美国超验主义英语的介绍
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美国超验主义英语介绍
希望谨慎地生活，只 面对生活的基本事实， 看看我是否学得到生 活要教育我的东西，
and not, when I came to 免得到了临死的时候，
die, discover that I had
才发现我根本就没有
not lived.”
生活过。
பைடு நூலகம்
that evil was nonexistent appeared to be an optimistic folly
Sources
1.欧洲浪漫主义文学 【the romantic literature of Europe】
2.新柏拉图主义 【neo-Platonism】
3.德国理想主义哲学 【German idealistic philosophy】
2. the importance of the individual
3. nature is the symbol of Spirit or God
Creeds
• 1.至善 absolute good • 2.纯洁无暇 unspotted innocence of nature • 3.人具有神性 humanity was godlike and
“American Scholar”: American’s declaration of intellectual independence.( to develop American’s own culture)
Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862
He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.
美国超验主义transendentalism解析
At school, Emerson read broadly;
After traveling in Europe and England, he came back and settled in Concord, Massachusetts where he took up the life of an essayist, poet and public speaker; Emerson’s great influence began when he delivered a course of lectures in Boston.
B. Main Woks Nature, the Bible of Transcendentalism; “The American Scholar”, regarded as “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”; “The Poet”; “Self-Reliance”; “Each and All”; “Rhodora”
Image: Grasmere Village, Hill Country, Great Britain
Brief Introduction Introduction Chapter 1 Nature Chapter 2 Commodity Chapter 3 Beauty Chapter 4 Language Chapter 5 Discipline
--- from the first paragraph of Chapter 1 “Nature”
Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to 1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world.
Emerson-Transcendentalism(常耀信,美国文学,超验主义.爱默生)
Features
②The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of individualism
• The individual soul communed with the Oversoul and was therefore divine. • The regeneration of society could only come about through the regeneration of the individual. • His perfection should be the first concern of his life. • The ideal type of man was the self-reliant individual
Resources
A. Puritan heritage P58 At the end of the 18th century people gradually felt boring about the strict Calvinism. At the same time with the development of science and technology, Americans suspected the old religion. Thus, Unitarianism（唯一理教） appeared. It was a developed school from the Transcendentalism. It stressed "continual progress of mankind" rather than old religion's "man's total depravity”.
美国文学史名词解释
American Puritanism 美国清教主义Simply speaking, American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions.美国清教主义指的是清教徒的精神和理想的定居在北美大陆十七世纪初期由于内容的宗教迫害。
It migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England. 它为新英格兰奠定了宗教，知识和社会秩序的基础。
Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort: unconditional election, limited atonement, total depravity, irresistible grace and the perseverance of the saints. 清教徒遵循加尔文派于多特宗教会议上制定的五点信条：无条件拣选，有限救赎，完全堕落，不可抗拒的恩典，以及圣徒的坚守。
It is basis of American literature. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.It contributing to the development of Symbolism: a technique, widely used.它是美国文学的基础。
超验主义英语
超验主义英语
超验主义（Transcendentalism）是一种哲学和文学运动，源于19世纪初美国新英格兰地区的一些知识分子，代表人物包括拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生、亨利·戴维·梭罗、玛格丽特·富勒等。
超验主义强调人的内在精神体验、个性和自由，反对传统、教条和社会规范的束缚，提倡个体的自我实现和追求精神自由。
超验主义的核心理念是“超验”（Transcendentalism），即超越感官经验和理性思维所能及的现实层面，探索和认识超越自我和自然的神秘领域。
超验主义者认为，人类内在的灵性和直觉能够带领人们超越传统的知识和思想框架，获得更深刻的见解和更高的境界。
这种超验主义观点强调人的主观能动性，有助于打破加尔文教的“人性恶”、“命定论”等教条的束缚，为热情奔放、抒发个性的浪漫主义文学奠定了思想基础。
Ralph-Waldo-Emerson-爱默生超验主义
• What I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think. (我必须做的是一切与我有关的事，而不是别人想要我做的事。）
• Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. （任何名副其实真正 的人，都必须是不落俗套的人。）
爱默生注重思想内容而没有过份注重词藻的华 丽，行文犹如格言，哲理深入浅出，说服力强， 且有典型的“爱默生风格”。有人这样评价他 的文字“爱默生似乎只写警句”，他的文字所 透出的气质难以形容：既充满专制式的不容置 疑，又具有开放式的民主精神；既有贵族式的 傲慢，更具有平民式的直接；既清晰易懂，又 常常夹杂着某种神秘主义……一个人能在一篇文 章中塞入那么多的警句实在是了不起的，那些 值得在清晨诵读的句子为什么总能够振奋人心， 岁月不是为他蒙上灰尘，而是映衬得他熠熠闪 光。
• Insist on yourself; never imitate. （坚持自己，决不要模仿 ）
以“自立”为核心的爱默生式个人主义在美国个人主义思想的发展中具有承上启下 的作用。一方面，当时资本主义工业化和社会大生产已经开始在挤压和湮没个人。 爱默生在为个人进行呐喊。他的个人主义旨在通过提高人的灵魂和精神来战胜物质 主义和拜金主义。另一方面，美国民主制中的多数专制对个人的压迫也日渐明显， 提倡个人主义旨在保护个人的权利不受侵犯
Emerson’s Education
• 在1817年10月爱默生14岁时，他入读哈佛大 学并且被任命为新生代表，这个身份让他获得 免费住宿的机会。为了增添微薄的薪水，寒假 期间他会到Ripley 伯父在马萨诸塞州瓦胜市的 学校进行辅导及教学事务。在校期间，他阅读 了大量英国浪漫主义作家的作品，丰富了思想， 开阔了视野。
• Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. （任何名副其实真正 的人，都必须是不落俗套的人。）
爱默生注重思想内容而没有过份注重词藻的华 丽，行文犹如格言，哲理深入浅出，说服力强， 且有典型的“爱默生风格”。有人这样评价他 的文字“爱默生似乎只写警句”，他的文字所 透出的气质难以形容：既充满专制式的不容置 疑，又具有开放式的民主精神；既有贵族式的 傲慢，更具有平民式的直接；既清晰易懂，又 常常夹杂着某种神秘主义……一个人能在一篇文 章中塞入那么多的警句实在是了不起的，那些 值得在清晨诵读的句子为什么总能够振奋人心， 岁月不是为他蒙上灰尘，而是映衬得他熠熠闪 光。
• Insist on yourself; never imitate. （坚持自己，决不要模仿 ）
以“自立”为核心的爱默生式个人主义在美国个人主义思想的发展中具有承上启下 的作用。一方面，当时资本主义工业化和社会大生产已经开始在挤压和湮没个人。 爱默生在为个人进行呐喊。他的个人主义旨在通过提高人的灵魂和精神来战胜物质 主义和拜金主义。另一方面，美国民主制中的多数专制对个人的压迫也日渐明显， 提倡个人主义旨在保护个人的权利不受侵犯
Emerson’s Education
• 在1817年10月爱默生14岁时，他入读哈佛大 学并且被任命为新生代表，这个身份让他获得 免费住宿的机会。为了增添微薄的薪水，寒假 期间他会到Ripley 伯父在马萨诸塞州瓦胜市的 学校进行辅导及教学事务。在校期间，他阅读 了大量英国浪漫主义作家的作品，丰富了思想， 开阔了视野。
9 美国超验主义
Transcendentalism ( New being with God and nature)
Man and God and Nature
We cannot understand the America of the nineteenth century without coming to terms with Ralph Waldo Emerson
What do they believe?
I become a transparent eyeball;I am nothing;I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me. I am part or parcel of God. ---Emerson
•
---Henry D. Thoreau
American Transcendentalism
• 1. The first American intellectual movement to inspire a number of literary classics ( in Europe, it was a philosophy) • 2. It stresses the unity of being---viewing God, man and nature as sharers in a universal soul----Oversoul • 3. It is a kind of idealism and romanticism
Emerson
Thoreau
Fuller
B. Alcott
E. Peabody
Whoபைடு நூலகம்are they?
美国文学第5周超验主义
New England Transcendentalism
The Summit of American Romanticism
Transcendentalism
• (1) • (2) • (3) • (4)
Definition Features Influences Representatives
Emerson’s Point of View
“the infinitude of man” firmly believes in the transcendence of the “ oversoul ” regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man.
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803----1882)
~~went to Europe, and met Coleridge, Carlyle and Wordsworth and made friends with them, and brought back the influence of European Romanticism.
2.regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man ~~Nature as symbolic of God. ~~In the eyes of Emerson, “nature is the vehicle of thought,” and “particular natural facts are symbols of particular spiritual facts”. Thus everything bears a secondary and an ulterior隐秘的 sense. A flowing river indicates the ceaseless motion of the universe. The seasons correspond to the life span of man. The ant is the image of man himself, small in body but mighty in heart.
The Summit of American Romanticism
Transcendentalism
• (1) • (2) • (3) • (4)
Definition Features Influences Representatives
Emerson’s Point of View
“the infinitude of man” firmly believes in the transcendence of the “ oversoul ” regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man.
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803----1882)
~~went to Europe, and met Coleridge, Carlyle and Wordsworth and made friends with them, and brought back the influence of European Romanticism.
2.regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man ~~Nature as symbolic of God. ~~In the eyes of Emerson, “nature is the vehicle of thought,” and “particular natural facts are symbols of particular spiritual facts”. Thus everything bears a secondary and an ulterior隐秘的 sense. A flowing river indicates the ceaseless motion of the universe. The seasons correspond to the life span of man. The ant is the image of man himself, small in body but mighty in heart.
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Mottos
• ''The world shrank itself into a drop of dew.'' 世界将其自身缩小成为一滴露水
"Believe yourself"
"A person must be able to become what he wants to be "
The major features of Transcendentalists
4.东方神秘主义 【Oriental mysticism】
Weaknesses
The transcendentalist movement had a smafor a few years.
The transcendentalism was never a systematic philosophy. It borrowed from many sources.
“American Scholar”: American’s declaration of intellectual independence.( to develop American’s own culture)
Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862
He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.
2. the importance of the individual
3. nature is the symbol of Spirit or God
Creeds
• 1.至善 absolute good • 2.纯洁无暇 unspotted innocence of nature • 3.人具有神性 humanity was godlike and
The failure of transcendentalism as a moral force in American life was its denial of its real spiritual origin.
爱默生 Ralph Waldo Emerson
梭罗 Henry David Thoreau
a prescient（有先见之明的） critic of the countervailing（对抗性的） pressures of society.
Emerson's work
Nature. It is the Bible of transcendentalists. It contains almost everything Emerson wants to say in the rest of his life. His later works were mostly to illustrate the book.
that evil was nonexistent appeared to be an optimistic folly
Sources
1.欧洲浪漫主义文学 【the romantic literature of Europe】
2.新柏拉图主义 【neo-Platonism】
3.德国理想主义哲学 【German idealistic philosophy】
American Transcendentalism 美国超验主义
Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生
Henry David Thoreau 梭罗
Historical background
• A broad, philosophical movement in New England during the Romantic era（peak：1836-1855） the first American intellectual movement.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
philosopher, lecturer, essayist, and poet,
leading the Transcendentalist movement
a champion（拥护者） of individualism
1. emphasis on Spirit or the Oversoul
---Oversoul is a unitary（统一的） power of goodness， omnipresent（无所不在的） and omnipotent（无所不能的）， from which all things came and of which everyone was a part。
• Started by a group of people in the Transcendental Club in the 1830s who published their views in the journal The Dial
Brief Introduction
Transcendentalist believed instinct or intuition is the deepest level of man’s soul. They tried to find truth through feeling, rather than through logic. So they write not in a logical way. We can say they formed a movement of feelings & beliefs rather than a system of philosophy.