美国文学第5周超验主义

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简析美国的超验主义及其对美国社会发展的影响

简析美国的超验主义及其对美国社会发展的影响

简析美国的超验主义及其对美国社会发展的影响【摘要】美国的超验主义是一种独特的哲学思潮,强调个人的直觉和灵感,追求超越理性认知的真理。

美国的超验主义传统源远流长,影响深远。

超验主义对美国文学的影响体现在作家们追求内心真实情感和个人体验的创作中。

在宗教和哲学领域,超验主义推崇个人灵性和直觉启示,对美国文化产生了积极影响。

在政治和社会方面,超验主义鼓励人们追求自由和平等,影响了美国的价值观和社会发展方向。

在艺术和文化领域,超验主义推崇个体的艺术表现和表达,丰富了美国的创作风格和文化底蕴。

超验主义对美国社会发展起到了积极的推动作用,促进了个体精神的自由发展和社会文化的多样性。

【关键词】超验主义、美国社会发展、美国文学、美国宗教、美国哲学、美国政治、美国社会、美国艺术、美国文化1. 引言1.1 定义超验主义超验主义是一种哲学和文学思潮,起源于19世纪美国。

这一思潮强调个人直觉和直觉知识的重要性,认为真理和智慧超越感官体验和逻辑推理。

超验主义者相信人类灵魂能够直接和神秘的层面联系,通过这种联系获取智慧和启示。

他们追求的是超越理性和经验的真实知识,通过直觉和感知来认识世界和自我。

在超验主义的世界观中,个人的内心和灵魂是最重要的,他们认为人类的灵魂具有无限的力量和智慧,可以直接与神秘的神性联系。

超验主义强调直觉和感知的重要性,认为通过深入的沉思和直觉体验,人类可以超越理性和经验的限制,接近真理和智慧的源泉。

超验主义是一种强调个人内在力量和直觉知识的哲学思潮,认为人类可以通过直觉和感知认识世界和自我,超越理性和经验的局限。

这种思想在19世纪美国的文学、宗教、哲学、政治、艺术和文化领域都有着深远的影响,对美国社会发展产生了重要的影响。

1.2 美国的超验主义传统美国的超验主义传统源自于19世纪初期的新英格兰地区,具有强烈的个人主义和反传统思想。

超验主义者强调个人直觉和经验,认为真理超越了理性和经验的限制。

他们主张通过直接体验自然和神秘领域来获取真知,反对社会规范和传统权威。

美国文学答案(自用版)

美国文学答案(自用版)

Literary terms1. Transcendentalism: 超验主义1. Flourished from about 1836 to 1860. It stood in reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment, and as a revolt against the cultural dominion of England.2. General features(1)Emphasis on the significance of imagination, spirit and individualism, exploring the innermost being of man(2)Opposition against neoclassical conception of formality and order(3)Divinity of man and nature, perception of nature as symbolic of Spirit or God(4)Goes further into nature to acquire truth and knowledge than Romanticism3. Major figures of Transcendentalism: Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller.2. American naturalism:1. Flourished between1880 to 1940. It was a term created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin‟s evolutionary theory and French naturalism played an important role in American naturalism.2. General features:(1)A view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment(2)Scientific accuracy and lots of factual details(3)Extreme objectivity and frankness(4)Tone: ugly side of the society, gloom, hopelessness, despair3. Major figures of naturalism: Stephen crane,Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.3.The lost generation:1. The term came from Gertrude Stein who said in Hemingway's presence that “you are all a lost generation.”2. It refers to the generation after the World War I or the young writers who lived as expatriates in Western Europe for a short time. Most of them caught in the war and cut from the old value.3. They were disillusioned with capitalist ideals and civilization and sense of loss after the world war.4. These writers adopted unconventional style of writing and reacted against the tendencies of the older writers in the 1920s.4.Jazz age:1. It refers to the time in 1930s after the World War I when there was a financial boom.2. It is about life and fate of young men who indulged in stimulus and pleasure3. And disillusionment of American dream.4. Fitzgerald was the literary spokesman for the Jazz age.5.Free verse:1. It is a style of poetry that has irregular rhythms and lines and attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure. Instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech.2. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way.3. Whitman's poetry is the most impressive example of free verse. Other major figures of free verse include Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and other major American can poets of the 20th century.6. The iceberg analogy:1. The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory by Ernest Hemingway: "The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one eighth of it being above water.”2. It means that a writer may omit things but the readers will have a feeling of those things as stronglyas though the writer had stated them if the writer is writing truly enough.3. It was well suited to evoke the stoic courage of his characters who face lonely and thankless tasks. 1.Poe's Poetic Ideas1. Poe believes that Poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experience, but the elevation of excitement of the soul should be “the poetic principle”. The best poetic topic is perishing of beauty, or “supernal beauty”.2. Everything that detains human soul must be excluded from the poetry, including moral sense.3. Poe defines poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty”, giving emphasis upon the importance of the rhythmical or musical element in poetry.2.Whitman's style1. Transcendentalism: optimism, divinity of man and nature, emphasis on individualism and exploring the innermost of being of man.2. Democratic thought: celebration of ideal democratic society and attacks against corruption3. The sprawling lines: extremely long.4. Parallelism: the parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.5. Envelope structure: the first line begins with the subject, and then more and more lines list modifiers till the verb appears in the last line of the stanza. This is like enclosing a whole list of ideas in an envelope.6. Catalogue technique: means listing. Typical poems by Whitman make long, long lists of images, of sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch.7. No conventional meter and rhythm8. The verse unit is usually an independent clause.3.Formal features of Dickinson's poetry1. Based on her own experience2. Theme: love, nature, friendship, death and immorality3. Peculiar poetic form: abundant dashes, irregular punctuation and capitalization, faulty grammar, no title, no regular line4. Remarkable for its uncommon variety, original subtlety and unusual richness5. Poetic indirection: e.g. “There is certain slant of light” and “Tell all the truth but tell its slant!”4.The theme and techniques in Eliot's "The W aste Land"Theme:1. Modern spiritual barrenness,2. Despair and depression that followed the WWI3. Sterility and turbulence of the modern world, and the decline and break-down of western culture4. Shows the search for regeneration by people living in a chaotic world.Technique: 1. V aried length and rhythm to harmonize with the changing subject matter2. Unrhymed lines,3. Lots of borrowings from different writers5.Analysis of "Richard Cory" by Edwin Arlington Robinson1. Theme:It seems that Cory‟s life should be a happy and successful one, but his inner world is far more complicated than what he appears to be. It tells us that success may be meaningless to somepeople and cannot reflect the true meaning and value of life and shows the hollowness and loneliness of modern people.2. TechniqueWording: (1)Lively words: “imperially”; “quietly”; “admirably”(2)Simple words: looked at;clean favored;was arrayed;glittered; was human; put a bullet through his head(3)Simple words to show contrast between the cheering life and the tragic ending(4)Ancient words: …clean favored‟、…arrayed‟、…schooled‟to correspond the serious topic Unexpected ending, sharp contrast and mild sarcasm, leaving great room for readers to think about the topicPoetic sounds: Traditional pentameter with a rhyming scheme of“abab, cdcd,elef, ghgh”6. Comment on “Stopping by W oods on a Snowy Evening" by Robert FrostSummary and Theme:The speaker is stopping by some woods on a snowy evening. He or she takes in the lovely scene in near-silence, is tempted to stay longer, but acknowledges the obligations and duties yet to be fulfilled before he or she can rest for the night. In this poem, Robert Frost discusses the relation between mortal obligations and the eternal rest.Form:The poem consists of four (almost) identically constructed stanzas. Each line is iambic, with four stressed syllables:Features of content:1. Plain in words, but profound in meaning. Simple words with far-reaching meanings2. Since it is full of symbolic constructs, it is thought- provoking, and the readers can get great fun in developing the subtext.Detailed analysis:In the first stanza, the poet leads us to a piece of beautiful woods filled up with snow. As we all know that the woods are usually linked with myth, the unknown world, and the utmost tranquility. We can guess that, in this poem, the poet takes the woods as the eternal life, the bliss, that is to say the Heaven. He is fed up with the routine duties, and wants to rest forever. The woods happens to provide an ideal place.Then it comes to the snowy evening. “It is the darkest evening of the year.” The snow is cold and the evening dark, all of which indicate that the poet is depressed inside. His subconscious wants him to s top, but his “little horse” with the inspiring bells, which is actually a symbol of vitality, urges him to go. In the second stanza, the poet uses “frozen lake” to denote death. Why he transfers the embodiment of death from the beautiful “woods” to the deadly “frozen lake” is because the point of view has changed from the poet to the little horse.In the third stanza, the little horse wonders why the poet stops when he should go on. Only “the easy wind” and “downy flake” answer it with soft sweep. We can imagine the scene: the “downy flake” is so light and gentle that it flies in the soft wind. Thus we can get the idea: the poet‟s answer is as slight and uncertain as the flakes, because he himself doesn‟t know why he stops suddenly in the woods.Toward the end, the poet comes back from the illusion. Though the woods are attractive, he must move on, because he has promise to keep. “The promise” could be an obligation or a goal. One cannotdie before fulfilling one‟s dream. The poet uses “sleep” to represent death, just as we usually do.7.Theme and technique in The Great Gatsby by FitzgeraldTheme:It resents the decline of the American dream in1920s, the hollowness of the upper class and the falseness of ideals and moves toward disillusion. It also shows that will not to a perfect country. Instead, it leads total depravity. The nationals become hypocritical, indifferent, empty, and cruel, day and night indulged in material pursuing.Technique:1. Development of traditional narrative techniques and first-person narrator: The whole novel proceeded with Nick‟s narration.2. Two main clues of the story: The main clue is the imbroglio between Gatsby and the family of Tom, and the minor one is the imbroglio between Tom and the family of Wilson.3. The contrastive techniques endow the novel with artistic glamour and profound connotation.4. Technique of delayed character revelation to emphasize the theatrical quality of Gatsby‟s approach to lifement on Hemingway's style and Farewell to Arms"Style:1. News reporting style: direct, concise, life-like dialogues, less ornaments2. Iceberg theory: omit something but the readers will still have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them thanks to the direct and true description.3. The Loss generation: people disillusioned after the world war by old values and insensitivity and hollowness of society4. Hemingway code heroes: (1) physically strong, (2) endowed with certain skills, (3)strong will power(Man can be destroyed, not defeated; Courage=grace under pressure), (4)tested in difficulties Farewell to ArmsThemes:The grim reality of war, the relationship between love and pain, feelings of lossMotifs:Masculinity, games and divertissement, loyalty versus abandonment, illusions and fantasies, alcoholismSymbols: Rain serves in the novel as a potent symbol of the inevitable disintegration of happiness in life. Catherine‟s hair9.Analyze "Dry September" by William Faulkner1. “Dry September” was written in 1931, and is a well-known story of Faulkner.2. This story touches upon the strange relationship between sex and violence, examines the psychological state of the main characters, and exposes the crime of racial discrimination which makes one bristle with anger.3. The tone of this story contributes much to its effectiveness, particularly to the imagery of infernal heat and dryness and to the setting itself.4. From the character Miss Minnie the reader could perceive the obvious impact of Freud‟s ideas on William Faulkner.。

美国文学选读及赏析名词解释

美国文学选读及赏析名词解释

American Transcendentalism (时间,主要主张和特征,代表人物,代表作)定义Transcendentalism was a religious and philosophical movement that developed during the late 1820s and '30s[1] in the Eastern region of the United States as a protest against the general state of spirituality and, in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church as taught at Harvard Divinity School.美国超验主义:它宣称存在一种理想的精神实体,超越于经验和科学之处,通过直觉得以把握。

时间:1830s-Civil War主要主张:(我觉得主张就是特征就写一起了)The Transcendental ists “placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over-soul, as the most important thing in the universe”(1)The importance of intuition.(直觉)The Transcendentalists believed that individuals can intuitively receive higher truths otherwise unavailable through common methods of knowing.(2) The importance of the individual.(3) The importance of the nature.代表人物:Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生代表作Nature (《论自然》)“The American Scholar”(《论美国学者》)”Our Intellectual Declaration of Independence““Divinity School Address”(《神学院毕业班演说》)Essays(《论文集》)Essays: Second Series“Representative Men" (《人类代表》)Henry David Thoreau (梭罗)Walden (1854) (《瓦尔登湖》)Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑)Twice –Told Tales《尽人皆知的故事》Mosses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》The Scarlet Letter (《红字》)The House of the Seven Gables (《带有七个尖角阁的房子》)The Blithedale Romance (《福谷传奇》)The Marble Faun (《玉石雕像》)“Young Goodman Brown”(《好小伙布朗》)Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利.华兹沃斯.朗费罗Voices of the Night (1839) 《夜籁集》-- catch the attentionBallads and Other Poems (1841) 《歌谣及其它》Evangeline (1847) 《伊凡吉林》Hiawatha or The Song of Hiawatha (1855)《海华莎之歌》Imagism (时间,对Image 的定义,主要主张和特征,代表人物,代表作)定义Imagism was poetic movement of England and the united states, flourishing from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in some imagist poets, includes the use of precise language, the creation of new rhythms, absolute freedom in choice of subject matter, and the evocation of concrete images.时间:between the years 1909 and 1917特征:(1) “Direct treatment of the 'thing' whet h er subjective or objective;”(2) “To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;”(3) “As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of musical phrase, not in sequence of a metronome(节拍器).”主张:It came into being as a reaction to the traditional English poetry characterized by cloudy verbiage, and aimed instead at a new clarity and exactness in the short lyric poem.代表人物:Ezra Pound“The Cantos”。

美国浪漫主义 超验主义

美国浪漫主义 超验主义

美国浪漫主义时期是指开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止这一段是美国文学史上最重要的时期。

浪漫主义文学的基本特征:强烈的主观色彩,偏爱表现主观思想,注重抒发个人的感受和体验。

重主观,轻客观和重自我表现,轻客观模仿。

喜欢描写和歌颂大自然。

(尤为突出)作者们喜欢将自己的理解人物置身于纯朴宁静的大自然中,衬托现实社会的丑恶及自身理解的美好。

重视中世纪民间文学。

想象比较丰富、感情真挚、表达自由、语言朴素自然。

注重艺术效果。

美国浪漫主义文学的代表人物有惠特曼、霍桑、华盛顿·欧文等浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,是美国文学史上最重要的时期。

华盛顿·欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国浪漫主义文学的开端,惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。

浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期,所以也称为"美国的文艺复兴。

美国社会的发展哺育了"一个伟大民族的文学"。

年轻的美国没有历史的沉重包袱,很快在政治、经济和文化方面成长为一个独立的国家。

这一时期也是美国历史上西部扩张时期,到1860年领土已开拓到太平洋西岸。

到十九世纪中叶,美国已由原来的十三个州扩大到二十一个州,人口从1790年的四百万增至1860年的三千万。

在经济上,年轻的美国经历向工业的转化,影响所及不仅仅是城市,而且也包括农村。

蒸汽动力在工、农业生产上的运用、工厂的建立、劳动力的大量需求以及科技上的发明创造使经济生活得到了重组。

另外,大量移民促进了工业更加蓬勃的发展。

政治上,民主与平等成为这个年轻国家的理想,产生了两党制。

值得一提的是这个国家的文学和文化生活。

随着独立的美国政府的成立,美国人民已感到需要有美国文学,表达美国人民所特有的经历:早期清教徒的殖民, 与印第安人的遭遇,边疆开发者的生活以及西部荒原等。

这个年轻国家的文学富有想象,已产生了一种文学环境。

报刊杂志如雨后春笋,出现了一大批文学读者,形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。

American Literature超验主义

American Literature超验主义

He is thus removed from the march of time, idealized as a
“primordial” 原始的 figure whose vision isolates him from the political and social struggles of his age. But Emerson was never simply a distant patriarchal家长的 figure sheltered from the material problems of his age. He constructed his “optative” 希求的exuberance茂盛 ,健康 despite the early deaths of his father, two of his brothers, his beloved young wife, and his first son, and despite his own serious bouts 较量with lung disease and eye strain视 觉[眼睛]疲劳. He was a child both of privilege and penury 贫困, of family position and dependence. At Harvard, which he attended on scholarship, Emerson struggled with the academic curriculum and with his expected future as either a teacher or minister. But he also conducted a more satisfying private education of reading and journal writing that would prepare him to be a writer, an American scholar, and poet

美国文学(19世纪)_5 唤醒美国文学的斗士:拉多夫·瓦尔多·爱默生_51 超验主义_

美国文学(19世纪)_5 唤醒美国文学的斗士:拉多夫·瓦尔多·爱默生_51 超验主义_
Transcendentalism
Summit of Romanticism – American Transcendentalism
I. A Brief Introduction of Transcendentalism
“ A form of idealism /philosophical romanticism first developed in Europe, then reached America and flourished in New England during 1830sCivil War;.
Transcendentalists adopted a more Romantic way of thinking -- less rational, more
intuitive, more in touch with the senses -was coming into vogue. It stressed the role of divinity in nature and the individual’s intuition, and exalted feeling over reason. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism (基督 教)上帝一位论in Boston.

Social Background
In the late 19th century, the rise and dominance of industry and monopoly capital caused the bankruptcy of numerous farms, banks, mines, companies for debts. Therefore, strikes or demonstrations of millions of jobless workers were seen the whole country. Bloody conflicts between government’s cruel repression and angry strikers led to widespread social turmoil.

常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解(5-8章)【圣才出品】

常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解(5-8章)【圣才出品】

第5章霍桑•麦尔维尔5.1复习笔记I.Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)(纳撒尼尔·霍桑)1.Life(生平)Hawthorne was born in Salem,Massachusetts.Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy.One of his ancestors was a colonial magistrate,notorious for his part in the persecution of the Quakers,and another was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in1692.Gradually,the family fortune declined.Hawthorn was intensely conscious of the wrongdoing of his ancestors,and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life,so he seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in his life.霍桑出生于马萨诸塞州的萨勒姆镇,他的一些祖先是17世纪新英格兰清教神权统治中的显赫人物。

他的一位祖先是殖民地行政官,因参与迫害贵格党人而臭名昭著。

另一位祖先则是1692年萨勒姆审巫案的法官。

家族渐渐走向没落。

霍桑强烈地意识到他祖先的恶性,这也让他明白了邪恶存在于人生命的核心部分,因此他的一生心中的罪恶感都挥之不去。

2.Ideas(思想)(1)He was haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life,therefore we see“black vision”in his works—the power of blackness.Evil seems to be man’s birthmark.In almost every book he wrote, Hawthorne discussed sin and evil.(2)He rejected the Transcendentalists'transparent optimism about the potentialities of human nature.(3)Whenever there is sin,there is punishment.Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.In his opinion,evil educates.(4)He believed that romance was the predestined form of American narrative.He took a great interest in history and antiquity.To him these furnished the soil on which his mind grew to fruition.(5)Hawthorne had a negative attitude toward science.(1)霍桑一生心中都萦绕着罪恶感,因此我们可以在他的作品中感受到“黑色视觉”——邪恶的力量。

Emerson-Transcendentalism常耀信-美国文学-超验主义.爱默生PPT课件

Emerson-Transcendentalism常耀信-美国文学-超验主义.爱默生PPT课件

(a new way of looking at man)
•7
Features
nature is the symbol of spirit/the garment of the Oversoul
• Nature was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. The physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.
• Spirit / Oversoul is the most important thing in the universe.
•It exists in nature and man alike and constituted the universe. •It is omnipresent (present everywhere) and omnipotent (able to do anything)
a. In Emerson's opinion, poets should function as preachers who gave directions to the mass. b. True poetry should serve as a moral purification c. The argument (or his thought or experience) should decide the form of the poem instead of traditional techniques.
•11
Transcendentalism: quotes
“Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball.”
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New England Transcendentalism
The Summit of American Romanticism
Transcendentalism
• (1) • (2) • (3) • (4)
Definition Features Influences Representatives
Emerson’s Point of View
“the infinitude of man” firmly believes in the transcendence of the “ oversoul ” regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man.
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803----1882)
~~went to Europe, and met Coleridge, Carlyle and Wordsworth and made friends with them, and brought back the influence of European Romanticism.
2.regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man ~~Nature as symbolic of God. ~~In the eyes of Emerson, “nature is the vehicle of thought,” and “particular natural facts are symbols of particular spiritual facts”. Thus everything bears a secondary and an ulterior隐秘的 sense. A flowing river indicates the ceaseless motion of the universe. The seasons correspond to the life span of man. The ant is the image of man himself, small in body but mighty in heart.
Limitations
~~Emerson had no sense of evil and too optimistic about human nature and the society. Somebody once called this kind of optimism "Transcendental
Ⅲ. Influences
(1) It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. (2) It advocated idealism that was greatly needed in a rapidly expanded economy. (3) It helped to create the first American renaissance – one of the most prolific period in American literature.
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803----1882) Life
~~born in a clergyman’s family in New England ~~graduated from Harvard ~~became a Unitarian minister to the --- of Boston, but not for Second Church long. ~~Finding the rationality of Unitarianism intolerable, he decided to leave his job as minister
3. Offering fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the spirit or God. (Nature was not purely matter. It was the garment of the Oversoul.) “Spirit is present everywhere.” The individual soul communed with the Oversoul and was therefore divine.
folly".
~~His reputation fell in the 20th century
Nature
This work has the clearest statement of Transcendentalist ideas. In it Emerson stated that man should not see nature merely as something to be used; that man’s relationship with nature transcends the idea of usefulness.
Sources:
1. 2. 3. 4. Romantic literatures of Europe, German idealism and French eclecticism. American Puritanism, Oriental mysticism (philosophy of the Chinese Confucius and Mencius )
Emerson’s aesthetics
~~Poets should function as preachers who gave directions to the mass. ~~True poetry and true art should serve as a moral purification ~~Emerson places emphasis on ideas, symbols and imaginative words. ~~As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America and the life today. ~~Emerson’s aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature in general and in American poetry in particular. It marked the birth of true American poetry and true America poets such as Whitman and Dickinson
~~The most important representatives are Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
Ⅱ.Major featuresFra bibliotek( ideas):
1. Placing emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. --a new way of looking at the world 2. Stressing the importance of the individual—self-reliance. --a new way of looking at man
~~founded a Transcendentalists' Club and published a journal ~~became the most eloquent spokesman of Transcendentalism
Major Literary Works
Nature(1836)………..《论自然》 The American Scholar(1837) …《论美国学者》 Divinity School Address(1838)…《神学院演讲》 The Over-Soul(1841)……《论超灵》 Self Reliance(1841)…….《论自立》
Ⅰ.What is
Transcendentalism?
~~The publication of Nature marked the beginning of Transendentalism ~~“Transcendental” ~~ Transcendentalism is a literature, philosophical and artisic movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to 1860.Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively”
Ⅳ.The Representatives of New England Transcendentalism
1. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) 2. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
Ralph Waldo Emerson (拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生) (1803-1882) –American philosopher, poet and essayist –The most important spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.
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