初中生托福单词营讲义

Read the following passage：Hilversum is a medium-sized city between the major citiesof Amsterdam and Utrecht in the Gooi area of North Holland, the Netherlands. Unlike most of the Netherlands, Hilversum is actually in a hilly area with the soil mostly consisting of sand. Once called the Garden of Amsterdam, it still attracts travelers to come over to cycle and walk through the surrounding forests. They visit it for a relaxing day off from the urban madness. For Dutch people, Hilversum is allabout textile (纺织) and media industries, and modern architecture.In history, Hilversum was largely an agricultural area. Daily life was marked by farming, sheep raising and wool production. A railway link to Amsterdam in 1874 attracted rich traders from Amsterdam to Hilversum. They build themselves large villas (别墅) in the wooded surroundings of the town. One of the families moving in was the Brenninkmeijers, currently the wealthiest family of the Netherlands. They moved in after big success in the textile industry and aided a substantial textile industry in Hilversum. But the textile boom lasted only several decades. The last factory closed in the 1960s.The change to a media economy started in 1920, when the Nederlandse Seintoestedllen Fabriek (NSF) established a radio factory in Hiversum. Most radio stations called in the large villas in the leafy areas of the town. Television gave another push to the local economy. Hilversum became the media capital of the Netherlands, and Dutch televison stars moved into the leafy neighborhoods surrounding the town. In the early 1900s, modern architcts W.M. Dudok and J. Duiker placed hundreds of remarkable buildings in Hilversum. These modern architectural masterpieces (杰作) are so many that Hilversum almost feels like an open air museum. Dudok alone shaped most 20th century Hilversum and approximately 75 buildings in 1928-1931. It has wide international fame and is included in many architecture textbooks. The building has a remarkable shape and looks like a combination of “blocks”. Actually, one may start his journey of modern architecture by walking or biking the W.M. Dudok Architectural Route in Hilversum.1medium中等的adj. 2between在…之间prep. 3unlike不像prep. 4soil泥土 n.5mostly大部分地adv. 6consist of由…组成7sand沙n.8traveler旅行者n.9cycle骑车v.10surrounding周围的adj. 11urban城市的adj. 12madness疯狂n.13textile纺织品n. 14media媒体n.15architecture建筑n.16agricultural农业n.17daily每天的adj. 18mark标志着v. 19farming务农n.20wool羊毛n.21production生产n.22railway铁路n.23trader商人n.24currently现在adv. 25aid援助v.26substantial大量的adj. 27boom繁荣v.28blossom花n.29last最后的adj. 30several几个adj.31factory工厂n.32settle安定v.33settlement安居点n. 34leafy多叶的adj. 35architect建筑师n. 36remarkable非凡的adj. 37shape塑造，影响v. 38approximately大约adv. 39bear带有v.40unique独一无二的adj. 41characteristic特点n.42masterpiece杰作n.43fame声望n.44textbook课本n.45combination结合n.46journey旅程n.47library图书馆n.Read the following passage：The baby monkey is much more developed at birth than the human baby．Almost from the moment it is born, the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its mother．During the first few days of its life the baby will approach and hold onto almost any large, warm, and soft object in its environment, particularly if that object also gives it milk．After a week or m, however, the baby monkey begins to avoid newcomers and focuses its attentions on “mother"－the real mother or the mother-substitute(母亲替代物)．During the first two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important psychological(心理的)thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby．The Harlows, a couple who are both psychologists, discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mother-substitutes－one covered with cloth 4nd one made of bare wire．If the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature, the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother．However, if the wire model was heated, while the cloth model was cool, for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mother-substitutes as their fuvorites．Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the mw comfortable cloth mother．Why is cloth preferable to bare wire? Something that the Harlows called contact(接級)comfort seems to be the answer, and a most powerful influence it is．Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing against their mothers' skins, putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can．Whenever the young animal is frightened, disturbed, or annoyed, it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body．Wire doesn't “rub" as well as does soft cloth．Prolonged(长时间的)“contact comfort" with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is cither warmth or milk．According to the Harlows, the basic quality of baby's love for its mother is trust．If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother, the baby ignores the toys no nutter how interesting they might be．It screams in terror and curls up into a furry little ball．If its cloth mother it now introduced into the playroom, the baby rushed to it and holds onto it for dear life．After a few minutes of contact comfort, it obviously begins to feel more secure．it then climbs down from the mother-substitute and begins to explore the toys, but often rushes back for a deep embrace(拥抱)as if to make sure that its mother is still there and that all is well．Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less and less time holding onto its “mother．”序号单词翻译1developed发达的adj. 2at bir th在出生时3almost几乎adv.4tightly紧紧地adv. 5environment环境n.6however不管怎么样adv. 7substitute替代品n.8warmth温暖n.9perhaps也许adv. 10couple夫妇n.11choice选择n.12choose选择v.13type类型.14bare裸露的adj. 15wire电线n.16temperature温度n.17prefer更喜欢v.18preference偏爱n.19pick挑选v.20thereafter其后adv. 21switch开关n.22spend度过v.23comfor table舒适的adj. 24preferable更好的adj. 25contact联系n./v. 26comfor t舒适n.27seem似乎v.28powerful强大的adj. 29rub摩擦v.30whenever无论何时adv.序号单词翻译31frighten使惊吓v・32disturb打扰v.33annoy烦恼n.34appear to似乎35rewarding有益的adj.36either两者之任一的adj. 37quality质量n.38trust信任v.39unfamiliar不熟悉,陌生的adj. 40no matter无论怎样41scream尖叫声n.42terror恐怖n.43terrorism恐怖主义n.44curl up卷起45furr y毛皮的adj.46obviously显然地adv. 47secure保护v.48security安全n.49embrace拥抱v.50as if好像，仿佛51bit by bit—点一点地52hold on to坚持Read the following passage：The fight is on to get rid of air pollution in our cities．While the best solution in the long-term would be to ban fossil-fueled cars，that won't help the millions who are dying inthe meantime，and so some high-tech solutions are now on the cards．In March 2016，10 London pigeons became famous．These pigeons took to the sky from Primrose Hill in north London，wearing backpacks monitoring air pollution．Once in the air，the backpacks sent live air-quality updates to the smartphones of the Londoners below．The pigeons and their backpacks were just the latest in a series of increasingly desperate attempts to monitor and control air pollution．London's air pollution problem has been getting worse for years，and it often rises to morethan three times the European Union's legal limit．Another promising approach can be found in Beijing，after China declared a"war against pollution"in 2014．A seven-metre-high"Smog Free Tower"，designed by a Dutch scientist，Daan Roosegaarde，opened in Beijing's 751D Park in September 2016．It is a huge，outdoor air purifier．Airborne particles（颗粒）are sucked into the tower where they receive a positive charge．The particles are then caught by a negatively charged dust-removal plate and clean air is blown out of the other end．"Changing smog particles does not take much current．"Roosegaarde said．　As for what to do with the collected PM waste，he has currently set up a business making jewellery out of the waste．Prince Charles owns a set of"smog free"cufflinks （袖扣）．If collected on at a big scale，Roosegaarde believes it could even be used as a building material．Mexico City has an alternative solution．Looking to Nature to maximize the surface area of a building，Allison Dring，a Berlin-based architect，managed to catch light and wind from all sides．She is now making a building material by burning agricultural crop by-products in the absence of oxygen．"It means that you are actually taking carbon（碳）out of the sky，transforming it into a material，and then using it to build，"says Dring．The fight against outdoor air pollution is really just starting．Even if none of the ideas take off，at least Prince Charles'cufflinks，the special building surface and pigeons wearing back-packs will have brought the issue more to the public's attention．1fight打架n.2get rid of摆脱3pollution污染n.4solution解决方案n. 5long-term长期的adj. 6ban禁止v.7in the meantime与此同时8on the cards可能9pigeon鸽子n.10backpack双肩背包n. 11updates更新v.12up-to-date最新的adj. 13below在下面adv.14 a series of一系列的15desperate不顾一切的adj. 16promising有希望的adj. 17promise许诺v.18declare宣布v.19outdoor户外的adj. 20outdoors户外n.21purifier净化器n. 22airborne空运的adj. 23par tical质点n.24suck吸吮v.25receive接收v.26charge充电n./v. 27negatively消极地adv. 28removal搬迁n.29plate碟n.30blow吹气v.31smog烟雾n.32current(水、气、电）流adj. 33as for关于34set up建立35business商业n.36jewelry珠宝n.37maximize最大化v.38minimize最小化v.39manage to do设法40crop农作物n.41by-product副产品n.42in the absence of缺乏43oxygen氧气n.44carbon碳n.45transform改变V.46take off起飞47the public大众，群众n.。