New Supersymmetric Contributions to Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay.
Hints of large tan(beta) in flavour physics
(1)
2
Using |Vub | = (4.39 ± 0.33) × 10−3 from inclusive b → u semileptonic decays [16], τB = 1.643 ± 0.010 ps [17], and the recent unquenched lattice result fB = 0.216 ± 0.022 GeV [18], this implies B(Bu → τ ν )SM = (1.59 ± 0.40) × 10−4 . This prediction should be compared with Belle’s recent result [1]:
experimental results on both B(Bu → τ ν ) [1] and ∆MBs [2], we present here a correlated analysis of all these observables within the large tan β limit of the MSSM. Because of the effective non-holomorphic terms which break the Peccei-Quinn symmetry of the tree-level Yukawa interaction [5, 6], the phenomenology of the MSSM in the large tan β regime is richer than in non-supersymmetric models. We pay particular attention to re-summation effects beyond the one-loop level, both in charged- and in neutral-current interactions, which play a key role in the correlations among these B -physics observables [7–12]. The generic MSSM contains in principle several free parameters in addition to tan β . Given the absence of significant non-standard effects both in the electroweak and in the flavour sector, we limit ourselves to a Minimal Flavour Violating (MFV) scenario [13, 14] with squark masses in the TeV range. In addition, we take into account the important information on the model derived by two flavour-conserving observables: the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon and the lower limit on the lightest Higgs boson mass. The present central values of the measurements of B(Bu → τ ν ) and (g − 2)µ are substantially different from the corresponding SM expectations. Although both these effects are not statistically significant yet, we find that these central values can naturally be accommodated within this scenario (for a wide range of µ, tan β and the charged Higgs mass). More interestingly, if the trilinear term AU is sufficiently large, this scenario can also explain why the lightest Higgs boson has not been observed yet. Finally, the parameter space which leads to these interesting effects can also naturally explain why B(B → Xs γ ) and ∆MBs are in good agreement with the SM expectations. We are therefore led to the conclusion that, within the supersymmetric extensions of the SM, the scenario with large tan β and heavy soft-breaking terms in the squark sector is one of the most interesting and likely possibilities. The plan of the paper is the following: in Section 2 we recall the basic formulae to analyse large-tan β effects in B(Bu → τ ν ), B(Bs,d → ℓ+ ℓ− ), ∆MBs , and B(B → Xs γ ). We pay particular attention to the B(Bu → τ ν ) case, analysing the resummation of large tan β effects beyond the lowest order and the strategy to decrease the theoretical uncertainty with the help of ∆MBd . In Section 3 we discuss the implications on the MSSM parameter space derived by mh0 and (g − 2)µ . The correlated analysis of all the observables is presented in Section 4, together with a discussion about future tests of the model by means of other P → ℓν decays. The results are summarized in the Conclusions.
萨缪尔森
Major Works of Paul A. Samuelson
In international trade theory, he is responsible for the StolperSamuelson Theorem and, independently of Lerner, the Factor Price Equalization theorem (1948, 1949, 1953) as well as (finally) resolving the age-old "transfer problem" relating terms of trade and capital flows a well as the Marxian transformation problem (1971) and other issues in Classical economics (1957, 1978).
Paul A. Samuelson, 1915-
Photo of P.A. Samuelson
Perhaps more than anyone else, Paul A. Samuelson has personified mainstream economics in the second half of the twentieth century. The writer of the most successful principles textbook ever (1948), Paul Samuelson has been not unjustly considered the incarnation of the economics "establishment" and as a result, has been both lauded and vilified for virtually everything right and wrong about it.
联合国控制温室气体排放的协议
联合国控制温室气体排放的协议篇一：英文资讯：联合国赞扬中美温室气体排放协议U.N. Chief Ban Ki-Moon is praising the new pledge made by China and the United States to limit greenhouse gases.联合国秘书长潘基文对中美达成限制温室气体排放的保证表示赞扬。
At the same time, Ban Ki-Moon is calling on the rest of the world to follow suit.He's made the statement on the sidelines of an ASEAN summit in Myanmar.The decision on their position to increase their level of commitment to reducing CO2 emissions1 is an important contribution to the new climate change agreement to be agreed to in Paris next year. I urge all countries, especially all major economies to follow China and the United States and announce ambitious post 2020 targets as soon as possible but no later than the first quarter of 2015.At the same time, the chair of the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change is also commending the Sino-US agreement as a big step forward and a very encouraging development.However, Rajendra Pachauri says the new goals of the US and China are just a beginning, saying extensive cuts in emissions are needed if global warming is to be limited to 2 degrees Celsius2.词汇解析：1 emissions排放物( emission的名词复数)；散发物（尤指气体）参考例句：Most scientists accept that climate change is linked to carbon emissions. 大多数科学家都相信气候变化与排放的含碳气体有关。
An origin for small neutrino masses in the NMSSM
1
I
Introduction
The most severe theoretical drawback of the Standard Model (SM) is probably the gauge hierarchy problem (see for example [1]). In well defined supersymmetric extensions of the SM, the property of cancellation of quadratic divergences allows to address this problem. With regard to the field content, the most economical candidate for such a realistic extension is the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). Nevertheless, within the MSSM, there are two unexplained hierarchies. The first one is intrinsic to supersymmetric models: it is named as the µ problem [2]. It arises from the presence of a mass (µ) term for the Higgs fields in the superpotential. The only two natural values for this µ parameter are either zero or the Planck energy scale. While the former value is excluded by experiments as it gives rise to the unacceptable existence of an axion, the latter one reintroduces the gauge hierarchy problem. The other hierarchy with an unknown origin is the one existing between the small neutrino masses and the electroweak symmetry breaking scale (∼ 100GeV). Indeed, during last years, neutrino oscillation experiments have confirmed that neutrinos are massive. Furthermore, the additional results, extracted from tritium beta decay experiments and cosmological data, indicate that the values of absolute neutrino masses are typically smaller than the eV scale. In this paper, we propose a supersymmetric scenario which has the virtue of addressing simultaneously both of these hierarchy questions: the µ value naturalness and the neutrino mass smallness. A nice feature of our scenario is that the mechanisms explaining the two hierarchy origins are connected, since they involve the same additional gauge-singlet superfield, providing thus a common source to the solutions of these two independent problems. Our framework is the Next to Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM) [3] 1 . The NMSSM provides an elegant solution to the µ problem through the introduction of a new gauge-singlet superfield S entering the scale invariant superpotential. The scalar component of S acquires naturally a Vacuum Expectation Value (VEV) of the order of the supersymmetry breaking scale, generating an effective µ parameter of order of the electroweak scale. Another appealing feature of the NMSSM is to soften the “little fine tuning problem” of the MSSM [5]. The introduction of suitable non-renormalizable operators [6] can avoid the possibility of a cosmological domain wall problem [7]. There exist different explanations for a µ value of order of the electroweak scale, but those arise in extended frameworks. In supersymmetric extensions of the SM, there exist coupling terms violating the so-called R-parity symmetry [8, 9] which acts on fields like (−1)3B +L+2S , B , L and S being respectively the Baryon number, Lepton number and Spin. From a purely theoretical point of view, these terms must be considered, even if some phenomenological limits apply on the R-parity violating (Rp ) coupling constants [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. As a matter of fact, these terms are supersymmetric, gauge invariant and some of them are renormalizable. Moreover, from the points of view of scenarios with discrete gauge symmetries [16], Grand Unified Theories (GUT) [17]-[18] as well as string theories [23], there exists no fundamental argument against the violation of the R-parity symmetry [10]. In the present work, we consider the ‘bilinear’ R-parity violating term Hu L appearing in the superpotential, Hu and L being respectively the up Higgs and lepton doublet superfields. The existence/influence of the other Rp terms will also be discussed. This bilinear interaction has been recently considered within the NMSSM context [15]. In particular, this type of interaction, which breaks the lepton number, mixes the higgsino and neutrinos together so that the neutrino field picks up a Majorana mass [24] (the generation of such a neutrino mass requires two units of L violation). Hence, no additional right
Supersymmetric Superconducting Bag as a Core of Kerr Spinning Particle
Gauge Theory Amplitudes, Scalar Graphs and Twistor Space
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Valentin V. Khoze
Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Tree Amplitudes 2.1 Colour decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Amplitudes in the spinor helicity formalism . . . . . . . . . . 3 Gluonic NMHV amplitudes and the CSW method 4 N = 4 Supersymmetry Algebra in Helicity Formalism 5 The Analytic Supervertex in N = 4 SYM 6 Calculating Simple Antianalytic 6.1 Antianalytic N = 1 amplitude . 6.2 Antianalytic N = 2 amplitude . 6.3 Antianalytic N = 4 amplitude . 3 7 7 9 11 14 15
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GAUGE THEORY AMPLITUDES, SCALAR GRAPHS AND TWISTOR SPACE
Amplitudes 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 21 27 30 32 35 36
给一个名人颁布奖的英语作文
给一个名人颁布奖的英语作文英文回答：Distinguished guests, esteemed colleagues, and our esteemed honoree,。
On behalf of the entire awards committee, it is mygreat honor and privilege to present you with theprestigious [Name of Award]. This award is a testament to your extraordinary contributions to the field of [Field]and your unwavering commitment to excellence.Throughout your illustrious career, you haveconsistently pushed the boundaries of human knowledge and understanding. Your groundbreaking research has had a profound impact on our understanding of the world around us, and your work has inspired countless others to pursue their own scientific endeavors.Your passion for education is equally remarkable. Youhave dedicated countless hours to mentoring young scientists, nurturing their intellectual curiosity and guiding them towards their own scientific breakthroughs. Your mentorship has left an enduring legacy on thescientific community, and you have played a pivotal role in shaping the next generation of scientific leaders.But your influence extends far beyond the walls of academia. Through your tireless efforts to communicate complex scientific concepts to the public, you have made science accessible to everyone. Your ability to translate complex ideas into clear and compelling language has fostered a greater appreciation for science among the general public, and you have inspired a new generation of scientists in the making.Your work has not only advanced the frontiers of knowledge but has also had a tangible impact on the well-being of our society. Your research on [Specific Impact] has led to the development of life-saving treatments and improved the quality of life for millions of people worldwide. Your unwavering commitment to making a positivedifference in the world is truly inspiring.In recognition of your exceptional achievements and your profound impact on the world, we are honored to present you with the [Name of Award]. This award is a symbol of our deep admiration for your work and our profound gratitude for your contributions to society.Congratulations on this well-deserved honor. We are confident that your groundbreaking research and your unwavering dedication to excellence will continue to inspire and uplift us for generations to come.中文回答：尊敬的各位来宾、亲爱的同事们以及我们尊敬的获奖者，。
New supersymmetric partners for the associated Lame potentials
a r X i v :q u a n t -p h /0502172v 1 25 F eb 2005New supersymmetric partners for theassociated Lam´e potentialsDavid J.Fern´a ndez C.†and Asish Ganguly ‡†Departamento de F´ısica,CINVESTAV AP 14-740,07000M´e xico DF,Mexico ‡Department of Applied Mathematics,University of Calcutta 92Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road,Kolkata 700009,India Abstract We obtain exact solutions of the one-dimensional Schr¨o dinger equation for some families of associated Lam´e potentials with arbitrary energy through a suitable ansatz,which may be appropriately extended for other such a families.The formalism of supersymmetric quantum mechanics is used to generate new exactly solvable potentials.Keywords:Supersymmetric quantum mechanics,associated Lam´e potentials PACS:11.30.Pb,03.65.Ge,03.65.Fd 1Introduction The solution of the one-dimensional Schr¨o dinger equation with periodic potentials is im-portant due to the possibility of finding interesting models which could be used in physics.This kind of potentials admits a spectrum composed of allowed energy bands,in which the physical eigenfunctions are bounded,separated by energy gaps,where the eigenfunctions are unbounded and thus they cannot have physical meaning due to their exponential growingwhen we move far away from a given position.Of special interest are the so-called exactly solvable problems which,unfortunately,in the periodic case include very few potentials,e.g.,Lam´e and some others.To be precise,by exact solvability we mean that for the corresponding potential it is possible to determine analytically the physical eigenfunctions for energies in the allowed bands (the edges included),as well as the non-physical solutions for energies in the gaps.It is important to notice that in the direct spectral problems the unphysical solutions are neglected because they are apparently useless.However,in the inverse spectral problems,which somehow include the supersymmetric quantum mechanics as a particular case [1,2],they can be used as seeds to generate exactly solvable potentials from a given initial one [3–8].In recent times it has been realized that the associated Lam´e potentials,which include in particular the Lam´e case,admit explicit expressions for the band edge eigenfunctions [9–13].Thus,it is natural to explore if those potentials are exactly solvable in the sense pointed above.If the answer turns out to be positive,then the band edge eigenfunctions as well as the non-physical solutions for the gaps can be used through supersymmetric quantum mechanics to generate new exactly solvable potentials,some of which could provide some interesting physical information.In the next section we will consider some particular families of the associated Lam´e potentials and show that they belong to the exactly solvable class.Then,the formalism of supersymmetric quantum mechanics will be applied to generate new exactly solvable potentials.We will end the paper with our conclusions.2Associated Lam´e potentials:general solutionsThe Schr¨o dinger equation for the associated Lam´e potentials in Jacobi form may be expressed as−d2ψ(x).(1)dn2xOur aim is tofind exact solutions of Eq.(1)for arbitrary values of E.Here sn x≡sn(x,k),cn x≡cn(x,k),dn x≡dn(x,k)are three Jacobian elliptic functions of real modulus k2(0<k2<1)and of double periods4K,2iK′;4K,4iK′;2K,4iK′respec-tively,K= π/20dφ/ 1−k′2sin2φ,k′2=1−k2is known as complementary modulus.In thefirststep of the process we express Eq.(1)in Weierstrass form to easily observe the difference from the Lam´e potential:−d2ψ℘(z)−e1 ψ=˜Eψ,¯e i=e1−e i,i=2,3,(2)√where z=(x−iK′)/√¯e3,ω′=iK′/m(m+1)℘(z)+ℓ(ℓ+1)¯e2¯e3dzdz3−4−2 m(m+1)−ℓ(ℓ+1)¯e2¯e3fitting procedure to automaticallyfix m,ℓand also the unknown quantities,namely;Ψ(z)=[℘(z)−e1]+A1+A2℘(z)−e1,(7) for which the solutions becomec)m=2,−3;ℓ=1,−2;B1=2e1+˜E3−e1B1,B3=¯e2¯e3B1 3,B2= ˜E℘(z)−e12r=1[℘(z)−℘(a r)],m=ℓ=1,(10)Ψ(z)=1Once we know the product of solutions,it is straightforward to obtain two linearly inde-pendent solutions for the associated Lam´e equation(1)following the same procedure adopted for Lam´e[14].Up to some constant factors,ourfinal results are as follows:1.V(x)=2k2sn2x+2k2cn2x√σ x−iK′¯e3+ω1 σ x−iK′¯e3 exp ∓x¯e32r=0ζ(a r) .(13)2.V(x)=6k2sn2x+2k2cn2x√σ x−iK′¯e3+ω1 σ2 x−iK′¯e3 exp ∓x¯e33r=0ζ(b r) .(15)In above solutions we have taken a0=b0≡∓ω1,σ(x)andζ(x)are the quasi-periodic Weierstrass elliptic sigma and zeta functions,which are defined byζ′(x)=−℘(x),[lnσ(x)]′=ζ(x).It is not very difficult to check that both solutions(13)become proportional to the three band edge eigenfunctions for the associated Lam´e potentials with m=ℓ=1when E takes the three eigenvalues E0,1=2+k2∓2k′,E2=4,which is consistent with the fact that this potential has onefinite energy band and onefinite gap[10,12].The realization that the associated Lam´e potential for m=ℓ=1and modulus parameter k2is exactly solvable was recently found by noticing[13]that it can be obtained from the Lam´e one [take m=1,ℓ=0and a transformed modulus parameter in Eq.(1)]via a well-known Landen transformation[14].In contrast,here we have proved that property by directly finding the general solution for arbitrary E∈R.On the other hand,up to constant factors both solutions(15)reduce to thefive band edge eigenfunctions for the associated Lam´e potentials with m=2,ℓ=1when E takes thefive eigenvalues E0=4k2,E1,4=5+ k2∓2√k4−5k2+4[10,12].This is again consistent with the spectral properties for this associated Lam´e potential which has twofinite energy bands and twofinite gaps.To the best of our knowledge,the fact that the associated Lam´e potentials for m=2,ℓ=1are exactly solvable was previously unknown.3Supersymmetric partner potentialsIn the modern approach to thefirst-order supersymmetric quantum mechanics(SUSY QM), in which afirst order differential intertwining operator is used to implement the transfor-mation,the seed Schr¨o dinger solution u(x)can be either physical or non-physical but it has to be nodeless to avoid singularities in the new potential V(x)=V(x)−2[ln u(x)]′′(see the collection of articles in[2]).This is achieved by taking the factorization energyǫsuch that ǫ≤E0,where E0is the lowest band edge energy.In particular,if we chose u(x)as any ofthe two Bloch functionsψ1,2(x)derived in the previous section then V(x)will be periodic, with the same band spectrum as V(x).On the other hand,if we choose u(x)as a nodeless linear combination of the two Bloch functionsψ1,2(x)associated toǫ,then V(x)will present a periodicity defect,and the spectrum of H will consist of the allowed energy bands of H plus an isolated bound state atǫ,for which the corresponding eigenfunction1/u(x)will be square-integrable[15–18].Let us mention that for the second order SUSY QM,which involves differential intertwin-ing operators of second order,the key function which has to be nodeless is the Wronskian of the two seed solutions u1(x),u2(x)associated to the factorization energiesǫ1,ǫ2[8,16–20]. In this frame it is possible to use solutions for whichǫ1,ǫ2have unexpected positions,e.g., both can lie in afinite energy gap and produce however non-singular SUSY transformations. To be brief,in this letter we will not apply the second order SUSY transformations and we will restrict our discussion to thefirst order cases mentioned above(see however[21]).By applying now thefirst order SUSY algorithm to the associated Lam´e potentials with m=ℓ=1and m=2,ℓ=1,using as seed solution any of the Bloch functions given by Eqs.(13)and(15)respectively,we arrive to the following new exactly solvable periodic potentials which are strictly isospectral to the corresponding associated Lam´e potential:1.m=ℓ=1V(x)=−4k2sn2x+22 r=1 sn x cn x dn x±β(a r√√sn2x+α2(a r¯e3) +2 (16)2.m=2,ℓ=1V(x)=−4k2sn2x+23 r=1 sn x cn x dn x±β(b r√√sn2x+α2(b r¯e3) +3 (17)whereα2(τ)=−1/(k2sn2τ),β(τ)=−cnτdnτ/(k2sn3τ).On the other hand,if the seed solution is a linear combination of the two positive definite Bloch functions,u(x)=ψ1(x)+λψ2(x),then forλ<0,u(x)will have always a node, inducing then a singular SUSY transformation.Forλ=0andλ=∞we will recover once again the previously discussed case when u(x)is one of the Bloch functions.Finally,it is interesting to observe that forλ>0,u(x)will be nodeless,and the new potential will not be strictly periodic(it will have a periodicity defect).The spectrum for the SUSY generated potential V(x)will consist of the allowed energy bands of the initial potential plus an isolated level embedded in the infinite region below the‘ground state energy’of the initial potential. Unfortunately,here the explicit expressions for V(x)are not compact.Thus,we decided to illustrate this case graphically,and an example of the SUSY partner potential with one periodicity defect of the associated periodic Lam´e potential for m=ℓ=1is given in Fig.1 while for m=2,ℓ=1the corresponding SUSY partner potentials are shown in Fig.2.-4K -2K 02K 4K23Figure 1:Potential V(x )with a periodicity defect (black curve)generated from the associated Lam´e potential with m =ℓ=1(gray curve),k 2=0.99,and u (x )=ψ1(x )+3ψ2(x )/2with ǫ=2.4,which leads to a 1=−1.089,a 2=2.607.The new Hamiltonian H has an extra bound state at ǫ.4ConclusionsThrough an appropriate ansatz,we have solved the stationary Schr¨o dinger equation for the associated Lam´e potentials with an arbitrary energy corresponding to the parameter pairs (1,1)and (2,1).This suggests that the associated Lam´e equation with any integer values of the potential parameters is exactly solvable.This assertion can be proved case by case by appropriately modifying the ansatz,given by Eqs.(4),(7)and using a fitting procedure to find the corresponding analytic solution.For instance,one may fit the solution Ψ(z )= 3r =−2C r [℘(z )−e 1]r to (3),which will effectively correspond to the point (3,2)in the m −ℓplane,and so on.However,one of the aims of this paper was to show that this can be done through the simplest non-trivial available examples.On the other hand,the first order supersymmetry transformations were used to generate new exactly solvable potentials which can be either periodic or with a periodicity defect,depending on how we choose the seed Schr¨o dinger solutions.This kind of SUSY transformations,together with the second order ones,represent the most simple theoretical tools for designing potentials with prescribed spectra,a subject which every day seems closer to physical reality.AcknowledgementsThe authors acknowledge the support of Conacyt,project No.40888-F.One of us (AG)acknowledges the warm hospitality at Departamento de F´ısica,Cinvestav,and also thanks City College authorities for a study leave.-6K -3K 03K 6K246Figure 2:Potential with a periodicity defect (black curve)produced from the associated Lam´epotential with m =2,ℓ=1(gray curve),k 2=0.95,and u (x )=ψ1(x )+ψ2(x )with ǫ=3.5,which gives b 1=−2.392,b 2=1.26+0.614i,b 3=b ∗2.The new Hamiltonian H has an extra bound state at ǫ.References[1]B.K.Bagchi,Supersymmetry in Quantum and Classical Mechanics ,Chapman and Hall,Boca Raton,Florida (2000).[2]I.Aref’eva,D.J.Fern´a ndez,V.Hussin,J.Negro,L.M.Nieto,B.F.Samsonov,Special issue dedicated to the subject of the International Conference on Progress in supersym-metric quantum mechanics ,J.Phys.A 37,Number 43(2004).[3]B.Mielnik,O.Rosas-Ortiz,J.Phys.A 37(2004)10007.[4]J.Negro,L.M.Nieto,O.Rosas-Ortiz,J.Phys.A 37(2004)10079.[5]A.A.Andrianov,F.Cannata,J.Phys.A 37(2004)10297.[6]M.V.Ioffe,J.Phys.A 37(2004)10363.[7]C.V.Sukumar,AIP Conference Proceedings 744(2005)166.[8]D.J.Fern´a ndez,N.Fern´a ndez-Garc´ıa,AIP Conference Proceedings 744(2005)236(quant-ph/0502098).[9]A.Khare,U.Sukhatme,J.Math.Phys.40(1999)5473.[10]A.Ganguly,Mod.Phys.Lett.A 15(2000)1923(math-ph/0204026).[11]A.Khare,U.Sukhatme,J.Math.Phys.42(2001)5652.[12]A.Ganguly,J.Math.Phys.43(2002)1980(math-ph/0207028);ibid43(2002)5310(math-ph/0212045).[13]A.Khare,U.Sukhatme,J.Phys.A37(2004)10037.[14]E.T.Whittaker,G.N.Watson,A course of modern analysis,Cambridge UniversityPress,Cambridge(1963).[15]L.Trlifaj,Inv.Prob.5(1989)1145.[16]D.J.Fern´a ndez,B.Mielnik,O.Rosas-Ortiz,B.F.Samsonov,J.Phys.A35(2002)4279(quant-ph/0303051).[17]D.J.Fern´a ndez,B.Mielnik,O.Rosas-Ortiz,B.F.Samsonov,Phys.Lett.A294(2002)168(quant-ph/0302204).[18]O.Rosas-Ortiz,Rev.Mex.F´ıs.49S2(2003)145(quant-ph/0302189).[19]B.Bagchi,A.Ganguly,D.Bhaumik,A.Mitra,Mod.Phys.Lett.A14(1999)27.[20]D.J.Fern´a ndez,J.Negro,L.M.Nieto,Phys.Lett.A275(2000)338.[21]D.J.Fern´a ndez,A.Ganguly,in preparation.。
2024年高二英语哲学家名称单选题30题
2024年高二英语哲学家名称单选题30题1.Who is known for his theory of Forms?A.SocratesB.PlatoC.Aristotle答案：B。
柏拉图以理念论著称。
苏格拉底主要是通过对话引导人们思考。
亚里士多德强调对现实世界的观察和分析。
2.Which philosopher is famous for his method of dialectic?A.PlatoB.SocratesC.Aristotle答案：B。
苏格拉底以辩证法著名。
柏拉图主要是理念论。
亚里士多德强调对现实世界的观察和分析。
3.Who is considered the father of Western philosophy?A.SocratesB.PlatoC.Thales答案：A。
苏格拉底被认为是西方哲学之父。
柏拉图是苏格拉底的学生。
泰勒斯是古希腊早期哲学家，但不是西方哲学之父。
4.Which philosopher emphasized virtue as the key to a good life?A.SocratesB.PlatoC.Aristotle答案：A。
苏格拉底强调美德是美好生活的关键。
柏拉图主要是理念论。
亚里士多德强调对现实世界的观察和分析。
5.Who believed that the world is made up of four elements?A.PlatoB.AristotleC.Empe docles答案：C。
恩培多克勒认为世界由四种元素组成。
柏拉图主要是理念论。
亚里士多德强调对现实世界的观察和分析。
6.Which philosopher's ideas had a great influence on medieval philosophy?A.PlatoB.SocratesC.Aristotle答案：C。
亚里士多德的思想对中世纪哲学有很大影响。
高一英语哲学探讨练习题30题
高一英语哲学探讨阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Socrates is one of the most famous philosophers in history. He was born in Athens, Greece, in 469 BC. Socrates is known for his method of questioning, which he used to help people think more deeply about important issues.Socrates believed that the pursuit of wisdom was the most important thing in life. He spent his days walking around Athens, engaging in conversations with people from all walks of life. Through his questions, he tried to get people to examine their beliefs and values.One of Socrates' main ideas was that people should question everything. He believed that only by questioning our assumptions and beliefs can we truly understand the world around us. Socrates also believed that knowledge is virtue. He thought that if we know what is right, we will naturally do what is right.Socrates' influence on philosophy and Western thought has been profound. His method of questioning has been adopted by many philosophers throughout history. His ideas about the importance of knowledge and virtue have also had a lasting impact.Even though Socrates was eventually sentenced to death for hisbeliefs, his legacy lives on. His teachings continue to inspire people to think critically and pursue wisdom.1. Socrates was born in ___.A. 469 ADB. 469 BCC. 369 BCD. 369 AD答案：B。
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arXiv:hep-ph/9502315v1 16 Feb 1995
Max-Plank-Institut f¨ ur Kernphysik, P.O. 10 39 80, D-69029, Heidelberg, Germany S.G. Kovalenko3 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
Abstract The neutrinoless double beta (0νββ ) decay is analyzed within the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model with explicit R-parity violation (R / p MSSM). We have found new supersymmetric contributions to this process and give the complete set of relevant Feynman diagrams. Operators describing 0+ −→ 0+ nuclear transitions induced by the supersymmetric interactions of the R / pMSSM are derived. These operators can be used for calculating the 0νββ decay rate applying any specific nuclear model wave functions.
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MAHIRSCH@ENULL.MPI-HD.MPG.DE KLAPDOR@ENULL.MPI-HD.MPG.DE 3 KOVALEN@NUSUN.JINR.DUBNA.SU
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ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
and L are the spin, the baryon and the lepton quantum number. Conservation of R-parity in turn implies baryon number (B ) and lepton number (L) conservation. This symmetry has been imposed on the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) (for a review see [4]). However, neither gauge invariance nor supersymmetry require Rp conservation. The question whether or not Rp is a good symmetry of the supersymmetric theory is a dynamical problem which might be related to more fundamental physics at the Planck scale. In general, Rp can be either broken explicitly [5], [6] or spontaneously [7], [8] by the vacuum expectation value of the scalar superpartner of the Rp -odd isosinglet lepton field [8]. Supersymmetric models with Rp non-conservation (R / p) have been extensively discussed in the literature not only because of their great theoretical interest, but also because they have interesting phenomenological [9], [10], [11], and cosmological [12]-[15] implications. One can expect that R / p SUSY models give a very natural framework for lepton number violating processes and particularly 0νββ decay [20]. Let us start with a brief review of the model we use in the present paper. We follow the MSSM extended by inclusion of explicit R-parity violating (R / p ) terms into the superpotential . This model (R / p MSSM) has the MSSM field content and is completely specified by the standard SU (3) × SU (2) × U (1) gauge couplings as well as by the low-energy superpotential and ”soft” SUSY breaking terms [4]. The most general gauge invariant form of the superpotential is [11], [16] (1) W = WRp + WR / p. The Rp conserving part has the standard MSSM form ¯ U ¯, D ¯ We use notations L, Q for lepton and quark doublet superfields and E, for lepton and up, down quark singlet superfields; H1 and H2 are the Higgs doublet superfields with a weak hypercharge Y = −1, +1, respectively. Summation over generations is implied. For simplicity generation indices of fields and Yukawa coupling constants hL , hU , hD are suppressed. The mass-mixing parameter µ is a free parameter describing mixing between the Higgs bosons ˜ 1 -H ˜ 2. H1 -H2 as well as between higgsinos H The Rp violating part of the superpotential (1) can be written as [5], [6],
The observation of neutrinoless double beta (0νββ ) decay would be a clear signal for physics beyond the standard model, since it violates lepton number by two units (for reviews see [1], [2]). No definite observation of 0νββ decay has been reported to date, but recent experimental progress has pushed the existing half-life limits of 0νββ decay beyond 1024 years and further progress can be expected in the near future [3]. Half-life limits on 0νββ decay are usually interpreted as limits on the effective Majorana neutrino mass (see fig. 1). However, it is known for some time that there exist also other mechanisms which might induce 0νββ decays, like for example in left-right symmetric extensions of the standard model gauge group [2]. In this paper we study contributions to 0νββ decay within supersymmetric (SUSY) theories with explicit R-parity breaking. R-parity (Rp ) is a discrete, multiplicative symmetry defined as Rp = (−1)3B+L+2S , where S, B
away. The coupling constants λ (λ′′ ) are antisymmetric in the first (last) two indices. The first two terms lead to lepton number violation, while the last one violates baryon number conservation. Proton stability forbids simultaneous presence of lepton and baryon number violating terms in the superpotential [10] (unless the couplings are very small). Therefore, only λ, λ′ or λ′′ type interactions can be present. There may exist an underlying discrete symmetry in the theory which allows either the first or the second set of couplings. This discrete symmetry, called matter parity [11], [16] can be imposed ’ad hoc’ on the MSSM. It can be justified on a more fundamental level of Planck scale physics. Such a discrete symmetry is shown to be compatible with the ordinary SU (5) [6] and ”flipped” SU (5) × U (1) [17] grand unification (GUT) scenarios, as well as with phenomenologically viable superstring theories [18]. Neutrinoless double beta decay, which is the main subject of the present paper, requires lepton number violating interactions. Therefore we bind ourselves to the R / p MSSM with lepton number violation (λ = 0, λ′ = 0) and baryon number conservation (λ′′ = 0). Apparently, 0νββ can probe only the first generation lepton number violating Yukawa coupling λ′111 because only the first generation fermions u, d, e are involved in this process. In addition to proton decay constraints on R / p couplings there are also constraints which follow from cosmological arguments requiring that the baryon asymmetry generated at the GUT scale is not washed out by B − L violating interactions present in eq. (3). These cosmological constraints have been thought to affect all R / p couplings λ, λ′ , λ′′ ≪ 10−7 , making these models phenomenologically not interesting. These arguments, however, were proved to be strongly model dependent [14], [15]. Moreover it was shown recently that the cosmological bounds can be evaded in perfectly reasonable scenarios of matter genesis [15]. The effect of ”soft” supersymmetry breaking can be parametrized at the Fermi scale as a part of the scalar potential: Vsof t =