英文解释
英文解释说明文Exposition
说明方法
举例子、作引用、分类别、 列数字、作比较、列图表、 下定义、作诠释、打比方、 摹状貌
1、 Illustration
• Illustration is the use of detailed and concrete （明确的） examples to explain an abstract point, and to persuade or convince the reader.
• Definition is a method to explain a term that may have various denotative（外延） or connotative（内涵） meanings or shades of meaning. • The term is usually abstract, ambiguous or controversial（有争议
However they often go together in an essay,
with stress on one or the other.
3、An Analysis of Cause & Effect A cause-effect essay is a piece of expository writing showing or explaining the cause / effect of something.
2、Comparison & Contrast
A comparison explains how things are
similar. A contrast explains how things are different. A paper may deal entirely with similarities or with differences.
中国经典谚语英文解释
中国经典谚语英文解释Chinese Idioms: A Window into the Chinese CultureChina, a country with a long history and rich cultural heritage, is known for its numerous idioms that have been passed down through generations. These idioms, commonly referred to as "chengyu," are an integral part of the Chinese language and provide unique insights into Chinese wisdom, philosophy, and way of life. In this article, we will explore some of the most well-known Chinese idioms and provide English explanations to help non-Chinese speakers better understand their profound meaning.1. 一日千里(yì rì qiān lǐ) - "Cover a thousand miles in a single day"This idiom is used to describe rapid progress or an advanced development. It originated from the story of a legendary creature called "peng," which was said to have the ability to fly long distances in a short time. Therefore, when someone achieves a significant accomplishment or progresses rapidly, this idiom is used to depict their remarkable speed.2. 画龙点睛(huà lóng diǎn jīng) - "Highlighting the dragon's eyes"This idiom refers to adding a vital touch or providing a crucial detail to make something perfect. The dragon is an important symbol in Chinese culture, and its eyes are believed to be the most important part of its body. Thus, when someone adds the finishing touch or makes a crucial contribution that greatly improves the outcome, this idiom is used.3. 杯弓蛇影(bēi gōng shé yǐng) - "Seeing a bow reflected in a cup as if it were a snake"This idiom is used to describe someone who is overly suspicious or sees imaginary dangers. It originated from a story where a person, seeing a bow reflected in a cup of wine, mistook it for a snake and became frightened. Therefore, when someone reads too much into a situation or interprets innocent actions as something harmful, this idiom is used to depict their excessive paranoia.4. 纸上谈兵(zhǐ shàng tán bīng) - "Armchair strategizing"This idiom refers to discussing military tactics without any practical experience or understanding of the situation at hand. It implies that merely talking about something without real-life experience or knowledge is ineffective. It originated from ancient times when military strategies were drawn on paper, but their effectiveness was uncertain until they were tested on the battlefield.5. 车水马龙(chē shuǐ mǎ lóng) - "A sea of vehicles and a dragon of horses"This idiom is used to describe heavy traffic or crowded streets. It paints a vivid picture of a chaotic scene where vehicles and horses are moving in all directions. It originated from the bustling streets of ancient times, which were filled with carriages and horses. This idiom is commonly used in modern China to depict crowded and congested urban areas.6. 亡羊补牢(wáng yáng bǔ láo) - "Mend the sheep pen after the sheep are gone"This idiom encourages taking preventive measures and beingprepared beforehand. It tells the story of a shepherd who only realizes the importance of repairing the sheep pen after losing some sheep. Therefore, it is used to remind people to take action before it's too late and to rectify problems when they are still manageable.7. 自相矛盾(zì xiāng máo dùn) - "To contradict oneself"This idiom describes a situation where someone's own words or actions contradict each other. It originated from the concept of two warriors fighting each other with spears, but their weapons get entangled and become useless. Thus, when someone says or does something that conflicts with their previous statements or actions, this idiom is used to point out the contradiction.8. 守株待兔(shǒu zhū dài tù) - "To guard a tree stump, waiting for rabbits"This idiom refers to waiting for opportunities to come without taking any proactive action. It originated from a story where a farmer accidentally killed a rabbit while chopping wood. He then decided to wait for more rabbits to come by, foolishly expecting them to jump into his arms. Therefore, this idiom is used to criticize someone who relies solely on luck without making an effort to achieve their goals.9. 一箭双雕(yī jiàn shuāng diāo) - "To shoot two hawks with one arrow"This idiom describes achieving two goals with a single action or solving two problems simultaneously. It originated from the skillful archery of ancient hunters, who were able to kill two hawks with a single arrow. Therefore, when someone manages toaccomplish multiple tasks by taking efficient actions, this idiom is used to depict their resourcefulness.10. 纸上谈党(zhǐ shàng tán dǎng) - "Discussing the Communist Party on paper"This idiom refers to talking about a subject without deep understanding or practical experience. It originated during the early days of the Communist Party in China when some intellectuals debated the party's ideology without truly understanding its principles or the reality on the ground. Thus, this idiom is used to criticize those who engage in superficial discussions without real knowledge or experience.These examples provide a glimpse into the richness of Chinese idioms and their cultural significance. Each idiom tells a story or conveys a moral lesson, reflecting the values and beliefs of the Chinese people. By understanding these idioms, non-Chinese speakers can gain valuable insights into the Chinese culture, mindset, and way of life. So, next time you encounter a Chinese idiom, remember the story behind it and appreciate its profound meaning.Chinese idioms, also known as "chengyu," are a fascinating aspect of the Chinese language and culture. With a history dating back thousands of years, these idioms have been passed down from generation to generation and continue to be an integral part of daily conversations in China. Understanding Chinese idioms not only helps non-Chinese speakers appreciate the beauty and depth of the language but also provides valuable insights into the Chinese culture, mindset, and way of life.One of the distinctive features of Chinese idioms is their concisenature. Chinese idioms are typically composed of four characters, making them short and succinct. Despite their brevity, these idioms carry deep meanings and often draw upon rich cultural references and historical events. Therefore, decoding and understanding Chinese idioms require not only linguistic proficiency but also a familiarity with Chinese history and culture.Chinese idioms often use vivid imagery and metaphors to convey complex ideas and moral lessons. These metaphors are derived from a range of sources, including mythology, folklore, historical events, and natural phenomena. For instance, the idiom "一日千里" (yì rì qiān lǐ), which means "Cov er a thousand miles in a single day," originated from the mythical creature "peng." The peng was said to have the ability to fly long distances quickly. Thus, when someone achieves rapid progress or succeeds in a short time, this idiom is used to describe their remarkable speed.Another idiom that draws upon mythical creatures is "画龙点睛" (huà lóng diǎn jīng), which means "Highlighting the dragon's eyes." In Chinese culture, the dragon is considered a powerful and auspicious symbol. The eyes of the dragon are believed to be the most important part of its body. Therefore, when someone adds a vital touch or provides a crucial detail that greatly improves something, this idiom is used to depict their significant contribution.In addition to mythology and folklore, historical events also serve as inspiration for Chinese idioms. For example, the idiom "车水马龙" (chē shuǐ mǎ lóng), which means "A sea of vehicles and a dragon of horses," vividly describes heavy traffic or crowdedstreets. It originates from the bustling streets of ancient China, where carriages and horses would fill the roads, creating a chaotic and congested scene. This idiom is commonly used in modern China to depict crowded urban areas.Chinese idioms also often convey moral lessons and wisdom. For instance, the idiom "亡羊补牢" (wáng yáng bǔ láo) means "Mend the sheep pen after the sheep are gone." This idiom encourages taking preventive measures and rectifying problems in advance. It tells the story of a shepherd who realizes the importance of repairing the sheep pen only after losing some sheep. Thus, this idiom serves as a reminder to take action before it's too late and to be proactive in anticipating and preventing problems.Many Chinese idioms also reflect the Chinese philosophy and approach to life. The idiom "自相矛盾" (zì xiāng máo dùn) means "To contradict oneself." It depicts a situation where someone's own words or actions conflict with each other. It originated from the concept of two warriors fighting each other with spears, but their weapons get entangled and become useless. This idiom is used to point out inconsistency and irrationality, emphasizing the importance of coherence and logic in one's thoughts and actions.Moreover, Chinese idioms often promote the value of resourcefulness and efficiency. The idiom "一箭双雕" (yī jiàn shuāng diāo) means "To shoot two hawks with one arrow." It describes achieving two goals with a single action or solving two problems simultaneously. It originated from the skillful archery of ancient hunters, who were able to kill two hawks with a single arrow. Therefore, this idiom highlights the importance of beingingenious and finding innovative solutions to maximize effectiveness.It is worth noting that Chinese idioms are not confined to ancient times but continue to be used in modern China. They contribute to the richness and beauty of the Chinese language and help preserve the country's cultural heritage. Moreover, Chinese idioms serve as a common ground for the Chinese people, fostering a sense of identity and belonging. Understanding these idioms allows non-Chinese speakers to better connect with Chinese language and culture and opens up avenues for meaningful cross-cultural communication.In conclusion, Chinese idioms, with their concise nature and profound meanings, provide a window into the Chinese culture, mindset, and way of life. Drawing upon mythology, folklore, historical events, and moral lessons, these idioms encapsulate the wisdom, values, and beliefs of the Chinese people. By unraveling the stories and metaphors behind Chinese idioms, non-Chinese speakers can gain a deeper understanding of Chinese language and culture, fostering greater appreciation and cross-cultural connections.。
中医英文单词解释
望诊Inspection医生运用视觉，对人体全身或局部的神、色、形、态以及舌象等进行有目的地观察，包括全身望诊、局部望诊、望小儿指纹和望舌望神Inspection of spirit通过观察人的生命活动的整体表现来判断病情的方法望面色Inspection of complexion 医生观察病人面部的颜色与光泽。
颜色指色调变化（赤、青、黄、白、黑）；光泽即明度变化（荣润枯槁、有华无华）望舌Inspection of tongue 观察舌象以了解病情得神having spirit 有神，为精充、气足、神旺。
神志清楚，目光明亮，呼吸平稳，语言清晰；面色荣润，肌肉不削；动作自如，反应灵敏少神spirit lessen 轻度失神的表现。
精神不振，面色少华，两目乏神，倦怠乏力，少气懒言失神spirit lessen 精损、气亏、神衰的表现。
精神萎靡神识不清；语言错乱反应迟钝；面色晦暗目暗睛迷；呼吸异常形体羸瘦假神false spirit病人垂危时候,突然出现与疾病本质相反的假象。
本神志不清，忽精神转佳；本面色晦暗，忽颧红如妆；本语言断续，忽语声清亮；本不思饮食，忽食欲大增神乱mental disturbance 神志异常主色normal individual complexion 指人终身不变的面色，与生俱来客色varied normal color 随季节、环境而变的面色善色favorable complexion面色虽有异常，但仍光鲜润泽恶色unfavorable complexion面色异常，且晦暗枯槁望舌质the tongue body 包括舌神（荣、枯）、舌色、舌形、舌态望舌苔inspecting the tongue coating 包括苔之厚薄、润燥、腻腐、剥脱，苔色裂纹舌fissured tongue舌质呈现横竖不等的裂沟。
舌色红绛有裂纹，为热盛津伤；舌色淡白有裂纹，为气血不足齿痕舌tooth-marked tongue舌的边缘印有齿痕。
宏观词汇的英文解释
名词解释1,GDP:GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced in the country within a given period.2,GDP平减指数:The GDP deflator is the ratio of nominal GDP in a given year to real GDP of that year.3,Convergence(趋同):the process of one economy’s catching up with another economy is called convergence.4,Potential GDP（潜在GDP）:The level of output corresponding to full employment of the labor force. 5,The natural rate of unemployment(自然失业率): The natural rate of unemployment is the rate of unemployment arising from normal labor market frictions that exist when the labor market is in equilibrium.6,Automatic stabilizers (自动稳定器）：Automatic stabilizers are change in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policy makers having to take any deliberate action.7,Open-market operation (公开市场操作）:The buying and selling of government securities in the open market in order to expend or contract the mount of money in the bankingsystem .Purchases inject money into the banking system and stimulate growth while sales of securities do the opposite.8,Oken's law (奥肯定律）：A relationship between an economy's GDP gap and the actual unemployment rate.The relationship is represented by a ratio of 1 to 2.5 . Thus, fo r every 1% excess of the natural unemployment rate, a 2.5% GDP is predicted.9,Inflation (通货膨胀）：The rate at which the general level of price for goods and services is rising , and subsequently ,purchasing power is falling.10,Phillips curve (菲律普斯曲线）：An economy concept developed by A.W. Phillips stating that inflation and unemployment have a stable and inverse relationship .The theory states that with economic growth comes inflation , which in turn should lead to more jobs and less employment.11,Clean floating exchange rate (清洁浮动）：In a system of clean floating ,central banks stand asides completely and allow exchange rates to be freely determined in the foreign exchange markets.12,IS-LM curve (IS-LM 曲线）：The IS carve shows combinations of interest rates and levels of output such that planned spending equals income.The LM curve is the schedule of combinations of interest rates and levels of income such that the money market is in equilibrium.The IS-LM curve schedules summarize the conditions that have to be satisfied in order for the goods and money markets, respectively ,to be in equilibrium.13,Full employment (充分就业）：Full employment means that under a certain pay level all people who are willing to accept jobs have obtained emp loyment. It is not equivalent to all employment or complete employment, and it also exits in the company of unemployment.。
《语言学》术语及英文解释
《语言学》术语及英文解释Define the following terms:1.design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.2. function: the use of language to communicate,to think ,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which o riginates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenui th or intuition alone.5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,ying down rules for language use.9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge abou t the system of rules.17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).20．Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.21． Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.22． V oicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords. 23．Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription. 24．Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.25．Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. 26． Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.<th>is an allophone of /t/in English.When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated<t>.Both<th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/. 27． V owl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.28．Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.29． Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.30．Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.31．Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.32．IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.33．Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation. 34．Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.35. morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.36. compoundoly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.37. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.38. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).39. derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.41. allomorph:; any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.42. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.44. free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.45. lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”)46. lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.47. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.49. open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.50. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.术语251. loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.52. loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.53. leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.54. acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.55. loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.56. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.57. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.58. dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.59. folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous60. category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.61. concord: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all present.63. paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present and he others absent.64. immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.65. endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.66. exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.67. deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction,i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its object.68. surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.69. c-command: one of the similarities,or of the more general features, in these two government relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.70. government and binding theory: it is the fourth perio d of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis,or the starting point,of the utterance.71. communicative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.72. ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world,including the inner world of his ownconsciousness.73.interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another..74. textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.75. conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative content.76. denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to phenomena in the real world.77. connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.78. reference: the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.79. reference: the use of anguage to express a proposition,i.e. to talk about things in context.80. sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of situational context.81. synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.82. complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent.83. gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.84. converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.85. relational opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other. The shorter,better;worse.etc are instances of relational opposites.86. hyponymy: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)87. superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy,i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc,88. semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g<+human>89. compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.90. selection restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take,e.g.regret requires a human subject.91. prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of the truth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.92. proposition;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.93. predicate logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of simple.94. assimilation theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.95. cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It saaumes a “recognition lexicon”in which each word is represented by a full and independent”recognistion element”.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.96. context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.97. frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.98. inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition,from something someone hassaid,and so on.It includes things that,while not following logically,are implied,in an ordinary sense,e.g.ina specific context.99. immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered.nguage perception:language awareness of things through the physical senses,esp,sight.术语3101. language comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research,which studies the understanding of language.102. language production: a goal-directed activety,in the sense that people speak and write in orde to make friends,influence people,convey information and so on.103. language production: a goal-directed activity,in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends,influence people,concey information and so on.104. lexical ambiguity:ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings:e.g.that of I saw a bat,where a bat might refer to an animal or,among others,stable tennis bat.105. macroproposition:general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story.106. modular:which a assumes that the mind is structuied into separate modules or components,each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others.107. parsing:the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents,traditionally e.g.to pupils learning lat in grammar.108. propositions:whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a statement.It is a property of propositions that they have truth values.109. psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structure.Psycholinguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholing uistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind,and experimental psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow whth empirical matters,such as speed of response to a particular word).110. psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar,etc.as a purported account of structures represented in the mind of a speaker.Often opposed,in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars,to criteria of simplicity,elegance,and internal consistency.111. schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing.112. story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.113. writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing developmeng. 114. communicative competence: a speaker’s know ledge of the total set of rules,conventions,erning the skilled use of language in a society.Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsley’s concept of competence,in the restricted sense of know ledge of a grammar. 115. gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is”genden difference”116. linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,nguage determines thought.117. linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis,i.e.there’s no limit to the structural diversity of languages.118.linguistic sexism:many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.119.sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.120.sociolinguistics of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.121. variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the relationship between speakers’social starts and phonological variations.122. performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed to a constative,by which makes a statement which may be true or false.123. constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.124. locutionary act: the act of saying s omething;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon,and ly.,the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference. 125. illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something;its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.126. perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something,it’s the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.127. conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,underatandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.128.entailment:relation between propositions one of which necessarily f ollows from the other:e.g.”Mary is running”entails,among other things,”Mary is not standing still”.129.ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive-infer-ential.130. communicative principle of relevance:every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.131. relevance: a property that any utterance,or a proposition that it communicates,must,in the nature of communication,necessarily have.132.Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale,i.e.Make your contribution necessary (G.Relation,Quantity2,Manner);Say no more than you must(given Q).133. division of pragmatic labour: the use of a marked crelatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding unma rkeda(simpler,less”effortful”)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed).134.constraints on Horn scales:the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to..135.third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world,he or she is usually called a third –person narrator.136.I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story,relating the story after the event.137.direct speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.138.indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.139.indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.140.narrator’s repreaentation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of p assage can be seen as a summery of a longer piece of discourse,and therefore even more backgruonded than indirect speech representation would be.141.narrator”srepresentation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech acts.For example,,she considered his unpunctuality.142.indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he woule be late.143.fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.144.narrator’s representation of thought acts:a kind of the c ategories used by novelists to present the thoughts of therir characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.145.indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he would be late.146.fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.147.narrator”s repr esentation of thought: the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of theircharacters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.148.free indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech,e.g.He was bound to be late.149.direct thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..150. computer system: the machine itself together with a keyboard,printer,screen,disk drives,programs,etc.术语4puter literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and computer software.puter linguistics: a branch of applied liguistics,dealing with computer processing of human language.153.Call: computer-assisted language learning(call),refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.154.programnded instruction: the use of computers to monitor student progress,to direct students into appropriate lessons,material,etc.155.local area network: are computers linked together by cables in a classroom,lab,or building.They offer teachers a novel approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and experience with target language.156.CD-ROM: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored on one disk with quich access to the information.Students and teachers can access information quickly and efficiently for use in and out of the classroom.157.machine translation: refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts from one language to another.158.concordance: the use of computer to search for a particular word,sequence of words.or perhaps even a part of speech in a text.The computer can also receive all examples of a particular word,usually in a context,which is a further aid to the linguist.It can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered.159.annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated-it appears in its existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information,160.annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated—it appears in its existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information.rmational retrieval: the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately,applied to the type of actrvity discussed in this volume.An information retrieval system does not infor(i.e.change the knowledge of)the user on the subject of his inquiry.it merely informs on the existence(or non-existence)and whereabouts of documents relating to his request.162.document representative: information structure is concerned with exploiting relationships,between documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of retrieval strategies.It covers specifically a logical organization of information,such as document representatives,for the purpose of information retrieval.163.precision: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.164.recall: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.165.applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language learning and teaching,and other areas such as translation,the compiling of dictionaries,etcmunicative competence: as defined by Hymes,the knowledge and ability involved in putting language to communicative use.167.syllabus:the planning of course of instruction.It is a description of the cousr content,teaching procedures and learning experiences.168.interlanguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language,i.e.the language system between the target language and the learner’s。
英文解释
一、计划本课程词汇集中在2000～6000,都是一些基本的词汇，生活中常用的词汇，背单词要有目的性，清楚自己参加什么考试，要有针对性，才更有热情。
根据自己是哪类人，在一星期内复习相关词汇，力求反复掌握。
背单词过程：看-认-背-用。
现阶段只停留在前两阶段。
背单词一次只需了解1～2个词意，然后在阅读中不断扩展。
可用新概念4做为阅读材料，定期背诵。
haunt :常来常往的地方，鬼神出没的地方，萦绕心头难以忘记aunt 姑姑h(ome)家姑姑的家-〉常来常往的地方haunted room 鬼屋memory haunted me 往事历历在目gaunt 憔悴鬼g阿姨显得很憔悴trivial adj.琐碎的，不重要的，琐碎的事三姑tri六婆vi所关心的事，是不重要的vicar 牧师有六vi辆车的人是牧师bishop 主教有两个bi商店的是主教bicycle 自行车两个轮的，很形象bride 新娘现代新娘不b骑马ride bridegroom /groom 新郎在屋里等待新娘的哥哥shanghai 欺骗，伤害，诱拐二、英语单词的构成1、基础词汇：无特别记忆、需建立与汉语词意间的联系naive 天真的奶一壶2、希腊神话（听故事记单词）tantalus 诱惑tantalize 逗引或招惹泰坦希腊神话rim 边缘rim是边缘brim 边缘加B也不变grim 恐怖的加鬼真恐怖trim 修剪整齐加T修剪整齐prim 呆板的加P真呆板prose 单调、散文扑在玫瑰下真单调plight 困境扑在光下是困境pray 祈祷扑在光线下才是祈祷3、外来词汇chaos 混乱、紊乱齐汉语拼音：―chao‖吵死了flirt 调情汉语拼音：抚弄他，逗她笑→调情quaint 古怪的（把q看成g，拼音：guai怪）acquaint 熟悉，见怪不怪ac是一再charisma 领袖气质中国一升起的毛（泽东）orison 祈祷O太阳升起ris，就在on 祈祷mirth 妈妈看到孩子出生(b"irth")→高兴的clear 清晰blear 不是（b）清晰→模糊拉丁语系讲究构词法，重点记忆词根、词缀pose 姿势、v.放expose 暴露ex放在外面compose 组成com共同，共同放在一起decompose 分解de是向下、反意，组成的反意就是分解depose 免职向下放despise 轻视、蔑视de-spit，向下吐口水deposit 存款、下蛋、沉淀物向下放它repose 休息re 是往回返回放回来休息reticent 沉默不语的记忆法：阿姨（re）提（ti）钱（cent）→沉默不语的intimate 亲密的记忆法：在内心深处（in）总提（ti）到的伙伴（mate），肯定是亲密的vigorous 精力充沛的记忆法：伟哥vigo老师rous肯定是精力充沛的三、记忆法拆分法sanguine 脸色红润的，乐观的陈圆圆从门外进来一掀门帘脸色红润，面泛桃花问一声：三桂呢？fare 路费entertainment 娱乐谐音法ponder 思考胖的人都喜欢思考ponderous 笨重的胖得要死，很笨重ambition 野心勃勃，胸心壮志俺必胜amb ition to do….curse 诅咒克死人家，很形象吧？famine 饥荒-> famish 使……饥饿Fa发mi米ne呢，饥荒的时候要发大米吧？boff 狂笑暴富的人是不是在狂笑？quaff 痛饮―夸父‖追日太口渴，在狂饮水sting 死叮→蜇、咬scowl 思考→皱眉头exhaust 一个早死的他→耗尽、精疲力尽的robust 乐百事，四肢发达头脑简单→强壮的luxury ―力士香皂，奢侈‖→奢侈Nike 胜利女神caste ―卡死他‖→等级制度frugal ―腐乳就够了‖→节俭的miserly ―miser李‖→小气的、吝啬的口诀法rim 边缘brim 边缘grim 恐怖trim v.修剪adj. 整齐的只有rim是边缘前面加b含义不变前面加g（鬼）真恐怖前面加t才修剪整齐prim 端庄的prose 散文；单调Eros (希腊神话)爱神Cupid (罗马神话)丘比特爱神cupidity 贪婪爱是贪婪的venus 维纳斯morose 郁闷的无玫瑰，感到很郁闷的plight 困境扑（p）灭了光就陷入困境No one can be a hero in the plight.Every dog has its days.pray 祈祷p在rim前真端庄扑（p）到玫瑰上很单调扑（p）灭了光就陷入困境扑（p）在光线下才是祈祷under the rose 秘密的近形对照法adapt / adopt / adeptadapt 适应adopt 收养；采纳adept 熟练的，有技巧的o想象成圆圈，套圈的时候，你套什么就是你选择了什么，在采纳意见的时候有所选择a 靠近a的就是a，近朱者赤，这就是对环境的适应性常用英语词汇详解1 / 30e想成郭晶晶在跳水，挑水需要技巧的mortal 死亡的头都无啦，肯定死了immortal 不朽永远不会没有头，不朽了liberty 自由留鼻涕的自由女神blush 脸红不拉屎，憋得脸都红了wiggle 摆动喂狗时狗在摇尾巴brass 厚颜无耻把bra戴在屁股ass上！01-1 Unit 11. Living in that _____ house over there has n early driven the hero of the story mad.A. bleakB. hauntedC. gauntD. acumenbleak 荒凉的不漏雨的小亭子，也很荒凉bold 大胆的，勇敢的，鲁莽的不老的，那必然就很勇敢大胆，还比较鲁莽bold face 黑体字blight 枯萎不见光就枯萎blast 爆炸不持续就爆炸leak 泄漏立刻就漏了take a leak 去洗手间May I go somewhere ? 我要去下洗手间where is john? where is jane?john 男洗手间jane 女洗手间toilet 马桶toil let it out toil 辛苦的WC = water closet 公共厕所因为不老，才大胆bold，见不到光就枯萎blight，不持续就爆炸blast，只是不漏bleak，也很荒凉姑姑系列：0. 小龙女姑姑的家—活死人墓haunt 神出鬼没的地方1.飞姑姑fl- 想成―飞‖，姑姑在炫耀轻功flaunt 炫耀2. 打姑姑—恐吓姑姑说要打她daunt 恐吓，威胁3. 五个‖V‖姑姑—女人在一起肯定吹水啦vaunt 吹牛4.接姑姑—接姑姑去短途旅行一下啦jaunt 短途旅行5.傻姑姑—射雕中傻姑到处闲逛saunter 闲逛，四处逛6.吐T姑姑—李莫愁向姑姑吐口水嘲弄她taunt 嘲弄7.鬼‖G‖姑姑—憔悴的鬼阿姨gaunt 憔悴的，苍白的flair ―fl飞，天高任鸟飞‖天赋，本能flee ―飞离‖逃离，逃跑acumen 敏锐，聪明，明智的阿Q们是明智的，懂得精神胜利法比较明智acu- 尖的Acute 尖的，敏锐的，灵敏的，急性的cute 可爱的，聪明的chronic 慢性的，慢性病acute angle 锐角论坛punctual 准时的，准点的punct - 点punctuation 标点符号acupuncture针灸acu - 尖的和punct - 点的，用尖的东西去点你01-2 Unit 12. His body temperature is ______ for three days, the highest point reaching to 40.5 degree centigrade.A. uncommonB. disorderedC. abnormalD.extraordinarycentigrade (摄氏)温度一百cent个等级century 世纪，百年centipede 蜈蚣ped 是脚一百只脚，百足biped 两足动物两只脚bi分开的，两个paddle 踏板，桨脚踏的东西percent 百分比 per每一个cent 分，一分钱decent 合适的，体面的，正派的将钱的重要性放低点才是正派的合适的。
英文名词解释
名词解释（英文）李小畅整理1.epiphysail骺软骨：未成年人长骨的骺与体之间有一软骨片称骺软骨，骺软骨使长骨逐渐增长。
成年后，骺软骨骨化为骺线。
2.articular disc 关节盘：两关节面之间的纤维软骨板，其周缘附着于关节囊内面，将关节腔分成两部分。
关节盘使相对关节面更加适合，以加强关节的稳定性，减少冲击和震荡，并增加运动的形式和范围。
3.sternel angle 胸骨角：胸骨柄与胸骨体结合处微向前凸称胸骨角，平对第2肋，是计数肋和肋间隙的标志。
向后平对第4胸椎体下缘。
4.intervertebral disc 椎间盘：相邻椎体之间的纤维软骨，由周围的纤维环和中央的髓核构成。
纤维环由多层纤维软骨按同心圆排列构成；髓核由富有弹性的胶状物质构成。
椎间盘可使脊柱增加弹性，缓冲震荡、协助脊柱运动等。
由于腰部纤维环后份比较薄弱，易破裂，髓核向后外侧突出，从而压迫椎间孔中的脊神经根，称椎间盘突出症，4~5腰椎较为常见。
5.Pterion 翼点：在颞窝的前下部，于额、顶、颞、蝶4骨汇合处，呈H形缝，称翼点。
该处骨质较薄，其深面有脑膜中动脉前支经过。
6.Scalene space 斜角肌间隙：前、中斜角肌与第1肋围成斜角肌间隙，内有锁骨下动脉和臂丛通过。
7.Inguinal canal 腹股沟管：位于腹股沟韧带内侧半的上方，长约4~5厘米，为腹前壁下部斜行肌和腱之间的裂隙。
有四壁和内外两口。
前壁为腹外斜肌腱膜和腹内斜肌，后壁为腹横筋膜和腹股沟镰，上壁为腹内斜肌和腹横肌弓状游离缘，下壁为腹股沟韧带。
内口为腹环，外口为皮下环。
管内男性有精索，女性有子宫圆韧带通过。
腹股沟管为腹壁的薄弱区之一，若腹腔脏器从腹环突出，称腹股沟斜疝。
8.Isthmus of fauces 咽峡：口腔和咽的分界，由腭垂，腭帆的游离缘，两侧腭舌弓和舌根围成。
9.Suspensory ligament of duodenum 十二指肠悬韧带（tereiz韧带）：十二指肠悬肌和包绕其表面的腹膜共同构成十二指肠悬韧带，是手术是确定空肠起始的重要标志。
百度英文单词解释集锦
1treasureappreciate vt.欣赏, 赏识, 感... prize n.奖品, 奖金, 奖赏...cherish vt.珍爱, 抱有, 抚育adore vt.爱慕, 崇拜, 很喜欢wealth n.【U】财富, 财产,... gem n.宝石, 珍品, 受到...hold dear v. 看重, 珍视value n.价值, 价格, 重要...pearl n.珍珠; v.(用珍... idolize v. 把 ... 当偶像...【短语词组】treasure hunt n. 寻宝, 寻找珍宝treasure trove n. 无主埋藏物, 无主珍宝treasure up adj. 珍藏(积蓄, ... treasure room珍藏室treasure cargo贵重货物national treasure国宝treasure bill n. 国库券priceless treasure无价之宝heart treasure pill心宝丹art treasure艺术珍品【邻近词语】treadwheel n. 踏车treasonable act卖国行为treason n.叛逆通敌背叛叛国罪treasonable activ... [法] 叛国活动treasonable adj.叛逆的, 谋叛的... treasonable misdm...叛国轻罪treasonous adj. 犯叛国罪的, ... treasonable speech叛国言论treasurable adj. 可珍爱的, 可储藏的treasonably adv. 谋反地doctor, physician, surgeon, dentist这些名词都有“医生”之意。
doctor : 普通用词，泛指各科医生，即一切有行医资格的人。
He would not dream of becoming a doctor.（他做梦也没想到要当大夫。
文化介绍英文解释
1. 元宵节： Lantern Festival2. 刺绣：embroidery3. 重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival4. 清明节：Tomb sweeping day5. 剪纸：Paper Cutting6. 书法：Calligraphy7. 对联：(Spring Festival) Couplets8. 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters9. 人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow10. 四合院：Sisyphean/Quadrangle11. 战国：Warring States12. 风水：Fennish/Geomantic Omen13. 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl14. 函授部：The Correspondence Department15. 集体舞：Group Dance16. 黄土高原：Loess Plateau17. 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals18. 中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day19. 结婚证：Marriage Certificate20. 儒家文化：Confucian Culture21. 附属学校：Affiliated school22. 古装片：Costume Drama23. 武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie24. 元宵：Tangy/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup)25. 一国两制：One Country, Two Systems26. 火锅：Hot Pot27. 四人帮：Gang of Four28. 《诗经》：The Book of Songs29. 素质教育：Essential-qualities-oriented Education30. 《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian31. 大跃进：Great Leap Forward (Movement)32. 《西游记》：The Journey to the West33. 除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival34. 针灸：Acupuncture35. 唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored pottery36. 中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics37. 偏旁：radical38. 孟子：Mencius39. 亭/阁： Pavilion/ Attic40. 大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises41. 火药：gunpowder42. 农历：Lunar Calendar43. 印/玺：Seal/Stamp44. 物质精神文明建设：The Construction of Material Civilization and Spiritual Civilization45. 京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera46. 秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera47. 太极拳：Tai Chi48. 独生子女证：The Certificate of One-child49. 天坛：Altar of Heaven in Beijing50. 小吃摊：Snack Bar/Snack Stand51. 红双喜：Double Happiness52. 政治辅导员：Political Counselor/School Counselor53. 春卷：Spring Roll(s)54. 莲藕：Lotus Root55. 追星族：Star Struck56. 故宫博物院：The Palace Museum57. 相声：Cross-talk/Comic Dialogue58. 下岗：Lay off/Laid off59. 北京烤鸭：Beijing Roast Duck60. 高等自学考试：Self-taught Examination of Higher Education61. 烟花爆竹：fireworks and firecracker62. 敦煌莫高窟：Magoo Caves63. 电视小品：TV Sketch/TV Skit64. 香港澳门同胞：Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao65. 文化大革命：Cultural Revolution66. 长江中下游地区：The Mid-low Reaches of Yangtze River67. 门当户对：Perfect Match/Exact Match68. 《水浒》：Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh69. 中外合资企业：Joint Ventures70. 文房四宝（笔墨纸砚）："The Four Treasure of the Study" "Brush, Ink stick, Paper, and Inkstone"71.兵马俑：cotta Warriors/ Terracotta Army72.旗袍：cheongsam。
英语常用单词 英文解释
英语常用单词英文解释Certainly, I will provide the English definitions for common English words, followed by the Chinese translations.1. Ability - The capacity to perform an action or behavior.能力 - 执行某种行为或行动的能力。
2. Accident - An unexpected and undesirable event, typically one resulting in damage or injury.意外事故 - 通常导致损坏或伤害的意外且不受欢迎的事件。
3. Achieve - To successfully complete a task or attain a goal.实现 - 成功完成任务或实现目标。
4. Adapt - To adjust to new conditions or environment.适应 - 调整到新的条件或环境。
5. Admire - To regard with respect, esteem, or approval.钦佩 - 以尊重、崇敬或赞同的态度看待某人或某事。
6. Advance - To move forward or make progress.前进 - 向前移动或取得进步。
7. Advantage - A condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable position.优势 - 使某人处于有利地位的条件或情况。
8. Advice - Guidance or recommendations offered with regard to prudent future action.建议 - 就谨慎的未来行动提供的指导或建议。
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1．Heberden结节：手指远侧指间关节侧方增粗。
为骨关节炎的表现。
2、Caplan综合征：尘肺患者合并类风湿性关节炎时易出现大量肺结节。
称为Caplan综合征。
3.Felty综合征:又称为关节炎-粒细胞减少-脾大综合征、类风湿性关节炎-脾大综合征、感染性关节炎。
其4.病因不明，可能为自身免疫性疾病,Felty不一定都处于关节炎活动期ls征:阳性可诊断为肱骨外上髁炎（俗称网球肘）6.Ham实验阳性：提示阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿7.抗sm抗体是诊断SLE的标记抗体之一，特异性达99％，但它与病情活动性不相大。
抗双链DNA抗体（DS-DNA)与系统性红斑狼疮的疾病活动性有关8、ACA抗体（抗心磷脂抗体）：阳性可见于系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿关节炎、硬皮病，以及肿瘤、感染性疾病（艾滋病、麻风、痢疾等）、动、静脉血栓形成，脑血管意外、血小板减少性紫癜、习惯性流产等。
要注意与抗核抗体ANA区别，ANA是结缔组织病的筛选试验，特异性不高。
ANA（+）时，多见于风湿热，SLE，混合性结缔组织病，干燥综合征，系统硬化症，类风关等。
9、Zollinger—Ellison综合征（卓艾综合症，即胃泌素瘤）与常见消化性溃疡鉴别要点是溃疡发生于不典型部位(十二指肠降段、横段、空肠近端)，具有溃疡多发性、难治性特点。
病因为胰岛D细胞的胃泌素瘤.由于肿瘤能分泌大量胃泌素,刺激胃酸分泌极度增加,导致顽故难治的不典型溃疡,容易出血和穿孔.常伴有甲状旁腺或垂体腺瘤及其相应症状。
10、AsChoff小体：风湿病中最具诊断意义的病变，看到它直接诊断风湿病~11、TPOAb、TGAb阳性：立马给我诊断个“桥本氏甲状腺炎”（慢性淋巴性甲状腺炎）！！！12、Paget病（湿疹样乳癌）：恶性程度低，发展慢。
13、Treitz韧带（十二指肠悬韧带）：是十二指肠空肠分界的解剖标志，在剖腹探查和进行胃肠手术时，需将横结肠提起向颅侧牵引，于横结肠系膜根部、第2腰椎的左外侧缘下方、胰体与腰大肌所夹部位可寻找到此韧带。
14、Hesselbach三角：又称为直疝三角~①外侧边为腹壁下动脉;②内侧边为腹直肌外缘;③底边为腹股沟韧带. 腹股沟疝修补法：原则是疝囊高位结扎、加强或修补腹股沟管管壁。
修复腹股沟管壁的方法有以下5种：①Ferguson法：适用于后壁完好，可加强前壁；②用于加强后壁的：Bassini 法应用最广泛；Halsted法与Bassini法类似，精索位置进一步前移；McVay法应用于后壁严重薄弱+“股疝”；Shouldice法用于较大的成人腹股沟斜疝和直疝。
15、Burkitt淋巴瘤（小无裂细胞性淋巴瘤）：高度恶性！两种高度恶性的淋巴瘤为：Burkitt 淋巴瘤和淋巴母细胞瘤。
16、Cooper韧带：乳房悬韧带，乳腺癌侵犯乳房悬韧带(Cooper韧带)后引起表面皮肤凹陷。
17、Miles手术：经腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术，适用于：距肛门7cm以内（腹膜反折以下）的直肠癌。
Dixon手术：经腹腔直肠癌切除术，距离肛门10cm以上的直肠癌。
拉下式直肠癌切除术适用于直肠癌下缘距肛门7～10cm之间的病人。
18、Ham试验(+)是诊断阵发性血红蛋白尿的特意指标，Coombs试验(+)也是诊断阵发性血红蛋白尿的重要指标，题目里万一同时出现，选Ham试验(+)！！！尿Rous试验：含铁血黄素尿试验，慢性血管内溶血可呈现阳性，并持续数周。
也常见于阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿。
19、AUER小体：的血或骨髓涂片中，白细胞胞质中出现染红色细杆状物质，1条或数条不等，长1～6um，称为Auer小体（棒状小体），这种Auer小体出现在M3,M4,M5等白血病中，但不见于急淋，在骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）的RAEB-t型也可检出。
20、PSA（前列腺特异性抗原），绝大多数前列腺癌患者血清PSA水平增高，前列腺良性增生、前列腺炎患者PSA也会升高，但程度不及前列腺癌。
CA125：从上皮性卵巢癌抗原检测出可被单克隆抗体OC125结合的一种糖蛋白，来源于卵巢上皮的卵巢癌的时候特异性增高。
AFP：肝癌以及胎儿神经管缺陷畸形时可升高。
HLA-27升高在强直性脊柱炎有意义。
HPL:见于胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤。
OCT：催产素激惹实验，阳性提示胎儿宫内窘迫。
21、DIC（弥散性血管内凝血）、ARDS（急性呼吸窘迫综合征时氧合指数（Pa02／Fi02）≤200mmHg，记住这个诊断标准）、ARF（急性肾功能衰竭）、AIN（急性间质性肾炎）、MSOF （多系统器官衰竭）22、3P实验：鱼精蛋白副凝试验，纤溶亢进是异常。
24、肿瘤方案大全（虽然还有很多方案，但是考试就考这些）：急非淋用DA方案急淋用VP方案。
一个特殊（M3用全反式维A酸）慢粒用羟基脲。
霍奇金淋巴瘤的方案：MOPP。
非霍奇金淋巴瘤的方案是CHOP。
乳腺癌术后化疗方案：CMF或CAF或ACMF（其实只用记ACMF，去掉A或者M就是CMF及CAF）垂体瘤使用的是：溴隐亭。
卵巢癌的化疗方案：卵巢上皮性癌可用TP方案（紫杉醇+顺铂），恶性卵巢生殖细胞性肿瘤用BEP方案（博来霉素+依托泊苷+顺铂）25、Koplik斑：小儿麻疹，病初口腔黏膜有Koplik斑。
26、Pastia线：帕氏线，猩红热皮肤皱折处如腋窝、肘窝及腹股沟等处，皮疹密集，其间有出血点，形成明显的横纹线。
帕氏线，杨梅舌是猩红热的特异体征！27、codman三角：复习这个codman三角我再次感谢汤老师，骨肿瘤的几个病：1、正常骨上长小瘤——骨软骨瘤~ 2、泡泡球球真巨大（很雷人所以记忆深刻）——骨巨细胞瘤；3、发育不良要拐杖——骨纤维异样增殖症，发生在股骨会弯曲，像牧羊人拐杖，X线为磨砂玻璃样！4 、葱皮日光三角辣！——骨肉瘤的特征为，葱皮现象，日光射线，还有“Codman三角”，记住不要搞三角恋！^_^28、Eaton征和Spurling征:上肢牵拉试验和压头实验。
阳性可诊断神经根型颈椎病。
Dugas 征阳性：肩关节脱位。
Finkelstein试验阳性诊断：狭窄性腱鞘炎。
Thomas征阳性：提示髋关节屈曲畸形。
我总结了一下，所学两个病可以出现托马斯阳性，髋关节结核+股骨头坏死~ lasegue征：直腿抬高加强试验，可见于腰椎间盘突出症。
29、关于COPD（慢阻肺)的诊断主要靠肺功能检查：残气量（RV）增加、肺总量（TLC）增加、残气量/肺总量的比值（RV/TLC）> 40%，对诊断肺气肿有重要意义。
吸入支气管扩张剂后，1秒钟用力呼气量（FEV1）<80%预计值；1秒钟用力呼气量占用力肺活量比值（FEV1／FVC%）< 70%，可确定为不能完全可逆的气流受限。
PEF（最大呼气流量）:昼夜（或凌晨与下午）PEF变异率≥20%有助于诊断支气管哮喘。
30、几种结核药的英文缩写：异烟肼INH 利福平RFP 利福喷丁RFT 对氨基水杨酸PAS 乙胺丁醇EMB 吡嗪酰胺PZA 链霉素**（好邪恶）31、PTE（肺血管栓塞症）为来自静脉系统或右心的血栓阻塞肺动脉或其分支所致的疾病，以肺循环和呼吸功能障碍为其主要临床和病理生理特征。
PTE的血栓主要来源于深静脉血栓形成（DVT）；32、几种关键药的英文缩写（重要）：β-受体阻滞剂（beta受体阻滞剂），钙通道阻滞剂（CCB），血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）以及血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂（ARB）33、几种脂蛋白（搞临床的应该很熟）：乳糜颗粒（CM）、极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）、中间密度脂蛋白（IDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）和高密度脂蛋白（HDL）高密度脂蛋白是好滴，可以吧脂肪酸运回肝脏。
其余都是坏东西，容易得高血压，动脉硬化等疾病。
34、感染性心内膜炎可出现的非特异周围体征：（1）瘀点：可出现于任何部位，以锁骨以上皮肤、口腔粘膜及睑结膜多见。
（2）指和趾甲下裂片状出血。
（3）Roth斑：为视网膜的卵圆形出血斑块，中心呈白色，多见于亚急性感染。
（4）Osler结节：为在指和趾垫出现豌豆大的红紫色痛性结节，亚急性者较常见。
（5）Janeway损害：主要见于急性，在手掌和足底有直径1～4mm的出血红斑。
35、Buerger病：血栓闭塞性脉管炎，是一种累及血管的炎症性、节段性和周期发作的慢性闭塞性疾病。
主要侵袭四肢中小动静脉，尤其是下肢血管。
好发于男性青壮年。
下肢静脉曲张有3个英文实验：大隐静脉瓣膜功能试验（Terndelenburg 试验），深静脉通畅试验（Perthes试验），交通静脉瓣膜功能试验（Pratt试验），具体什么作用看看书就可以了，考试就选择题，看过的不难，觉得难就肯定没看过~36、grey-Turner征：急性出血坏死性胰腺炎可见脐周及双侧腰胁部皮肤的改变，最初为青紫色渐变为青色再浅至黄褐色。
Cullen征：脐周围皮肤蓝色改变。
37、幽门螺杆菌（HP）的检测方法：胃镜取活检标本检查、尿毒酶活性测定、粪便HP抗原（+）、13C或14C-尿素呼气试验（+）等可诊断。
38、胃癌转移到卵巢称为：krukenberg瘤39、obturator征：又叫闭孔内肌实验，病人仰卧位，使右髋和右大腿屈曲，然后被动内旋转，引起右下腹痛者为阳性，提示阑尾靠近闭孔内肌。
40、Horner综合征：食道癌压迫颈交感神经节，使交感神经中枢至眼部通路受到压迫与破坏，引起瞳孔缩小、眼球内陷、上睑下垂及患测面部无汗的综合征。
41、Hartmann袋：囊状扩张的颈部称为胆囊壶腹，即Hartmann袋，常为结石聚集处。
Oddi 括约肌：壶腹周围括约肌，终末端常开口于十二指肠大乳头，可调节总胆管和胰管的排放，防止十二指肠内容物反流。
42、Murphy征阳性：这个不懂自己撞墙。
43、Charcot三联征：指腹部绞痛、寒战发热及黄疸,即急性胆管炎的典型症状。
如果加上休克和精神症的话，就是reynolds五联征，为急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎，这个病有生命危险，需要立即手术。
44、胰腺癌的两个手术（感觉不那么重要，了解一下也好）：胰十二指肠切除术（Whipple 手术），保留幽门的胰头十二指肠切除术（PPPD）45、慢性粒细胞白血病的诊断标准：Ph’染色体（+），而碱性磷酸酶积分减低或为0。
注意区别类白血病反应引起的白细胞增高，其碱性磷酸酶积分增高。
46、看凝血功能里的项目：APTT延长见于内源性凝血异常，PT延长见于外源性凝血功能异常，鱼精蛋白副凝试验（3P），纤溶亢进时阳性。
47、RS细胞，看到就诊断霍奇金淋巴瘤。
48、垂体跟下丘脑激素（很头痛又很重要）：FSH（卵泡刺激素,经常有题问~有个女人不排卵怎么回事啊？两种原因：1、因为雌激素水平高，抑制垂体分泌FSH所以不排卵；2、垂体自身功能障碍，分泌的FSH,LH不足）LH(黄体生成素,也是跟排卵有密切相关的激素）TSH、TRH（促甲状腺激素、促甲状腺激素释放激素）ACTH、CRH（促肾上腺激素、促肾上腺激素释放激素）PRL（催乳素）ADH（抗利尿激素，也叫血管加压素,由下丘脑释放，治疗尿崩症用的是“去氨加压素”（DD**P，弥凝），有一点区别不要搞混了）49、Whipple三联征（常考重点）：胰岛素瘤的典型临床表现：①空腹和运动促使低血糖症发作；②发作时血糖低于2.5mmol／L；③供糖后低血糖症状迅速缓解。