词汇学4-词的构成
词的分类标准
词的分类标准
在语言学中，词是构成语言的基本单位，是表达意义的最小单位。
词的分类是语言学中的重要内容之一，它对于理解语言的结构
和特点具有重要意义。
词的分类标准有很多种，可以从不同的角度
进行分类。
下面将从词的构成方式、词的词义和词的功能等方面对
词进行分类，以便更好地理解和掌握词的分类方法。
一、词的构成方式。
1. 词的构成方式可以分为简单词和复合词两种。
简单词是由一
个词素构成的词，如“书”、“树”等；而复合词是由两个或两个
以上的词素构成的词，如“书店”、“树林”等。
根据词的构成方式，可以将词分为简单词和复合词两大类。
二、词的词义。
2. 词的词义可以分为实词和虚词两种。
实词是有实际意义的词，可以分为名词、动词、形容词和副词等；而虚词是没有实际意义的词，可以分为代词、连词、介词、助词和语气词等。
根据词的词义，可以将词分为实词和虚词两大类。
三、词的功能。
3. 词的功能可以分为实词和虚词两种。
实词是有实际意义的词，可以分为名词、动词、形容词和副词等；而虚词是没有实际意义的词，可以分为代词、连词、介词、助词和语气词等。
根据词的功能，可以将词分为实词和虚词两大类。
四、总结。
综上所述，词的分类标准主要包括词的构成方式、词的词义和
词的功能等方面。
通过对词进行分类，可以更好地理解和掌握词的
特点和结构，从而更好地理解和运用语言。
因此，对词的分类标准
进行深入研究和探讨，对于提高语言能力和语言水平具有重要意义。
希望本文所述内容能够对您有所帮助，谢谢阅读！。
词汇学之构词法课件
目录
CONTENTS
• 构词法简介 • 前缀构词法 • 后缀构词法 • 合成词构词法 • 转化词构词法 • 总结与展望
01 构词法简介
什么是构词法
01
构词法是研究词汇变化和形成的 科学，它主要研究词素组合的方 式、词素替换的规则等。
02
构词法包括词根、前缀、后缀、 词尾等元素，这些元素可以组合 、替换、变化，形成新的词汇。
构词法的重要性
构词法是语言学中重要的分支学科， 它对于理解语言的形成和发展、词汇 的变化规律以及语言的实际应用都有 重要的意义。
通过学习构词法，可以更好地理解词 汇的构成和意义，提高语言表达能力 。
构词法的分类
合成法
派生法
将两个或多个词素组合在一起形成新词的 方法。例如，“bookstore”由“book” 和“store”组合而成。
特点
前缀构词法是一种相对简单且易于掌 握的构词方法，通过添加前缀可以快 速创造新词。
规律
限制
虽然前缀构词法可以创造大量新词， 但并不是所有词根都可以随意添加前 缀，需要考虑到语言的语法和语义规 则。
前缀构词法有一定的规律可循，如 “dis-”通常表示否定意义，“re-” 通常表示重复或再次。
03 后缀构词法
04 合成词构词法
合成词的定义与构成方式
合成词定义
由两个或两个以上的词素组合而成的词。
构成方式
通过不同的组合方式，如名词+动词、形容词+名词、副词+动词等，形成具有特 定意义的合成词。
常见英语合成词举例
名词+动词
bookcase（书架）、 playground（操场）
形容词+名词
英语词汇学4PPT课件
b. Bound roots: Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, esp. from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes. A root, whether it is free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.
脚
foot
ped
uniped, pediform
音
sound phon
phonetics, microphone
日
sun
sol
solar, insolation
月 moon lun
lunar， lunatic
星 世界 生命
star world life
astro(er) cosm(o) bi(o)
Notice what the following words have in common: e.g. -tain contain, detain retain (L tenere "to hold")
-ceive conceive, deceive receive. (L capere "to take") revive vitamin vital vivacious vivid In Modern English, they are not words, and not free morphemes; they cannot exist on their own. Nor can they be used to form new words, because these items have no identity outside the small group of words in which they appear. So on formal grounds, ceive, -tain are considered bound morphemes or bound roots which always occur in morphemic sequences, i.e. in combination with roots or affixes.
词汇学基础第二章词的构造
第二章词的构造现代汉语音义结合的最小单位是语素，语素组成了词，一般认为，由一个语素组成的是单纯词，有两个以上语素组成的是合成词。
单纯词可以从构成它的音节特征划分类型，合成词可以从分析构成它的语素之间的关系划分类型。
后者一般称作词的结构分析。
思路：梳理现代汉语和语言学纲要知识，详解其中要点，提出疑难问题，并按教材思路，给出一种解决办法。
一、构词法（一）构词语素1.构词语素分为两种：（1）词根：a意义实在b在合成词内位置不固定的不成词语素和成词语素（2）词缀：a意义不实在b在合成词内位置固定在前或在后的不成词语素2.补充：区分词缀和词尾除词根、词缀之外还有一种语素叫词尾。
它加在词的末尾，只能改变一个词的形式，而不能构成新词。
如英语的book 加上s 以后成为books, walk 加上-s –ing –ed之后成为walks walking walked这些都是一个词的不同形式，而不是不同的词。
一个词除去词尾，就是它的词干。
汉语中的语素大部分都是词根，词缀不多，没有词尾，这是汉语的一个特点。
不过在汉语的语法著作里，也常常把前缀，后缀叫做“词头”、“词尾”。
词缀不同于词尾。
①从位置上看，词缀在词中既可以在前，如汉语老乡中的“老”，英语unlike中的un；也可以在词的后面，如汉语“棍子”“作者”中的后一个语素。
也可以在词的前后都加上词缀，如英语unhappiness中的un 和ness词尾只能附加在词的末尾，不能出现在其他位置上。
②从功能上看词缀可以构成新词，是词的构成成分，固定在词的结构之中，是构词语素；词尾不能构成新词，不是词的构成成分，只是改变词的形式，所以是变词语素。
单纯的一个词，没有语境，没有与具体的语法意义相联系，也就没有相应的语法形式和手段，词尾也就无所依附了。
（二）单纯词由一个语素构成的词，叫做单纯词。
1.单纯词的音节特征：可以从不同的角度说明单纯词的音节特征。
（1）从数量上可以分为单音节的（山），双音节的（伶俐），和多音节的（巧克力，歇斯底里）。
词汇学
第一单元英语词汇概说英语单词的结构⒈词word: It is a minimal free form of language which has given sound and meaning andsyntactic function. Eg: book, red …..⒉词条entry: It is a term used by dictionary compilers. It refers to all the information aboutword that appears in a dictionary.It includes the headword, the pronunciation, definition, irregular plural forms, comparative and superlative form, irregular forms of verbs, part of speeches, even derivatives of the headword, etc.⒊词位lexeme: In linguistic study, every entry (specifically the headword) which are collectedinto a dictionary is called a lexeme by linguists. An lexeme is an abstract unit in linguistics that roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word. Eg: run, runs, ran, running. 原形大写表示词位，词位相当于词条中的headword.⒋词形word form: Different forms of a word which are caused by the change of tense, number,point of view, part of speech, etc. are called word form.⒌词汇vocabulary/ lexicon: all the words in a language are termed as it. However, vocabularycan also be used to refer to all the words in a book or in a particular historical period of time, or in a dialet, or in a particular discipline, or eben to all the words that a person possesses.⒍词汇单位lexical unit/ item: is a single word or chain of words that are the basic elements of alanguage’s lexicon. Eg: cat, traffic light, take care of, by-the-way, it’s raining cats and dogs. The entire store of lexical items in a language is called its lexis(词库).Ⅱ、classification of English wordsBy origin: native words 本土词; loan words外来词.By use frequency: basic word stock基础词; non-basic word stock非基础词.By the level of usage: common words 常用词；literary words 书面词；colloquial words口语词；slang words 俚语；technical words 术语.By notion(function): content words 实义词；function words 功能词.Ⅲ、⒈词素morpheme: is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible oranalyzable into smaller forms. Word is composed of morphemes. 词素是词的组成部分，是语言中语音和词义的最小结合体。
语言学概论(第四版)PPT第4章 词汇
二、词汇的分类
1. 语言的词汇，是指一种语言中全部词和固定词语的总和，如汉语词汇就是指汉语中全部 词和固定词语的总和，英语词汇则是指英语中全部词和固定词语的总和。
2. 言语的词汇是指个人运用语言的词汇，它是允许存在偏离语言规范、不同于语言词汇之 处的。
一、语言词汇的性质和特点
（一）语言词汇的性质 1. 充当语言的建筑材料是语言词汇的基本属性。 2. 词汇的各种单位必须在语言的结构规律———语法规律支配下，有目的地组织排列起来，
一、语言词汇的性质和特点
（二）语言词汇的特点 4. 词汇的变化性与稳定性
• 社会生活的发展变化，都会很快地反映到词汇中。这就使得一些旧词语逐渐从人们 口中消失，而很多新词语又不断在交际以及传播媒体中出现，这就是词汇的变化性。
• 同时，词汇的变化并不是随心所欲的，它要受到词汇系统的影响和严格制约，有着 极强的稳定性。
• 方言词：广义的方言词指各方言区的方言词汇；狭义的方言词则是指那些本来在方言 地区通行，但进入了共同语，并被全社会接受和比较广泛使用的词。
五、词语系统
（一）词汇系统 4. 从来源上看，可以形成以下词聚。
• 外来词：外来词也叫借词，即从外族语言中连音带义借用来的词，外来词不包括意译 词，意译词是根据原词的意义，根据本族语言的词汇材料和构词方式创造的新词。
三、词
（二）词的构成成分———语素 1. 语素的定义:语素是语言中最小的不能独立运用的音义结合单位 2. 语素的分类
• 根据语素能否独立运用，可以把语素分为成词语素和不成词语素。 成词语素是指可以直接成为词，即可以独立使用的语素；不成词语素则是指不能单 独成词，即不能独立使用的语素
三、词
（二）词的构成成分———语素 2. 语素的分类
英语词汇学——Chapter 4
Chapter 4Affixation 词缀法（30%-40%）Compounding 复合构词法（28%-30%）Conversion 转类法（26%）Shortening 缩略法（8%-10%）包括（clipping截短法acronymy 首字母拼音法）Blending 拼缀法(1%-5%)一.Affixation 词缀法Affixation, also called derivation派生法（derivatives派生词）,is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems.Affixation is the formation of word by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Feature: prefixes do not generally change the word –class of the stem but only modify its meaning.Classification: we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups.Negative prefixes否定意义的词缀：a-,dis-,in-(il-,ir-,im-),non-,nu-.Reversative prefixes逆向意义的词缀：de-,dis-, un-. e.g. de-compose ,unwarp.Pejorative prefixes贬义的词缀: mal-, mis- ,pseudo-. e.g. mistrust , pseudo-friend.Prefixes of degree or size表示程度、大小等意义的词缀: arch-, extra- ,hyper- ,macro- ,micro- , mini- ,out- ,over- ,sub- ,super-,sur-, ultra- ,under- . e.g. archbishop , hyperactive ,superfreeze. Prefixes of orientation and attitude表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀：anti-, contra- ,counter- pro- . e.g. anti-government,Locative prefixes方位意义的词缀：extra-,fore- ,inter- ,intra- ,tele-, trans-. E.g. extraordinary, telecommunication,Prefixes of time and order表示时间和顺序的词缀:ex-,fore-, post- ,pre- ,re- . e.g. ex-professor , foretell ,post-election.Number prefixes数字的前缀: bi- ,multi- , poly- ,semi-, hemi- ,tri- ,uni- ,mono-. E.g. multi-purpose ,semi-naked, tricycle, monorail.Miscellaneous prefixes其他种类意义的前缀: auto- ,neo- ,pan- , vice- . e.g. autobiography ,vice-chairman.Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Feature: suffixes mainly change the word class.Classification: we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes , verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes.Adjective suffixes: It is worth noting that both –ic and –ical can be affixed to the same stem in some cases , but differ in meaning . e.g. economic \economical二.Compounding 复合构词法Compounding , also called composition（compounds 复合词）,is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Words produced through compounding yields 28%-30% of all the new words.The differences between compounds and free phrases show in three aspects:1)Phonetic features.2)Semantic features.3)Grammatical features.Formation of compounds1)Noun compoundse.g. Sit-in ，stockholder , up-bringing2)Adjective compoundse.g. law-abiding , record-breaking ,town-bred , four-leg.3)Verb compoundsThe limited number of verb compounds are created either through conversion or backformation. Verb compounds in the way of back-formation are formed mainly by dropping the suffixes:-er, -ing, -ion , etc.三.Conversion 转类法Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Conversion is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech.1.An alternative for conversion is functional shift.2.The derivational process , in which an item is converted to a new word class without theaddition of an affix , is called zero-derivation .3.Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns , adjectives ,and verbs.The most productive conversion is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs.4.Full conversion and partial conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted tonouns.1)Full conversion: A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics ofnouns . It can take an indefinite article or –(e)s to indicate singular or plural number.2)partial conversion: nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all thequalities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles.3)Such words as “the poor ”,”the richer ”,”the most corrupt” are all examples of partial. 5.The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of stress.双音节的名词转化成动词会有重音的变化。
现代英语词汇学
现代英语词汇学一、词汇的构成（Word - formation）1. 词根（Root）- 定义：词根是单词的核心部分，它包含着单词的基本意义。
例如，“vis”在“visible”（可见的）、“vision”（视觉）和“visit”（参观）中是词根，其基本意义与“看”有关。
读音：[ruːt]，词性：名词。
2. 前缀（Prefix）- 定义：加在词根前面，改变单词的意义。
例如，“un - ”在“unhappy”（不快乐的）中表示否定。
读音：[ˈpriːfɪks]，词性：名词。
- 常见前缀及其意义：- “re - ”（再，又），如“rewrite”（重写）。
读音：[riː - ]，词性：前缀。
- “pre - ”（在……之前），如“preview”（预习，预演）。
读音：[priː - ]，词性：前缀。
3. 后缀（Suffix）- 定义：加在词根后面，改变单词的词性或意义。
例如，“ - er”在“worker”（工人）中表示“做……的人”。
读音：[ˈsʌfɪks]，词性：名词。
- 常见后缀及其作用：- “ - ness”（构成名词，表示性质、状态），如“happiness”（幸福）。
读音：[nəs]，词性：后缀。
- “ - ful”（构成形容词，表示充满……的），如“helpful”（有帮助的）。
读音：[fʊl]，词性：后缀。
二、词性（Parts of Speech）1. 名词（Noun）- 定义：表示人、事物、地点、抽象概念等。
例如，“book”（书）、“city”（城市）、“love”（爱）。
读音：[naʊn]，词性：名词。
- 名词的分类：- 可数名词（Countable Noun），如“apple”（苹果），有单复数形式。
- 不可数名词（Uncountable Noun），如“water”（水），一般没有复数形式。
2. 动词（Verb）- 定义：表示动作或状态。
例如，“run”（跑）、“be”（是）。
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Words from Proper Names 1. Names of people: Watt, Ohm, pasteurize people: 2. Names of places: china, champagne places: 3. Names of books: utopia books: 4. Tradenames: nylon, orlon, dacron, rayon Tradenames:
Reduplication
Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a wordcompound word is created by the repetition: repetition: of one word like go-go; goof two almost identical words with a change in the vowelssuch as pingpong; of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, consonants, as in willy-nilly “willingly or unwillingly” willyunwillingly” Other examples: tick-tick (of a watch); zigzag (a line which examples: tickfiddleturns right and left alternatively at sharp angles); fiddle-faddle (trifling matters); yo-yo (a stupid or foolish person); no-no (sth. yonothat is unacceptable or forbidden).
Hale Waihona Puke Acronyms (including initialisms) and clipping are all processes of shortening words or word groups. Acronymy is a process in which a new word is formed from the first letters of its component words; clipping is a type of shortening to coin a new word by subtracting one or more syllables from a word without change in its wordword-class. So acronymy and clipping are the opposite of compounding and derivation, where a base is added to another base in the former, and an affix or a combining form is added to the base in the latter. As a result of compounding and derivation, words become longer and longer in form, whereas by the processes of acronymy and clipping, words are made shorter.
Traditional Sources of New Words
Words From Proper Names Reduplication Neoclassical Formation Miscellaneous
Words from Proper Nouns
Another minor type of word-formation is the wordcoinage of common words from proper names. names. The transition from proper names to common words is a gradual one. They come from all sources, from names of scientists, politicians and statesmen to trade marks, and place names. Some have originated from characters in literature, TV films and movies, but some also come from book titles.
Clipping: Clipping: shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead 1. front clipping: quake (earthquake), phone (telephone) 2. back clipping: clipping: dorm (dormitory), memo (memorandum) 3. fron and back clipping: clipping: flu (influenza), fridge (refrigerator) 4. Phrase clipping: pub (public house), pop clipping:
Note: changes in spelling and pronunciation fridge, bike, mike, coke
Acronymy: joining the initial letters of names of social
and political organization or special noun phrases and technical terms 1. Initialisms: pronounced letter by letter Initialisms: VOA, BBC, UFO 2. Acronyms: pronounced as a normal word Acronyms: NATO, AIDS,TESOL,IELTS Note: Some acronyms are formed with the initial letter of the first word plus the whole of the second.
G-man, V-day V-
Back-formation: Back-formation: removing the supposed suffixes editor---edit editor---edit butler--butler--- butle 1. abstract nouns diagnose diagnosis donate donation enthuse enthusiasm emote emotion
Conclusion
Side by side with the proliferation of polysyllabic compounds and derivations, there is the opposite tendency to use monosyllabic words. These two contrary tendencies operate simultaneously in wordwordformation in the English language. Hence we have the process of shortening.
NeoNeo-classical Formation
Neoclassical formation denotes the process by which words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek (as in telephone). telephone). The majority of neoclassical formations are scientific and technical. astrochemistry n. “the study of chemical composition of heavenly bodies and the regions of outer space”. space” centisecond n. “one hundredth of a second”. second” Noeclassical formation plays a prominent role in wordwordformation today, esp. in creating new scientific terms.
2. Human nouns loaf loafer burgle burglar beg beggar sculpt sculptor 3. Compound nouns and others merrymake merrymaking babysit babysitter 4. Adjectives drowse drowsy laze lazy
Word Formation (II)
Overview
Blending Clipping Acronym Backformation Other sources of new words
Blending: Blending: combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word flush (flash &blush) smog (smoke &fog) 1. head + tail : autocide, motel 2. head + head: comsat (communations satellite) head: sitcom (situation comedy) 3. head + word: medicare, Eurasia word: 4. word + tail: lunarnaut, workfare tail: