②神经模糊系统-Read
湖北省鄂州市鄂城区重点名校2024年中考英语最后冲刺浓缩精华卷含答案
湖北省鄂州市鄂城区重点名校2024年中考英语最后冲刺浓缩精华卷含答案注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
Ⅰ. 单项选择1、Now , some robots are __________ to do the same things ____________ people.A．enough smart, as B．enough smart, forC．smart enough, as D．smart enough, with2、_____ Tom_____Maria loves this sport.A．Both, and B．Not only, but also C．But, and D．Both, or3、Mr. Wang recommended me a few foreign movies, but ____was to my taste.A．all B．neither C．nothing D．none4、-- What do you think of the film you saw yesterday?-- Oh, it's than the movies I have ever seen.A．interesting B．more interestingC．the most interesting D．most interesting5、---When will car race begin---I'm not sure. Maybe next week, or maybe week after nextA．a; the B．an; the C．the; a D．the; the6、—I'm sorry to keep you waiting for so long.—.A．Don't say so B．It doesn't matterC．Y ou're welcome D．Well done7、Thanksgiving Day is a day for Western families and their friends to have a big dinner together, giving their thanks to God for what they have got. It is a traditional festival in ________.A．China B．America C．Japan8、—Hi, Jacob! Do you go to the cinema a lot?—No, I to the cinema for ages.A．didn’t go B．haven’t gone C．have been D．haven’t been9、—I saw Susan in the library just now.—No, it _______ be her. She went to Shanghai this morning.A．mustn’t B．can’t C．shouldn’t10、—Do you like swimming in winter?—Of course. The water a bit cold at first，but then I am warm and full of energy.A．feels B．tastesC．smells D．looksⅡ. 完形填空11、White clouds filled the sky. The sun’s rays burst through them, spreading cheer and 1 . After the meal, Olivia lay back on the blanket, 2 the amazing sky and Dad was 3 the picnic food.＂Dad, that cloud over there looks like a rhinoceros（犀牛）!There’s a horn（角）,two ears and a long tail.＂ Olivia said 4 .＂Is there? I can’t see it.＂Dad sighed and shook his head. ＂Do you see any 5 in the clouds, Dad?＂＂I see a turkey.＂He rubbed his cheeks and 6 her closer with his warm hands.＂Dad, I see a fighting lion, a running giraffe and a 7 parrot.＂＂I’m sorry to stop our fun, 8 it looks like rain＂said Dad, 9 the picnic basket＂＂Clouds don’t get big 10 they’re going to drop rain on us.＂A raindrop fell on Olivia’s forehead. ＂You’re right, Dad. I’ll 11 the blanket.＂The two rushed for the car .On their way home Olivia 12 out of the window.＂Is the sky always that 13 before a storm, Dad?＂＂Beauty is in the 14 of the beholder（旁观者）, my little angel.＂It is a pity that there are some people who would never seen a rhinoceros or a turkey in clouds. 15 eyes of the child, the world is fresh and appealing each day.1．A．hotness B．cold C．warmth D．gas2．A．greeting B．touching C．admiring D．drawing3．A．cooking B．packing C．finishing D．preparing4．A．confusedly B．excitedly C．surprisingly D．frighteningly5．A．things B．animals C．figures D．characters6．A．pulled B．pushed C．carried D．took7．A．crawling B．playing C．flying D．hunting8．A．so B．but C．and D．or9．A．turning over B．looking after C．bringing in D．reaching for10．A．if B．while C．as D．unless11．A．throw B．spread C．get D．cover12．A．jumped B．glared C．stared D．walked13．A．beautiful B．clear C．bright D．blue14．A．hand B．mouth C．ear D．eye15．A．Beyond B．By C．Over D．ThrougⅢ. 语法填空12、A 17-year-old girl 1．(name) Wu Yishu won first prize in Chinese Poetry Competition (中国诗词大会). She has won fans over with her rich knowledge of the ancient culture and works.Wu, a high school student in Shanghai, beat the other 2．(contest) in the 3．(two) season of the Chinese Poetry Competition.“I get feelings from ancient poetry 4．modern people cannot give me. I pay little attention 5．the competition result, but I love poetry, and it is enough as long as I enjoy the happiness brought by the poetry,” Wu said.In the final of the competition, all the competitors 6．(ask) to recite poems by 7．(look) at sand paintings and recite as many poems as they could think of about the Chinese character Jiu (酒). Wu did 8．(good) among them. When Wu recited 9．ancient Chinese poem about the months of the year, the judges thought that she must have remembered at least more than 2,000 Chinese ancient works.Wu’s excellent performance in the Chinese ancient poetry has won her a lot of fans and encouraged others 10．(learn) ancient works.Ⅳ. 阅读理解A13、There are millions of people throughout the world who are either born blind or have become blind over the course of their lifetimes. It is unfair to take away the visual beauty of the world from these people. Doctor Humayun has created the world’s first bionic eye that could change the life of every blind people in the world.Doctor Mark Humayun is a well respected professor at the Doheny Eye Institute in California. He has been working for years on creating a bionic eye that would allow blind people to see images just like a normal person does. His idea of the bionic eye is actually an eye that has been built in a small video camera.The test results show the bionic eye has given blind patients the amazing ability to see the scientists doing the tests. But the images are still blurry(模糊的) and we need much work before the eye actually becomes a regular implant(植入物) into blind people. Humayun believes that he can go into production with the bionic eye over the next three to five years.A closer look at the bionic eye is amazing. The patient wears a special set of eyeglasses. All the signals(信号) are passed to the implanted eye. It’s done by wireless technology. Humayun has created an invention that could change the lives of millions of people. Imagine a world in which someone would no longer fear about being blind. This could be considered a technological achievement.1．Why is Doctor Mark Humayun well respected?A．Because he has been working on a small video camera.B．Because he is a professor of a famous university.C．Because he invented a video camera for the blind.D．Because he devoted himself to making the blind see again.2．How about the bionic eye created by Mark Humayun now?A．It can help the blind to see the man doing the test.B．It has achieved an excellent effect during the use.C．It can be implanted into the blind people’s eyes.D．It looks mu ch like the normal people’s eye.3．How long will it take Doctor Humayun to produce his bionic eye?A．For more than eight years.B．For more than five years.C．For three to five years.D．For less than three years.4．What does this passage mainly tell us?A．The life of blind people has changed.B．Mark Humayun becomes famous.C．There will be no blind in the future.D．A technological study for the blind.B14、From 2016, Children in Finland would not be taught cursive handwriting. Instead of learning this skill, schools would be given the choice to teach keyboard typing in its place. The change shows typing skills are now more related than handwriting, but experts say the move could do harm to a child’s brain development.“Most people would agree that everyone sho uld at least be able to pick up a pen or a pencil and write a message that others can read,”said Misty Adoniou, a lecturer.“But beyond legibility（易读性）, does it matter how you form your letters when you handwrite?”She continued there was research connecting fluent（流畅的）handwriting with better written articles,“but the key isn’t the quality, form or style of the handwriting, but rather the automaticity（自动性）of the handwriting.”Reports have also found that by the age of eight, children can already type faster than they can handwrite. But, as Misty Adoniou agreed, handwriting can play an important part in brain development.“Research shows that learning towrite in cursive further improves students’ motor and visual（视觉的）skills, eye-to-handco ordination, hand and finger skills, and brain development. The physical act of handwriting also helps the memory of information and the flow（流动）of ideas.”For example, in a recent study, researchers did brain scans on five-year-olds before and after receiving different letter-learning tasks. In children who practiced writing letters by hand, the neural（神经的）activity was more improved and“aduit-like”than in those who had simply looked at letters. “Technology can encourage and support plenty of child development and educational objectives, such as physical and health、”explained Dr.Leves, “And there is a body of research supporting the idea that children learn best when they’re having fun.”But as Ms Adoniou concluded:“With so many things to do in a school day, it is hard to see why handwriting lessons conti nue. No matter how standardized we try to make handwriting, we all end up with our own style. Perhaps we’d do just all well to let children find their own style.”1．Ms Adoniou probably agrees that you will write articles better when _____.A．you care less about your handwritingB．you have a special style of handwritingC．you improve the quality of handwritingD．you have different forms of handwriting2．According to Ms Adoniou, cursive handwriting _____.A．improves children’s eyesightB．makes children’s hand s strongC．makes children have fewer ideasD．helps children’s brains develop better3．What is the passage mainly about _____?A．How to teach keyboard typing.B．The reasons why students drop pens.C．Some opinions on cursive handwriting.D．How to improve your own writing style.C15、We all dream about things that we would like to do and things we hope to achieve in the future. But are everybody's dreams the same? Here are some of the findings of a survey about hopes and dreams，and thousands of students across China took part in it.________________We received several different answers to the question：What would you like to do after finishing your education? It seems some students would like to start work as soon as possible, so that they can help provide better lives for their parents. Other students hope to continue studying after finishing school and to go to university. Although money is important, many teenagers said they want to do jobs they enjoy. According to the survey, the most popular choice of job is computer programming.________________Teenagers have all kinds of dreams. Some are more realistic(现实的) than others. For example, many students said they would like to be volunteers if Beijing could hold the World Cup, maybe working as translators or tour guides. And quite a few said they dream of going to the moon one day. According to the survey, less realistic dreams are also common, but many students reported that they were willing to work hard to achieve their dreams. Quite a few dream of becoming famous, perhaps famous sports people or sin gers. Some said they’d like to go on exciting trips; one student said she’d love to sail across the Pacific Ocean. And then there are dreams that are impossible; three students said they’d like to be able to fly!ConclusionIt was clear from the survey that teenagers have similar hopes. It seems that most students hope to have a good education and find a good job. Besides，students dream of very different things：good things, and even crazy things. It is very important to dream, so hold on your dreams；one day they may just come true.1．Some students would like to start work to ______ as soon as possible.A．find jobs they enjoyB．achieve their dreamsC．to help look after their familiesD．make money to go to university2．What is important to students about their work they do?A．If it is a good job.B．If they can enjoy the work.C．If it can help him become famous.D．If they can make more money.3．How many realistic dreams are mentioned in the passage?A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Six.4．What example is given of an impossible dream?A．To be able to fly.B．To go to the moon.C．To sail across the Pacific Ocean.D．To become famous people.5．What’s the writer’s opinion of dreams?A．Give up impossible dreams.B．Common dreams are not so good.C．Teenagers should have realistic dreams.D．Dreams are important and try to make them come true.D16、One morning Fan Xing discovered that her classroom had changed. The 13-year-old saw that the desks were no longer in rows(排), but pushed together to make six bigger desks.The new arrangement(排列) was part of a reform(改革) at Fan's school, Changsha Daotian Middle School in Hunan. About five weeks ago, more than 2,000 junior students at the school began studying in this way, with six to eight students sitting in groups."This reform is designed to provide students with easier ways to study and more chances for discussion,"said Liu Xu,na school head teacher. "Our school hopes it can improve students' abilities(能力) for self-study as well as teamwork."The new arrangement took some time for students to get used to."I was too curious(好奇) about it for the first two days," said Fan. But soon she and her classmates got used to it." Now our class is quieter because we can stop loud students with some simple gestures(手势),"said Fan. "What's more,we can express our own ideas and learn others' through discussion. It's a better way to study."Feng Yu likes this new classroom arrangement very much and has made some progress studying. The 14-year-old said, "Group members first discuss,and then explain the solutions or answers to difficult questions in front of the whole class.""The discussion gives us more confidence to make speeches,"said Feng."We can also improve our friendships."The reform has asked for more from teachers.They have no more than 15 minutes to teach in class."It is a big challenge to teach in such short time the lessons which should be taught in 45 minutes,"English teacher Wang Jing said."We have to improve methods to teach better. We must prepare some interesting topics and exercises before class so that students can discuss them."Wang said that some students always talk. The teachers have to move continuously in the classroom to keep them quiet and get them to concentrate on class."It demands more, but I believe it will pay off,"Wang added.1．From the first paragraph of the passage, we know________.A．Fan Xing was a 13-year-old studentB．Fan Xing's classroom was changed in rowsC．Fan Xing's desk was no longer in her classroom2．The purpose of the new classroom arrangement is to________.A．make the students feel fresh and interestedB．provide students with more chances for teamworkC．divide big classes into small classes3．How did the new classroom arrangement help the students' study according to the passage?A．By stopping loud students using simple gestures.B．By giving students more chances to work in groups.C．By making students explain difficult questions after school.4．What is the big challenge for the teachers in classroom teaching in the reform?A．The teachers have to improve their studying methods.B．The teachers must prepare more interesting topics for exercises.C．The teachers are only given 15 minutes to teach in one period(节) of the class.5．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．The students in Changsha Daotian Middle School are sitting in groups when having classes.B．The reform in the school is aimed at improving the students' abilities for self-study.C．Studying in groups gives the students more confidence to concentrate on class.E17、ABOUT THE BLACK BEARDescription: Black body and head, brown nose, and large ears that stick out•Size: 150 to 600 pounds, 4.5 to 6.5 feet long•Living space: Heavily wooden area•Food: Plants and small animalsImagine this situation: You go out to your backyard, and you see a bear smelling your rubbish bin. Or you go into your garage(车库) to get your bike and find a bear there. What would you do? People in some parts of Florida think about these situations a lot. They have been running into black bears more and more often. This is frightening and dangerous for both bears and people.The number of cases of people and bears running into each other has gone up. In 1978, just one case was reported. In 2002, 1,340 cases were reported. These cases are called “conflicts”. Studies show that the number of conflicts in Floridais going up.Some people think that human-bear conflicts are going up in Florida because there are more bears. Actually, it’s just the opposite. The number of bears is going down. In the early 1900s, there were about 12,000 black bears in Florida. Today, no one is really sure how many black bears are left. People think the number is from 1,500 to 3,000. So why arehuman-bear conflicts increasing so rapidly? There aren’t more bears, but there ar e more people.There are many people who want to protect the Florida black bear. Here are some of the things that people in Florida are doing:Teaching school children about the Florida black bear with a special program that includes a slide-show, games, and activities.Choosing carefully where roads are built or widened so that wild animals will not be harmed by the traffic.Holding a yearly festival for families with arts, food, and information on the bear.1．What does the underlined word “conflicts” in t he second paragraph mean?A．Bears living in Florida in 2002.B．Studies of black bears in Florida.C．Fights between people and black bears.D．Cases of people and bears running into each other.2．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Black bears live in thick woods.B．People feel afraid when they run into a bear.C．There are about 3,000 black bears left in Florida now.D．The reason why human-bear conflicts are going up is that there’re more people.3．To protect black bears, people in Florida are .A．trying to learn more about black bearsB．teaching students how to take good care of bearsC．building and widening new roads for black bearsD．giving back black bears more food and living spaceF18、King’s College Summer School is a n annual(每年的) training program for high school students at all levels who want to improve their English. Courses are given by the teachers of King’s College and other colleges in New York. Trips to museums and culture centres are also organized. This year’s summer school will be from July 25 to August 15. More information is as follows:1．You can most probably read the passage in _______.A．a newspaper B．a travel guideC．a textbook D．a telephone book2．If you want to live with your relatives in New Y ork, you will have to pay the school _______. A．$200 B．$400 C．$500 D．$9003．Which of the following statements is TRUE?A．The program will last two months.B．Y ou can write to Thompson only in English.C．Chinese student can send applications only on July 10.D．Y ou can get in touch with the school by e-mail or by telephone.Ⅴ.书面表达19、请你根据以下内容提示,为学校广播站英语专栏写一篇短文,介绍发生在你好朋友王强Wang Qiang身上的一件事。
初一各科考试题目及答案
初一各科考试题目及答案初一的同学们，以下是你们即将面对的各科考试题目及答案。
请认真复习，做好充分的准备。
语文：1. 请解释“春眠不觉晓”中“春眠”的含义。
答案：春眠指的是春天的睡眠，这里形容春天的气候温暖，使人感到困倦，容易入睡。
2. 请写出《出师表》中“先帝创业未半而中道崩殂”的下一句。
答案：今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。
数学：1. 如果一个数的平方等于36，那么这个数是多少？答案：这个数可以是6或者-6，因为6的平方是36，-6的平方也是36。
2. 计算下列表达式的值：(2x + 3)(2x - 3)。
答案：4x^2 - 9。
英语：1. 请用英语写出“今天天气真好”的翻译。
答案：The weather is really nice today.2. 请用过去时态写出“我昨天读了一本书”的英文句子。
答案：I read a book yesterday.历史：1. 请简述秦始皇统一六国的历史意义。
答案：秦始皇统一六国，结束了春秋战国时期的分裂局面，建立了中国历史上第一个统一的中央集权的封建国家，对中国历史产生了深远的影响。
2. 请列举唐朝的三位著名诗人。
答案：李白、杜甫、白居易。
地理：1. 请描述地球的自转和公转。
答案：地球自转是指地球围绕自己的轴线旋转，方向是从西向东，周期为一天。
地球公转是指地球围绕太阳旋转，方向也是从西向东，周期为一年。
2. 请解释什么是经线和纬线。
答案：经线是连接南北两极并垂直于纬线的弧线，指示南北方向。
纬线是环绕地球一周并与赤道平行的圆圈，指示东西方向。
生物：1. 请解释什么是细胞。
答案：细胞是生物体的基本结构和功能单位，由细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核等部分组成，能够进行物质代谢和能量转换。
2. 请列举人体的主要器官系统。
答案：消化系统、呼吸系统、循环系统、泌尿系统、神经系统、内分泌系统、运动系统、生殖系统。
以上就是初一各科考试的部分题目及答案，希望对你们的复习有所帮助。
神经认知功能障碍的概念
神经认知功能障碍的概念神经认知功能障碍（Neurocognitive Disorders，NCDs），也被称为脑功能衰退症（Dementia），是一组以脑功能受损导致认知能力显著下降为特征的疾病。
它会对患者的注意力、记忆、思维、语言、判断力和执行功能等认知能力产生负面影响，并严重干扰日常生活和社交功能。
正常老年人会随着年龄的增长而出现一定的认知变化，但脑功能衰退症超出了正常范围。
该疾病通常发展缓慢，起初可能只表现为轻微的认知下降，而逐渐恶化到严重的退化状态。
常见的神经认知功能障碍疾病包括阿尔茨海默病、脑血管性痴呆和帕金森病相关痴呆等。
神经认知功能障碍的主要特征是记忆力丧失，而与健忘不同的是，患者通常会忘记自己的身份、亲人的名字和日常常识等。
此外，患者可能出现注意力不集中、语言障碍、判断能力下降、空间定向力丧失和执行功能下降等问题。
在疾病的晚期，患者甚至无法自理，需要全面的照顾和护理。
神经认知功能障碍的病因复杂多样。
阿尔茨海默病是最常见的神经认知功能障碍疾病，其病因尚不完全清楚，可能与β淀粉样蛋白的沉积和神经元损伤有关。
脑血管痴呆是由于脑血管病变导致脑部供血不足，造成脑组织损伤而引起的。
帕金森病相关痴呆是帕金森病的并发症，是由于多巴胺神经元的损失和α-突触核蛋白的沉积导致的脑功能衰退。
神经认知功能障碍的诊断需要通过详细的医学史、家族史、认知评估和影像学检查等多种手段进行。
认知评估通常包括对记忆、注意力、语言和执行功能等方面进行系统的评估。
神经心理学测试和脑影像学检查如磁共振成像（MRI）和正电子发射计算机断层扫描（PET）可帮助排除其他可能的病因，如脑肿瘤或脑血管病变。
对于神经认知功能障碍的治疗，目前尚无根治方法。
早期干预和药物治疗可以延缓疾病进展和减轻症状。
常用的药物治疗包括乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂和抗氧化剂等，它们可以改善神经递质的代谢和抑制神经元的损伤。
同时，社会支持和心理疏导也十分重要，可以帮助患者和家属适应并应对疾病带来的心理压力和生活变化。
自适应神经模糊系统及其应用研究
自适应神经模糊系统及其应用研究人工智能技术的发展，为科学家们开辟了一片全新的研究领域。
神经网络、模糊控制等技术的不断发展带来了自适应神经模糊系统的出现。
自适应神经模糊系统，又称为ANFIS（Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System），是一种基于神经网络与模糊逻辑综合的自适应智能系统。
本文将从它的概念、结构及应用等几个方面进行探讨。
一、概念自适应神经模糊系统是一种结合神经网络和模糊控制的新型智能系统。
它能够利用神经网络来自动完成输入与输出间的映射，同时利用模糊控制来实现自适应和推理功能，从而实现对系统的智能化控制。
ANFIS的核心部分是模糊推理机，它通过“如果……那么”的形式进行推理，将输入的模糊信号通过规则的运算，转化为输出信号。
在推理的过程中，ANFIS通过神经网络进行学习，并根据学习的结果来优化推理机的结构和参数，从而提高其推理的精度与效率。
二、结构ANFIS的结构是由输入层、隐含层、输出层和反向传播算法组成。
其中，输入层是将系统的输入变量进行接受和处理的部分；隐含层是神经网络部分，它利用了Takagi-Sugeno-Kang（TSK）模型作为模糊推理的核心，并通过反向传播算法对其进行训练；输出层则是将隐含层的结果进行处理并转化为系统输出的部分。
此外，ANFIS还包括规则库、模糊化和去模糊化等部分，用来处理系统中的模糊数据，使系统具有推理、记忆和自适应等能力。
三、应用自适应神经模糊系统在工业控制、模式识别、信号处理等多个领域拥有广泛的应用。
其中，应用最为广泛的是控制领域。
ANFIS通过有效的模糊推理机制和自适应能力，可以实现对复杂系统的精准控制。
例如，在工业生产过程中，ANFIS可以通过学习数据的变化趋势，自动调节系统中各部分的运行状态，达到节省能源、提高产量等效果。
在车辆控制方面，ANFIS可以通过对车辆行驶数据分析，对车辆的驾驶状态进行自适应控制，从而达到提高驾驶安全性和车辆性能的效果。
Simulink模糊控制教程PPT课件
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模糊 系统演示程序
函数 defuzzdm fcmdemo gasdemo
juggler invkine irisfcm noisedm
slbb slcp sltank sltankrule sltbu
功能
去模糊方法 FCM聚类方法演示（二维） 使用减法聚类的ANFIS演示 魔球演示 机械臂的倒置 FCM聚类演示（四维） 自适应噪声对消 球棒控制 倒立摆控制 水位控制 水位控制（得用规则观测器） 卡车倒车控制
功能
由两个S形隶属度函数的差构成的 隶属度函数 联合高斯型隶属度函数 高斯型隶属度函数 广义钟形隶属并函数 Ⅱ形隶属度函数 由两个S形隶属度函数的积构成的 隶属度函数 S状隶属度函数 S形隶属并函数 梯形隶属度函数 三角形隶属度函数 Z形隶属度函数
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FIS数据结构管理
函数
功能
addmf
建立新的FIS
parsrule
模糊规则解析
plotfis
绘图表示FIS
plotmf
绘制出给定变量的所有隶属度函数
readfis
从磁盘中装入FIS
rmmf
从FIS中删除隶属度函数
rmvar
从FIS中删除变量
setfis
设置模糊系统的特性
showfis
显示带注释的FIS
showrule
显示FIS规则
writefis
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2模糊推理系统编辑器（Fuzzy） 执行Fuzzy命令
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3．隶属度函数编辑器（Mfedit） 命令窗口键入”mfedit”
13
nuke deepread使用方法
nuke deepread使用方法【原创实用版3篇】《nuke deepread使用方法》篇1uke DeepRead 是一个基于深度学习的图像处理插件，可以用于Nuke 软件中。
它提供了一系列的图像处理工具，例如图像增强、风格转换、颜色调整等。
下面是使用Nuke DeepRead 的基本步骤：1. 安装Nuke DeepRead在Nuke 的插件管理器中，选择"Manage Plugins"，然后搜索"DeepRead" 并安装。
2. 添加DeepRead 节点在Nuke 中，右键单击"Node Tree" 并选择"Create Node"，然后搜索"DeepRead" 并添加。
3. 配置DeepRead 节点打开DeepRead 节点后，可以配置以下几个参数：- "Input": 设置输入图像的节点。
- "Output": 设置输出图像的节点。
- "Mode": 选择处理模式，包括"Enhance"（增强）、"Transform"（风格转换）、"Adjust"（颜色调整）等。
- "Style": 选择风格转换的样式，例如"Glow"（发光）、"Vintage"（复古）等。
- "Adjustments": 设置颜色调整的参数，例如"Brightness"（亮度）、"Contrast"（对比度）等。
- "Blend Modes": 设置混合模式，例如"Normal"（正常）、"Overlay"（叠加）等。
人工智能基础(试卷编号2331)
人工智能基础(试卷编号2331)1.[单选题]最初的大数据概念还比较模糊，只是隐约的知道像个性化推荐、搜索引擎之类的处理需要大量数据，那么在搜索引擎方面，谁是世界上最大的厂商A)谷歌B)百度C)360答案:A解析:2.[单选题]在pandas中以下哪个方法用于向csv文件中实现写入工作？A)to_csv()B)read_csv()C)to_excel()答案:A解析:3.[单选题]（）是python数据分析的首选库。
它含有各种各样的数据结构如DataFrame、Series等，使数据分析工作变得简单而高效。
A)ipythonB)numpyC)pandasD)matplotlib答案:C解析:4.[单选题]贝叶斯学习是一种以贝叶斯法则为基础的，并通过()手段进行学习的方法。
A)逻辑B)概率C)推理D)假定答案:B解析:5.[单选题]对前馈神经网络这种深度学习方法描述不正确的是（）A)是一种端到端学习的方法B)是一种监督学习的方法C)实现了非线性映射D)隐藏层数目大小对学习性能影响不大。
6.[单选题]下列哪项不是知识图谱构建的主要技术（）A)命名实体识别B)实体链接C)关系抽取D)词性标注答案:D解析:知识图谱构建的不太利用词性标注7.[单选题]估价函数指的是从初始结点经过多个结点到达目的结点的路径的 ( )A)最大代价估计值B)最小代价估计值C)最短路径长度D)关键路径答案:B解析:8.[单选题]VGG模型于2014年被提出，是最流行的（）模型之一，在ImageNet比赛中，达到了Top5错误率7.3%。
A)CNNB)KNNC)RNND)DNN答案:A解析:VGG模型于2014年被提出，是最流行的CNN模型之一，在ImageNet比赛中，达到了Top5错误率7.3%。
9.[单选题]规则生成本质上是一个贪心搜索的过程，须有一定的机制来缓解过拟合的风险，最常见的做法是（）A)序列化B)剪枝C)去重D)重组答案:B解析:10.[单选题]一个特征的权重越高，说明该特征比其他特征（）。
模糊PID控制器设计及MATLAB仿真_李健
图 1 模糊 PID 控制结构图
PID 参 数 模 糊 自 整 定 是 先 找 出 PID 控 制 器 的 3 个 参 数 Kp、 Ki 和 Kd 与偏差 e 和偏差变化率 ec 之间的模糊关系， 在运行中 通过不断检测 e 和 ec，根据模糊控制规则来对 3 个参量进行在
线修改 ，以 满 足 不 同 e 和 ec 对 控 制 器 参 数 的 不 同 要 求 ，从 而 使
起较大的超调 。 微 分 系 数 Kd 影 响 系 统 的 动 态 特 性 ，Kd 越 大 ，越
能抑制偏差变化，但过大会延长调节时间，降低抗干扰能力。
根 据 参 数 Kp、Ki、Kd 对 系 统 输 出 特 性 的 影 响 情 况 ，可 归 纳 出 系统在被控过程中对于不同的偏差和偏差变化率 ， 参数 Kp、Ki、 Kd 的自整定原则：
摘要 将模糊控制器和 PID 控制器结合在一起，构造了一个模糊 PID 控制器，利用模糊推理的方法调整 PID 控制器的参数， 并利用 MATLAB 的 SUMLINK 工具箱，对系统进行仿真，仿真结果表明模糊 PID 控制器能使系统达到满意的控制效果。 关键词：PID 控制器，模糊控制，MATLAB，SIMULINK，系统仿真
1．3 模糊控制算法的确立
PID 参数的整定必须考虑到在不同时刻 3 个参数的作 用 以
及相互之间的互联关系。 模糊自整定 PID 是在 PID 算法的基础
上通过计算当前系统误差 e 和误差变化 ec，利用模糊规则 进 行
模糊推理，查询模糊矩阵表进行参数调整。 参数修正公式：
＇
Kp ＝Kp ＋（e，ec）p
被控对象具有良好的动、静态性能。
1．2 PID 控制器的确立
通常，PID 控制器的控制算式为：
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图8.5 金融风险评估的模糊神经网络模型
§8.2.3 基于广义模糊加权型推理法的神经 网络
一．隶属度函数的确定
规定输入变量的初始隶属函数如下：
big(x)=Sigmoid( 1 (x -β1))=1 / (1-exp(- 1 (x-β1 ))) mid(x)=Exp(-((x -β2 ) / 2)2 ) small(x)=1 - Sigmoid( 3( x -β3))=1-1/(1-exp(- 3(x-β3))) 其中 1 , 2 , 3 ,β1 ,β2 ,β3 R 。
§8.1.2 二者的结合方式
1．神经网络与模糊系统的合作系统 (1) 根据专家对目标系统的知识，得到模糊系统的隶属 度和模糊规则，从而可以构造出一个模糊系统；
(2) 根据模糊系统确定神经网络的连接方式与所有的连 接权值；
(3) 将已经确定的神经网络应用于实际的目标系统； (4) 从目标系统的传感器取得数据，利用所得数据对神 经网络进行训练、学习，以提高它的准确性；
味觉评价 酸味 甜味 咸味 苦味 香味
样本代号 Mix1 Mix2 Mix3 Mix4 Mix5 Mix6 Mix7 Mix8
表8.7 混合味信号识别结果
实际输出 ymix’ 0.96 1.01 0.41 0.27 0.73 0.49 0.04 0.09
期望输出 ymix 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.5 0.0 0.0
第八章 模糊神经网络与神经模糊系统
第八章 模糊神经网络与神经模糊系统
§8.1 神经网络与模糊系统 §8.2 模糊神经网络 §8.3 神经模糊系统
§8.1 神经网络与模糊系统
§8.1.1 二者的结合是发展的必然 §8.1.2 二者的结合方式
§8.1.1 二者的结合是发展的必然
1．二者的结合是人脑结构和功能的再现 2．二者的结合实现优势互补
0.278976 0.971353
0.253065 0.961945
0.271243 0.977980
Ｘ 4
0.615916 0.762794 0.846897 0.892352 0.868546 0.841235 0.811039 0.855759
输出 ymix 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.5 0.0 0.0
隶属度函数为 Ti(x)=Exp(-((x-4)/4)2) (8.2.5)
图8.13 输入/输出变量隶属度函数曲线
表8.5 各网络权值在训练前后的变化
Wb0 Wb2 Wb3 Wb4 Wb5 Wb6 Wb7 Wb8 Wb9 Wb10 Wb11 Wb12 学习前 0.25 0.5 0.75 0.25 0.5 0.75 0.25 0.5 0.75 0.25 0.5 0.75 500代后 0.26 0.47 0.76 0.24 0.25 0.72 0.17 0.64 0.81 0.26 0.47 0.73 2000代后 0.28 0.52 0.79 0.23 0.31 0.75 0.27 0.67 0.81 0.23 0.35 0.70 4000代后 0.29 0.53 0.70 0.24 0.32 0.73 0.28 0.63 0.82 0.24 0.45 0.73
按此方法，可提取出重要性提高的9条规则作为实 际应用的参考。规则如下所示：
rule1 ： if X1 is small and X2 is small then Y is H3 with 1.49
rule2 ： if X1 is small and X2 is mid then Y is H4 with 1.69
络模型
§8.2.1 模糊神经网络分类器
坦克
装甲车 假目标
电视1
x1
…
…
…
11 红外1
x2 … x11 x12 …
图8.2 两层分类网络
…
x21
11
x22
坦克
1
装甲车
2
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
…
…
统计
句法
统计
句法
电视
红外
图8.3 多层分类网络
§8.2.2 基于模糊推理的神经网络
图8.4 基于模糊推理的神经网络模型
(a) Wb 的变化
－训练前
--训练后
图8.15 输入/输出变量隶属度函数曲线的变化
图8.16 味觉信号的识别过程
表8.6 基本味信号识别结果
实际输出
样本代号
y1
y2
y3
y4
Taste1 0.952079 0.022198 0.021339 0.020423
Taste2 0.028328 0.981666 0.010000 0.010000
或
=1-Sigmoid(Wci*Ii)
(D)层： Oi=Ii
(E)层： Oi=Sigmoid((Ii*Wei))
(F)层： O1=(Wfi*Ii) ；O2=Ii
(G)层： O=I1/I2
其中Wb为可变阈值，Wc ,We和Wf 为可变权值。其 中，A层为输入层，B、C层实现输入量的模糊化，D、 E层实现模糊推理规则，D层实现模糊规则前提的‘与’ 操作，E层完成求和功能，列出规则输出。F、G层用 “重心法”实现非模糊化操作。
E(i)
1 2
O
k
T
2
图8.10 天气预报输出结果
表8.2 各网络权值在训练前后的变化
ＷＷＷＷＷ
b0
b1
b2
b3
b4
学习前 2
0
-2 10 0
500代后 1.85 0.23 -1.7 9.95 0.08
1000代后 1.60 0.73 -1.32 9.80 -0.06
4000代后 0.72 0.52 -1.27 9.30 1.57
Hi(x)=Exp(-((x-4)/4)2)
(8.2.4)
表8.1 天津市1952~1981年气象数据
年代 1952
海温距平(X1) 500mb高度距平(X2)
0.73
-5.28
降水量(Y) 283
1953
-2.08
5.18
647
1954
-3.53
10.23
731
1955
-3.31
4.21
561
三、在天气预报中的应用
以海温距平(X1)和500mb高度距平(X2)为输入，降 水 量 (Y) 为 输 出 ， 输 入 变 量 定 义 了 三 个 模 糊 子 集 {small,mid,big}，分别表示小、中、大，输出变量定义 了五个模糊子集{H1,H2,H3,H4,H5}分别表示旱、偏旱、 正常、偏涝、涝。隶属度函数为
Taste3 0.010000 0.010000 0.99000 0.014723
Taste4 0.010678 0.01000 0.01000 0.990000
Taste5 0.010000 0.010000 0.01000 0.038766
y5 0.01000 0.01000 0.010000 0.010000 0.987471
rule3 ： if X1 is small and X2 is bigs then Y is H5 with 2.09 rule4 ： if X1 is mid and X2 is small then Y is H3 with 2.20 rule5 ： if X1 is mid and X2 is mid then Y is H1 with 1.52 rule6 ： if X1 is mid and X2 is big then Y is H1 with 1.88 rule7 ： if X1 is big and X2 is small then Y is H1 with 1.51 rule8 ： if X1 is big and X2 is mid then Y is H4 with 1.60 rule9 ： if X1 is big and X2 is big then Y is H5 with 1.27
例如：当0 x 1.0时，可规定x的初始隶属度函数如图 8.6所示：
图8.6 输入x的隶属度函数
二． 网络结构的确定 图8.7 基于模糊加权型推理法的神经网络
(A)层： Oi=Ii=Xi
(B)层： Oi=Ii-Wbi=Xi-Wbi
(C)层： Oi=Sigmoid(Wci*Ii) 或
=Exp(-Ii/Wci)2
－训练前
--训练后
图8.11 输入/输出变量隶属度函数曲线的变化
四、在味觉信号识别中的应用 图8.12 用于味觉信号识别的模糊神经网络模型
表8.3 单一味学习样本
输入
输出
样本 味觉
X1
X2
X3
X4
y1 y2 y3 y4 y5
代号 评价
Taste1 酸味 0.197009 0.201018 0.489089 0.615916 1 0 0 0 0
拓宽神经网络的处理信息的范围和能力。 使模糊系统成为一种自适应的系统。 3． 神经网络与模糊系统相结合的理论基础 神经元的阈值函数为S型，与模糊系统的隶属度
函数是相似的。
在模糊推理中，规则前提部分的极小运算相当于 神经元输入信号与加权系数的乘积，由推理规则的 结论部分获得最后推理值的极大运算相当于神经元 内的输入信号求和。
Ｘ 1
0.197009 0.212433 0.263253 0.283425 0.245363 0.269769 0.256033 0.268934
输入
Ｘ
Ｘ
2
3
0.201018 0.489089