- 平面；流动plano-concave lens 平凹透镜plano-convex lens 平凸透镜plano-linear fabric system 面-线状组构体系plano-polarized light 平面偏光planoconvex 平凸的planometer 平面规planomural 平壁planoparallel structure 平面平行构造planophyric 层斑状planospiral shell 平旋壳plant bed 植物化石层plant capacity 装置的生产能力plant community 植物群落plant ecology 植物生态学plant efficiency 设备效率plant factor 设备利用率plant geography 植物地理学plant habit 植物习性plant of water disposal 污水处理站plant operation 装置运转plant operator 装置操作工plant pigment 植物色素plant piping 厂区管系plant population 植物群体plant remains 植物遗体plant safety rules 工厂安全规则plant shut-down decision 关厂决策plant sterol 植物甾醇plant tissue 植物组织plant 工厂plantage 植物界plantation 种植园；栽植planter 种植者；种植器；埋检波器装置planting condition 埋置条件plash 溅泼plasma arc cutting 等离子弧切割plasma arc welding machine 等离子弧焊机plasma arc welding 等离子弧焊plasma chromatography 等离子体色谱plasma cutting 等离子体切割plasma emission spectroscopy 等离子发射分光学plasma jet drill 等离子体破岩钻井plasma jet 等离子体射流plasma oscillation 等离子振动plasma proteins 血浆蛋白plasma spraying 等离子喷涂plasma touch 等离子弧焊枪plasma 等离子区；等离子体；深绿玉髓；原生质血浆；细粒物质plasmaguide 等离子体波导管plasmatron 等离子管plasmid 质粒plasmochemical technology 等离子化学工艺plasmoid 等离子体状态；等离子粒团plasmoporella 拟网膜珊瑚属plastalloy 细晶粒低碳结构钢plaster of paris 熟石膏plaster stone 生石膏plaster 泥饼；灰泥；熟石膏；粉刷plastering action 抹壁作用plastering agent 粘糊剂plastering property 抹壁性能plastic base 树指基液plastic bonding 树脂胶结plastic bushing 塑料衬套plastic casing 塑料套管plastic cement 塑性水泥plastic clay 塑性粘土plastic coal 塑性煤plastic coated tubing 塑料涂层油管plastic coated-gravel 塑料涂敷砾石plastic coating 塑料涂层plastic consistency 塑性稠度plastic consolidated gavel 塑料胶结砾石plastic consolidation fluid 塑料胶结液plastic consolidation 塑料胶结plastic creep 塑性蠕变plastic deformation 塑性形变plastic design 极限设计plastic encapsulation 塑料封闭管plastic equilibrium 塑性平衡plastic flexible disc 软塑料磁盘plastic flow 塑性流动plastic fluid 塑性流体plastic foam 泡沫塑料plastic formation 塑性地层plastic friction 塑性摩擦plastic gear 塑料齿轮plastic hysteresis 塑性滞后plastic impregnated element 浸渍塑料的过滤元件plastic insulation material 塑料绝缘材料plastic jacket 塑料套plastic job 塑料固砂作业plastic limit 塑性极限plastic liner 塑料衬管plastic material 塑料plastic package 塑料封装plastic pellet 塑料粒plastic pipe 塑料管plastic polaristor 塑料偏振器plastic precoated gravel 塑料预涂敷砾石plastic range 塑性范围plastic recycling 塑料再生plastic resin treatment 树脂处理plastic rock 塑性岩石plastic shale 塑性页岩plastic sheath 塑性护层plastic solution 塑料溶液plastic strain 塑性应变plastic tape 塑料带plastic tip hammer 塑料锤plastic trough theory 塑性槽地理论plastic tube 塑料管plastic tubing 塑料油管plastic viscosity 塑料粘度plastic working 塑性加工plastic yield 塑性变形plastic yielding 塑性屈服plastic 塑料；塑性的plastic-coated tube 塑性衬管油管plastic-coated 塑料涂敷的plastic-lined pipe 塑料衬里管plastic-lined tubing 塑料衬里油管plastic-lined 塑料衬里的plastic-reinforced 塑性加固的plastic-viscous flow 塑性粘滞流plasticate 塑炼plastication 增模；塑化作用plasticator 塑炼机plasticgraph 塑度计；塑性计plasticity index 塑性指数plasticity zone 塑性带plasticity 可塑性；范性；适应性；塑性力学plasticization 增塑plasticized melt-spinning 塑化熔体纺丝plasticized zone 塑料胶结层plasticizer alcohol 增塑剂醇plasticizer 增塑剂plasticlast 塑性碎屑plasticon 聚苯乙烯薄膜plasticorder 塑性变形图描记器plasticoviscosity 塑粘性plastid 质体；成形粒plastifier 增塑剂plastigel 增塑凝胶plastigraph =plasticorderplastilock 用合成橡胶改性的酚醛树脂粘合剂plastimets 金属塑料复合材料plastisol 增塑浴胶；塑料分散体plastispray 塑料粉末喷涂plasto-elasticity 弹塑性力学plasto-viscous deformation 塑粘滞变形plasto-viscous flow 塑性粘滞流plastoelastic deformation 塑弹性形变plastogel 塑性凝胶plastomer 塑性体plastometer 塑性计plastometry 塑性测定法plat form construction cost 平台建设费plat 地区图；土地图；图面；地段platable plastic 可电镀塑料platanoidites 悬铃木粉属plate anchor 圆盘锚具plate and frame type filter-press 板框式压滤机plate battery 阳极电池plate bending rolls 卷板机plate boundary activity 板块边缘活动性plate cap 屏极引出头plate capacitance 屏极电容plate characteristic 屏极特性plate circuit 屏极回路plate clutch 圆片离合器plate coalescer 板式聚结器plate collision 板块碰撞plate column 板式塔plate condenser 平板电容器plate conjunction 相片连测plate convergence 板块汇聚plate current 屏极电流plate dectetion 板极检波plate destruction 板块消亡plate dimension 底片尺寸plate dissipation 屏极电路消散plate dynamics 板块动力学plate efficiency factor 板效率因素plate efficiency 板效率plate electrode 板状电极plate filter unit 板状过滤装置plate floor 平板肋板plate formation 板块建造plate girder 组合桁材plate heat exchanger 平板式换热器plate impedance 屏极阻抗plate inductor 屏极扼流圈plate input power 屏极输入功率plate junction 板块结合带plate juncture 板块边界；板块结合带plate keel 平板龙骨plate lead 阳极引线plate level 圆盘水准器plate load impedance 屏极负载阻抗plate load test 平板负荷试验plate magazine 底片暗盒plate mechanics 板块力学plate mill 轧板机；钢板轧制厂plate motion 板块运动plate movement 板块运动plate nadir 象底点plate negative 硬片plate out 析出plate power input 屏极功率输入plate power supply 屏极电源plate power unit 屏极电源设备plate rectifier 阳极电源整流器plate resistance 屏极电阻plate saturation 屏极饱和plate scanning 照相底片上粒子径迹寻找plate spring 板簧plate stratigraphy 板块地层学plate subduction 板块俯冲作用plate supply rectifier 屏极整流器plate supply 屏极电源plate support bar 过滤板支撑杆plate tank 阳极回路plate tectonic theory 板块构造学说plate tectonics 板块构造plate type finned heat exchanger 板翅式换热器plate valve 片阀plate washer 板状垫圈plate wave 板波plate 盘plate-by-plate calculation 逐板计算plate-cathode capacitance 屏极-阴极电容plate-driving force 板块驱动力plate-fin exchanger 板翼式换热器plate-jam 板块挤压plate-pulsed transmitter 板极脉冲发射器plateau absorption 平稳吸附plateau basalt 高原玄武岩plateau characteristic 坪特性plateau equation 平稳方程plateau facies 高原台地相plateau length 坪长plateau period 高产稳产期plateau producion rate 最高稳定产量plateau slope 坪斜plateau 高原；台地；坪；平稳阶段；曲线平直部分plateau-glacier 高原冰川plateaux plateau 的复数plated stem 组合艏柱plated 电镀的platelet 小板platelike 层状的；板状的；片状的platen 压盘；压纸卷轴；台板；屏plater 钢板工；电镀工；镀覆装置platform balance 台秤platform blowing 台架吹塑platform burner 平台用火炬platform deck 平台甲板platform deflection 平台歪斜platform design 平台设计platform edge shallow facies 台地边缘浅滩相platform evaporite facies 台地蒸发岩相platform facies 地台相platform fire 海洋平台火灾platform jacket 平台导管架platform overhang deck 平台悬伸甲板platform reef 礁坪platform scale 台秤platform trailer 平台拖车platform tree 海洋平台采油树platform truck 平板大卡车platform type working craft 平台型作业船platform 台地platform-based control 平台上的控制装置platformal fold belt 台褶带platformal stage 地台阶段platformal trough 台槽platformate 高辛烷值汽油掺合料platforming 铂重整platina 铂；锌铜合金plating action 电镀作用plating 镀plating-out 电解法分离platinichloride 氯铂酸盐platiniridium 铂铱齐；铂铱矿platinite 高镍低膨胀钢platinized and titanized anode 镀铂钛阳极platino 耐碱蚀金铂合金platinoid 铂铜；铂系合金；铜镍锌合金电阻丝platinor 普拉梯诺代用白金platinotype 铂黑印片术；铂黑照片platinum black 铂黑platinum catalyst 铂催化剂platinum contact 铂接点platinum 铂platinum-iridium catalyst 铂-铱催化剂platinum-plated 镀铂的platinum-reforming catalyst 铂重整催化剂platinum-resistance thermometer 铂电阻温度计platinum-rhenium catalyst 铂铼催化剂platinum-rhodium catalyst 铂铑催化剂platinum-tin catalyst 铂锡催化剂platinum-wire thermometer 铂丝温度计platt's oil price index 普氏油价报告platten 焊机床面；滑块；冲头；压扁；弄平；制箔plattenkalk 极状灰岩platter 母板plattern kalk 具韵律性的泥晶灰岩platting 填图；测绘platy cleavage 板劈理platy flow structure 板状流动构造platy grain 片状颗粒platy limestone 板状灰岩platy shaped particle 片状颗粒platy 板状的platy- 扁平platybelodon 铲齿象属platycaryapollenites 化香树粉属platyhelminthes 扁虫动物门platykurtic distribution 低峰态分布platykurtosis 低峰态platysaccus 蝶囊粉属platyvillosus 粒板牙形石属plauenite 钾质富斜正长岩plaxocrinus 片海百合属play adjustment 游隙调整play back center 回放站play out 尖灭play 间隙；远景区；远景带；往复行程；交易；作用；使用playa lake 干盐湖playa 干盐湖playback filter 回放滤波器playback gain 回放增益playback head 读出磁头playback reproducer 回放装置；拾声器playback 回放plazolite 水钙铝榴石plc company 股份公开公司plc 可编程序逻辑控制器plc 制层色谱plca 管线承包商协会plcu 可编程序逻辑控制单元pld 相位同步检波pleader 辩护律师pleasure 愉快pleat 纵褶pleated paper 褶纸pleated sturcture 纵褶构造pleated tube 褶皱管pleated 打褶的pleated-media cartridge 褶裙式滤芯筒plectenchyminite 假薄壁菌质体plectestheria 绞结叶肢介属plectochitina 织几丁虫属plectodina 褶牙形石属plectospathodus 扭片牙形石属plectostroma 绞层孔虫属pledge 誓约；保证；发誓；典当pledgee 抵押权人pledgeor 抵押人plei 多pleionomer 同性低聚物；均低聚物pleistocene epoch 更新世pleistocene glaciation 更新世冰川作用pleistocene series 更新统pleistocene 更新世pleistophyric rock 多斑晶岩pleistoseismic zone 强震带plena plenum 的复数plenitude 充分plenty 多；丰富；很多的；足够的plenum box 充气箱plenum chamber 压力通风室。
销售漏斗管理pipeline
因为销售人员个人水平所产生的瓶颈，潜在影响到了整体的销售目标。
销售管理人员切实想解决这三个问题就必须要跟一线销售进行充分的沟通，而销售这种很“虚”的东西很难用语言去表达，沟通中更多阐述的可能都是自己的感观，而非客观。
Pipeline，一个目生的词汇。
我们讲它是一个针对用户的销售进程管理工具。
那末我们为什么要进行漏斗分析呢？因为销售是一个很难去用什么具体数字去考评的特殊职业。
在合同签订的一刻前，谁也不敢说自己成功了，因为这其中充满了太多的变数。
那末销售管理人员又该怎样去考察评测一线销售人员呢？我想管理人员时常会问自己这样三个问题：第一，是否有足够的潜在生意能够满足预定销售目标；第二，正在进行的项目是否向来在向前推动；第三，是否会有因为销售人员个人水平所产生的瓶颈，潜在地影响到了整体的销售目标。
销售管理人员切实想解决这三个问题就必须要跟一线销售进行充分的沟通，而销售这种很“虚”的东西很难用语言去表达，沟通中更多阐述的可能都是自己的感观，而非客观。
沟通艰难就需要一种语言。
而恰恰这正是Pipeline“过滤网、准确预测、形成共同语言”这三大功能的其中之一。
Pipeline 能够形成一种销售人员沟通中共通的语言。
画个图就能知道销售流程发展到了哪个部份，下一步该做什么也能一目了然。
这个图，就是 Pipeline Analysis Process (漏斗分析)；而这个销售流程自然就要按照 Pipeline 来进行勾画。
pipeline 的第二个功能即过滤网，正如其在生活中的应用一样，把粗糙的含有不少“杂质”的物质，通过其所不同的漏网密度，从而得到去除杂质后得“纯净物”。
固然，这种纯净物就是销售管理人员所想要的重要“信息”。
所过滤掉的，是那些冗余、甚至是混淆视听的错误信息。
在销售岗位上工作的人，都会或者多或者少的遇到一些诸如虚假项目的情况。
这种事件的发生，有些可能是出于某些人的主观恶意，但更多的时候还是由于销售人员过于相信所听到的“小道消息”。
压力管道定期检验规则——长输(油气)管道
系统(GIS)、管道完整性管理信息系统(PIMS)。
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TSG D7003—2010
特种设备安全技术规范
第三章 全面检验与合于使用评价
第一节 全面检验
第十三条 全面检验前，检验机构应当对提交和收集的以下资料进行审查、分析： (一)设计图纸、文件与有关强度计算书； (二)管道元件产品质量证明资料；
—1—
TSG D7003—2010
特种设备安全技术规范
(四)承受交变载荷，可能导致疲劳失效的；
(五)防腐(保温)层损坏严重或者无有效阴极保护的；
Pipeline语法
Pipeline语法Pipeline语法详解分为两种：Declarative Pipeline（声明式的pipeline）、Scripted Pipeline（脚本式的pipeline）声明pipeline必须包含在⼀个pipeline快内pipeline {//insert Declarative Pipeline here}123代理agentagent 指定整个Pipeline或特定阶段将在Jenkins环境中执⾏的位置，必须在Pipeline顶层定义，stage内为可选是否必填是参数如下⾯所描述允许出现在在顶级Pipeline快或每个stage快中参数：any：在任何代理上执⾏pipeline，例如：agent anynone：当在pipeline顶层使⽤时，将不会为整个pipeline运⾏分配全局代理，并且每个stage部分将需要包含⾃⼰的agent。
label：使⽤提供的标签在Jenkins环境中可⽤的代理上执⾏Pipeline或stage，例如：agent {label ‘my-defined-label’}node：与label相同docker：⽤于给定的容器执⾏Pipeline，或stage，将被动态的提供⼀个预先配置成基于Docker-based Pipeline的节点，或和label参数匹配的任意参数。
docker还可以接受⼀个args参数，可以直接将参数传递给docker run命令agent {docker {image 'maven:3-alpine'label 'my-defined-label'args '-v /tmp:/tmp'}}1234567 dockerfilepostpost定义在Pipeline运⾏结束或stage运⾏结束时。
是否必填否参数没有允许出现的位置在顶级pipeline快和stage快中条件:always：⽆论Pipeline运⾏状态如何，都执⾏changed：只有当前Pipeline运⾏的状态与先前完成的Pipeline的状态不同时，才能运⾏failure：仅当Pipeline处于“失败”状态时才运⾏，通常在web UI中⽤红⾊表⽰success：仅当Pipeline处于“成功状态时才运⾏”，通常在web UI中⽤蓝⾊或绿⾊表⽰unstable：只有当前Pipeline具有“不稳定“状态时才允许，通常是由测试失败、代码违例等引起的，在web UI中通常⽤黄⾊来表⽰aborted：只有当前Pipeline处于“中⽌“状态时，才会运⾏通常是由于Pipeline被⼿动中⽌，在web UI中⽤灰⾊表⽰例如：Jenkinsfile (Declarative Pipeline)pipeline {agent anystages {stage('Example') {steps {echo 'Hello World'}}}post {always {echo 'I will always say Hello again!'}}}12345678910111213141516 stages stage包含⼀个或多个阶段（stage）指令，是Pipeline描述⼤部分⼯作的地⽅,⼀个stages可包含多个stagestages⼀般跟在agent，options等后⾯是否必填是参数没有允许出现在在Pipeline内只有⼀次例如：pipeline {agent anystages {stage('Example') {steps {echo 'Hello World'}}}}12345678910步骤 stepssteps定义了在给定stage指令中执⾏的⼀系列或⼀个步骤是否必填是参数没有允许出现在每个stage快内例如stages {stage('Example') {steps {echo 'Hello World'}}}}1234567891011环境 environmentenvironment定义⼀系列的键值对，这些键值对将被定义为所有step或特定stage的step的环境变量具体取决于environment 指令位于Pipeline中的位置是否必填否参数没有允许出现在在Pipeline快内或stage内例如environment {CC = 'clang'}stages {stage('Example') {environment {AN_ACCESS_KEY = credentials('my-prefined-secret-text')}steps {sh 'printenv'}}}}1234567891011121314151617选项 optionsoptions指令允许在pioeline内配置Pipeline专⽤选项。
焦化厂设计常用词汇中英文对照
焦化厂设计常用词汇中英文对照炼焦部分（补充）1焦炉及其构成部分Coke oven battery 焦炉组By product coke oven 带副产回收的焦炉Under jet coke oven 下喷式焦炉Hairpint [twin]flue coke oven 双联火道焦炉Compound[combination] coke oven 复热式焦炉Half-divided flue coke oven 两分火道焦炉four-divided flue coke oven 四分火道焦炉crossover flue coke oven 跨顶火道焦炉single [double] waste flue coke oven 单[双]侧烟道焦炉gun flue type coke oven 侧喷式焦炉coke oven with waste gas recirculation 废气循环式焦炉conventional coke oven 常规焦炉stamp-charging coke oven 捣鼓焦炉high-capacity coke oven 大容积焦炉large-scale coke oven 大型焦炉regenerative coke oven 蓄热式焦炉recuperative coke oven 换热式焦炉waste heat coke oven 废热式焦炉down draft coke oven 倒焰式焦炉slot-type oven 室式焦炉beehive coke oven 蜂窝式焦炉pitch coke oven 沥青焦炉intermittent vertical retort 间歇式焦炉continuous vertical retort 连续式直立炉horizontal retort 水平式焦炉partitioned regenerator 分隔式蓄热室gun flue 水平砖煤气道combustion[flame] flue 燃烧火道，上升火道gas distribution duct 煤气分配道corbel zone 斜道区high and low burner 高低灯头gas nozzle 煤气烧嘴under jet gas duct 下喷煤气道waste gas recirculating duct 废气循环气道air port 空气口gas port 煤气口parapet wall 小炉头protection wall 封墙regenerator pillar wall 蓄热室隔墙regenerator top bulkhead 蓄热室顶封墙oven end 炉头oven roof [炭化室]盖顶partition[division]wall 隔墙gas offtake 煤气出口fill area [炉顶]填料层mortar hole 灌浆孔2 焦炉机械及附属设备Coke guide and door extractor 拦焦机及启门机Hydraulicreversing machine [winch] 液压交换机Coke receiver car 接焦车Hooded coke guide 带除尘罩的拦焦车Hood car with dust separator 带除尘分离器的有罩车Door extracting device 启门装置Pusher beam[ram] 推焦杆Leveler[leveling]bar 平煤杆Ram head 推焦杆头Carbon scraper 除石墨刮刀Door and jamb cleaner 炉门和炉框清扫机Rack shoe 推焦杆托靴Heavy pushing 重推Sticker 难推Platform car for changing pusher ram 推焦杆更换用平板车Magnetic lid lifter 电磁启盖机Automatic lid lifting and luting system 自动启盖机及泥封装置Vacuum cleaner 真空清扫器Larry car screw feeder 装煤车螺旋给料器Charging hyperbolic hopper 装煤车双曲线漏斗Support for leveler bar 平煤车托架Coke spillage collection system 头尾焦收集装置Bucket transport car 焦罐运输车Coke bucket car 焦罐车Coke bucket elevator 焦罐提升机Circulation gas blower 循环风机Trolley wire 摩电线Assembly of coke oven machine 焦炉车辆安装Single spotlone [spot]machine 一点停车的机械One set of oven machine 一套焦炉机械Charging car with turntable 带圆盘给料器的装煤车High pressure water cleaning of Coke-oven doors 用高压水清扫焦炉炉门Coke oven door hydraulic cleaner 焦炉炉门水力清扫器High-pressure fluid jets 高压水枪3焦炉铁件及管道Bracing spring 护炉铁件用弹簧Helical spring 螺旋弹簧Regenerator bracing 蓄热室小炉柱上横梁Self-sealing door 自封炉门Knife [sealing strip] [炉门]刀边Hammer-tite knife edge 敲打边刀Leveling [leveler]door 平煤小炉门Luting door 泥封炉门Latch 门栓，横栓Spring latch 弹簧门栓Duch hook [炉框上的]钩Lifting hook 提门钩Latchscrew [炉门]门栓用螺栓Spring plate 弹性腹板Sill [炉门框]底板Suction main 吸气主管Bleeder 放散管Charging gas aspiration 装煤煤气抽吸High pressure flushing liquor aspiration system 高压氨水喷射抽吸装置Ascension pipe[standpipe] lid with operating lever 带操作拉杆的上升管盖[water seal type] [水封式]Supply and drain pipe work for water sealed lids 水封盖上下水管Operating lever and counter weight 操作拉杆及配重Flushing liquor spray 氨水喷射Spray nozzle 喷嘴Butterfly valve 蝶阀Manual lighter 人工点火器Cast iron gooseneck bend 铸铁制桥管Heat shield 挡热板Observation hole 观察孔Inspection plug temperature measuring hole for 测温测压孔Rail bases for charging car 装煤车轨道座Push-proof frame for pusher machine 推焦车轨道用止推座Door warming rack [泥封炉门用]炉门预热架Door maintenance and bricking platform 炉门维修和切砖平台Coking chamber number plate 炭化室编号牌Installation of coke oven equipment 焦炉设备安装Battery bracing system 焦炉铁件系统Jumper pipe 跨越管Steam aspirator [上升管]蒸汽喷射Null rods for rich gas reversing valves富煤气换向旋塞拉杆Bull rods for waste gas valve 废气开闭器换向用拉杆Flaps on breeches pipes 叉管上风门Finger plate for adjustment 调节用风门板Reversing lever 换向杠杆Cover plate for seal pot pit and trench 水封槽坑和地沟盖板Vent and drain pipework 通风及排水管道Rich gas nozzle 富煤气烧嘴Nozzle connection 烧嘴连接件Waste gas flue damper 烟道调节翻板Automatic waste flue damper 烟道自动翻板Hand-operated waste gas flue damper 烟道手动翻板4 焦炉构筑物Buttress facing 抵抗墙正面Buttress backing 抵抗墙内部Top wall 焦炉炉顶墙Bench paving 操作走台铺面层Bench gallery 操作走台Leveler bar and pusher ram servicing 平煤杆和推焦杆更换站Quenching stack baffle 熄焦塔顶捕尘板[emission protection baffle]Dry coke quenching 干熄焦Pressure quenching 压力熄焦Waste gas flue 烟道5焦炉用耐火材料Shaped brick 异型砖Standard brick 标准砖Fire refractory brick 耐火砖Siliceous brick 半硅砖Silica brick shapes 异型硅砖Tongued and grooved silica brick 带沟舌的硅砖High[super]duty fireclay shape 特[优]质异型粘土砖Interlocking brick 相互咬合的砖Jamb brick 炉头砖Wedge brick 楔形砖Binder 立火道隔墙砖Slot brick 长条砖Shapes for scoops 勺形砖Shapes for quoins 楔形砖Shapes for chamber covers 异型盖顶砖Shapes for end chamber cover 异型边炉盖顶砖Hammerhead brick[header] 锤头砖Brick shape 砖型Normal shape brick 普通型砖Complicated shape brick 异型砖Special shape brick 特异型砖Hand made brick 手工砖Stiff mud brick 半干法砖Dry pressed brick 干压砖Machine made brick 机械成型砖Refractory cement 耐火泥Fireclay 火泥Perlite 珍珠岩Filling material 填料Mortar joint 灰缝Brickwork joint 砖缝Expansion joint 膨胀缝Sliding joint 滑动缝Tooth joint 咬合缝Gas-tight joint 不漏煤气的接缝Gas-proof 气密的，不漏气的Straight joint [砖的]直缝结构Crystal transformation 晶型转化Quartz 石英Tridymite 鳞石英Cristobalite 方石英6耐火砖质量及验收Apparent specific gravity 视比重Apparent porosity 显气孔率Bulk density 容重Torsion strength 扭转强度Compressive strength (cold crushing strength) 耐压强度Elongation strength 延伸强度Tensile strength 抗张强度(抗拉强度) Bending strength 抗弯强度Modulus of rupture 抗折强度Mechanical property 机械性能Refractoriness 耐火度Soften point under load[pressure softening point] 荷重软化点Cold crushing strength 常温耐压强度Pyrometric cone equivalent 测温锥号Slag resistant 抗渣性Permanent linear change 永久性线形变化Carbon monoxide resistance 抗一氧化碳侵蚀Resistance to chemical attack 抗化学腐蚀Manufacturing defects 制造缺陷Black iron spot 铁斑Surface pit 熔洞Corner chip 缺角Edge chip 缺棱Surface crazing 表面裂纹Crack 裂缝Pull 发裂Lamination 层裂Warpage 挠曲Distortion 变形Map crack[cracking] 网裂Thermal-shock resistance 抗温度急变性Residual expansion[shrinkage] 残余膨胀[收缩] Microcrack 微裂纹Spalling 剥落Free of lamination 无层裂现象Burned 烧成Underburning 欠烧Overburned 过烧的Chipping 凿平Grinding 研磨Lay up 砌筑，铺砌Sub-assembly 预砌Before releasing the brick 在砖发送之前Before hacking or palletizing 在上架或码垛之前Specimen [砖]试样List of the shapes 砖型表Shape number 砖号Kiln number 窑号Date of removal from the kiln 出窑日期Lot size 批量Representative lot 代表批量Specified tolerance 规定公差Standard deviation 标准偏差Dimensional tolerance 尺寸误差No tolerance are given 没有公差要求Acceptable limits 允许范围Limitations of acceptability 许可极限值Maximum rejects permissible 废品最大允许值Defined materials 规定采用的各种材料Rejection 报废Minimum average 平均最小值Maximum individual 个别最大值Exposed face 暴露面Hidden face 隐蔽面Working[critical]face 工作面Coke face 焦面Original face 原始面7 焦炉设计及生产操作Overall length of oven chamber[length face to face] 炭化室全长Length between door plugs[linings] 炭化室有效长度Chamber height 炭化室高度Chamber width[mean] 炭化室宽度[平均] Oven taper 炭化室锥度Oven top thickness 炉顶厚度Liner thickness 炭化室墙厚度Charge density 装入煤堆比重Charge moisture 装入煤水分Effective [useful]volume 有效容积Number of pushings per day 每天推焦炉数Total charging coal per day 每天装煤总量Oven capacity 每孔处理能力Coke production rate per oven 每孔焦炭产量Chamber throughout 每孔[每天]处理煤量Free gas space above the coal charge 炉顶空间Average gas space temperature 炉顶空间平均温度Filling height in the oven 炭化室装煤高度Roof carbon 炉顶石墨Coal level in the oven chamber[coal line] 煤线Oven free space temperature 炉顶空间温度Coal charging sequence 装煤顺序Staged charging 分段装炉Top charging 顶装Stamped charging 捣鼓煤饼Charged coal cake 装炉煤饼Sequential charging 顺序装煤On-main charging on Themain 与集气管连通的炭化室的装炉[无烟装煤] Off-main charging 与集气管断开的炭化室的装炉Pipeline charging of preheated coal 预热煤管道装炉Pipeline coke-oven charging 焦炉管道化装煤Pushing schedule 推焦计划表，推焦顺序Cross coking time, cycle time 周转时间Coking rate 结焦速度Soaking time 闷炉时间Net coking time 净结焦时间Pushing factor 推焦系数Pushing load ampere 推焦电流Pushing trouble 推焦困难Interlock pushing system 推焦连锁装置Foul gas leakage from the oven chamber through oven wall and roof cracks into theflues 荒煤气经炭化室由炉墙和盖顶裂缝漏入立火道Carbon combustion of air 空气烧炭[石墨] Decarbonizaion of coke oven gas nozzle 焦炉煤气烧嘴的除碳Clay-luting 泥封Carry-over of fine material into the charging mains on charging 装煤时被带到集气管去的粉煤量8 焦炉加热Temperature adjustment for coke oven 焦炉调温Programmed coke oven heating 焦炉程序加热Computer control system for coke oven 焦炉[加热]计算机控制系统Controllable heating system 可控制加热系统Heat balance 热平衡Single stage heating system 一段加热系统Muti-stage heating system 多端加热系统Flue temperature 火道温度Average heating flue temperature 加热火道平均温度Temperature curve 温度曲线Srack[chimney]draft 烟囱吸力Lengthening the heating flames 拉长加热火焰Reference heating flue temperature 标准火道温度Local overheating 局部过热Vertical temperature difference 高向温差Longitudinal temperature 直行温度Lateral temperature 横墙温度End flue temperature 炉头温度Temperature of carbonization 炭化温度Coke cake central temperature [tar seam temperature] 焦饼中心温度Theoretical flame temperature 理论火焰温度Ambient temperature 环境温度Heat transfer for heating wall 燃烧室传热Heat conductivity for oven[chamber]wall 炉墙热传导Gas pressure in the heating system 燃烧系统压力Gas pressure in the coke oven 炭化室煤气压力Pressure in collecting main 集气管压力Pressure drop 压力降Static pressure 静压力Kinetic pressure 动压力Suction 吸力Positive pressure 正压力Negative pressure 负压力Test pressure 试验压力Atmospheric pressure 大气压力Abrupt expansion[contraction] 突然扩大[缩小] Exothermic heat of carbonizing 炭化放出热量Heat consumption of coking 炼焦耗热量Observed heat value 实测热值Gas leakage rate for the whole oven 全炉漏气率Gas leakage rate for the regenerator 蓄热室漏气率Rate of flow of gas 煤气流量Daily rate of flow 日流量Excess air factor[ratio]，coefficient of excess air 空气过剩系数Coefficient of local resistance 局部阻力系数Coefficient of thermal conductivity 导热系数[heat conduction coefficient]Coefficient of heat transfer[thermal transmission] 传热系数Waste gas composition 废气组成Orifice plate [流量]孔板9 焦炉检查与修理Coke oven battery commissioning 焦炉开工Coke oven start-up 焦炉开炉Coke oven shut-down 焦炉停工Heating-up of coke oven battery 焦炉烘炉Oven rehabilitation 焦炉大修[或局部大修] A total pad-up rebuilt [基础顶板往上]焦炉重修Coke oven hot repair 焦炉热修Coke oven cold repair 焦炉冷修Minor repair for coke oven 焦炉小修Routine maintenance for coke oven 焦炉日常维护Bricklaying of the coke oven 焦炉砌炉Identification of coke oven 焦炉鉴定Assessment of battery conditions 对炉体状况的评定Coke battery inspection 焦炉炉体检查Regular scheduled inspection 定期计划检查Frequent inspection 经常性的检查Detailed oven wall inspection 对炉墙的详细检查Internal inspection of each oven wall 对每个炉墙的内部检查Manual spray patching 人工喷补Flame gunning 火焰焊补Ceramic welding 焊补Fusion bonded coke oven wall repair 炭化室墙熔融焊补Patching by trowel 用铲子抹补Insulating castable 断热浇注料Castable for 对…的灌浆Heating-up curve[schedule] 升温曲线Temporary fore place[bed] 临时火床Heating-up period 烘炉期间Expansion measure 膨胀测量Natural cooling 自然冷却Buckstay deflection 炉柱曲度Coke oven service life 焦炉炉龄Extend the life of the battery 延长炉体寿命Swelling pressure on oven wall 作用于炉墙的膨胀压力Oven wall distortion 炉墙变形Mortar mixer 泥浆搅拌机Mud jack 泥浆泵Wavy floor 炉底高低不平。
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Introductions
Threats to Pipeline Integrity
Operations & Equipments Third Party Damage Corrosion Fatigue
Cracking
Ground Movements
Effective area methods
UTS Flow stress methods
Crack assessment methods:
• •
BS 7910 API 579
Dents assessments methods:
• • • • •
ASME B31.8 ASME B31.4 API 1156 EPRG Z662
•
Manufacturing metal loss
− − − −
Inclusions Indentations Grinding operations Handling damages
Introductions
Source:Integrity Engineering Source:Integrity
Location
Content
Contents
1.
Introductions
Types of metal loss & defects
2.
Assessment Methods
Hydrotesting Direct Assessment In-Line Inspection
3.
Results Analysis
3.
Results Analysis
Defect length & width Assessment codes Result reporting
Introductions Pipeline Integrity: Why is it important? Concerns about safety & environmental issues
Introductions Types of Defects
− − − − − −
Lamination Dent Crack Wrinkling/buckling Gouges Ovality/out-of-roundness
Introductions Unusual things to look out for when performing inspections
− − −
Installed into a line via a pig trap (launcher and receiver) Driven by differential pressure Driven by liquid or gas
Assessment Methods In-line Inspection:
Contents
1.
Introductions
Types of metal loss & defects
2.
Assessment Methods
In-Line Inspection
3.
Results Analysis
Defect length & width Assessment codes Result reporting
Results Analysis Defect interaction
Type I interaction Defects that overlap longitudinally but are separated circumferentially around the pipe
Type II interaction Defects that lie on the same plane longitudinally but are separated by a section of full thickness pipe
Interaction of helically separated defects
Results Analysis
Available corrosion assessment codes:
• • • • • • •
ASME B31G RSTRENG 0.85 (or Modified B31G) Detailed RSTRENG Ritchie and Last (or Shell 92) PRCI/Battelle PCORRC, plastic collapse DNV – RP – F101 Kastner assessment, circumferential features
Results Analysis Result reporting
Simple Hoop Model Consider X60 pipe: minimum yield stress = 60,000 lbs/in² 30” pipeline with wall thickness = 1 in
Stress, σ =
P ⋅D 2⋅t
P=
σ ⋅2⋅t
D
=
60000 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 = 4000 psi 30
More cost effective to have a proper pipeline integrity management plan
Hale Waihona Puke Introductions Pipeline explosion: Appomattox, Virginia (14 Sept 2008)
These pictures are a good reminder not to underestimate the explosive power in a pipeline - truly amazing that no one died. This 30” Transco natural gas pipeline was in operation for the past 22 years and was operating at 800psi, and had only just been inspected using IP (no results analysed yet!) The cause of the explosion is still under investigation.
Pipeline Integrity: Inspection & Corrosion Analysis
by Akmar Nazari
Contents
1.
Introductions
Types of metal loss & defects
2.
Assessment Methods
Hydrotesting Direct Assessment In-Line Inspection
−
Metal Loss/Gain
♦ ♦ ♦
−
Crack Detection
♦ ♦ ♦
Assessment Methods In-line Inspection:
•
Cleaning & Inspection Tools
Assessment Methods In-line Inspection:
•
How do pigs work?
Manufacturing Defects
Natural Events
Introductions Types of metal loss
•
Corrosion
− − − − − − −
General corrosion Pitting corrosion Stress corrosion cracking Erosion corrosion Galvanic corrosion Microbial induced corrosion Hydrogen induced corrosion
Assessment Methods In-line Inspection:
•
Available in-line inspection tools
− −
Gauging Geometry & Mapping
♦ ♦
Caliper Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) Magnetic Flux Leakage Axial flaw detection Ultrasonic (WT measurement) Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Technology (EMAT) Ultrasonic (crack detection) Elastic Wave
• Pipelines near the end of their design life
− Needs to extend pipeline service beyond its design life
• Uprating of pipeline operation • Identifying other threats to pipeline
Defect length & width Assessment codes Result reporting
Assessment Methods In-line Inspection:
•
Pig – a mechanical device that is used to carry out a predetermined task at critical points or along the full length of a pipeline Pigging is used to perform any of the following functions: