英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译
英语国家社会与文化入门
加拿大 法国人, 英国人, 第一民族 P268 the days of AngloSaxon dominance are gone
Canada
French Foundations Convert to English administration Loyalist English arrive after American Revolution p245
Ties to the mother country into the age of railroads. More peaceful in the 19th century
Page 241
And what does an English speaking wheat farmer in rural Saskatchewan have in common with a French-speaking corporate lawyer in the sophisticated city of Montreal
Seven Years War, p 245 七年战争
Acadia became English in 1710, Quebec in 1763 加拿大开始法语国家, 在七年战争变英语国家
France and England
法国和英国,
在欧洲和美洲
在美洲新法国是英国的
Seven Years War, p 248,240 七年战争
Lots of Hong Kong Chinese
British Columbia
British Columbia
Vancouver is a center of film production. van Coeverden became the name of a British sea Captain, Vancouver 30% Chinese—Taiwan, Hong Kong 52% have a first language other than English
英语国家社会与文化入门(上)翻译
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英语国家文化与社会文化入门Chapter 9
Dualism in philosophy
Metaphysics 形而上学 Dualism 二元论 Things in themselves 物自体 Agnosticism 不可知论 idealism 唯心主义
Johann Gott源自ieb FichteGerman philosopher. He was one of the founding figures of the philosophical movement known as German idealism. Fichte is often perceived as a figure whose philosophy forms a bridge between the ideas of Kant and those of the German Idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Recently, philosophers and scholars have begun to appreciate Fichte as an important philosopher in his own right due to his original insights into the nature of selfconsciousness or self-awareness.
Theory of Utility
What is Utility The relationship between individual happiness and others’ happiness
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher from Königsberg (today Kaliningrad of Russia), researching, lecturing and writing on philosophy and anthropology at the end of the 18th century Enlightenment
英语国家社会与文化入门 下册 第七单元翻译
Going to School in America Today每年秋季近50万青少年通过美国约10万小学和中学新学年开始学校的门口走。
从幼儿园教室灌装到12年级，他们参加为5小时，平均每天班，每周5天，直到第二年夏天开始。
这些学生中的一部分的教育历史上最雄心勃勃的承诺之一：美国的教育工作，整个国家人口。
我们的目标是和自共和国的最初几十年中一直对实现普遍扫盲，并提供必要的知识和技能，以便促进他们自己的个人福利以及个人的广大市民。
尽管这个目标尚未完全实现，但它仍然是对美国的教育系统是针对理想。
在已取得的进展，显见其范围和已在对实现这一目标过程中形成的教育方法。
约85％的美国学生参加公立学校（学校由美国纳税人的支持）。
另外15％参加私人学校，他们的家庭选择要特别出勤费。
5的美国私立学校都是由4个教堂，犹太教堂或其他宗教团体。
在这样的学校，宗教教义的课程，其中还包括阅读，数学，历史，地理和科学传统的学术课程。
（宗教教育的一部分，是在公立学校不给。
）两种教育系统，合并后的公共和私人开支，超过一千九万点零万美元一年。
从这个角度看，美国的教育是一个功能强大的消费。
谁决定如何数百万美元的这些人中许多应该用于教师工资，新的计算机或额外的书籍，每年？私立学校符合国家标准的使用费，他们收集他们认为最好的。
但是，在涉及公共税收，支出遵循教育委员会学校（决策者在国家）和/或地区的水平。
同样的事情也是如此对学校课程，教师标准和认证的决定，以及全面衡量学生的进步。
Education—A Local Matter从夏威夷到特拉华州，从阿拉斯加到路易斯安那州，在美国50个州都有其自己的法律规范的教育。
从国家与国家，有些法律是相似，有些则没有。
例如：所有的州都要求青年人上学。
（不同的年龄限制：32个州要求参加到16岁，8至18岁;等）因此，在美国每一个儿童都享有高达13年的教育。
这是真的，不论孩子的种族，宗教，性别，学习问题，肢体伤残或不能讲英语。
英语国家社会与文化第四版上册课文Unit4翻译
英语国家社会与文化第四版上册课文Unit4翻译伦敦是一座充满反差的城市，历史和传统悠久，但始终处于当代时尚和思想的前沿。
景点不胜枚举，但包括威斯敏斯特大教堂、白金汉宫和伦敦塔等世界著名景点。
在特拉法加广场漫步，在牛津街购物，千万不要错过最新的热门之旅——伦敦眼——一个巨大的摩天轮，可以俯瞰壮丽的景色。
对于那些喜欢戏剧的人来说，伦敦西区有大量精选的戏剧和演出。
对于博物馆迷来说，大英博物馆和科学博物馆是世界上最好的博物馆之一。
泰特美术馆和国家美术馆收藏了一些世界上最伟大的艺术作品。
有关伦敦附近游客目的地的信息，请访问英国母国、东安格利亚和英格兰中部的WorldWeb旅行指南。
威斯敏斯特大教堂威斯敏斯特大教堂可追溯到1045年，当时由爱德华一世国王建造。
今天，它仍然是一个经常礼拜的地方，也是许多王室庆祝和抱怨的场所。
国王和其他庄严的人物埋葬在这里。
它占地32000平方英尺，是一个建筑奇迹。
教堂使用的钟可以追溯到13世纪和16世纪。
白金汉宫白金汉宫是英国女王在伦敦的官邸，也是世界上最知名的建筑之一。
它装饰和装饰着艺术作品，这些作品是皇家收藏的一部分，皇家收藏是世界上主要的艺术收藏之一。
宫殿的部分区域定期向游客开放。
游客可以参观女王接待和款待客人的一些国务室。
国务室里有一些皇家收藏中最好的物品和令人叹为观止的法国家具。
客人还可以探索宫殿内的一些公寓。
塔桥于1885年开始建造，9年后开放。
这是伦敦唯一一座可以升高的桥。
桥内有塔桥体验，这解释了这座桥100年的历史。
伦敦塔景点。
白塔始建于1078年，是后来成为伦敦塔的第一座建筑。
官方名称是“女王陛下的皇宫和要塞——伦敦塔”。
随着时间的推移，原始结构中添加了一些内容。
一些额外的塔楼包括皇冠珠宝，圣。
托马斯之塔、盐塔以及更多。
威斯敏斯特宫外的钟楼通常被称为大本钟。
关于大本钟，大多数人不知道的是，真正的大本钟实际上是塔内的钟，而不是塔楼本身。
威斯敏斯特宫包括议会大厦。
英语国家社会与文化入门
英语国家社会与文化入门（上）Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom IThe full name of the country of UK is the Untied Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.UK includes 4 parts: the island of Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales, and Northern Ireland.Different people who belong to different class will tend to read different newspaper, watch different television programmes, speak with a different accent, do different things in their free-time, and have different expectations for their children.Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people.In 43 AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire and England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.After Roman time, Britain was under threat from outside, this time from Germanic peoples: the Angles, and the Saxon.In the 5th century AD it is said that a great leader appeared, united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur, drove the Saxons back. This is the story of King Arthur. According to legend Arthur gathered a company of knights to him and conflict between his knights led to Arthur creating the famous “round table” at which all would have equal precedence.Anglo-Saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English, the founders of “Angle-land” or “England” as it has become know.From the late 8th century on raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain’s shores.The next invaders were the Normans, from northern France, who were descendants of Vikings.Under William of Normandy they crossed the English Channel in 1066.William took the English throne, and became William the First of England.Robin Hood was a Saxon nobleman oppressed by the Normans, who became an outlaw, and with his band of “merry men” hid in the forest of Sherwood in the north midlands of England and they went out to rob from the rich to give to the poor.Charles the First’ attempt to overrule parliament in the 1640s led to a civil war in which parliamentary forces were victorious, and the king was executed. And then England was ruled by parliament’s leader, Oliver Cromwell.The largest city of Scotland is Glasgow and the capital city is Edinburgh.Scotland was not conquered either by the Romans or the Anglo-Saxons.Like England Scotland began to experience Viking raid in the 9th century.Under the leadership of Robert the Bruce, the Scots were victorious at the Battle of Bannockburn, leading to 300 years of full independence.In 1603, Queen Elizabeth the First of England died childless, and the next in line to the throne was James the Sixth of Scotland, so he also became James the First of England, uniting the two thrones.In 1707 by agreement of English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.The Scotland Act 1998 provided for the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and Executive.Scottish writes have given the world such well-known work as Walter Scott’s romances of highland Scotland and “Auld Lang Syne” (by Robert Burns)The capital city of Wales is Cardiff.Unit 2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom IIThe capital city of Northern Ireland is Belfast.The most famous landmark of Northern Ireland is the “Giant’s causeway”, a rocky promontory made up of black hexagonal columns.From the time of Queen Elizabeth I the new settlers, loyal to the British crown and Protestant in religious persuasion, were granted land, position, and privileges which had been systematically take away from the indigenous, Roman Catholic population.“Great hatred, little room” was the way the modern poet W. B. Yeats described the situation. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”, not only “Northern Ireland”, because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain.The Easter Rising of 1916 was the most spectacular event, in which the rebels took over Dublin’s Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by military means.In 1919 a group calling itself the IRA (Irish Republican Army) expanded the fighting.In the end the conflict became too great to ignore, and as the Sinn Fein party, who were supporters of the Irish terrorists, gained most of the Irish seats in the British parliament, Irish independence became inevitable.In 1921 the southern 26 counties formed an independent “free state”, while the 6 north-eastern counties remained a part the UK.In 1969, the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Irish streets.The official IRA thought enough progress had been made that they could concentrate on a political process, and run candidates for elections, but a strong faction felt that armed force was the only way to get the British out, and separated from the officials, calling themselves the “Provisional IRA”.In 1971 the Northern Irish government took the desperate step of imprisoning terrorist suspects from both sides without trial, a policy known as “internment”, which targeted primarily Catholic men in the North.In 1972 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland and that day has now been mythologiesed as “Bloody Sunday”, an important symbol of British oppression.In 1973, an agreement was reached between the main political parties in Northern Ireland, and importantly, the British and Irish governments, which led to a new form for the Northern Irish Parliament, with a Power-Sharing mechanism.The Sinn Fein party spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of “The Bullet and the Ballot Box”.As a result of multi-party negotiations, aided this time by the intervention of the United States Senator George Mitchell, the Good Friday Agreement known also the Belfast Agreement, emerged on 10 April 1998.Unit 3 The Government of the United KingdomBritain is arguably the oldest representative democracy in the world, with roots that can be traced over a thousand years.The oldest institution of government is the Monarchy.The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the “divine right of kings”The opposition was so powerful the king finally granted a gang of feudal barons and the Church a charter of liberty and political rights, still know by its medieval Latin name of Magna Carta, which is still regarded as Britain’s key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.The civil war which brought the Roundheads to power in the 17th century was rooted in a dispute over the power of the king vis-à-vis Parliament.In 1689 Parliament passed the Bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.In 1832, when a system for choosing the House of Commons by popular election replaced the monarch’s job of appointing representatives, the modern political system was born.The party with the most supporters in the Commons forms the government, and by tradition, the leader of that party becomes Prime Minister.Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.British governance today is based upon the terms and conditions of the constitution.Israel and Britain are the only two countries without written constitutions of the sort which most countries have.The foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law, that is, laws passed by Parliament; the common laws, which are laws which have been established through common practice in the courts, not because Parliament has written them; and conventions, which are rules and practices which do not exist legally, but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government.Parliament is supreme in the British state because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution.Strictly speaking, the Parliament today consists of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.The role of the monarchy today is primarily to symbolize the tradition and unity of the British state.There are 724 Lords and 646 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons.Unit 4 Politics, Class and RaceIn 1928 it reached the current level of about 99% can vote (those excluded are Lords, certain categories of convicted criminals, the legally insane, and resident foreign citizens – except UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic)After a government has been in power for 5 years it has to resign and hold a “general election”, in which all British adults are given the chance to vote again for their constituency’s MP.Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.There are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats.The Labour party is the newest of these three, created by the growing trade union movementat the end of the nineteenth century.The Conservative party is the party that spend most time in power.The Liberal Democrats are the third biggest party, and to some extent may be seen as a party of the “middle”, occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties.Margaret Thatcher is the UK’s first woman Prime Minister.The car-worker probably reads a paper like The Sun: a newspaper with little heard news and more about TV soap operas, the Royal family, and sport. The university teacher might read The Guardian: a larger newspaper with longer stories, covering national and international news, “high” culture such as theatre and literature, and so on.Unit 5 The UK EconomyThe UK is now the world’s sixth largest economy.The UK is not only a member of the G7, G8, G20 major economies, but also a member of the World Trade Organization.Firstly, the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war, selling many of its accumulated overseas assets, and borrowing large amounts from the United States and Canada.Secondly, the ear of empire was over. India, popularly known as “The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947.Thirdly, despite the relatively rapid and trouble-free process of decolonization, Britain has still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed.Fourthly, although Britain was quite badly damaged by German bombing during the war, its industry survived comparatively unaffected. This failure to invest sufficiently in industry also reflects a long-standing and continuing problem in the UK economy.National economies can be broken down into three main areas: “primary” industries, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining; “secondary” industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; and tertiary industries, often described as services, such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.Britain’s agricultural sector is small but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2% of its workforce.Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught.Three of the biggest ten companies in Britain are to be found in the energy sector: Shell, British Petroleum (BP), and British Gas.The World’s largest mining company, RTZ, is a UK company which operates mines all over the world.The British company Glaxo-Wellcome is the biggest drug company in the world.70% of the UK’s workforce are employed in the service sector.London is one of the top three financial centres in the world. It has the greatest concentration of foreign banks in the world, accounts for 20% of all international bank-loans, and is the world’s largest foreign exchange market. As well as banking, dealing in commodities and insurance are important processes in “The City”—the name given to the historic area at the centre of London where all this business is concentrated, at the heart of which is London Stock Exchange, one of the business share-dealing centres in the world.Aerospace is one of the UK’s highest value adding manufacturing sectors.Unit 6 British LiteratureThe major literature competition is the annual Booker Prize.Much early British writing was concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons produced beautifully illustrated versions of the Bible: the most famous of these is the Book of Kells. One of the oldest of these early “Old English” litrary works is long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf.One work from Norman Conquest times often studied today by middle school and college students is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, who was the first court poet to write in English.There was a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th century which is known as “The Renaissance”.Christopher Marlowe’s most famous play is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, the story of a man who sold his soul to the devil in return for power.William Shakespeare is probably the best-known literary figure in the world.The tragedies include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.Among the comedies are The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Twelfth Night, and The Tempest.A permanent monument of English literature style commemorates James’s name. He ordered the translation of the Holy Scriptures known as the King James Bible(1611).The Essays of Frances Bacon made popular in English a literary form widely practiced afterward.The literary giant of the 17th century, John Milton was much bound up in Puritan Revolution. The most famous pamphlets is Areopagitica. During his retirement from public life he produced his masterpieces: Paradise Lost, its sequel, Paradise Regained, and the poetic tragedy Samson Agonistes.Johnthan Swift’s name is linked with the fanciful account of four voyages known to us as Guliver’s Travels.Scotland produced a much-loved poet, Robert Burns, who wrote in Scottish dialect.Daniel Defoe ‘s first and greatest novel appeared in 1719, which was Robinson Crusoe, the most famous tale of shipwreck and solitary survival in all literature.Two poets offered what had been called romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” This was a volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads, written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.George Gordon, Lord Byron’s large body of work includes the partly autobiographical Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. Don Juan owed its title.John Keats’s art is nowhere greater than in the two pomes “Ode on a Grecian Urn” and ”Ode to a Nightingale.”Percy Bysshe Shelley’s writing has a wide range. The lovely musical quality of his work appears in the fine verses of “Ode to the West Wind” and “To a Skylark”The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel, notably in Mary Shelley’s (the poet Shelly’s wife) Frankenstein, the story of science gone wrong through the disastrous consequences of an arrogant scientist’s attempts to create life.Most of Sir Walter Scott’s themes came from medieval and Scottish history and he wrote a number of romantic novels.Jane Austen, who excelled at this form of writing, is indeed one of the greatest of all Englishnovelists. A delightful, almost flawless stylist, she has devoted admirers of her Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and Emma, among other works.Perhaps the most famous literary family in British history are the Bronte sisters, and they too were influenced by the Romantic movement. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily’s Wuthering Heights are the most successful.Charles Dickens produced Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and Great Expectations.Later in the 19th century Robert Louis Stevenson also wrote Scottish historical romances, The Adventures in Treasure Island and Kidnapped thrill readers young and old. His most famous short novel was The strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.Among Thomas Hardy’s better-known novels are The Return of the Native, Tess of the D’urbervilles, and Jude the Obscure.20th century literature can be broadly divided into two stylistic periods: Modernism, and Postmodernism.One of the most famous of English modernist writers is Joseph Conrad, whose most famous novel is The Heart of Darkness.Virginia Woolf is another writer associated with Modernism, and one of the most famous writers of the century. Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, and Orlando are among her best-known books.D.H. Lawrence wrote Sons and Lovers.Unit 7 British Education SystemMany people think school is just about teaching children what are often called “the three Rs” – “reading, riting and rithmetic”. But the purpose of the British education system is also to socialize children.The school (or college) tie is a clear marker of social class.Education in the UK is compulsory. Children are legally obliged to attend school from the age of 5 (4 in Northern Ireland) to 16.State schools are funded by local and central government. The government also sometimes assists schools established by religious groups.In the private sector there are independent schools which are commonly, but confusingly, called public schools. Independent schools receive their funding through the private sector and through tuition rates, with some government assistance.Between the ages of 5 to 11, pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools.From the age of 11 up to around the age of 19, students attend secondary schools.General Certificate of Secondary Education are the main means of assessing pupils’ progress in their final 2 years of compulsory education.Other pupils who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training.So far, the UK has only one privately funded university, the University of Buckingham. Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13 centuries.The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree.Unit 8 British Foreign RelationsBritain was active in setting up the United Nations and, in recognition of its continuingimportance to world politics it was awarded a seat on the UN Security Council.The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’s foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.The Ministry of Defence, although it is considered less important than the FCO, is an important play.The Department of Trade and Industry is concerned with formulating international trade policy and managing British commercial relations with other countries.A less obvious, but extremely influential play in Britain’s foreign poly is the Treasury. Britain is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, along with Russia, China, the US and France.In 1973 the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community, now EU.Through its involvement in NATO, Britain was committed to European defence cooperation Britain is also a member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies.The keystone of British defence policy is its participation in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, more commonly known as NATO.Unit 9 The British MediaThe observer, which is still published every Sunday, first appeared in 1791, making it the world’s oldest Sunday newspaper, while The Times, which began publishing in 1785, is the United Kingdom’s oldest daily newspaper.This watchdog function, keeping an eye on the government, is one of the reasons why a free press is considered so important to the functioning of parliamentary democracy.The British media all must follow the Advertising Code which ensure that advertisements are legal, decent, honest and truthful; have a sense of responsibility for consumer and society; and respect the principles of fair competition.Until the 1980s, almost all the national newspapers had their headquarters on or around Fleet Street in London, and sometimes you will hear newspaper culture referred to still as “Fleet Street”, or even, sometimes, the Street of Shame, reflecting the birth of scandals which take place.While officially speaking the British press is “free” from government control and censorship and can print what it likes, there are limits to what will appear in the daily paper.The oldest and most popular soap, which began in the 1960s, is Coronation Street.The British Broadcasting Corporation – more familiarly known as the BBC or even “the Beeb” – us Britain’s main public service broadcaster.The BBC is funded by licence fees and viewers must buy a licence each year for their TV set. Unit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in Britain“Football hooligans”, supporters of rival teams, sometimes clash before, during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town, breaking windows and beating each other up.Wimbledon, actually a London suburb, is where the world’s best players gather to compete ongrass courts. It is one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the world.Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organized rules and to be played according to the same rules nationally.The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.The true sport of British Kings and Queens is not skiing or golfing, but horse racing.There are two kinds of horse racing: flat racing, where horses and riders compete on a flat, oval track; and steeplechasing, which is racing either across the countryside, or around a course designed to represent the obstacles you might encounter in the countryside. Christmas, December 25th, is the biggest and best loved British holiday.There are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British: one is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play.Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio.A third British tradition, which is also celebrated in countries with British heritages, is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas.For church goers it is Easter, not Christmas, which is the most important Christian festival. One of Britain’s most impressive and colourful festival happens on the second Saturday in June when the Queen’s Birthday is officially celebrated by “Trooping the Colour” around Buckingham Palace in London.The UK, unlike most countries, does not have a “national day”.One truly English holiday is Bonfire Night – sometimes called Guy Fawkes Night – celebrated in the early autumn.The Twelfth is the high point of what is known as the Marching Season, when Protestant “Orangemen” take to the streets wearing their traditional unifors of bowler hats, black suits and orange sashes, marching through the streets sing, banging durms and playing in marching bands.Northern Irish Catholics celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland, St Patrick, on March 17 each year.How Hogmanay is celebrated varies throughout Scotland, but one widely practiced is “first footing”.Each year Scottish people all over the world celebrate their most beloved national poet, Robert Burns, by holding a Burns Supper on the evening of his birthday.Halloween is a Scottish festival that comes from the great feast of the pagan Celts which marked the arrival of the winter half of the year.Wales has some of the oldest and richest literary, musical and poetic traditions in Europe. Unit 11 Land, People and HistorySeen from the air, the visitor’s first impression of Ireland is an intense green or rather mixture of greens, which changes little between summer and winter.Emigration did take place before the Great Famine, mostly from the northern part of Ireland, known as the province of Ulster.The event that triggered the Great Famine was a blight on the potato crop.The stereotype of the Irish in the British popular press of this period is of a people who were, at best, lazy, impractical, and dreamy; at worse, dirty, untrustworthy, and close to animals.Thus the Great Famine became a watershed in Irish history.And yet Ireland’s history has been one of invasions of vastly different peoples – Celts, Christians, Vikings, Normans, English – each of which has made a distinctive contribution to its present population.But for all the legacies of the Celts, it is their language that has proved the most lasting.With the language, the Celts brought an instrument of social and cultural unity to the island, which transcended political and social divisions.Along with their language, the Celts also brought a legal system.From around 800 onwards Viking marauders attacked Ireland, as well as England.During the course of the 13th century, the Normans were the first to attempt to impose on Ireland a centralized administration which mimicked the parliament and legal system and administrative practices of their native England.Following its slogans of “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,” the Society of the United Irishmen was founded in 1791 to press for radical reform.After the defeat of the 1798 rebellion, the London government took drastic action to curtain any notions of Irish independence.The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB; later known as the Irish Republican Army of IRA) was founded in 1858 to promote, by violence if necessary, Irish independence from Great Britain.To counter just such bloody and futile rebellions, a constitutional movement seeking Home Rule was instituted up by Issac Butt.The Home Rule bill was finally passed in 1914, but its implementation was shelved upon the outbreak of World War I.In 1916 the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army staged another, and final, rebellion against British rule, which is called The Easter Rising.In December, 1921 the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed, with the result that 26 counties gained independence as the new Irish Free State.Unit 12 Politics and EconomyIn structure, like most former colonies of Great Britain, the Irish Republic has a Prime Minister or Taoiseach and a Deputy Prime Minister or Tanaiste.Once elected, it is the Taoiseach who appoints a cabinet to execute the daily business of government.The Parliament or Dail frames and enacts all legislation for the country.Finally, the laws are enforced by an unarmed police force, called the Garda Siochana.Being a republic, rather than a monarchy, the government is headed by a President, who is elected directly by the people.Every citizen of 35 years of age or over usually is eligible to run for President.The President’s term of office is seven years. A President can be reelected once only.The executive powers of the State are exercised by, or on the authority of, the Government. The Government consists of the Taoiseach and the ministers that he or she appoints to the cabinet.The Parliament of Ireland is comprised of two houses: the Dail and the Seanad or the Senate. The elected system used in Ireland is called “proportional representation”.The civil service is divided into sixteen Government Departments, each headed by a Ministerappointed by the Taoiseach.The legal courts in Ireland are arranged in a hierarchy, while the District Court is at the bottom of the ladder, and then Circuit Court, the High Court and the Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.Ireland’s entrance into the EU in 1973 has transformed labour practice and given Ireland access to the Single Market.Mimicking the boom in Asia, the media called Ireland’s sudden wealth “The Celtic Tiger” economy.Unit 13 Irish Culture: How the Irish Live NowOn the one hand, the English political domination of Ireland has left the Republic with a secure and workable administrative, educational, and judicial system.On the other hand, the Irish are proud they do not have a monarchy: they think of themselves as citizens, not as subjects.In Ireland, the Catholic Church also exercised a firm hold over educational structure, over hospitals, over the media, and over the way people thought about themselves and their lives. What has changed dramatically in the last forty years has been the structure of Irish family life.The primary agent in effecting change in traditional family life has been the movement for women’s liberation.The communal facility in both city and countryside that is most widely patronized is the public house or “pub”.One of the reasons why these informal work practices are congenial is that there is little division in an Irish person’s life between his work and his social life.In Ireland, trade unions are an important part of job security.Traditionally, Irish education was undertaken by various religious orders, mostly Roman Catholic, with the result that forty years ago, almost three quarters of existing schools were “denominational” — that is, associated with one religious denomination or another.In 1996-1997 the Irish government extended free education to cover all public universities, as is common in most of European countries.In Ireland, education is compulsory for children aged six to fifteen years.The vast majority of children receive their primary education in “national schools”; i.e., state-aided schools.Most secondary schools are privately owned, many by Catholic religious communities — and are hence sectarian or denominational.Like the Chinese gao kao, the Leaving Certificate exams set by the Department of Education which are uniform for all Irish students.There are five public universities in the State.The University of Dublin comprises one college, Trinity College. This is the oldest university in the State, founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I for the education of Protestants.Unit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and ArtsThe language that is spoken universally in the Republic of Ireland is a version of standard。
英语国家社会与文化入门（上册）汉语译文之英国UKeconomy
Absolute Decline and RelativeDecline到19世纪80年代英国经济在世界上占主导地位产生一个世界上，一半的煤，铁，半制成品的棉花三分之一。
英国航运数额更大的世界其他地区加起来比。
但即使到1900年这不再是这样，英国有超过都被美国和德国，当然也从1945年到现在，对英国经济的故事通常是作为一个思想的下降。
这是可以理解的，而是误导，因为它实际上一直是经济稳定增长时期，迅速提高生活水平。
英国仍然是七工业经济大集团之一。
但也有描述为这一时期下降的原因之一。
中英双方作为第二次世界大战的成功盟友之一战后世界，同其主要竞争对手的一些国家，如德国和日本，经济遭到破坏。
同时英国是一个更加庞大帝国的中心。
数字显示，英国是仅次于美国在国际经济中。
因此，英国当时显然是在强大的经济地位，它的地位显然不再占据，这表明一些下降排序。
但基本的正面描述的经济规模表面上的事实，世界贸易是英国比例很高，因此在1945年，没有透露有关英国的立场，重要的负面事实即使这样。
首先该国了负债累累，以资助战争，累计出售其海外资产多，借用美国和加拿大的大量资金。
这些债务意味着英国进入一个重大的经济问题，战后时代。
其次，帝国时代已经结束。
印度，俗称为“在大英帝国的皇冠”珠宝称，1947年取得独立，只有2年后战争结束。
这是在帝国的最大元素，提供原材料，并为英国商品的大市场。
这与印度的关系已不再可用，帝国的其它国家也纷纷仿效印度独立，剩下的只是一个中等规模的欧洲国家，英国的人口只有五分之一的美国的大小，第三，尽管相对快速和顺利的非殖民化自由的过程中，英国仍然不得不维持一个庞大而昂贵的地方，许多海外的军事存在，直到该进程完成（主要是由60年代末）。
此外，政府立场的其中一个职位的塑造者，战后世界需要大量的军事贡献，作为北约的主要伙伴之一两者，作为安理会常任理事国。
所有这一切的结果是英国用于军事比其大多数竞争对手其国民财富（尤其是其研究和开发预算）的比例较高。
英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译
英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
这是一个什么在许多方面是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。
大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。
然而，一些市民对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天过自己的生活。
一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的重要性。
英国不再是一个帝国的国家，尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式，而不是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分，和国家之间的密切关系，至少它通过一个松散的维持（自愿）组织的联系称为英联邦国家。
但更重要的英国国际关系今天是欧洲联盟，其中英国1973年以来的成员，这是在考虑更有用现代英国强调它的作用作为一个欧洲国家，而不是其英联邦成员资格。
它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家，是7国集团成员的大型发达经济体。
另外一个旧帝国的作用明显成效在于弥补的英国人口本身。
从这些英联邦国家，这在20世纪50年代和60年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其中1人在20个非欧洲种族。
他们自己或其父母或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些只是最常见的。
这将引入什么是对英国的章节关键主题：因为是大多数情况下，或所有，国家是不可能总结了一些简单的对话英国人民。
英国认为谁，很多人认为的英国绅士。
但是，这仅仅是一个旧有的从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说，没有什么真正的有效性今天。
英国是一个国家，一个单一的护照，和一个政府及对其所有的主权，但作为国家的大力顾名思义，它是由不同的元素组成。
它包括4一个国家内的部分国家：大不列颠岛是由英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士，北爱尔兰，一份关于爱尔兰邻近的岛屿省份，完成设置。
因此，在讨论英国和英国的一些考虑，必须使这些分歧，例如：一个来自苏格兰的女人不会高兴，如果我们打电话给她的英国绅士？她是苏格兰和女性，并认为她的身份从不同的男人和不同的英语。
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也许西安呢！伦敦是英国的经济和文化生活的巨大影响力，并在一定程度上在其阴影的国家
中休息。
England
Population (1994)48.7 million(UK total 58.4 million)
Area130 423 km2(UK total 241 752 km2)
交给议会。查尔斯第一企图推翻于17世纪40年代导致内战中，议会的力量取得了胜利，国
王被处决议会。经过11个，其中英国是由国会领导人，克伦威尔，恢复君主制统治多年的
差距。与议会和国王的冲突导致从宝座取消苏格兰的斯图亚特房子，威廉和玛丽从荷兰进口
采取王位，从而最终建立对朝廷议会的统治地位。
Scotland
然而，维持他们的统治有困难，导致他们撤退到线大致相当于英格兰和苏格兰之间的现代边
界。沿着这条线，从海到海，他们像中国，建立了一堵墙，以纪念他们的域的北部边缘，并
帮助保卫它。它被称为“哈德良长城”之后，罗马皇帝在其建设的时间，虽然毁了，它的长度
仍然可以看到并沿着。
也不是苏格兰最征服盎格鲁撒克逊人，虽然英国的角度是在东南成立，因此，爱丁堡的
地之间的差异和低地苏格兰有着悠久的历史意义，例如：北部和南部英格兰队也被认为是文
化不同，但它们之间的边界上没有标记任何地图，只存在一个比较笼统的精神风貌。然而，
有一些是在经济方面的区别的基础，南部平均较富裕的北方。
部分之间的北部和南部的另一个区别，这标志着英国社会，一个可以看到在许多社会中，
但有可能尤其明显，在英国，也就是资本之间的区别和不同的经济差别的原因找到了省份。
者威廉”），他们在1066年越过英吉利海峡，并在黑斯廷斯战役，哈罗德国王下击败英国军
队。这标志着最后一次从外部入侵成功地在英伦三岛的军队。威廉了英国王位，成为英国威
廉第一。在伦敦，在伦敦，他城堡建中心大楼，今日依然适用。
诺曼并没有解决任何英格兰很大程度上：进口，而他们的统治阶级。接下来的三百年可
以看作是一个诺曼（和法语）贵族统治一个主要撒克逊和英语的人口。正是这种局势产生了
后，苏格兰人，在罗伯特布鲁斯的领导，是战胜国，在班诺克本战役，导致300年完全独立。
在1603年，但是，伊丽莎白女王，英国首位死亡无子女，以及符合未来王位的是苏格
兰的詹姆斯第六届，因此他也成为英格兰的詹姆斯第一，团结两个宝座。但再过一百年苏格
个旧有的从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说，没有什么真正的有效性今天。英国是一个国家，
一个单一的护照，和一个政府及对其所有的主权，但作为国家的大力顾名思义，它是由不同
的元素组成。它包括4一个国家内的部分国家：大不列颠岛是由英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士，
北爱尔兰，一份关于爱尔兰邻近的岛屿省份，完成设置。因此，在讨论英国和英国的一些考
因素，两者之间频繁的战争。威廉莎士比亚的戏剧“麦克白”中设置的这个贝里克period.The
苏格兰小镇附近的现今英国苏格兰边境后，不愧是据说易手13次，结果是英苏格兰冲突。
尽管冲突，有密切的联系，两国之间广泛的两个贵族通婚，甚至王室之间的家庭。最近好莱
坞电影，勇敢的心，告诉威廉华莱士的起义在1298年，是由英国平息的故事。但仅仅几年
日耳曼名字。英国凯尔特人流离失所由撒克逊入侵南部被占领靠近了现在格拉斯哥，在这同
一时期（约公元六世纪）的人从北爱尔兰入侵西南地区。它们被称为苏格兰人，但正是他们
给了苏格兰其名称的现代化国家。原苏格兰凯尔特人，称为皮克特人，他们与非生产性广泛，
但离开高原区。之间的高地和低地苏格兰仍然是一个分裂的文化鸿沟的今天，同样的方式为
虑，必须使这些分歧，例如：一个来自苏格兰的女人不会高兴，如果我们打电话给她的英国
绅士？她是苏格兰和女性，并认为她的身份从不同的男人和不同的英语。
但是，这4个组成部分之间的区别的国家只有一个，也许是最简单的，不同的是分裂联
合王国。有人已经指出，英国现在是一个多种族社会，这些移民是最近才集团带来了自己的
人们的户外生活在家里就可以进行公众的目光。对比这可能与其他国家的户外生活可能更多
的社会正面看路人门廊由坐在人。
在未来数百年诺曼入侵后，可以被看作是连接在一起的英国统治下的不列颠群岛的各个
部分的过程，因此有英国的身份最终成为淹没通过一项更广泛的英国身份的必要性，既要团
结王国内部，并提出一个单一的身份对外英国成为一个帝国。与此同时，权力从君主逐渐移
对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天
过自己的生活。
一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的
重要性。英国不再是一个帝国的国家，尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式，而不
是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分，和国家之间的密切关系，至少它通过一个松散的
统一了英国人，他的神奇的剑，神剑，推动了撒克逊人回来。这是亚瑟王的故事，并已通过
歌手，诗人，小说家，甚至制片人至今点缀。
虽然亚瑟王的真实存在的疑问，您可以访问他的传说，如悬崖边缘的廷塔杰尔城堡在康
沃尔，相关的地方。根据传说亚瑟的骑士聚集一公司给他，谁坐在阿瑟一起在卡米洛特城堡
（可能是真实的吉百利在萨默塞特山山顶堡垒）。他的骑士之间的冲突导致亚瑟创造了著名
内容丰富，非常规的内部生活的外部符合隐藏的叛乱传奇受欢迎。但是，像所有成见，这一
项在很多英国人，尤其是年轻人，喜欢展示他们的unconvenionality外部其弱点，，例如
英国朋克摇滚乐队与他们的生动头发染高低不平。但是，确实有许多英国房屋的死气沉沉方
面隐瞒美丽的后花园。园艺是英国最受欢迎的消闲活动之一，并在后花园提供了一个地方，
英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译
A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom
该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。这是一个什么在许多方面
是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一
个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。然而，一些市民
英国是一个高度城市化的国家，其80个城市的人口居住在％，而只有2的农业劳动人口
％。其最大的城市是首都，伦敦，这是在英国统治在各个领域：政府，金融，和文化。英国
物理上的四国最大的，它是迄今最多的人口。在规模优势，这反映在文化和经济优势也具有
其结果是外国人士有时约英格兰交谈时他们指的是英国的错误。值得注意的是，在英国的人
英格兰的英雄传说另一个。这是罗宾汉，由诺曼，谁成为非法压迫Saxonnobleman，并
与他的“快乐男人”带传说藏在舍伍德森林在英格兰北部的中部。从这个秘密的地方，武装他
们的长弓，然后他们出去抢劫从富人送给穷人。这种早期的英国社会主义（！）有特色，在
许多电视剧和电影，英国和美国。一些作家已经看到在这个绿木隐藏着的英文字符的线索：
英格兰北部和南部认为自己的不同之处。甚至有在高原地区（除英国）人说老塞尔特语，被
称为“盖尔语”。
喜欢英格兰，苏格兰开始体验海盗在第九世纪袭击，它是来自外部的威胁，这导致苏格
兰国王，以统一的压力，形成仅有约的同时，盎格鲁撒克逊英格兰也是统一的一个独立的苏
格兰国家奇异。这个较大，南方门口强大的王国的存在是在苏格兰政治的，关于时间的关键
确实可以说，对英国社会的阶级结构是比较明显的。一名工厂工人，他的父亲是工厂的工人
很可能会从股票经纪，父亲是一名股票经纪人，不同的文化：他们将倾向于读不同的报纸，
看不同的电视节目，用不同的说话口音，在做不同的事情他们的自由时间，对自己的孩子有
不同的期望。
另一个不同之处，这标志着英国社会就是区域。即使在四个国家，每个地区的不同：高
20世纪50年代和60年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其中1人在20个非欧洲种族。他们自己或
其父母或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些只是最常见的。
这将引入什么是对英国的章节关键主题：因为是大多数情况下，或所有，国家是不可能
总结了一些简单的对话英国人民。英国认为谁，很多人认为的英国绅士。但是，这仅仅是一
文化，这与他们并肩坐在一起，与生活更加传统的英国方式方方面，例如，许多穆斯林，而
大多数（名英国人至少）是基督教徒。并明确在我的苏格兰妇女的例子涉及的是事实，男人
和女人没有生活在英国同样的经历。此外，英国经济分为：它是一个阶级结构的社会。很可
能夸大了这个阶级的重要性，因为结构的过程中，大多数国家有一些一流的一种制度，但它
有时也犯类似的错误，但在其他三个国家的人不会：他们会称自己为英国（如可能的英文），
否则可能会称自己为苏格兰或威尔士和爱尔兰，但是，他们肯定不会自称（或喜欢被称为）
英语。因此，奇怪的是，四国，英国大多数英国人认为，因此，作为一个独立的“英语”对自
己最薄弱的文化，在英国。
英国历史上一直是侵略的历史。之前，公元一世纪，英国是组成许多人的凯尔特部落王
Population:
Area:
5.111 million
77 080km2
苏格兰是第一，因为只有非英语了它先前花了相当长一段历史的英国组件作为统一国家的英国独
立。因此，它不是一个大的飞跃苏格兰想象自己独立了。
在身体上，苏格兰是英国最坚固的一部分，是人烟稀少的山区和北部的湖泊区，（苏格
在打击海盗南部的潮流。仍然有一定的这一天北方人之间在英国，南方人的文化鸿沟的同时
不自觉地“撒克逊人”与“丹麦人”，可能在这个时候它的起源。较富裕的南方人倾向于认为是
自己的尖端不到北方人，而北方人认为南方人傲慢和不友好的。它们还具有明显的特点是不
同的口音。
下一个侵略者的诺曼，来自法国北部，谁都是海盗的后裔。在诺曼底威廉（称为“征服