西安交通大学研究生英语写作Summary Writing
Grammar and the structure of
writing avoid direct quotation; use transitional words Length 1/4 to 1/3 of the original
3. Steps in writing a summary Read the article
B. Then the summary sentences for each
paragraph or section.
C. Express in your own words, to avoid
plagiarism. D. Occasional supporting ideas if necessary. Note:
Edit the draft • Is all the important information in the summary? • Am I listing things out? • Am I saying the same thing over and over again? • Have I left out my personal views and ideas? • Does my summary ‘hang together’? • Is my grammar, punctuation, and spelling correct? Write the final draft
The importance of paraphrasing
★It helps us understand the original
better. ★It helps us grasp the central idea and the main points. ★It helps us write summaries that are brief and to the point, and in our own words.
to the original;
Is a faithful reproduction of, or contains
only the ideas or information of, the original;
Is brief without any unnecessary detail; Is a readable unified whole
III. Techniques in summary writing
2.
Grasping the central ideas
III. Techniques in summary writing
Ways of condensation Use synonyms or synonymous phrases He had a good command of English. (He knew English well.) Change the structure of simple sentences My brother has an appreciation of modern art. (My brother appreciates modern art.)
Steps of paraphrasing
★Read the original carefully and comprehend its meaning wholly and correctly. ★Consider the original article as a whole, not in isolated sentences.
title, author, source; date of publication and the text (journal articles)
Thesis statement
the topic or general subject matter of the text; the author’s major assertion, comment, or position on the topic
I. What is a summary?
A summary is a shortened passage, which
retains the essential information of the original. It is a fairly brief restatement --- in your own words ---of the contents of a passage.
To understand the article and find the general theme. Reread the article Divide into sections and label each section. Understand the important parts. Write one-sentence summaries Summarize each section of thought.
Chapter 4
Summary Writing
Objectives
1. Give an appropriate definition for a
2. 3. 4. 5.
summary Know the characteristics of a good summary Learn the techniques in summary writing Learn the steps in summary writing Practice
1. You’ve cooked us all a hot potato. (a troublesome person or issue) 2. Prevention is better than cure. (It is better to prevent something unpleasant from happening than try to put it right afterwards.)
Supporti ideas; relationships among these ideas no specifics the author’s purpose in writing no personal opinions, ideas, and inferences.
1.
2. 3. 4.
Eliminate unnecessary words and repetitions. Eliminate personal ideas and inferences. Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas. Conclude with a ‘summing up’ sentence.
Formulate the thesis statement Weave the one-sentence section-summaries together. Write the first draft A. In the first sentence or two:
1. 2.
3.
The author’s name The article’s or chapter’s name The author’s thesis statement
3.
Turn complex sentences into simple sentences
He received a welcome that was as cold as ice.
(He received an icy welcome.)
Combine the sentences
Hurry up. If you don’t, you’ll miss the train.
Note: you simply report back what the
writer has said, without making value judgments.
II. Characteristics of a good summary
Can be understood without reference
(Hurry up or you’ll miss the train.)
4.
Finding the topic sentence and making an outline topic sentence / outline
IV. How to write a summary?
1. The importance of summary writing 2. Necessary elements for a good summary Proper citation
III. Techniques in summary writing
1. Paraphrasing
To paraphrase means to completely and correctly express other people’s ideas in one’s own words.
Examples:
英语写作summarywriting
10.Summary writing is an exercise in pression、 In writing a summary, we should:
--- omit the details、 --- reduce the examples、 --- simplify the descriptions、 --- eliminate all repetitions、
Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better munication、
10. (continuing)
--- press wordy sentences and change phrases to words、
e、g、 His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like、
→ He was very brave in battle、 e、g、 They acted in a manner that
→revise、
His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like、
He was very brave in battle、
The account the witness gave of the incident made everyone that heard it laugh、
英语作文summary模板及句型
英语作文summary模板及句型英文回答：Summary Writing Template:Introduction:Begin with a hook sentence that captures the reader's attention.State the main argument or purpose of the original text.Provide a brief overview of the text's structure and organization.Body Paragraphs:For each main point in the original text, create a separate body paragraph.Start with a topic sentence that clearly states the main point.Support the topic sentence with evidence and analysis from the original text.Use specific examples, quotations, or paraphrases to demonstrate the author's arguments.Provide transitions between paragraphs to maintain coherence.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of the original text.Restate the main argument or purpose of the text.Conclude with a final thought or reflection on the significance of the original text.Phrases for Summarizing:To introduce the original text:The author argues that...The text examines...The central idea of the text is...To state main points:The first main point is...Another important point made by the author is...A key argument presented in the text is...To provide evidence:For instance, the author writes...As evidence, the text provides...The author illustrates this point with the example of...To conclude:In conclusion, the text argues that...The author's main point is...The text effectively demonstrates...中文回答：摘要写作模板：引言：以吸引读者注意力的主题句开头。
summary writing(原文及范文)
summary writing(原文及范文）WritingDirections: For this part, you are to write a summary of either of two articles that are presented to you in the following. Your summary should be 150-200 words. Remember to write neatly.Science and HumanityThe twentieth century saw more momentous change than any previous century: change for better, change for worse; change that brought enormous benefits to human beings, change that threatens the very existence of the human species. Many factors contributed to this change but—in my opinion—the most important factor was the progress in science.Academic research in the physical and biological sciences has vastly broadened our horizons; it has given us a deep insight into the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous evolution. Technology—the application of science—has made fantastic advances that have affected us beneficially in nearly every aspect of life: better health, more wealth,less drudgery (单调沉闷的工作), greater access to information.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science hasbeen employed to the detriment(损害) of mankind. The application of science andtechnology to the development and manufacture of weapons of mass destruction has created a real threat to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use in combat has so far occurred only in 1945—when two Japanese cities were destroyed—during the four decades of the Cold War, obscenely huge arsenals(武器库) of nuclearweapons were accumulated and made ready for use. The arsenals were so large that ifthe weapons had actually been detonated (爆炸) the result could have been thecomplete extinction of the human species, as well as of many animal species.William Shakespeare said: "The web of our life is of a mingled (混合的) yarn,good and ill together. " The above brief review of the application of only one strand ofhuman activities— science—seems to bear out this adage (格言). But does it have to beso? Must ill always accompany good deeds? Are we biologically programmed for aggression and war?I am not an authority in genetics, but from my readings and life-long observation I do not see any evidence that we are genetically condemned to commit evil. On the contrary, on very general grounds I would say that genetically we are destined to do things that are of benefit to the human species, and that the negative aspects are mistakes, transient errors in the process of evolution. In other words, I believe in the inherent goodness of Man.We are thus faced with a daunting (威吓，使胆怯) dilemma. As a process ofnatural evolution, science should be allowed to develop freely, without restrictions. But can we afford the luxury of uninhibited research in the natural sciences, with itsawesome (可怕的) potential of total destruction, in a world in which war is still arecognized social institution?The preservation of the human species and its continuing enhancement demand that we learn to live with one another in peace and harmony. But this learning processhas been slow and arduous (费力的), and is not yet complete. Due to the harshconditions under which primitive man lived, he often had to fight with other human beings for survival. Individual killing and, later, collective killing—war—thus began to be seen as a natural phenomenon.We are still not organized for a war-free world. But in the meantime, the human species may be brought to an end by the use of the tools of destruction, themselves the product of science and technology.In my opinion, the problem has to a large extent arisen from the uneven rate of advance in the different areas of human activities, in particular, between the progress in the natural sciences—which include the physical and biological disciplines, and the various social sciences—economics, sociology, politics (with psychology perhaps at the interface between the two major groups). Undoubtedly, there has been much faster progress in the natural sciences than in the social ones.Why have the natural sciences, especially the physical sciences, advanced so much faster than the social sciences? It is not because physicists are wiser or cleverer than, say, economists. The explanation is simply that physics is easier to master than economics. Although the material world is a highly complex system, for practical purposes it can be described by a few general laws. The laws of physics areimmutable (不可改变的). They apply everywhere, on this planet as well aseverywhere else in the universe, and are not affected by human reactions and emotions, as the social sciences are.How can we tackle this unevenness in the rate of progress of different.areas of science? Two ways come to mind:one, by accelerating the rate of progress in the social sciences; two, by slowing down the rate of advancement of the natural sciences in some areas, for example, by the imposition of ethical codes of conduct.Clearly, the former is by far the preferable way. What we would like to see is faster progress in the social sciences, leading to the establishment of a social system which would make war not only unnecessary but unthinkable; a system in which the existence of old, or the invention of new, weapons of mass destruction, would not matter, because nobody would dream of using them; a system in which people will be able to say: “nuclear weapons: who cares?”Responsibility for one's actions is, of course, a basic requirement of every citizen, not just of scientists. Each of us must be accountable for our deeds. But the need for such responsibility is particularly imperative for scientists, if only because scientistsunderstand the technical problems better than the average citizen or politician. And knowledge brings responsibility.In any case, scientists do not have a completely free hand. The general public, through elected governments, have the means to control science, either by withholding (抑制) the purse, or by imposing restrictive regulations harmful to science. Clearly it is far better that any control should be exercised by the scientists themselves, through a self-imposed code of conduct. The establishment of an ethical code of conduct for scientists is an idea whose time has come.Summary：Science and HumanityThe twentieth century has made greater change to the world, which was brought by the progress in science, than any previous century. Unfortunately, not all these changes did good to the human society. Some of them have done serious damage to mankind and have been even predicted to destroy the whole world someday if out of control. In fact, mankind is not biologically programmed for violent behaviors like war. People are faced with a dilemma in which we would like to see science develop freely, but cannot afford the result of that. It is a basic instinct that man tends to protect oneself by fighting with others. The progress in the nautral sciences is much faster than that in social sciences because laws in natural sciences are immutable and apply everywhere and are not affected by human reactions and emotions. For even developmemt and for a better future of mankind, imposition of ethical codes is necessary. Everyone should be responsible for his behavior, especially the scientists. (166 words)China Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeUNLIKE America’s leaders, China’s bosses are not much troubled by recalcitrant（顽强的）legislatures. The government has therefore had no difficulty in executing a smart volte face（完全改变）on climate change. Around three years ago its fierce resistance to the notion of any limit on its greenhouse-gas emissions started to soften. It now seems to be making serious efforts to control them.One reason for this change is the country’s growing awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world. The monsoon（季风）seems to be weakening, travelling less far inland and dumping its rainfall on the coasts. As a result China is seeing floods in the south-east and droughts in the north-west. At the same time the country’s leaders are deeply concerned about the melting of the glaciers on theTibetan plateau, which feed not just the Ganges, the Indus, the Brahmaputra and the Mekong but also the Yangzi and Yellow rivers .A second reason is China’s growing sense of global responsibility. The country is not only the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases; it now regards itself, and is regarded, as one of the w orld’s leading powers, and therefore expects to work with the other big powers to tackle global problems such as the economic crisis, nuclear proliferation（核扩散）and climate change.A third reason is energy security. Although China has large coal reserves, it is also a big importer. Concerns about excessive dependence on foreign fossil fuels sharpened when China’s oil imports rocketed and, in 2005, the attempt by CNOOC （China National Offshore Oil Corporation), China’s largest offshore oil and gascompany, to buy America’s Unocal was rebuffed. China’s push into nuclear and renewable energy has been driven by its need to diversify its energy sources.The fourth reason is economic. The Kyoto protocol has given China an incentive to clean up its act. China has received $2 billion through the CDM（Clean Development Mechanism) for cleaning up its industrial processes and building clean-energy capacity—half the money that has flowed through the CDM. That is expected to rise to $8 billion by 2012.But a longer-term economic motive springs from a shift in the way China thinks about growth. In the past, its all-out drive for growth has led it to rebuff pressure to cut emissions. Attempts to control pollution foundered on the performance-assessment system for officials at all levels of government, which prioritises growth. But that has been adjusted to encourage energy efficiency, and at the same time the leadership has started to argue that growth and greenery are compatible.Since Wen Jiabao took over as prime minister, the leadership has tried to define economic growth as something broader and longer-term than GDP figures imply: the emphasis has been on a “harmonious society” and “scientific development”. Nobody was sure what the latter meant, but Mr Wen has recently been talking about a more “resource-e fficient environmentally friendly society” and Hu Jintao, the president, has referred several times to a “low-carbon economy” and a “green economy”.Local pollution may help to explain the shift. Residents are infuriated by filthy air and water that kills people and damages unborn children. Policies to cut carbon-dioxide emissions—through reducing the energy used to produce goods—can help clean up China’s cities at the same time.More interesting is the idea that clean energy might be a source of growth rather than a constraint on it. China, so the argument goes, missed out on the computer revolution. It makes hardware, but American firms own most of the valuable stuff—the intellectual property for the software. “You can’t get rich making socks and toys,” ex plains Lin Jiang, director of the China Sustainable Energy Programme at the Energy Foundation in San Francisco. “They’re looking for the next growth industry. Clean energy clearly has huge potential. And no country dominates the industry yet. It’s a wide-o pen field.” Hu Angang, an economist at Tsinghua University, calls this “a huge opportunity for China. The country will become the largest renewable-energy market, bio-energy market, clean-coal market, nuclear-power market, carbon-exchange market, environmental-technology market, low-carbon economy, exporter of low-carbon products and low-carbon-technology innovator.”The government is giving the economy a shove in that direction. In 2006 the five-year plan set a target for a 20% cut in the energy intensity of GDP by the end of 2010. The start was slow, but by the end of last year it had managed 10% and it now looks on track for its target. According to Mr Lin, that would mean a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tonnes per year by 2010, more than the Waxman-Markey bill’s caps for domestic industry would take out of America’s economy by 2020. China has relatively tight vehicle fuel-efficiency standards . Electric vehicles are being generously subsidised ($8,800 for a car and $73,500 for a bus) and the government plans to build the capacity to produce half a million a year by 2012.The most visible changes have come in renewable energy. In 2005 the National People’s Congress passed legislation to offer subsidies for renewable energy—around twice the amount for coal. For wind energy, the target was set at 20GW of capacity by 2020. The subsidy generated so much building that China now expects to hit that target by the end of this year and is aiming for 150GW by 2020. “It’s like a gold rush right now,” say s Mr Lin. The target for solar energy, similarly, has been raised from 1.8GW to 20GW by 2020.To put this in context, wind currently generates only 0.4% of Chinese electricity. Coal generates 80%. And, although China’s government does not have to jump the legislative hurdles faced by America’s president, it sometimes struggles to get policy implemented on the ground. Yet if China’s many layers of government canbe persuaded that green means growth, they will cleave（坚持）to this policy; and theleadership seems keen to make that happen.China, thus, is after the same “green jobs” that Americans have been promised as part of their road to economic recovery. America has huge advantages in terms of technology and capital, but China has a couple of things going for it too: cheaper labour and a leadership unconstrained by the need to get re-elected every fouryears. China can play a long game, which helps when dealing with climate change.SummaryChina Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeIn order to help deal with climate change, Chinese government made a smart change and will make serious efforts to control its greenhouse gas emissions. As a big importer of energy resources, with the raising awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world and the growing sense of global responsibility, with the incentive given by the Kyoto Protocol and $2 billion provided by the CDM for cleaning up its industry processes and building clean-energy capacity, this change is justified for China. Since China's leadership realized that growth and greenery are compatible and advocated to have a "low-carbon" and "green" economy, the government set a target of a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tons per year by 2010 by tightening vehicle-efficiency standards and diversifying its energy sources, such as wind energy. Actually, the practice of "green jobs" is a great opportunity for China to clean up its cities and build clean-energy capacity. In the long run, China will become the largest renewable energy market in the world. With cheaper labours and a stronger leadership, China can play a long game in dealing with climate change. (187 words)。
研究生英文总结范文
As I come to the end of my master's degree program, I find myself reflecting on the incredible journey of learning, growth, and discovery that has marked the past two years. This summary aims to encapsulate the key experiences, achievements, and insights gained during my time in the program.Academic AchievementsMy academic journey was characterized by a deep dive into the field of [Your Field of Study]. I began by solidifying my foundational knowledge through a comprehensive curriculum that included courses on [List Key Courses]. These courses provided me with a robust theoretical framework upon which to build my research and practical skills.One of the highlights of my academic experience was the completion of my master's thesis, titled "[Your Thesis Title]". This project involved extensive research, data analysis, and critical thinking, culminating in a comprehensive study that contributed to the existing body of knowledge in [Your Field of Study]. The process was challenging but rewarding, and it taught me the importance of perseverance and the value of meticulous research.Research ExperienceResearch has been a cornerstone of my master's program. I had the opportunity to work under the guidance of [Supervisor's Name], a leading expert in [Supervisor's Field]. My research focused on [Brief Description of Research], and it involved collaborating with a diverse team of students and faculty members.The research experience not only honed my technical skills but also introduced me to the intricacies of working in a team and managing complex projects. It also taught me the importance of clear communication and the ability to adapt to new challenges.Professional DevelopmentBeyond the classroom, I actively sought out opportunities to enhance my professional development. I participated in several workshops andseminars, including those on [List Relevant Workshops or Seminars]. These experiences provided me with practical skills and industryinsights that are invaluable for my future career.Additionally, I took on a teaching assistantship for a course in [Course Name]. This role allowed me to apply my knowledge in a teaching context, helping me develop my pedagogical skills and my ability to communicate complex concepts effectively.Personal GrowthThe master's program has been a transformative experience on a personal level as well. I have learned to manage my time more efficiently, tothink critically and analytically, and to approach challenges with a positive attitude. These skills have not only improved my academic performance but have also prepared me for the professional world.Future GoalsLooking forward, I am excited about the opportunities that lie ahead. I plan to pursue a career in [Your Desired Field], where I hope to apply the knowledge and skills I have acquired during my master's program. My ultimate goal is to make a meaningful contribution to the field of [Your Field of Study] and to continue my professional development through ongoing research and learning.In conclusion, my master's degree program has been an enriching and transformative experience. It has equipped me with the academic foundation, research skills, and professional competencies necessary to excel in my chosen field. I am grateful for the support of my professors, peers, and mentors, and I look forward to applying the lessons learnedto the next chapter of my life.。
summary写作范文80字
summary写作范文80字英文回答：Summary: The article discusses the importance ofsetting goals and how it can lead to personal growth and success. It emphasizes the need to have a clear vision, create actionable steps, and stay motivated throughout the process. The article also highlights the role of perseverance and adaptability in achieving goals.Setting goals is crucial for personal growth and success. It gives us direction and purpose in life. Without goals, we may feel lost and aimless. For example, when I was in college, I set a goal to graduate with honors. This goal motivated me to work hard, stay focused, and excel in my studies.Having a clear vision is essential when setting goals. It helps us visualize what we want to achieve and keeps us motivated. For instance, if someone wants to start theirown business, they should have a clear vision of what the business will look like and how it will operate. Thisvision will guide them in making decisions and takingaction towards their goal.Creating actionable steps is another important aspectof goal setting. It involves breaking down the goal into smaller, manageable tasks. This allows us to track our progress and stay motivated. For instance, if someone wants to run a marathon, they can start by setting smaller goals such as running a certain distance each day orparticipating in shorter races. These small steps will eventually lead them to their ultimate goal.Perseverance is key when working towards our goals. We may face obstacles and setbacks along the way, but it's important to stay determined and never give up. For example, when I started learning a new language, I faceddifficulties and felt frustrated at times. However, I persevered and kept practicing, which eventually led to fluency.Adaptability is also crucial in goal setting. Sometimes, our initial plans may not work out as expected, and we need to be flexible and open to change. For instance, if someone's goal is to get a promotion at work, but they face unexpected challenges, they may need to adapt their strategies or explore alternative opportunities. Being adaptable allows us to overcome obstacles and continue moving forward.In conclusion, setting goals is essential for personal growth and success. It provides us with direction, motivation, and a sense of purpose. By having a clear vision, creating actionable steps, and staying motivated,we can achieve our goals. Perseverance and adaptability are also important traits that help us overcome challenges and achieve success.中文回答：Summary: 本文讨论了设定目标的重要性，以及它如何促进个人成长和成功。
研究生英语summary范文
研究生英语summary范文In the realm of academia, the art of summarizing is a crucial skill that transcends disciplines. As a graduate student, mastering the ability to distill complex information into concise summaries is essential for both academic and professional success.Summarizing an English text requires a deep understanding of the material, the ability to identify key points, and the skill to present them in a coherent and succinct manner. It's about capturing the essence without losing the integrity ofthe original content.A well-crafted summary should be objective, avoiding personal opinions or interpretations. It should reflect the author's main arguments, findings, or themes, and bestructured in a way that is easy for readers to follow.In the context of English literature, a summary might highlight the central conflict, the development of characters, and the overarching themes of a novel. It should also respect the original author's voice and style, ensuring that the summary remains true to the source material.For academic papers, the summary must encapsulate the research question, the methodology, the findings, and the implications of the study. It should be written in a neutral tone, with a focus on clarity and brevity.In the business world, a summary of a report or proposal should outline the problem, the proposed solution, and the expected outcomes. It should be persuasive, yet concise, designed to inform and influence decision-makers.The length of a summary can vary, but it's generally shorter than the original text, often by half or even more. The key is to prioritize information, ensuring that every sentence contributes to the overall understanding of the material.Lastly, a good summary is not a substitute for reading the original text. It serves as a tool for quick reference, a way to refresh one's memory, or to provide an overview for those who may not have the time to delve into the full text.In conclusion, the summary is a versatile tool in the graduate student's toolkit. Whether for academic papers, literature reviews, or professional reports, the ability to summarize effectively can enhance one's communication skills and contribute to the clarity of one's academic and professional endeavors.。
英语作文写作之Summary概括
How to write a summary.
In his/her article (or lecture) ”_ (title, first letter capitalized) ,” year. (author/lecturer's last name) argues/claims/reports/contends/ maintains/states that ____________________________.
Parents should watch television with their children and talk about it, rather than using it as a baby-sitter. They should pay attention to the quality of what their children watch; if a child seems to watch too much, they need to ask what else the child has to do, and whether s/he is trying to escape real life for some reason.
Break Time
Writing Survey: Summaries
1.) Why do we write summaries?
2.) What is your understanding of the summery writing process? What does Matt recommend?
What is a Summary?
A good summary will probably include the main idea of each paragraph and the main evidence supporting those ideas.
summary写作范文80字
summary写作范文80字英文回答：Summary: In this article, I will discuss the importance of exercise and its benefits. Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining good health and preventing various diseases. Exercise not only helps to improve physical fitness but also has a positive impact on mental well-being. It can reduce stress, improve mood, and boost self-confidence. Additionally, exercise can help in weight management and prevent obesity. Moreover, it plays acrucial role in enhancing the immune system and reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Therefore, incorporating exercise into our daily routine is crucialfor a healthy and balanced lifestyle.中文回答：总结，本文将讨论运动的重要性及其好处。
定期进行体育锻炼对于保持良好的健康状况和预防各种疾病至关重要。
运动不仅有助于改善身体健康，还对心理健康产生积极影响。
它可以减轻压力，改善心情，并增强自信心。
学术英语写作summary范文
学术英语写作summary范文Summary writing is an essential skill for academic English writing. A good summary should be concise, accurate, and objective. It should capture the main points of the original text without including unnecessary details or personal opinions.There are several key steps to writing an effective summary. First, it is important to read the original text carefully and make note of the main ideas and key points. Next, organize these ideas in a logical order, focusing on the most important information. Then, write the summary using your own words, being sure to include only the essential details.In addition, it is important to avoid plagiarism when writing a summary. This means that you should not simply copy and paste sentences or phrases from the original text. Instead, you should use your own words to rephrase the information in a new and original way.Overall, writing a summary requires careful attention to detail and a deep understanding of the original text. By following these key steps and focusing on the main ideas, you can create a clear and concise summary that effectively conveys the main points of the original text.。
英文总结怎么写范文
英文总结怎么写范文范文一：Writing a Summary in EnglishA summary aims to capture the main ideas and essential details of a text or presentation concisely and accurately. It is an important skill for students and professionals alike, as it helps to developcritical thinking, enhances comprehension, and facilitates effective communication. In this article, we will discuss the key steps and strategies forwriting a well-structured and cohesive summary in English.1. Read and Understand the TextBefore attempting to write a summary, it is crucial to read the text thoroughly and understand its main message. Identify the key ideas, arguments, and supporting details. Pay attention to the organization and structure of the text, as it will help you in structuring your summary.2. Determine the Purpose and Length of the Summary Understand the purpose of the summary – whether it is to provide an overview of the text, present a balanced discussion, or highlight specific points. Additionally, consider the desired length of the summary; it should be concise and to the point, typically shorter thanthe original text.3. Identify the Main IdeasIdentify the main ideas and central arguments presented in the text. These may be explicitly stated or implied within the paragraphs. Highlight or underline these key points, and make note of any supporting information or evidence.4. Omit Irrelevant InformationWhile writing a summary, it is crucial to omit any irrelevant or less significant details that do not contribute to the main message or purpose of the text. Focus on the essential information that conveys the core message effectively.5. Paraphrase and Use Key PhrasesInstead of copying sentences directly from theoriginal text, paraphrase the ideas using your own words. Understand the main points deeply and express them in a clear and concise manner. Additionally, incorporate key phrases that capture the essence of the text while avoiding excessive quotations.6. Organize the SummaryA well-organized summary follows a logical structure. Begin by providing a brief introduction, including the title and author of the original text. In the body paragraphs, present the main ideas in a cohesive and sequential manner. Use transitional phrases to maintain coherence and flow within the summary.Finally, conclude the summary by restating the main message or offering a final thought.7. Revise and ProofreadAfter completing the first draft, revise the summaryfor clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Check for any grammatical or spelling errors. Ensure that the summary effectively conveys the main ideas and maintains the intended focus. Consider seeking feedback from a classmate or a teacher to further improve the quality of the summary.Remember, summarizing is not about retelling the entire text in a condensed form but about capturingthe essence of the original message. It requirescritical thinking, analysis, and strong writing skills. Through practice and careful attention to structureand content, anyone can master the art of writing an effective summary in English.范文二：How to Write a Summary in EnglishWriting a summary is an essential skill thatallows us to synthesize information and communicate effectively. It requires the ability to extract key points from a text, condense them, and present them in a clear and concise manner. In this article, we will explore the step-by-step process of crafting a well-written summary in English.1. Read and Understand the TextStart by reading the text thoroughly to grasp its main ideas. Identify the author's central arguments, supporting evidence, and any relevant examples. Understanding the text's structure and organization will help you identify its main points.2. Determine the Objective and Length of the SummaryBefore writing, clarify the objective of your summary. Are you summarizing to provide an overview, analyze an argument, or evaluate a text? Also, consider the desired length for your summary. It should be shorter than the original text, focusing on the core ideas.3. Identify the Main IdeasIdentify the main ideas or themes discussed in the text. These are often found in topic sentences or the opening and closing paragraphs of each section. Highlight or make notes of these main ideas to use asa reference when writing your summary.4. Omit Unnecessary DetailsExclude any extraneous or less important details that do not directly contribute to the main ideas of the text. Focus on what is most relevant and critical to understanding the author's message. Avoid including personal opinions or additional information not present in the original text.5. Paraphrase and Use SynonymsWhen writing your summary, avoid directly copyingsentences from the original text. Instead, paraphrase the information using your own words. Ensure that the meaning remains intact while condensing the content. Use synonyms to vary your vocabulary and make the summary more engaging.6. Organize the SummaryA well-structured summary should have an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In the introduction, include the title, author, and any relevant background information about the text. The body paragraphs should present the main ideas in a logical order, supporting them with appropriate evidence or examples. Concludeby summarizing the key points and restating the main message.7. Revise and EditReview your summary for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Check for any grammatical or punctuation errors. Ensure that the summary accurately reflectsthe main ideas of the text and maintains a consistent tone. Consider seeking feedback from a peer or teacher to improve your writing further.In conclusion, writing a summary involves careful reading, analysis, and effective communication skills. By practicing these steps and paying attention to detail, you can become proficient in writing clear and concise summaries in English总之，写摘要需要仔细阅读、分析和有效沟通的技巧。