中国大陆与台湾省英语语法术语对照表
中国大陆_香港_台湾高中英语课程标准比较研究_杨丽娟杨妍薛敏
网络出版时间：2014-02-19 23:05网络出版地址：/kcms/detail/53.1133.D.20140219.2305.309.html基金项目：本论文获陕西省教育科学十二五规划2012年度立项(项目编号：SGH12477)和2012年度陕西省教育厅专项科学研究项目立项（项目编号：12JK0088）。
作者简介：杨丽娟（1969.05- ），女，四川绵阳人，西安外国语大学副教授，陕西省及西安市中小学英语教师课程设计专家和培训专家，在读博士，研究方向：课程与教学论，外语教学法。
中国大陆、香港、台湾高中英语课程标准比较研究杨丽娟1杨妍2薛敏1（1.西安外国语大学，陕西西安 710061；2.陕西省周至一中，陕西周至 710400）摘要：本研究通过比较中国大陆、香港和台湾的高中英语课程标准，探讨三地高中英语课程标准在课程目标、课程内容、课程实施和课程评价等方面的异同，提出大陆的高中英语课程标准应该将对学生个人能力的要求与社会发展有效结合、更贴近“以人为本”，在英语教学的工具性、人文性和学习内容等几个方面进行完善。
关键词：高中英语课程；中国大陆；香港；台湾中图分类号：G633.41 文献标识码：A随着全球化速度的加快和全球竞争的加剧，英语成为开拓全球化视野、提高创新能力和发展核心竞争力的重要手段。
目前我国的高中英语教学正在进行课程改革，新课程标准也进入实施和完善阶段。
大陆、香港和台湾三地具有独特的历史、地理和政治环境，英语课程发展历史也各不相同，但是三地同宗同源，同处于一个地球村，英语课程有很多的可相互借鉴之处。
本研究希望通过对中国大陆、香港和台湾高中英语课程标准的研究，发现三地课程中的异同，发掘其深层原因，为完善我国高中英语课程标准提供借鉴，同时，也为促进两岸三地教育的相互理解做出贡献。
一、两岸三地课程标准介绍（一）两岸三地高中英语课程目标中国大陆2003年制订了《全日制义务教育普通高中英语课程标准》（以下简称《课程标准》）。
中英文繁体简体对照表
中英文繁体简体对照表英中繁简编程术语对照英文台湾惯用术语大陆惯用术语---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------abstract 抽象的抽象的abstraction 抽象体、抽象物、抽象性抽象体、抽象物、抽象性 access 存取、取用存取、访问access function 存取函式存取函数address-of operator 取址运算子 & 取地址运算符 algorithm 演算法算法argument 引数(传给函式的值). 叁见 parameter 叁数 array 阵列数组arrow operator arrow(箭头)运算子 -> 箭头运算符 assembly language 组合语言汇编语言assign 指派、指定、设值赋值assignment 指派、指定赋值、分配assignment operator assignment(指派)运算子 = 赋值运算符 associated 相应的、相关的相关的、关联、相应的 associative container 关联式容器(对应 sequential container) 关联式容器base class 基础类别基类best viable function 最佳可行函式最佳可行函式 (从 viable functions 中挑出的最佳吻合者) binary tree 二元树二叉树 ?binary operator 二元运算子二元运算符binding 系结绑定bit 位元位bitwise 以 bit 为单元?、位元逐一? ?bitwise copy 以 bit 为单元进行复制、位元逐一复制位拷贝 block 区块块、分组boolean 布林值(真假值，true 或 false) 布尔值 byte 位元组(8 bits 组成) 字节call 呼叫、叫用调用call operator call(函式呼叫)运算子 () 调用运算符 (同 function call operator)chain 串链(例 chain of function calls) 链child class 子类别(或称为derived class, subtype) 子类 class 类别类class body 类别本体类体 ?class declaration 类别宣告、类别宣告式类声明 class definition 类别定义、类别定义式类定义 class derivation list 类别衍化列类继承列表class head 类别表头类头 ?class hierarchy 类别继承体系 ?tomorrow I go fishing to the East. Bosses don't have fish to eat. "Positions out of a fat man:" going on now in the past, the Imperial Army came after eating is bad. "Old Kings Head Rush thanked the captain rushed to the base for Hong Kong, Shen Yuezhen said:" I think so well! " Aboard the ship, told through again. Months Pro happy meals freshly prepared, Scull chunks post immediately. Card that Fu sheng of the Elves take care of: "old Kings Head tomorrow, your fish such as we Captain!" "Know" this is the King's voice, by far. At night, the ship to port,next to see a few xieye of small fishing vessels, stop eating. Alexafter eating two adjacent boats stopping by. Learned from the mouths of local fishermen here have is guerrilla zones, East Taihu Lake infested with bandits, Miaogang landmark, quiet at night, sometimes in the morning zhenze Japan Devils sweep, afternoon zhenze, West of guerrilla activities. Back on the boat, monthly Pro action decided by the first programme, go to Miaogang, find focal point connector. Gently open the ship, sailed into the trackless Yang. Months Pro has lost its way, don't know direction, and had to let the old King was driving. Old Kingpulling two oars said: "good day to see the stars, cloudy day by feel. You take a break, go to class in a 构词成分。
关于中国国情的英语词汇
·台湾同胞Taiwan compatriots·台湾、香港、澳门保持原有的资本主义制度和生活方式长期不变Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao will retain the current capitalist system and way of life for a long time to come.·炭疽anthrax·踢皮球pass the buck·逃废银行债务evasion of repayment of bank loans·韬光养晦hide one’s capacities and bide one’s time·讨价还价wheel and deal·统筹兼顾make overall plans adn take all factors into consideration; overall planning and all-round consideration·同乡会an association of fellow provincials or townsmen·筒子楼tube-shaped apartment·团队精神team spirit; esprit de corps·团结就是力量Unity is strength.·退耕还林还草grain for green·退耕还林还牧convert the land for forestry and pasture·鸵鸟政策ostrich policy; ostrichism·脱贫致富“cast (shake, throw) off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity“·拖欠工资arrears of wage·西部大开发Western Development·西电东送transmit the electricity from the western areas to East China; West-East electricity transmission project·西电东送transmission of electricity from the western to the eastern region·洗礼baptism·西气东输transmit the natural gas from the western areas to East China; West-East natural gas transmission project·洗钱money laundering·希望工程Hope Project·《西厢记》The Romance of West Chamber·《西行漫记》Red Star over China·夕阳产业sunset industry·西洋景Peep Show·喜忧参半mingled hope and fear·《西游记》Pilgrimage to the West; Journey to the West·下放权力给delegating the management of ... (to ...)·下岗职工laid-off workers·下岗职工基本生活费subsistence allowances for laid-off workers·下海plunge into the commercial sea·现代企业制度modern enterprise system; modern corporate system·先发制人战略pre-emptive strategy·县级市county-level city·先入为主First impressions are firmly entrenched.·先下手为强catch the ball before the bound·香港明天更好基金会Better Hong Kong Foundation·香港特别行政区Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(HKSAR)·向钱看“mammonism, put money above all“·像热锅上的蚂蚁like an ant on a hot pan·乡统筹,村提留fees paid by farmers for overall township planning and village reserve·小而全small and all-inclusive·小金库a private coffer·小康a comfortable level of living; a better-off life; moderate prosperity·小康之家well-off family; comfortably-off family·效率优先,兼顾公平give priority to efficiency with due consideration to fairness·校训school motto·宵夜a stoke of midnight·效益工资achievements-related wages; wages based on benefits·邪恶轴心axis of evil·邪教heathendom·斜拉索桥stayed-cable bridge·写真集photo album·信得过产品trustworthy product·新的经济增长点new point for/ sources of economic growth·新干线“the Shinkansen, bullet train“·新官上任三把火 a new broom sweeps clean·心理素质psychological quality·信息高速公路information superhighway·心想事成May all your wish come true·新新人类New Human Being；X Generation·形成全方位、多层次、宽领域的开放格局form an all-directional, multi-layered and wide-ranging opening pattern·形而上学metaphysics·性价比cost performance·形式主义formalism·形象小姐/先生image representative of a product or a brand·虚开增值税发票write false value added tax invoices·许可证制度license granting mechanisms·虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.·悬而未决的问题outstanding question·选美beauty contest·学而优则仕(a Confucian slogan for education) a good scholar can become an official; he who excels in study can follow an official career·学历教育education with record of formal schooling·学生减负alleviate the burden on students·亚太经济合作组织APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)·亚洲金融危机financial crisis in Asia·严打措施“Strike-Hard““ drive “·严打斗争“Strike-Hard Operation, campaign to crack down relentlessly on criminalactivities“·沿海经济开发区open coastal economic area·眼前利益服从长远利益,局部利益服从整体利益,个人和集体利益服从国家利益subordinate immediate interests to long-term interests, partial interests to overall interests and the interests of individuals and collectives to those of the state·言情小说romantic fiction; sentimental novel·严以律己,宽以待人be strict with oneself and lenient towards others·阳春（最经济方式）no-frills·羊肉串小摊barbecue stall·洋务运动Westernization Movement·摇钱树cash cow·摇头丸dancing outreach·以产定人,减员增效employ workers in accordance with production needs and increase efficiency while reducing the staff·一次性筷子throwaway chopsticks·一次性用品disposable goods·一刀切cut it even at one stroke--make it rigidly uniform; impose uniformity in all cases; allow no flexibility·移动通讯mobile communication·依法治国manage state affairs according to law; run state affairs according to law·以法治国，以德治国to govern the country with law and moral·一帆风顺Wishing you every success·一方有难,八方支援When disaster struck, help came from all sides.·一个中心,两个基本点one central task, two basic points·以公有制为主体，多种经济成分共同发展the pattern with the public sector remaining dominant and diverse sectors of the economy developing side by side·一国两制“One country, two systems“·义和团运动Boxer Uprising·以经济建设为中心focusing on the central task of economic construction·一揽子(计划) one-package (plan)·一切向钱看money-oriented·以权谋私abuse of power for personal gains·以人为本people oriented; people foremost·以上海浦东开发开放为龙头,进一步开放长江沿岸城市open more cities along the Yangtze River, while concentrating on the development and opening of the Pudong Area of Shanghai·一手抓物质文明，一手抓精神文明；一手抓经济建设，一手抓民主法制；一手抓改革开放，一手抓打击犯罪惩治腐败We must always work for material progress and at the same time for cultural and ethical progress; We should develop the economy and at the same time strengthen democracy and the legal system; We should promote reform and opening to the outside world and at the same time fight crime and punish corruption.·义演benefit performance; charity performance·以眼还眼,以牙还牙an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth·一言既出，驷马难追 A real man never goes back on his words.·以质量求生存、求发展、求效益“strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of quality“·以质量求发展strategy of development through quality; win the market with quality products·硬道理“absolute principle, top priority“·英雄所见略同Great minds think alike.·营养不良malnutrition·有法可依,有法必依,执法必严,违法必究There must be laws to go by, the laws must be observed and strictly enforced, and lawbreakers must be prosecuted.·有个奔头have something to look forward to; have something to expect·忧患意识awareness of unexpected development; being prepared for unexpected development; being prepared for any eventualities·优化资源配置optimize the allocation of resources。
转为简体的台湾交通中英文词汇对照
行号英文中文全名简称10-kph pace 10-kph速差间距20-pen graphic recorder 20笔图形记录器3 phase 三时相30th Highest Hurly Volume 30HV 第30最高小时交通量3-Centered Compound Curve Centerline 三心复曲线3-Leg Interchange 三路立体交叉3-Leg Intersection 三路交叉4 phase with overlaps 四时相重叠时相4-Leg Interchange 四路立体交叉4-Leg Intersections 四路交叉AA.M. Peak Period 早上尖峰时段Benkelman Beam 彭柯曼梁Absolute speed limit 绝对速限Abutment 桥台；桥座Abutting property 邻街建筑物Acceleration Grade 加速坡度Acceleration lane 加速车道Acceleration Resistance 加速阻力Accelerative start-forced return 加速进行超车—强迫紧急返回原车道Accelerative start-voluntary return 加速进行超车—随意从容返回原车道Acceptable gap 可接受间距Acceleration Lane 加速车道Access 出入口Access Control 出入管制；进出管制Access-Controlled Highway 出入管制公路Access Lane 出入车道Access Network 接取网络Access ramp 出入引道Access road 连络道Access Road System 连络道路系统Accessibility 可及性Accident 肇事；事故；意外事件Accident (Crash) Occurrence 事故发生Accident (Crash) Rate 事故率Accident (Crash) Severity 事故严重性Accident Analysis 事故分析；意外分析；肇事分析Accident Assessment 事故鉴定Accident Casualty 事故伤亡Accident Cause 事故原因Accident Characteristics 肇事特性Accident Consequences 意外事故的后果Accident Hazardous Location 易肇祸路段Accident Investigation 事故调查Accident Involvement Rate 肇事牵连率Accident Liability Assessment 事故责任鉴定第1页共93页公路、交通行号英文中文全名简称47 Accident Management 意外管理48 Accident Prevention 肇事预防49 Accident Prone Location 易肇事地点50 Accident Proneness 肇事倾向51 Accident Rate 肇事率52 Accident Reconstruction 事故重建53 Accident Risk 事故风险54 Accident Severity 事故严重度55 Accident-severity ratio 肇事严重性比率56 Accumulate vehicle-second 累计车—秒数57 Accuracy 精度58 Acoustic absorptivity ACI 感音吸收力59 Active Warning Device 主动警告设施60 Actual flow rate 实际车流率61 Actual travel time 实际行驶时间62 Actuated Signal 触动式控制63 Adaptive Control 调适性控制64 Adaptive route choice 适应性路线选择65 Adaptive signal 适应性号志66 Adaptive signal control 适应性号志控制67 Adaptive signal control strategy 适应性号志控制策略68 Added turning lane 转向车道69 Adit 横坑70 Adjustment factor 调整因子71 Adjustment Flow 调整流量72 Adult guard 成人导护73 Advance warning marking 早期警告标线74 Advanced driver information system ADIS 先进驾驶人信息系统75 Advanced payment 预付款76 Advanced Public Transportation Services APTS 先进大众运输服务；先进公共运输系统77 Advanced public transportation system 先进公共运输系统；高等旅客信息系统78 Advanced Traffic Management Services ATMS 先进交通管理服务79 Advanced Traveler Information Services ATIS 先进旅行者信息服务80 Advanced Vehicle Control and Safety Services AVCSS 先进车辆控制及安全服务81 Advanced vehicle control system 先进车辆控制系统82 Advance-green design 早开绿灯设计83 Advancing effect 前进效应84 Advancing shoring method 支撑先进工法85 Adverse slope 逆坡86 Aeolian Soil 风积土87 Aerial camera 航空摄影机88 Aerial leveling 航空水平测量89 Aerial Map 航测图90 Aerial perspective 鸟噉图；空中透视91 Aerial photogrammetric target 航空标92 Aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量第2页共93页公路、交通行号英文中文全名简称93 Aerial Photography 航空摄影术94 Aerial Survey 航空测量；空中测量95 Aerial Tramway 空中缆车96 Aerocamera 航空摄影机97 Aerotriangulation 空中三角测量98 Age distribution of vehicle 车龄分布99 Overload, Overloading 超载100 Aggregate 粒料、骨材（名词）；聚集的（形容词）101 Aggregate Interlock 粒料连锁102 Aggregate Spreader 粒料撤布机103 Aggregate Subbase 粒料级配底层104 Aggregate Texture 粒状组织105 Air quality monitoring station 空气品质监测站106 Air Release Valve 气阀107 Air resistance 空气阻力108 Air-dried Sand 风干之沙109 Air-Entraining Cement 输气水泥110 Alcohol involved accident rate 涉及酒精之肇事率111 Alidade Stadia Method 照准测距法112 Alignment 路线配置；排列；定线；线向；路线113 Alignment Design 路线设计；定线设计114 Algorithm 算法则115 Alkaline 碱性反应116 All-day Service 全天候服务117 All-Directional Interchanges 全直接交叉型交流道118 Alley 巷；道119 Allied Soil 杂质土120 All-night parking 整夜停车121 Allowable Bearing Capacity 容许承载量122 Allowable Bearing Stress 容许承载应力123 Allowable load 容许载重124 Allowable Load Repetition 容许荷重次数125 Allowable settlement 容许沉陷量126 Allowable stress 容许应力127 All-red Interval 全红时段128 Alluvial Silts Colloidal 胶质体冲积粉土129 Alternate Design 比较设计；变换设计130 Alternate Method 替代方法131 Alternate signal system 互亮（换）号志系统132 Alternate System 迭亮系统133 Alternative(s) 替代（换）方案134 Amber Arrow 箭头黄灯135 Amber Flashing 闪光黄灯136 Amber light, Yellow interval 黄灯第3页共93页公路、交通行号英文中文全名简称137 American Association of State Highway Officials AASHO （注：于1975年改为AASHTO）美国州公路官员协会138 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials AASHTO 美国州公路与运输官员协会139 American Concrete Institute ACI 美国混凝土学会；美国混凝土研究会140 American Federal Highway Administration FHWA 美国联邦公路总署141 American Institute of Transportation Engineers ITE 美国交通工程师学会142 American Road and Transportation Builders' Association ARTBA 美国公路与运输承造人协会143 American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 美国试验及材料协会144 American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE 美国土木工程师协会145 Amount of light 光量146 Amplification 放大147 Amplification effect 放大效应148 Amplification factor 载重放大因子149 Amplifier 扩大器150 Anew Issue License 补照；补牌151 Anew Issue Plate 补牌152 Angle collision 角撞153 Angle of Coverage 视角154 Angle of Deflection 偏角155 Angle of Friction 摩擦角156 Angle of internal friction 内摩擦角157 Angle of intersecting 交车角度158 Angle of repose 静止角；安息角159 Angle of Turn 转向角160 Angle parking 斜角停车161 Angular acceleration 角加速度162 Anionic Asphalt Emulsions 阴离子乳化沥青163 Announced Land Current Value 公告土地现值164 Annual Average Daily Traffic AADT 年平均每日交通量165 Annual budget 年度预算166 Annual Daily Traffic ADT 平均每月交通量167 Annual Highway Cost 公路年费；公路年金168 Annual Illumination 计算平均照度169 Annual Parking Duration 平均停车延时170 Annual Parking Space Occupancy 平均车位使用率171 Annual Traffic 年交通量172 Annual Turn-over Rate 平均车位小时使用率173 Annuity Bond 年金法公债174 Apparent Specific Gravity 虚比重175 Apparent-deflection 视挠度176 Application Program Interface API 应用程序接口177 Approach 邻近路口之路段；引桥；引道178 Approach Delay 邻近路段延滞179 Approach end 邻近端180 Approach pit 导坑第4页共93页公路、交通行号英文中文全名简称181 Approach road 引道；引路182 Approach slab 引道版183 Approach speed 邻近速率184 Approach to obstructions 近障碍物线185 Approach way 邻近路段186 Approach, Approach fill, Approach lane, Approach road 引道187 Appropriate measures 适当防制措施188 Approved with conditions 有条件通过审查189 Approximate speed 近似速率190 Apron space 运转空间191 Aqueduct tunnel, Headrace tunnel 导水隧道192 Arbitrary Proportioning 固定比例法193 Arbitration 仲裁194 Arc 弧线195 Arc/path incidence matrix 路段/路径指引矩阵196 Arcade 骑楼197 Arch bridge 拱桥198 Arch Bridges 指向标线199 Arch Culverts 指针式200 Arching 拱效应201 Architectural 建筑202 Architectural Flow Diagram AFD 架构流向图203 Archived Data Application 归档资料应用204 Area computation by coordinate method 面积计算坐标法205 Area Control 区域控制206 Area of potential collision 潜在碰撞区域207 Area Rule 面杖法208 Area traffic control 重点交通管制209 Area Traffic Control System 区域交通控制系统210 Areawide intercarrier consolidation system 地区货运业并装系统211 Areawide System Control 全区域控制212 Arrival Intervals 到达间距213 Arrival pattern 到达型态214 Arrival rate 到达率215 Arrival time 到达时间216 Arrival Type 到达型态217 Arterial 主要干道218 Arterial Highway 干线公路219 Arterial route 干线220 Articulated Bus 双节公车221 Asphalt, Asphalt Cement, Asphalt Binder 沥青（美国用语）；沥青胶泥222 Asphalt 沥青混凝土（欧洲用语）223 Asphalt additive 沥青添加剂224 Asphalt Base coarse 沥青底层225 Asphalt Concrete AC 沥青混凝土226 Asphalt Concrete Finisher 沥背混凝土铺筑机第5页共93页公路、交通行号英文中文全名简称227 Asphalt concrete pavement 沥青混凝土铺面228 Asphalt content 沥青含量229 Asphalt Emulsion 乳化沥青230 Asphalt felt 油毛毡231 Asphalt Institute AI 美国沥青协会232 Asphalt macadam 沥青碎石路233 Asphalt Mixing Plant 沥青拌合场234 Asphalt mixture 沥青混合物235 Asphalt mixture design 沥青混凝土配比设计236 Asphalt mixture machine 沥青拌合机237 Asphalt mixture, Bituminous mixture 沥青混合料238 Asphalt pavement 沥青混凝土路面239 Asphalt pavement, Bituminous pavement 沥青铺面240 Asphalt plant 沥青拌合厂241 Asphalt surface coarse 沥青面层242 Asphalt mastic 沥青胶浆243 Asphaltene 沥青精244 Asphalt Pavement 沥青面路245 Asphalt Concrete Mixing Plant 沥青混凝土拌合厂246 Asset and liability 资产与负债247 Assignment Network 指派网络248 At scene investigation 肇事现场调查249 At-Grade Intersection 平面交叉250 Atmospheric Water 大气水251 Advanced traffic management system ATMS 先进的交通管理系统；高等交通管理系统252 Attainability 可及度253 Attendant-parking lot 雇员服务停车场254 Attentiveness 注意力255 Audible pedestrian signal 盲人音响号志256 Audio tone 低周波讯号257 Auger 螺旋钻258 Auto Restricted Zone 小型车限行区域259 Autoclave 高温高压蒸汽养护260 Automated Roadside Safety Inspection 自动化路边安检261 Automated toll system 自动化收费系统262 Automated Vehicle Operation 自动车辆驾驶263 Automatic Cam Control 刮刀的自动控制器264 Automatic Cargo Identification ACI 自动货物辨识265 Automatic classification 自动辨识266 Automatic Highway System AHS 自动公路系统267 Automatic incident detection 事件自动侦测；意外事故自动侦测268 Automatic Incident Detection AID 自动事件侦测269 Automatic inspection 自动检验270 Automatic level 自动水准仪271 Automatic navigation highway system 自动导航公路系统272 Automatic routing 自动绕径第6页共93页公路、交通行号英文中文全名简称273 Automatic Vehicle Classification AVC 自动车辆分类274 Automatic vehicle control 自动车辆驾驶控制275 Automatic vehicle identification 车辆自动辨识276 Automatic Vehicle Identification AVI 自动车辆辨识277 Automatic vehicle identification system 自动车辆识别系统278 Automatic Vehicle Location AVL 自动车辆定位279 Automatic Vehicle Monitoring AVM 自动车辆监视280 Automatic vehicle monitoring system 自动车辆监测系统281 Automobile Transportation 汽车运输282 Automobile vehicle guiding system 车辆导引系统283 Automotive emission control 汽车排烟管制284 Autonomous intelligent cruise control 自主定速控制系统285 Auxiliary bridge 便桥286 Auxiliary Lanes 辅助车道287 Auxiliary Marking 辅助标线288 Auxiliary sign 辅助标志289 Average Annual Daily Traffic AADT 年平均每日交通量290 Average daily volume 平均日交通量291 Average Daily Traffic ADT 平均每日交通量292 Average delay per vehicle 每车平均延滞293 Average Delay Time 平均延滞时间294 Average discharge interval 平均驶离时段295 Average Headway 平均间距296 Average Highway Speed 平均公路速率297 Average Kilometer Per Registered Vehicle Per Day 每营业车辆每日平均行驶里程298 Average Kms Per Operating Vehicle Per Day 每实动车辆每日平均行驶里程299 Average Minimum Headway 平均最小间距300 Average Parking Duration 平均停车延时301 Average Parking Space Occupancy 平均车位使用率302 Average Passenger-Kilometers Per Vehicle Run 每车次客运密度303 Average Revenue Per Bus-Kilometer 每客车公里平均收入304 Average Revenue Per Passenger 每旅客平均收入305 Average Revenue Per Passenger-Kilometer 每延人公里平均收入306 Average Revenue Per Ton 每公吨货物平均收入307 Average Revenue Per Ton-Kilometer 每延吨公里平均收入308 Average Running Speed 平均行驶速率309 Average Service Time 平均服务时间310 Average Spot Speed 平均定点速率311 Average step length 平均步长312 Average Transport Distance 平均运程313 Average Transport Distance Per Passenger 每旅客平均运程314 Average Transport Distance Per Ton 每吨货物平均运程315 Average Travel Speed 平均旅行速度316 Average Turn-over Rate 平均车位小时转换率317 Average Waiting Time 平均等候时间318 Automated guided vehicle system AGVS 汽车自动导向系统第7页共93页公路、交通行号英文中文全名简称319 Axle load, Axle weight 轴重320 Azimuth 方位角；地平经度321全名简称英文中文行号365 Bench Mark BM 水准点366 Bend, Bend channel, Bent, Channel bend, River bend 弯道367 Bending 挠曲；弯曲368 Bending design 弯道式设计369 Bending Index 别曲指数370 Bending moment 弯矩371 Bending stress 弯曲应力372 Benefit Assessment 受益费373 Benefit Cost Ratio 益本比374 Benefit-Factor Method 利益因素法375 Bentonite 皂土376 Berm 戗堤377 Berm Ditch 平台沟378 Bicycle 脚踏车379 Bicycle and motorcycle 机慢车380 Bicycle lane system 脚踏车专用车道系统381 Bid Bond 押标金382 Bid, Tender 投标383 Bike lane 脚踏车道384 Bikeway 脚踏车专用道385 Binary Choice 二项选择386 Binary Variable 二进制变量387 Binder Course 黏合料；结合层；黏合层388 Binder Material 结合料；黏合料389 Binders 粘结料390 Binding Course 结合层391 Binomial Arrival 二项到达392 Binomial Distribution 二项分配393 Bio-film treatment system 接触曝气法394 Birds' eye view 鸟噉图395 Bit 钻头396 Bit Per Second bps 每秒传输的位数397 Bitumen 沥青398 Bituminous Joint Fillers 沥青接缝填充料399 Bituminous Material 沥青材料400 Bituminous Overlay 沥青封层401 Bituminous Pavement Road 沥青铺路402 Bituminous Penetration Macadam 灌入式沥青路面403 Bituminous Pressure Distributor 沥青压力散布机404 Bituminous Sand Slurry 沥青沙浆405 Bituminous Surface Treatment 沥青表面处理406 Bituminous Water Proof Coating 沥青防水层407 Bituminous Treated Base BTB 沥青处理底层408 Bituminous Treated Sand Gravel 沥青处理砂砾409 Black-Hole Effect 黑洞效应410 Balance Cut and Fill 挖填之平衡第9页共93页公路、交通全名简称英文中文行号411 Blast 开炸412 Blast Pad 喷气防护坪413 Blasting Method 炸移法414 Bleeding 路面冒油415 Blight proof courses 病虫害防治416 Blood alcohol concentration 血液中酒精浓度417 Blown Asphalt 吹制沥青418 Boiling 砂涌419 Bonding Agent 黏着剂420 Bore 钻凿421 Bored pile 钻掘桩422 Borehole 钻孔423 Boring 钻探424 Boring log 钻孔柱状图425 Boring machine 钻机426 Boring Rod 钻杆427 Boring-core 钻孔岩心428 Borrow 借土；借方429 Borrow area 借土区430 Borrow Pit 借土坑；取土坑431 Bottle neck control 瓶颈路段（地点）管制法432 Bottle Neck Road 瓶颈段；瓶颈路433 Bottleneck 瓶颈434 Bottom Course 底层435 Bottom Flange 下翼绿436 Boulder 卵石437 Box caisson 沉箱；箱式沉箱；匣式沉箱438 Box Culvert 箱涵；箱形涵洞439 Box Drain 水沟渠；匣形沟渠440 Box girder 箱形梁441 Bracing 支撑442 Bracket / Chassis 拖架443 Brake failure, Defective brake 煞车失灵444 Brake light 煞车灯445 Brake Reaction time 煞车反应时间；制动反应时间446 Braking Distance 剎车视距（停车视距）447 Braking system 煞车系统448 Branch and Bound Algorithm 分枝界定法449 Breakdowns 故障450 Breaking of Emulsion 乳化沥青黏结451 Breaking Wave 碎波452 Breakaway 脱离式接头453 Breath alcohol concentration 呼气酒精含量454 Brick Pavement 砖铺路面；砖铺面455 Brick Pavement Road 砖铺路456 Brick Road 砖面路第10页共93页公路、交通全名简称英文中文行号457 Bridge 桥梁458 Bridge Abutment 桥台459 Bridge Approach 桥粱引道460 Bridge bearing 桥支承461 Bridge deck 桥面板462 Bridge deck/floor 桥面463 Bridge expansion joint 桥面伸缩缝464 Bridge floor 桥面465 Bridge head 桥塔466 Bridge inspection 桥梁检测467 Bridge Management System 桥梁管理系统468 Bridge pier 桥墩469 Bridge railing 桥栏杆470 Bridge span 桥跨471 Brightness 照杜；辉杜；明亮度472 Brightness contrast 辉度对照比473 Brittle fracture 碎裂474 Brittleness 脆性；脆度475 Gravel Road 碎石路476 Broken Stone Surface 碎石路面477 Broken-back Curve 断背曲线478 Broken-Beach Grade Line 破背坡度线479 Benkelman Beam 彭柯曼梁480 Buckling 挫屈；路面拱起481 Budget 预算经费482 Budgetary estimate 经费概算483 Buffer 缓冲剂；缓冲器484 Buffer buildings 缓冲建筑物485 Buffer distance 缓冲距离486 Buffer reach 缓冲段487 Buffer time 缓冲时间488 Buffer zone 缓冲带489 Building Code 建筑规刖；建筑法规490 Building Coverage Ratio 建蔽率；建筑面积比491 Building Line 建筑线492 Built-in Parking Facilities 建筑物附设停车空间493 Bulb Type 球状494 Bulk Density 虚松体密度495 Bulk Specific Gravity 松比重；容积比重；虚比重496 Bulkhead 隔墙；天窗；驳岸；隔舱497 Bull Dozer 堆土机498 Bulldozer 推土机499 Bulldozer Blade 刮刀500 Bullet-nose 弹头尖端式501 Bullet-nose Form 弹头式502 Bumper 保险杆第11页共93页公路、交通全名简称英文中文行号503 Bundle method 光束法504 Bureau of Public Road (renamed to FHWA) 美国联邦公路局505 Bus 大客车506 Bus Bay 公车湾507 Bus company 公车公司508 Bus driver 公车驾驶员509 Bus driving 公车运行510 Bus Exclusive Lane 公车专用道511 Bus fare 公车费率512 Bus Lane 公车专用车道513 Bus management information system 公车管理信息系统514 Bus network 公车路网515 Bus Operating Rate/Bus Dispatching Rate 出车率516 Bus operation 公车营运517 Bus operation management 公车营运管理518 Bus parking area 大客车停车场519 Bus Rapid Transit 公车捷运520 Bus ridership 公车运量521 Bus route 公车路线522 Bus route inquiring system 公车路线查询系统523 Bus scheduling 公车排班524 Bus speed limits 公车速限525 Bus station 公车停靠站526 Bus stop spacing 公车站距527 Bus Street 公车专用街道528 Bus system design 公车系统设计529 Bus system, Bus transit system, Public bus system 公车系统530 Bus Terminal 公车终站；公车总站；公车场站531 Bus transportation 公车运输532 Bus, Public bus 公共汽车533 Buses 大客革534 Bush hammering 粗面石工535 Business District 商业区536 Business Vehicle 营业车辆537 Bus-Kilometer 客车行驶里程538 Busway 公车专用道539 Butt Joint 平头接缝540 Button reflector 反光钮541 Buttressed Wall 外支墙542 Buttressed Abutment 撑式桥台墙543 Buttressed Retaining Wail 外支式挡土墙544 Bypass highway 绕越公路545 Bypass road 外环道546 Bypass route 绕道路线547 Bypass Street 绕越街548 Bypassing Traffic 绕越交通第12页共93页公路、交通全名简称英文中文行号549 Bystreet 支街550 C551 Cab Signal 车厢号志552 Cab, Taxi 出租车553 Cable Car, Cableway 空中缆车554 Cable stayed bridge 斜张桥；斜索桥555 Cable Suspension Bridge 索桥556 Caboose 车务员专用车557 Cadastral map 地籍图558 Cadastral Survey 地籍测量559 California Bearing Ratio CBR 加州乘载力比560 Canal Aqueduct 输水桥561 Canal Bridge 渠桥562 Canal Tunnel 输水隧道563 Cancellation 注销564 Candle (Candle Power) Cd, Cp 单位：烛光565 Cantilever Bridges 悬臂式桥梁566 Cantilever method 悬臂工法567 Cantilever retaining wall 悬臂挡土墙568 Cantilever type retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙569 Cap 桩帽；雷管（俗）570 Capacitated arc routing problem 容量限制弦路径车辆行驶问题571 Capacitated freight distribution 零担货物运输572 Capacity 容量；涵容性573 Capacity analysis 容积分析574 Capacity and level of service analysis 容量与服务水准分析575 Capacity constraint, Capacity restriction 容量限制576 Capacity estimation 容量估计577 Capacity limitation 容量极限值578 Capacity model 容量模式579 Capacity of Bus Line 公车路线容量580 Capacity reduction factor, Strength reduction factor 强度折减因子581 Capacity utilization 容量使用率582 Capillary Lift 毛管水升高度；毛细管水升高度583 Capillarity 毛细管作用；毛细管现象584 Captive Riders 无自由选择的乘客585 Captive Transit Rider 大众运输固有使用者586 Car accident, Traffic accident 交通事故587 Car accreditation system 车辆认证制度588 Car body 车体589 Car detector, Vehicular detector 车辆侦测器590 Car following model 跟车模式；自动跟车系统591 Car navigation system 汽车导向系统592 Car Ownership 汽车持有；汽车持有权593 Car Pooling, Carpool 汽车共乘594 Car, Vehicle 车辆第13页共93页公路、交通全名简称英文中文行号595 Carbon Dioxide CO2 二氧化碳596 Carphone 车用电话597 Car-Rental Carrier 小客车租赁业598 Carriage 马车599 Carrier wave 载波600 Casing 套管601 Cast stone 人造石602 Cast-in-place pile 场铸桩603 Cast-in-place (CIP) Concrete 场铸混凝土604 Casualty 伤亡605 Catalog Service Interface Specification 目录服务接口规范606 Catch Basin 集水井；截流井607 Catch Drain 排水沟；截水沟608 Catch Feeder 灌溉水道609 Cathodic method 阴极防锈法610 Cationic Asphalt Emulsions 阳离子乳化沥青611 Caution Light 警告灯612 Caution Sign 警告标；警告标志613 Caution Signal 注意信号；警告号志614 Cavitations 孔蚀现象；穴蚀现象615 Concrete Pavement 混凝土路面616 Critical Speed 临界速率617 Cement Grout 灌水泥浆；水泥灌喷枪618 Cement grouting 水泥灌浆619 Cement mortar 水泥砂浆620 Cement Paste 水泥浆621 Cement Treated Sand Gravel 水泥处理砂砾622 Cencrete Cribbing 框式混凝土挡土墙623 Census 普查624 Center Frog k形岔心625 Center Island 中央岛626 Center Line 中线；中心线627 Center Line Lane 中心车道；中央车道628 Center Line Marking 中心标线629 Center Platform (Island Platform) 岛式站台630 Center Span 中央跨孔631 Center(line) stake 中心桩632 Centerline 中心线633 Center-to-Center C2C 中心与中心634 Center-to-Field C2F 中心与现场635 Central Business District CBD 中心商业区636 Central corridor system 中央走廊系统637 Central Cross-Island Highway, East-West Cross-Island Highway 中横公路638 Central Divider 中央分向岛639 Central Island 分隔岛；中央岛；分向岛640 Central Mixing Plant 中央拌合厂第14页共93页公路、交通全名简称英文中文行号641 Central projection 中心投影642 Central Shopping area 中央商业区643 Centralized Control System 集中式控制系统644 Centralized Traffic Control CTC 中央行车控制法645 Centrifugal force 离心力646 Centrifuge Cup 离心杯647 Centrifuge Kerosene Equivalent CKE 离心煤油当量法648 Certification, Accreditation 认证；核准649 Change License 换照650 Change of Registration 变更登记651 Changeable Message Sign, Variable Message Sign CMS 信息可变标志652 Changeable Speed Limit Sign CSLS 速限可变标志653 Changing Lane 变换车道654 Channel 槽道655 Channelized Intersection 槽化交叉656 Channelization 槽化657 Channelization island 槽化岛658 Channelized Intersection 槽化式交叉；槽化路口659 Channelizing Island 槽化岛660 Channelizing Line 槽化线；检核点661 Characteristic Deflection 代表性挠度662 Character arrangement 文字排列方式663 Character size 文字尺寸664 Charging system 收费系统665 Charter Bus 专用游览车666 Check Point 检核点667 Check Valve 逆止阀668 Chemical grouting 药液灌浆669 Chevron of divergence 分流式山形条纹670 Chevron of mergence 并流式山形条纹671 Chevron strip 山形条纹672 Chief Engineer 总工程司673 Child pick-up area 家长接送区674 Children-only Bus 幼童专用车675 Chinese road sign 中文道路标志676 Chord 弦；弦杆677 Chord Length 弦长678 Chute 竖槽；陡槽；吊沟679 Circle 周期680 Circle/Roundabout 圆环681 Circuit 环道（测）；电话（电）682 Circuit-switched Public Data Network CSPDN 线路交换公众数据网络683 Circular Arch 圆拱；弧拱684 Circular Curve 圆曲线；单曲线；圆弧曲线685 Circular failure 圆弧型破坏686 Circular green light 圆形绿灯第15页共93页公路、交通全名简称英文中文行号687 Circular rod level 圆盒水准器688 Circular sliding surface 圆弧滑动面689 Circulation 通风；交通690 Circulation Map 交通图691 Circulation system 转乘系统692 Circumferential street (road) 外环（环状）道路693 City Bus 市区公共汽车694 City Planning 都市计画695 City Planning Commission 都市计画委员会696 City Planning Law 都市计画法697 City Rebuilding 都市重建698 City Transit 都市大众运输699 Clamshell 抓式挖土机700 Classification Count 分类调查701 Classification of road 道路分类702 Classification of Soil 土壤分类703 Clear distance 净距704 Clear height 净空高705 Clear Span 净跨距706 Clear Zone 清除区707 Clearance 净距708 Clearance Height 净高709 Clearance Lost Time 清道损失时间710 Clearance time 清道时间711 Climate Conditions 气候情况712 Climbing Lane 爬坡道．爬坡车道713 Clinker 溶块714 Close Network 封闭网络715 Close System Toll Station 封闭制收费站716 Close Tunnel 隧道区717 Closed Circuit Television Camera CCTV 闭路电视摄影机718 Closed Loop 封闭环路719 Closed Network 网络系统720 Closed traverse 闭合导线721 Clothoid Curve (Clothide) 螺旋曲线；克罗梭曲线；罗线形曲线722 Clover Leaf Interchange 四叶形交流道；苜蓿叶形交流道723 CO Detector 一氧化碳侦测器724 Coarse Aggregate 粗粒料；粗骨材725 Code 规范；数值726 Coefficient of friction, Friction coefficient, Frictional coefficient 摩擦系数727 Coefficient of Kinenatic Viscosity 动黏滞系数728 Coefficient of kurtosis 峰度系数729 Coefficient of Side Friction 侧犘擦系数730 Coefficient of Subgrade 路基抗力系数731 Cofferdam 围堰732 Coefficient of Utilitization CU 照明率第16页共93页公路、交通全名简称英文中文行号733 Cohesion 凝聚力；黏力；黏结力734 Cohesion of soil 土壤之凝聚力735 Cohesive Value 凝聚值736 Cold-Mix Asphalt Concrete 泠拌沥青混凝土737 Collector Ditch 集水沟738 Collector Road 连络道路739 Collector Street 联络道路740 Collector-distributor Roads 集散道741 Collision 冲撞；碰撞742 Collision Accident 碰撞事故743 Collision area 碰撞区744 Collision diagram 碰撞图；相横示意因745 Collision Warning Systems 碰撞预警系统746 Color Light Signal 色灯号志747 Color contrast 色彩对比748 Color quality 光色品质749 Combination Truck Tractor-trailer 联结车750 Commercial Center 商业中心751 Commercial District 商业区752 Commerical Driver's License CDL 大型车辆驾照（16人以上）753 Commercial Fleet Management 商用车队管理754 Commercial Motor Vehicle CMV 商业用车755 Commercial Speed 商业运转速率756 Commercial Traffic 商车交通量757 Commercial Vehicle Electronic Credential Management 商用车辆电子凭证管理758 Commercial Vehicle Operating System 商用车营运系统759 Commercial Vehicle Operations CVO 商车营运系统760 Commercial Vehicle Operations Services CVOS 商车营运服务761 Commodity 商品762 Community Center 杜区中心763 Community Planning 社区规画764 Commuter 通勤者765 Commuter Rate 回数费率766 Commuter Rail, Commuter Train 通勤火车767 Commuting Distance 通勤距离768 Compacted Subgrade 压实路基769 Compaction 夯实；压实770 Compaction effort 夯实能量771 Compatibility 兼容性772 Compensation 征收补偿773 Compensation for Damage 损失赔偿774 Compensation for the land price 地价补偿775 Complementary Route 补充路线776 Complex intersection 复合适交叉路口777 Composite Beam 合成粱；复合粱778 Composition of Traffic 交通组成第17页共93页公路、交通全名简称英文中文行号779 Compound Curve 复曲线780 Comprehensive 整体性781 Comprehensive parking program 综合性停车计画782 Comprehensive Planning 综合性计画783 Compressibility of Soil 土壤压缩性784 Compression 压缩；压力785 Compression Stress 压应力786 Compressive Strength 抗压强度787 Compulsory Purchase 征收788 Computer signal 计算机号志789 Computer signal lamp system 计算机号志系统790 Computer-Aided Dispatching System 计算机辅助派车系统791 Computerized traffic signal system 计算机化号志系统792 Concave 凹793 Concave Bank 凹岸794 Concave curve 凹形曲线795 Concave Joint 四缝796 Concave-convex 凹凸形797 Concentrated load 集中荷重798 Concentration time 集流时间799 Concentric opposed plane helical ramp 同心反向螺旋状匝道800 Concrete 混凝土801 Concrete barrier (New Jersey) 纽泽西（混凝土）护栏802 Concrete islands 混凝土交通岛803 Concrete joint 混凝土接缝804 Concrete Mixing 混凝拌合机805 Concrete Overlays 混凝土路面加铺806 Concrete pavement 混凝土铺面807 Cone 交通锥808 Cone of acute vision 明晰视锥角809 Cone of glance area 瞥视锥角范围810 Cone of sight 视锥角811 Conflict 冲突812 Conflict analysis 冲突分析813 Conflict Area 冲突区域814 Conflict lane change 冲突性变换车道815 Conflict management 冲突管理816 Conflict point 冲突点817 Congestion 拥挤818 Congestion degree 拥挤度819 Congestion delay 拥挤延滞820 Congestion dummy variable 拥挤虚拟变量821 Congestion pricing 拥挤定价822 Congestion Time 拥挤时间823 Congestion toll 拥挤费824 Conical Surface 圆锥面第18页共93页公路、交通全名简称英文中文行号825 Connecting Road 连络公路826 Connector 连接道路827 Consistency 稠度828 Consolidation 压实；固结；压密829 Consolidation Rate 压密率830 Construction Contract 工程合约831 Construction Joint 施工接缝832 Construction Load 施工道路833 Construction Planning 施工计画834 Construction Sign 施工标志835 Construction Specification 施工规范836 Construction/Maintenance Zone 施工维修区837 Contact detector 接触式侦测器838 Contact strip 接触带839 Container Packing Shed 货柜并装通栈840 Container parking area 联结车停车场841 Container Trucking Carrier 货柜运输业842 Continuous Mixing Plant 连绩式拌合厂843 Continuous move-up operation 连续跟进行为844 Continuous Station 长期观测站845 Continuous Volume-count Program 长期持续性交通量调查846 Continuously reinforced concrete pavement CRCP 连续钢筋混凝土路面847 Continuous-Mix Plant 连续式拌合厂848 Contour Interval 等高线间隔；等高距849 Contour Line 等高线850 Contour Map 等高线图851 Contours 等高线852 Contract 契约853 Contract Change Order 契约变更通知854 Contraction Joint 收缩接缝855 Contractor 承包商856 Contraflow bus lane 逆向公车专用道857 Contributing area 集水面积858 Control Count 控制量交通调查859 Control of Access 出入管制860 Control point comparison 控制点比较法861 Control points 控制点862 Control Radius 控制半径863 Control section 管制路段864 Control span 控制限制865 Control Station 控制站866 Control strategy, Regulation strategy 管制策略867 Control survey, Control surveying 控制测量868 Controlled Access Highway 出入管制公路869 Controller 控制器870 Controlling Load 控制轮重第19页共93页公路、交通全名简称英文中文行号871 Convenience store 贩卖区872 Conventional Roundabout 传统圆环873 Conventional Simulcast Radio System 同频发射共波式无线电话系统874 Converted traffic 转乘交通量875 Convex Function 凸函数876 Convex Joint 凸接缝877 Conveyer 输送机878 Conviction 违规879 Convoy 车队880 Cooperative Planning 合作规划881 Coordinate scheduling 协调排班882 Coordinated control 连锁控制883 Coordinated Control Signal 连锁控制号志884 Capital Cost 公路资本885 Cordon Count 周界交通量调查；内圈交通量调查886 Cordon Line 区域线；周界线887 Corridor 交通通廊888 Corridor Control 通廊控制889 Cost of Service 服务成本890 Count-down pedestrian signal 行人倒数计时显示器891 Counter flow 对向车流892 Counter map 等量线图893 Counter Wall 等高线894 Country road 乡道895 Courier service 快递服务896 Covered Conduit 暗渠897 Covered Ditch 加盖暗沟898 Crack Spacing 裂纹间距899 Crash 冲撞；碰撞900 Crawling lane 爬坡道901 Creep 潜变902 Crest Vertical Curve 凸形竖曲线903 Crew scheduling 人员排程904 Crib retaining wall 框条式挡土墙905 Critical bottleneck 关键瓶颈906 Critical gap 临界间距907 Critical Length of Grade 披道临界长度908 Critical Path 要径909 Critical Path Method CPM 要径法910 Critical Point 临界点。
常见英语语法术语
英语语法术语中英对照语法 grammar句法 syntax词法 morphology句子 sentence从句 clause词组 phrase词类 part of speech单词 word实词 notional word虚词 structural word单纯词 simple word派生词 derivative 构词法,通过词根加减字母构成不同词性的词复合词 compound 简单说两个单词凑一起构成一个新词,比如hairdresser词性 part of speech名词 noun专有名词 proper noun普通名词 common noun可数名词 countable noun不可数名词 uncountable noun 抽象名词 abstract noun具体名词 concrete noun物质名词 material noun集体名词 collective noun个体名词 individual noun介词 preposition连词 conjunction动词 verb主动词 main verb及物动词 transitive verb不及物动词 intransitive verb 系动词 link verb助动词 auxiliary ɡ'zlri verb 情态动词 modal verb规则动词 regular verb不规则动词 irregular verb短语动词 phrasal verb限定动词 finite verb非限定动词 infinite verb使役动词 causative verb感官动词 verb of senses动态动词 event verb或者dynamic verbs动态动词静态动词 state /stative verb感叹词 exclamation形容词 adjective原级 positive比较级 comparative最高级 superlative副词 adverb方式副词 adverb of manner程度副词 adverb of degree时间副词 adverb of time地点副词 adverb of place修饰性副词 adjunct连接性副词 conjunct疑问副词 interrogative ,nt'rɑɡtv adverb 关系副词 relative adverb代词 pronoun人称代词 personal pronoun物主代词 possessive pronoun反身代词 reflexive pronoun相互代词 reciprocal r'sprkl pronoun指示代词 demonstrative pronoun疑问代词 interrogative pronoun关系代词 relative pronoun 不定代词 indefinite pronoun物主代词 possessive pronoun名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun形容词性物主代词 adjectival possessive pronoun冠词 article定冠词 definite article不定冠词 indefinite article数词 numeral基数词 cardinal numeral序数词 ordinal numeral分数词 fractional numeral形式 form单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form限定动词 finite verb form非限定动词 non-finite verb form原形 base form从句 clause从属句 subordinate clause并列句coordinate clause名词从句nominal clause定语从句attributive clause状语从句adverbial clause宾语从句object clause主语从句subject clause同位语从句appositive clause时间状语从句adverbial clause of time地点状语从句adverbial clause of place方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句adverbial clause of result目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition句子sentence简单句simple sentence并列句compound sentence复合句complex sentence并列复合句compound complex sentence陈述句declarative sentence疑问句interrogative sentence一般疑问句general question特殊疑问句special question选择疑问句alternative question附加疑问句tag question反义疑问句disjunctive question修辞疑问句rhetorical question 感叹疑问句exclamatory question 存在句existential sentence肯定句positive sentence基本句型basic sentence pattern 否定句negative sentence祈使句imperative sentence省略句elliptical sentence感叹句exclamatory sentence句子成分members of sentences 主语subject谓语predicate宾语object双宾语dual object直接宾语direct object间接宾语indirect object复合宾语complex object同源宾语cognate object补语complement主补subject complement宾补object complement表语predicative定语attribute同位语appositive状语adverbial句法关系syntactic relationship 并列coordinate从属subordination修饰modification前置修饰pre-modification后置修饰post-modification限制restriction双重限制double-restriction非限制non-restriction数number单数形式singular form复数形式plural form规则形式regular form不规则形式irregular form格case普通格common case所有格possessive case主格nominative case宾格objective case性gender阳性masculine阴性feminine通性common中性neuter人称person第一人称first person第二人称second person第三人称third person时态tense过去将来时past future tense过去将来进行时past future continuous tense 过去将来完成时past future perfect tense 一般现在时present simple tense一般过去时past simple tense一般将来时future simple tense现在完成时present perfect tense过去完成时past perfect tense将来完成时future perfect tense现在进行时present continuous tense过去进行时past continuous tense将来进行时future continuous tense过去将来进行时past future continuous tense现在完成进行时present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时past perfect continuous tense语态voice主动语态active voice被动语态passive voice语气mood陈述语气indicative mood祈使语气imperative mood虚拟语气subjunctive mood否定negation否定范围scope of negation全部否定full negation局部否定partial negation转移否定shift of negation语序order自然语序natural order倒装语序inversion全部倒装full inversion部分倒装partial inversion直接引语direct speech间接引语indirect speech自由直接引语free direct speech自由间接引语free indirect speech一致agreement主谓一致subject-predicate agreement 一致grammatical agreement概念一致notional agreement就近原则principle of proximity强调emphasis重复repetition语音pronunciation语调tone升调rising tone降调falling tone降升调falling-rising tone 文体style结构structure层次rank正式文体formal非正式文体informal spoken/oral English套语formulistic expression 用法usage感情色彩emotional coloring 褒义commendatory贬义derogatory幽默humorous讽刺sarcastic挖苦ironic英国British English美国英语American English。
英语语法术语中英文对照
词性 part of speech16)动态动词 event verb17)静态动词 stage verb1.名词 noun3.形容词 adjective proper noun1)专有名词4.2)普通名词 common noun副词 adverb1)方式副词3)可数名词 countable noun adverb of manner2)程度副词 adverb of degree4)不可数名词 uncountable noun3)时间副词 abstract noun adverb of time5)抽象名词4)具体名词 concrete noun地点副词 adverb of place6)5)修饰性副词7)物质名词 material noun adjunct6)连接性副词8)集体名词 collective nounconjunct7)疑问副词 interrogative adverb individual noun9)个体名词8)关系副词 relative adverb动词2. verb5.代词 pronoun transitive verb1)及物动词1)人称代词2)不及物动词 intransitive verb personal pronoun2)物主代词 finite verb form3)限定动词 possessive pronoun3)非限定动词4) non-finite verb form名词性物主代词 nominal possessivepronoun main verb5)主动词4)形容词性物主代系动词6) link verb 词 adjectivalpossessive pronoun7)助动词 auxiliary verb5)情态动词8) modal verb反身代词reflexive pronoun6)指示代词 regular verb规则动词9) demonstrative pronoun7)疑问代词 interrogative pronoun不规则动词10) irregular verb8) phrasal verb短语动词关系代词 relative pronoun11)9) finite verb限定动词不定代词 indefinite pronoun12)6.13) infinite verb非限定动词冠词 article1)14)causative verb使役动词定冠词 definite articleindefinite article不定冠词2)verb of senses感官动词15)．7.数词 numeral8.介词 preposition9.基数词 cardinal numeral连词 conjunction1)10.感叹词 exclamation2)序数词ordinal numeralnumber/case/gender格//性一、数3.性 gender1.数 number1)阴性 feminine1)单数形式 singular form2)2)阳性 masculine复数形式 plural form3)中性neuter3)规则形式 regular form4)通性 common irregular form4)不规则形式4.人称 person格2. case1)第一人称 first person1)普通格 common case2)2)所有格 possessive case第二人称 second person3)第三人称 third person nominative case3)主格宾格4) objective case二、句子成分 members of sentences5)同源宾语 cognate object主语1. subject5. predicate谓语定语 attribute 2.6.3.状语表语 predicative adverbial7.4.宾语同位语 appositive object8.双宾语1)补语 dual object complement1)2)主语补足语 direct object直接宾语 subject complement2)3)宾语补足语 object complement间接宾语 indirect object4)复合宾语 complex object三、句子 sentence （基本句型 basic sentence pattern）compound sentence并列句2. simple sentence简单句1.3.复合句 complex sentence4)反义疑问句 disjunctive question5)附加疑问句复合句 compound complextag question4.并列6)修辞疑问句 rhetorical question sentence7)5.感叹疑问句declarative sentence exclamatory question陈述句8.6.存在句 existential sentence 肯定句 positive sentence9.否定句 negative sentence7.疑问句 interrogative sentence10.祈使句 imperative sentence general question1)一般疑问句11.省略句 elliptical sentence特殊疑问句2) special question12.3)感叹句alternative question exclamatory sentence选择疑问句四、语气/语态语序 mood/voice/order/ii.部分倒装 partial inversion 1.语气 mood3)直接引语 direct speech indicative mood1)陈述语气4)间接引语 indirect speech祈使语气2) imperative mood5)自由直接引语 free direct speech3)虚拟语气 subjunctive mood6)语态2. voice自由间接引语 free indirect speech5. active voice主动语态一致 agreement1)1)主谓被动语态 passive voice一致 subject-predicate2)agreement3.否定 negation2)语法一致 grammatical agreement否定范围1) scope of negation3) full negation 全部否定概念一致 notional agreement2)4)3) partial negation局部否定就近原则principle of proximity5)4)转移否定强调 emphasis shift of negation6)语序 4. order重复 repetition6.1)自然语序语音 natural order pronunciation1)2) inversion倒装语序语调 tonerising tone声调2) full inversion全部倒装i.3)降调 falling tone12)层次 rank13)句子4)升降调 falling-rising tone sentence14)从句 clause7.文本 style15)词组 formal phrase1)正式文本9.非正式文本 informal词类 part of speech2)1)单词3)口语 spoken/oral English word2)实词套语4) formulistic expression notional word3)虚词 structural word5)英国英语 British English4)单纯词 simple word6)美国英语 American English5)派生词 derivative usage8.用法6)复合词 compound感情色彩1) emotional coloring10.句法关系 syntactic relationship commendatory2)褒义并列 coordinate3)贬义 derogatory1)从属 humorous4)幽默 subordination2)sarcastic modification修饰3)讽刺5)6) pre-modification4) ironic挖苦前置修饰 post-modification词性7) part of speech后置修饰5) restriction限制 grammar8)语法6) syntax双重限制double-restriction7)句法9)10) non-restriction morphology词法8)非限制11) structure结构五、从句 clause subordinate clause1.从属句 predicative clause表语从句2) coordinate clause并列句2.宾语从句 object clause3)名词性从句3.同位语从句 nominal clause appositive clause4) attributive clause定语从句 4. subject clause主语从句1)．5.宾语从句 object clause purpose8)条件状语从句 adverbial clause of6.主语从句 subject clausecondition同位语从句 appositive clause7.i.真实条件状语从句 adverbial8.状语从句 adverbial clauseclause of real condition时间状语从句 adverbial clause of1)ii.非真实条件状语time从句adverbial clause of unreal 2)地点状语从句 adverbial clause ofcondition placeiii.方式状语从句3) adverbial clause of含蓄条件句 adverbial clauseof implied condition manneriv.错综条件句 adverbial clause 4)让步状语从句 adverbial clause ofof mixed conditionconcession9) adverbial clause of比较状语从句 adverbial clause of原因状语从句5)comparisoncauseadverbial clause of结果状语从句6)result adverbial clause of 7)目的状语从句六、时态 tense2)现在时1. present tense过去进行时 past continuous tense3)过去完成时1)一般现在时 present simple tense past perfect tense4)continuous 现在进行时2) present tense过去完成进行时 past perfectcontinuous tense present perfect tense现在完成时3)3.perfect将来时 future tense present 时进成完现4)在行1)一般将来时 future simple tense continuous tense2) past tense过去时 2.将来进行时 future continuous tensefuture perfect tense将来完成时3) past simple tense一般过去时1)．4)将来完成进行时 future perfectcontinuous tense4.其他1)一般过去将来时 past future tense2)过去将来进行时 past futurecontinuous tense3)过去将来完成时 past future perfecttense4)过去将来完成进行时 past futureperfect continuous tense。
英汉语法术语对照表
通常是由，if’引导的从句，它是主句所述事件所依赖的条件，如‘If it rains，we’ll go to the cinema…’和‘They would be rich if they had taken my advice’。
conjunction连词：
没有规则动词具有的各种屈折变化形式的动词，如所有情态动词均属此类。
defining non-finite clause限制性非限定小句：
指位于名词词组之后的指明所谈及的人或物的分词分句，例如‘The girlwearing the red hat’。
defining relative clause限制性关系从句：
表示某事持续长短的副词，如‘brieny’。
adverb of frequency频度副词：
表示某事发生的经常性程度的副词·如often，。
adverb of manner方式副词：
表示某事发生的方式或做某事的方式的副词，如‘carefully’。
adverb of place地点副词：
指描述位置或方向的副词，例如‘Move
common noun普通名词：
指人和物集合体的名词，如‘committee’和' computer’和‘glass '。比较proper noun专有名词。
comparative比较级：
词的末尾加。一er，或前面加‘more，的形容词或副词，如·friendlier’、‘more important " ' more carefully '。
auxiliary verb助动词：
动词‘be，、·have，和‘do，与主要动词连用，构成时态、否定句、疑问句等时叫助动及的事。词。助动词又作auxili脚。Modals情态动词也是助动词。
语言学专业英语术语总表(chinese-english)龚
Chinese by Jerry Norman龚群虎Page number, Chinese, English1 02 共时synchronic3 历时diachronic4linguist语言学家5 汉语研究Chinese studies6 调号tone mark7 1-18 甲骨文oracle boneinscription/script9 古汉语Classical Chinese10 中古汉语Middle Chinese11 早期白话Early Vernacular Chinese12 上海方言Shanghai dialect13 书面语言written language14 口头语言spoken language15 文化连续性cultural continuity16 汉语方言Chinese dialects17 北京话Peking dialect18 广州话Cantonese19 文言文Literary Chinese20 方言学家dialectologist21 金文bronze inscription/script22 孔子Confucius23 孟子Mencius24 方言描写dialect description25 高本汉（人名）Bernhard Karlgren26 中古汉语（高本汉）Ancient Chinese27 赵元任（人名）Yuen Ren Chao28 吴语Wu dialects29 方言调查dialect survey/fieldwork30 共通语koine31 现代汉语Modern Chinese32 方言dialect33 1-234 （汉语）周边语言neighboring languages35 阿尔泰语系Altaic language family36 突厥语言Turkic languages37 蒙古语言Mongolian languages38 通古斯语言Tungusic languages39 日语Japanese40 朝鲜语Korean41 无声调语言atonal/non-tonal language42 多音节语言polysyllabic language43 类型学（的）typological44 后缀suffix45 元音和谐现象vowel harmony46 语序（词序）word order47 主语subject48 宾语object49 藏缅语言Tibeto-Burman languages50 马提索夫（人名）James Matisoff51 苗瑶语言Miao-Yao languages52 亲属关系genetic relationship53 张琨（人名）Kun Chang54 唐纳（人名）G.B.Downer55 奥德里古（人名）Haudricourt56 台语Tai languages57 李方桂（人名）Fang Kuei Li58 《比较台语手册》 A Handbook of ComparativeTai59 侗水语言Kam-Sui languages60 白保罗（人名）Paul K. Benedict61 “泰-卡岱”语言Tai-Kadai languages62 南亚语系Austroasiatic languagefamily63 孟高棉语言Mon-Khmer languages64 南岛语系Austronesian languagefamily65 1-366 类型特征typologicalfeatures/characteristics 67 语音对应phonologicalcorrespondence68 音系的phonological69 形态的morphological70 句法的syntactic71 有调语言tonal language72 单音节的monosyllabic73 语素morpheme74 固定音高模式fixed pitch pattern75 平调level tone76 升降调(轮廓调) contour tone77 音位的phoneme/phonemic78 元音音段vocalic segment79 辅音音段consonantal segment80 四声the four tones81 高平调high level82 高升调high rising83 低降调low falling84 低降升调low falling-rising85 缅彝语言Lolo-Burmese languages86 语系language family87 浊（带音）voicing88 音节首音syllable onset89 送气aspiration90 喉音化glottalization91 复辅音consonant/consonantalcluster92 复辅音的简化和消失simplification and loss ofconsonantal clusters93 语言接触language contact94 孤立语isolating language95 分析语analytic language96 语法关系grammatical relationship97 词缀affix98 准词缀quasi-affix99 量词measure100 数词numeral101 限定词determinative102 历史演变historical development103 语言类型分类typological classificationof languages104 越芒语言Viet-Muong languages105 句法特点syntactic feature106 修饰词modifier107 东亚语言East Asian languages108 泰语（暹罗语）Thai(Siamese)109 越南语Vietnamese110 高棉语Khmer111 藏文Written Tibetan112 马来语Malay113 满语Manchu114 维吾尔语Uygur115 1-4116 发生学的（亲属的）genealogical117 构拟reconstruction118 转写transcription119 同源词cognates120 语义的semantic121 汉藏语Sino-Tibetan languages122 确定同源词identification of cognates 123 语音对应规则rule of phonologicalcorrespondence124 同源词集cognate set125 上古汉语Old Chinese(OC)126 汉语上古音Old Chinese phonology127 中古汉语Middle Chinese(MC)128 韵书rhyme dictionary/book129 上古音构拟reconstruction of OldChinese Phonology130 《汉藏语概论》（白保罗）Sino-Tibetan: a conspectus 131 汉学家sinologist132 谱系树family tree133 比较语言学comparative linguistics134 汉藏语言学Sino-Tibetan linguistics 135 1-5136 非汉（人、语）non-Han137 不操汉语的non-Chinese-speaking138 （音译）借词loanword139 词源（学）etymology140 注疏家commentator141 原始苗瑶语proto-Miao-Yao142 原始台语proto-Tai143 北京土语Peking vernacular144 第一人称first person145 复数plural146 排除式exclusive form147 包括式inclusive form148 仿译词calque149 复合词compound150 希腊语Greek151 拉丁语Latin152 术语terminology153 造（新词）coin/coinage154 汉语音韵史History of Chinesephonology155 （汉字）字形graph156 （汉字）读音pronunciation157 汉语的域外“方言”foreign 'dialects' ofChinese158 欧洲语言European languages159 汉语词根Chinese roots160 原始汉语proto-Chinese161 拼写法（正字法）orthography162 2-1163 汉语的分期periodicization of Chinese 164 2-2165 原始汉语Proto-Chinese166 上古汉语Old Chinese167 中古汉语Middle Chinese168 早期官话Early Mandarin169 韵图rhyme table170 押韵rhyming171 四声the four tones/tonecategories172 平声level tone173 上声rising tone174 去声departing tone175 入声entering tone176 辅音韵尾consonantal ending177 元音韵尾(后滑音) offglide178 音节syllable179 双声alliteration180 押韵rhyme181 同音homophonous182 音段(sound)segment183 语音的phonetic184 音系（音韵）的phonological185 韵rhyme186 韵目rhyme heading187 声母initial188 韵母final189 介音medial190 主元音main vowel191 韵尾ending192 反切上字fanqie upper character193 音值phonetic value194 2-3195 蒲立本（人名）Edwin G. Pulleyblank196 清音voiceless197 浊音voiced198 塞音stop199 塞擦音affricate200 擦音fricative201 响音resonant/sonorant202 鼻音nasal203 边音lateral204 半元音semi-vowel205 发音部位place of articulation206 唇音labial207 双唇音bilabial208 唇齿音labiodental209 卷舌音retroflex210 舌根音velar211 齿音dental212 咝音sibilant213 喉塞音glottal stop214 元音音位vocalic phoneme215 开口open216 合口closed217 等grade/division(Karlgren) 218 2-4219 汉语域外借词Sinoxenic220 舌尖tip of tongue221 送气aspirated222 不送气unaspirated223 文白异读colloquial vs. literaryforms224 2-5225 韵部rhyme group226 开音节open syllable227 闭音节close syllable228 形旁signific229 声旁phonetic230 同声必同部charaters sharing the samephonetic belong to thesame rhyme group231 语文学家philologist232 《汉文典》Grammata Serica233 雅洪托夫（人名）Sergei Yakhontov234 谐声系列phonetic series235 辅音前缀consonantal prefix236 鼻音nasal237 流音liquid238 圆唇舌根辅音labiovelar239 腭化palatalization240 央化centralization241 前化fronting242 央元音schwa243 2-6244 女真族Jurchen245 八思巴字Phags-pa246 龙果夫（人名）Dragunov247 桥本万太郎（人名）Hashimoto Mandaro248 2-7249 舒声lax/non-abrupt tone250 促声abrupt tone251 调类tone categories252 调值tone value253 音位变体allophone254 区别特征distinctive features255 高低调register256 马伯乐（人名）Henri Maspero257 奥德里古（人名）André Haudricourt258 基本词汇basic words259 无调语言toneless language260 外来词的汉语转写transcription of loanwords 261 无标记的unmarked262 声调起源tonogenesis263 3-1264 汉字Chinese writing system，Chinese character， Chinesescript265 甲骨文oracle bone script266 金文bronze script267 语素文字morphemic script/writing268 音节文字syllabic script/writing269 字graph/character270 象形字pictograph271 近音字near-homophone272 3-2273 文字改革script reform274 篆书seal script275 隶书clerical script276 3-3277 古文字ancient script278 大篆(籀文) great seal script279 小篆small seal script280 字书graphic dictionary281 商代甲骨文Shang oracle bone script282 周代金文Zhou bronze script283 战国文字Warring States script284 3-4285 书法家calligrapher286 笔划stroke287 楷书standard script288 草书cursive script289 六书the six principles of writing290 文(独体字) simple graph291 字(合体字) composite graph292 形声字phonetic compound，phonogram293 形旁signific/semantic294 声旁 phonetic295 假借字loan character， loangraph 296 部首radical， graphic classifier297 字形graphic shape298 3-5299 章草regulated cursive script300 今草modern cursive script301 行书running script302 3-6303 方言词dialectal word304 标准化standardization305 十三经the thirteen Confucian classics 306 3-7307 拼音文字alphabetic writing308 拉丁字母Latin alphabet309 西里尔字母Cyrillic alphabet310 阿拉伯字母Arabic alphabet311 词源学etymology312 高频词high-frequency word313 词根root314 方言字dialectal character315 音节字母syllabary316 假名字母kana317 谚文字母hangul318 字喃chu nom319 拉丁化书写体系Latinized writing system320 繁体字traditional character/script321 简化字simplified character/script322 4-1323 符号系统symbolic system324 语法系统grammatical system325 聚合类paradigmatic class326 动宾结构verb-object construction327 句法位置syntactic position328 4-2329 单语素的monomorphemic330 派生构词法derivational morphology331 能产的productive332 双语素的bimorphemic333 否定词negative334 指示词demonstrative335 祈使的imperative336 代名词的pronominal337 合音词fusion word338 叠音词reduplicate339 叠韵词rhyming semi-reduplicate 340 双声词alliterative semi-reduplicate 341 4-3342 词类word class343 句法功能syntactic function344 词性part of speech345 名词性的nominal346 动词性的verbal347 虚词empty word348 实词full word349 封闭(词)类closed class350 开放(词)类open class351 方位词localizer352 时间词time word353 单数形式singular form354 复数形式plural form355 第二人称second person356 不定代词indefinite pronoun357 疑问代词interrogative pronoun358 及物性transitivity359 使动用法causative usage360 意动用法putative usage361 被动语态passive voice362 助动词auxiliary verb363 从句clause364 次范畴/次类subcategory365 范围副词adverbs of scope366 程度副词adverbs of degree367 名物化nominalization368 连词conjunction369 叹词interjection370 系词copula371 4-4372 名词(谓语)句nominal sentence373 动词(谓语)句verbal sentence374 附加成份adjunct375 直接宾语direct object376 间接宾语indirect object377 存在句existential sentence378 互补分布complementary distribution 379 并列结构parallel construction380 4-5381 否定negation382 疑问interrogation383 语气mood384 语态voice385 情态modality386 是非问句yes/no question387 疑问词question word388 句末助词sentence-final particle389 反义词antonym390 发语词sentence-initial particle391 情态助词modal auxiliary392 反问rhetorical question393 名物化的动词nominalized verb394 反身结构reflexive construction395 4-7396 定语从句relative clause397 4-8398 主谓结构subject-predicate construction 399 4-10400 新词语neologism401 5-1402 白话written vernacular403 通俗文学popular literature404 历史语法historical grammar405 年代确定dating406 5-2407 双音节词disyllabic words408 亲属称谓kinship terms409 人名personal names410 语义范畴semantic category411 名词后缀noun/nominal suffix412 小称后缀diminutive suffix413 语义引申semantic extension414 贬义pejorative sense415 5-3416 属格形式genitive form417 宾格形式accusative form418 数number419 复数标记plural marker420 谓词predicative421 动词搭配verbal collocation422 5-4423 复合动词verbal compound， compoundverb424 结果补语resultative complement425 方向补语directional complement426 及物动词transitive verb427 体貌系统aspectual system428 系动词copular verb429 委婉表达circumlocution， euphemism 430 程度副词adverb of degree431 形容词最高级superlative degree of adjectives 432 （语言）创新innovation433 文学语言借用literary borrowing434 使役动词causative verb435 动词后位置postverbal position436 5-5437 语序的演变change in word order438 工具(格)标记marker of instrumentality439 派生derive， derivation440 语序普遍现象word order universals441 句法的历史演变historical syntactic change442 格林伯格（人名）Joseph Greenberg443 介词词组prepositional phrase444 动词前位置preverbal position445 类型性演变typological change446 6-1官方语言official language447 国语national language448 通用语lingua franca449 土语localism450 6-2451 语言政策language policy452 多语的multilingual453 多方言的multidialectal454 单语的monolingual455 6-3456 北京音Peking pronunciation457 音系描写phonological description 458 历史比较historical comparison459 语言理论linguistic theories460 唇音labial461 齿龈音/舌尖中音alveolar462 齿擦音/舌尖音dental sibilant463 翘舌音/舌尖后音retroflex464 硬腭音/舌面前音palatal465 舌根音guttural466 塞音stop467 鼻音nasal468 擦音fricative469 通音continuant470 送气aspirated471 不送气unaspirated472 浊voiced473 音长length， duration474 音强intensity475 声门化glottality476 6-3477 弱辅音lenis478 舌尖tip of the tongue479 舌叶blade of the tongue480 小舌uvula481 元音音首vocalic onset482 6-4483 国际音标IPA484 声学语音学acoustic phonetics485 （元音描写）高high486 （元音描写）前front487 （元音描写）不圆唇unrounded488 （元音描写）圆唇rounded489 （元音描写）后back490 （元音描写）中mid491 央化centralization492 央中元音schwa，shwa493 儿化音rhotacization494 6-6495 变调tone sandhi496 语素音位morphophoneme497 6-7498 语调intonation499 重音stress500 重音音位stress phoneme501 轻声neutral tone， atonic tone，weak tone502 6-8503 语素音位交替morphophonemic alternation 504 昵称terms of endearments505 7-1506 索绪尔(人名) de Saussure507 叶斯柏森(人名) Otto Jespersen508 布龙菲尔德(人名) Leonard Bloomfield509 结构主义structuralism510 参考语法reference grammar511 转换生成语法transformational generativegrammar512 7-2513 三音节词trisyllabic words514 名词后缀nominal suffix515 序数前缀ordinal prefix516 7-3517 词界word boundary518 非能产的unproductive519 准前缀quasi-prefix520 词根语素root morpheme521 7-4522 实体词content word523 功能词function word524 动词后缀verbal suffix525 完成体perfect aspect526 持续体durative aspect527 性gender528 连词conjunction529 语气词particle530 叹词interjection531 象声词onomatopoeia532 7-5533 语法范畴grammatical category 534 有定的definite535 无定的indefinite536 从属subordination537 修饰modification538 格case539 施事agent540 非标记的unmarked541 与格dative542 离格ablative543 未完成体imperfect aspect544 状态动词stative verb545 动作动词action verb546 否定negation547 7-6548 简单句simple sentence549 复合句composite sentence550 话题topic551 评述comment552 体后缀aspectual suffix553 动物性animate554 非动物性inanimate555 陈述declarative556 疑问interrogative557 祈使imperative558 真值truth value559 不合语法的ungrammatical560 7-7561 词典学lexicography562 同音字homophonous characters 563 7-8564 拉丁化romanization;latinization 565 8-0566 方言变异dialectal variation567 8-1568 方言分区/分类dialect classification569 同质的homogeneous570 8-2571 方言分歧/差异dialect diversity572 8-3573 历史语言学家historical linguist574 底层语言substratum language575 罗曼语族语言Romance languages576 8-4577 中央研究院史语所Institute of History andPhilology of the AcademiaSinica578 方言学家dialectologist579 方言地理dialect geography580 方言特征dialectal features581 8-5582 方言边界/分界dialect boundary583 方言地图dialect atlas584 同化assimilate /assimilation585 汉语方言学Chinese dialectology586 8-6587 少数民族语言minority languages588 方言岛dialect island589 清化devoice590 自由变异free variation591 普遍特征universal feature592 尖音sharp sounds593 团音round sounds594 圆唇介音rounded medials595 舌尖元音apical vowels596 双元音diphthong597 三元音triphthong598 调值tonal value599 代词系统pronominal system600 等言线isogloss601 非官话方言non-Mandarin dialects602 8-7603 音位对立phonemic contrast604 8-8605 气音murmur/ breathy voice606 (音)强的fortis607 单元音化monophthongization608 高调/阴调upper register/tone609 低调/阳调lower register/tone610 词汇化lexification611 混合语言/克里奥尔语言Creole language612 8-10613 官话化mandarinize/mandarinization 614 9-1615 原住民语言aboriginal language616 轻唇化/唇齿化labiodentalization617 塞擦（化）affrication618 区别特征distinctive feature619 后世形式reflex620 异质的heterogeneous621 9-2622 广州话方言字Cantonese characters623 音节结构syllable structure624 元音对立vocalic contrast625 单元音化monophthongization626 长元音long vowel627 短元音short vowel628 9-3629 低调/阳调lower tone630 高调/阴调upper tone631 平行演变parallel development632 9-4633 古词语archaism634 条件分化conditioned split635 鼻音清化denasalization636 半元音semivowel637 自由变异free variation638 条件变体conditioned variant639 舌尖元音apical vowel640 9-5641 阴阳之分/高低调区别register distinction642 10-1643 同义homonymy644 10-2645 高低双语diglossia646 双方言bidialectalism647 双语bilinguialism648 音系省减phonological reduction 649 后置词postposition650 10-4651 片假名katakana652 10-5653 （音标等）区分符号diacritics654 汉字简化character simplification 655 信息检索information retrieval。