所有重要的高中化学方程式-汇总
高中化学专题之二-----高中化学方程式
一、非金属单质 (F 2, Cl 2,O 2,S,N 2,P,C,Si, H ) 1氧化性:
F 2+H 2===2HF (阴暗处爆炸) F 2+Xe (过量)==XeF 2
2F 2(过量)+Xe==XeF 4 (XeF 4是强氧化剂,能将 Mn 2+氧化为MnO 4-
)
nF 2+2M===2MFn (M 表示大部分金属) 2F 2+2H 2O===4HF+O 2 (水是还原剂) 2F 2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF 2+H 2O F 2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl 2 F 2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br 2 F 2+2Nal===2NaF+l 2 7F 2(过量)+12===2IF 7
F 2+Cl 2(等体积)===2ClF (ClF 属于类卤素:ClF+H 2O==HF+HClO ) 3F 2(过量)+Cl 2===2ClF 3 (ClF 3+3H 2O==3HF+HClO 3 )
I
占蝶
CI 2+H 2 - 2HCl (将H 2在Cl 2点燃;混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸
)
(在水溶液中:Cl 2+2Fe 2+===2Fe 3++3CI )
Cl 2+2Br =2CI +Br 2
3CI 2+2P 2PCI 3 CI 2+PCI 3 PCI 5 Cl 2+2Na 2NaCI
3Cl 2+2Fe
2FeCl 3
Cl 2+Cu
CuCl 2
Cb+2KI===2KCI+I 2
3Cl 2(过量)+2KI+3H 2O===6HCI+KIO
3 3CI 2+I +3H 2O=6H ++6CI +IO 3
CI 2+2I =2CI +I 2
5Cl 2+l 2+6H 2O===2HIO 3+10HCI 5CI 2+12+6H 2O=10CI - +IO 3- +12H + CI 2+S 2- =2CI -+S J (水溶液中:Cl 2+H 2S=2H ++2CI - +S J Cl 2+SO 2+2H 2O===H 2SO 4+2HCI CI 2+SO 2+2H 2O=4H ++SO 42- +2CI - Cl 2+Na 2S===2NaCI+S J Cl 2+H 2S===2HCI+S J Cl 2+H 2O 2===2HCI+O 2 Cl 2+H 2O 2=2H ++CI +O 2 2O 2+3Fe —-
Fe 3O 4
O 2+K===KO 2 S+H2^—H2S
A S+Fe S+2Cu 3S+2AI
2
2S+C ------ CS 2
FeS (既能由单质制取,又能由离子制取
---- CU 2S (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取 Al 2S 3 (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取 催化剂 . S+Z ZnS
N 2+3H 2盲温高丁2NH 3 N 2+3Mg Mg 3N 2 N 2+3C Ca 3N 2
Cl 2+2FeCl 2===2FeCl 3
2Na+H^2NaH 2Na+O 2 广 Na 2O 2
4Na+O 2==2Na 2O 2Na+S==Na 2S (爆炸)
2Na 2O+O 亠 2Na 2O 2
2Na+2H 2O=2Na ++2OH —+H 2 ? 2Na+2NH 3=2Na ++2NH 2—+H 2?
2C U +S ——C U2S (Cu 2S 只能由单质制备) Mg+2H 2O ——Mg (OH ) 2+H 2 ?
4AI+3O 2===2AI 2O 3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧 )
4AI (Hg )+3O 2+2xH 2O===2(AI 2O 3.XH 2O )+4Hg (铝汞齐) 高遍 [高辰 ,,,、
4AI+3MnO 2 2AI 2O 3+3Mn
2AI+Cr 2O 3 Al 2O 3+2Cr (铝热反应)
2Fe+3Br 2===2FeBr 3 3Fe+2O 2 一 Fe 3O 4
2Fe+O 2 2FeO (炼钢过程)
Fe+b ----- F eb
Fe+S 一FeS (FeS 既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备 )
3Fe+4H 2O (g ) Fe 3O 4+4H 2 ? Fe+2HCI===FeCI 2+H 2T Fe+2H +=Fe 2++H 2 ? Fe+CuCl 2===FeCI 2+Cu Fe+Cu 2+=Fe 2++Cu J Fe+S nCl 4===FeCl 2+S nCl 2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化 锡完全还原为单质锡 Fe+SnCb==FeCl 2+Sn J
Fe+Sn 2*=Fe 2*+Sn J
三?非金属氢化物(HF,HCI,H 2O,H 2S,NH 3)金属氢化物(NaH ) 1还原性:
4HCI (浓)+MnO 2^^MnCI 2+CI 2 ? +2H 2O
4H ++2CI -
+MnO 2——Mn 2++Cl 2? +2H 2O
4HCI (浓)+PbO 2 ---- PbCl 2+CI 2 ? +2H 2O
4Na+TiCI 4二一4NaCI+Ti Mg+CI 2 ' MgCI 2
Mg+Br ^MgBr 2
2Mg+O 2 2MgO
Mg+S 丄 MgS
2Na+2H 2O==2NaOH+H 2? 2Na+2NH 3==2NaNH 2+H 2 ?
■IS
融
2Mg+TiCI 4 Ti+2MgCI 2
Mg+2RbCI MgCI 2+2Rb 2Mg+CO 2 2MgO+C 2Mg+SiO 2—2MgO+Si
Mg+H 2S==MgS+H 2 Mg+H
2SO 4==MgSO 4+H 2 ?
(Mg+2H +=Mg 2++H 2?)
2AI+3CI
2AICI 3
2AI+Fe 2O 3
Al 2O 3+2Fe
2AI+6HCI===2AICI 3+3H 2 ?
2AI+3H 2SO 4===AI 2(SO 4)
+3H ? 2AI+6H +=2AI 3++3H 2? 2AI+6H +=2AI 3++3H 2?
2AI+6H
2SO 4(浓)===AI 2(SO 4)3+3SO 2+6H 2O AI+4HNO 3(稀)===AI (NO
3
)3+NO ? +2H 2O 2AI+2NaOH+2H (AI,Fe 在冷,浓的H 2SO 4,HNO 3中钝化) AI+4H ++NO 3-
=AI 3++NO ? +2H 2O
2AI+2OH -+2H 2O=2AIO 2-
+3H 2?
2AI+3FeO
4H++2CI -+PbO^—Pb2++Cl2f +2H2O
4HCI(g)+0 l—2CI2+2H2O
16HCI+2KMnO 4===2KCI+2MnCI 2+5CI2 T +8H2O
16 H++10CI-+2MnO 4「=2Mn 2++5Cl2f +8H 2O
6HCI+KCIO 3==KCI+3CI 2T +3H2O
6H++5CI -+CIO 3-=3CI 2 T +3H2O
14HCI+K 2Cr2O7===2KCI+2CrCI 3+3CI 2 T +7H2O
14H ++6CI +Cr 2O72 =2Cr 3++5CI 2 T +7H 2O
2H2O+2F2===4HF+O 2
2HCI+F2=2HF+CI 2 (F2气与HCI、HBr、HI、H2S、NH 3气体不能共存) 2HBr+CI 2=2HCI+Br 2 (CI2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3 气体不能共存)
2H2S+3O2(足量)___2SO2+2H 2O 2H2S+O2(少量「2S J +2H2O
2H2S+SO2===3S J +2H2O H2S+H2SOM浓)===S J +SO2T +2H2O
3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S J +2NO T +4H2O
3H2S+2H++2NO3-=3S J +2NO T +4H2O
5H2S+2KMnO 4+3H 2SO4===2MnSO 4+K2SO4+5S J +8H 2O
5H2S+2MnO 4 +6H+=2Mn 2++5S J +8H2O
3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H 2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K 2SO4+3S J +7H2O
3H2S+Cr 2O72-+8H+===2Cr 3++3S J +7H2O
H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na 2SO4+6NaOH
H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na++SO;+OH
加热
2NH 3+3CuO-------3Cu+N 2+3H 2O
2NH 3+3Cl2===N 2+6HCI 8NH 3+3CI2===N 2+6NH 4CI
NH3+NaNO2+HCI==NaCI+N 2 T +2H2O
NH 3+NO 2-+H +=N 2 T +2H 2O
4NH3+5O2 催化剂
△
4NO+6H2O
4NH 3+3O2(纯
氧
2N2+6H2O
4NH3+6NO===5N 2+6H2O (用氨清除NO)
NaH+H 2O===NaOH+H 2 T (生氢剂)
NaH+H 2O=Na ++OH -+H 2T
加热
4NaH+TiCI 4------------ T i+4NaCI+2H 2 T CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2 J +2H2 T
2、酸性:
4HF+SiO 2===SiF4+2H2O (可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量,玻璃雕刻)4HF+Si===SiF 4+2H2T
2HF+CaCI 2===CaF2+2HCI H2S+Fe===FeS J +H2 T
H2S+CUCI 2===CuS J +2HCI (弱酸制强酸的典型反应)
H2S+CU 2+=CuS J +2H +
H2S+2AgNO 3===Ag 2S J +2HNO 3
H2S+2Ag+=Ag 2S J +2H +
H2S+HgCI 2===HgS J +2HCI
H2S+Hg 2+=HgS J +2H +
2NO+O 2===2NO 2
占堆
CU+CO 2
2CO+O 2 ---------- 2CO 2 CO+CuO -------- 一加热 _ _ 催化剂 3CO+Fe 2O 3 2Fe+3CO 2 CO+H 2O 加热 CO 2+H 2
2、氧化性:
SO 2+2H 2S===3S+2H 2O
K 2SO 3+I 2
SO 3+2KI NO 2+2KI+H 2O===NO+I 2+2KOH (不能用淀粉 KI 溶液鉴别溴蒸气和 NO 2) 4NO 2+H 2S===4NO+SO 3+H 2O
加热
4CuO+N 2
ZnO+N 2
2NO 2+Cu N 2O+Zn / 占拱
CO 2+2Mg 2MgO+C (CO 2不能用于扑灭由 Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K 等燃烧的火灾 MS m 脚
SiO 2+2H 2 -------- Si+2H 2O SiO 2+2Mg 2MgO+Si
NO+NO 2+2OH =2NO 2
)
(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的 NO 和NO 2) H 2S+Pb (N0 3)2===PbS J +2HN0 3 (铅试纸检验空气中 H 2S )
H 2S+Pb 2+=PbS J +2H +
H 2S+2Ag===Ag 2S+H 2T (银器在空气中变黑的原因 ) 2NH 3(液)+2Na==2NaNH 2+H 2 f (NaNH 2+H 2O===NaOH+NH 3 f )
NH 3+HX===NH 4X (X : F 、Cl 、Br 、I 、S )
NH 3+HN0 3===NH 4NO 3 NH 3+H +=NH 4+ 2NH 3+H 2SO 4===(NH 4)2SO 4 NH 3+H +=NH 4+ NH 3+NaCI+H 2O+CO 2===NaHCO 3+NH 4CI (侯德榜制碱:用于工业制备小苏打,苏打) NH 3+H 2S==NH 4HS NH 3+H 2S=NH 4++HS
4、不稳定性:
2H C F H2+CI 2 2H 2O 2H 2+O 2 2H 2O 2===2H 2O+O 2 力㈱ H 2S H 2+S 催化剂 2NH 3 N 2+3H 2 2HI^^H 2+l 2
四.非金属氧化物(SO 3、SO 2、N 20、 NO 、N 2O 3、 NO 2、N 2O 4、N 2O 5、CO 、CO 2、SQ 2、P 2O 3、 P 2O 5、CI 2O 、CI 2O 3、CI 2O 5、CI 2O 7、 CIO 2)
1低价态的还原性:(SO 2、CO 、NO )
2SO 2+O 2+2H 2O===2H 2SO 4 (这是SO 2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)
催化剂
2SO 2+O 2T 加热 2SO 3 SO 2+NO 2===SO 3+NO
SO 2+CI 2+2H 2O===H 2SO 4+2HCI SO 2+Br 2+2H 2O===H 2SO 4+2HBr SO 2+I 2+2H 2O===H 2SO 4+2HI Cl 2+SO 2+2H 2O=4H ++SO 42- +2CI Br 2+SO 2+2H 2O=4H ++SO 42- +2Br l 2+SO 2+2H 2O=4H ++SO 42-+2I - NO+NO 2+2NaOH===2NaNO 2 2HF