上海外国语大学考研英语语言文学语言学方向复试专业课笔试真题(回忆版)
上海外国语大学考研英语语言文学语言学方向复试专业课
笔试真题（回忆版）
第一题，名词解释（可以适当举例说明）
1.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
2.arbitriness
3.gradable antonym
https://www.360docs.net/doc/9112814115.html,ponential analysis
https://www.360docs.net/doc/9112814115.html,nguage learning aptitude
第二题，暂无
第三题，给出几个句子判断歧义，并转述以消除歧义
1.the long drill is boring
2.it’s a good ruler that can keep a good line
3.the piglet is too hot to eat
4.the congressman is a dirty street fighter
5.old men and women will be served first
第四题
What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type?
第五题
Why should we study linguistics
高译教育，成就您的上外梦。上外考研，只在高译。
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
上外英语语言文学专业考研经验分享
上外英语专业考研经验分享 一、我的基本情况 我现在在上外英语系读研究生一年级，当初考研考了两次，第一年是由于对题目理解不深，考试指导方向不明，导致基础英语考了90多分，便未能进入复试。有了第一次的惨痛教训，我调整了复习方向，更换了一大批书目，第二年终于取得了成功，总分402，专业课也比第一年有了数十分的提高。在此我想和大家分享一些针对上外学术型英语专业考研的备考经验（以专业课基础英语和英汉互译为例），以期对大家有所帮助。 二、关于专业课复习 网上有很多人说上外的题目很难，确实如此，上外英专的题目几乎没有哪一道题是简单的，但这并不代表就无处下手，只要认真分析真题，制定相应的学习计划，还是能够取得成功的。 1、基础英语：其分为三大部分：英语基础知识运用、阅读理解、作文。其中后两项占比重最高，作文有大小两篇总共65分，阅读理解40道题40分（年份不同分值会稍有变化），这就告诉我们要在这两项上下大工夫。 英语基础知识运用首先是词汇题，考察考生的词汇量与理解程度，这不单单要求你认识这个单词还要求对这个单词有较深的理解。接着是改错题，这一道题像普通英语考试的改错题一样，难度不大，考察的都是最基础的知识。最后一小部分是完形填空，一篇不长的文章挖去30个空，给出一个包含30个单词的框，要你选择合适单词的
合适形式来填空。鉴于这道题的难度一直比较大，我们在平常积累搭配、词汇对付这道题的同时要注意对试卷整体的把握，毕竟只占15分（2013年与2014年），我们遇见不会的题目时要果断处置。整个的考试时间对上外的题量与难度来说几乎是捉襟见肘的，所以考试时通读文章之后要对难度与时间有一个基本的把握与衡量。 阅读理解，上外在2013年之前采用的是GRE的题目，从2013年开始沿用英语专业八级考试阅读部分的体型，2013年当年更是直接用了以往英语专业八级考试的部分真题，所以衡量自己的阅读能力最好的办法就是在规定的时间内完成一套专八真题，测试一下正确率。对于阅读来说，词汇是基础，没有过硬的词汇量读文章会比较费力，再者就是阅读速度，8篇文章（有长有短）40道题，时间大概不能超过一个小时，以40-50分钟为好，否则下面写作文的时间便少了很多。所以这道题目测试的就是应试者的理解力与阅读速度。又快又好是这部分试题的要求。作文是一篇小作文（要求为记叙文），250字左右，25分；一篇大作文（要求为议论文），记得是要求400字左右，40分。所出的题目都是比较富有哲理的，这无形中也增加了写作的难度，比如2014年的议论文要求考生论述WISDOM和KNOWLEDGE 的关系，就很具有思辨性。作文的提高不是一日而就的，要求我们平时要多阅读，多练笔，积累优美词句，养成爱思考的习惯，这样才能在考场上遇变不惊。 2、英汉互译：说起翻译似乎没有一个标准，一篇文章会有多个不同的翻译版本，但细细研读这些文章之后，我们便会发现其中的细
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上外英语语言文学英美文学经验贴 1.用书：①综英：全球热门报刊双语阅读精选(4本)；环球时代美文读本(只用了其中4本)；本科高级英语1－2(张汉熙主编)+教参；星火专八阅读100篇；华研专八阅读180篇；新东方阅读100篇(高分版)；冲击波专八阅读；英语写作教程2--细节描写与读者意识；地道英文进阶(魏剑锋著)；Gre长难句；刘毅10000；Gre3000；经济学人100篇精读②翻译：108散文；张培基2和4(4只看了1/3)；英汉名篇名译(朱明炬)③政治：肖秀荣1000题；肖八(只刷了选择)；肖四 ④二外(德语)：大学德语1－2(张书良总主编)；新求精；圣才真题 2.复习方法： 初试： 我是按照姐姐发在群里的50分钟循环复习课表来的，加上平时跟做姐姐的阅读和写作，所以复习比较系统化，有条理。当然在这过程中会备受打击，但是打击习惯了也就好了，越挫越勇，最后两个月真的是佛系，各种看剧和综艺啥的，也算是给自己放松一下，不然真的怕憋出毛病来。每个月我基本上只放松1－2天，平时早上6:40起，洗漱吃早饭，大概7:40开始学习，中午会睡午觉，14:00又开始学习，晚上大概11:30睡觉。每天晚上10:30－11:30会把一整天所学内容再复习一遍，我喜欢用本子把所有学到的词组都记下来，然后集中复习。 平时练阅读要注意每篇文章的开头结尾和每段的开头结尾；写作上，我会注意每一句话的用词和结构，所以每次写作文都要花好长时
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2021复旦大学英语语言文学考研参考书真题经验
复旦大学 英语语言文学考研经验
从决定考研开始就一直查各种资料和各种考验心得，经常在high研看师哥师姐们的热血经历，也得到了很多师哥师姐们的帮助，在这里先谢谢大家了。 我准备考研比较早，元旦左右就开始了，因为大三课比较多，所以前期复习时间较短，速度有点慢，因此，如果大家已经有目标，建议越早开始越好The early bird catches the worm! 政治： 暑假开始复习政治，一直到最后都是跟着肖秀荣老师的书在走，1000题很重要，可以抓很多细节性的知识，建议不要在书上直接写，方便后期反复利用。暑假期间可以先看去年大纲，大概有个印象，最后冲刺时四八套题一定要好好背，今年肖老师大题基本都中了。政治最好每天都分配一定的时间，这一科记得快忘的也快。 考研政治每门课都是一个庞大的体系，有着大量的内容。因此需要建构每门课的大体系框架，通过一个框架把整门课连接起来，背李凡政治新时器就够了。以中国近现代史纲要为例，以时间顺序可以把中国近现代史纲要分为两部分，即以1949年10月为分界限的中国近代史和中国现代史。 中国近代史又可分为两部分，即以“五四运动”为界限的旧民主主义运动和新民主主义运动两部分。在这两个阶段有一条非常明显的主线：列强对中国的侵略和中华民族各个阶层为了中国的独立所做出的努力。 根据这条主线旧民主主义运动又可以分为几个部分，即地主阶级、资产阶级维新派、资产阶级革命派、农民阶级做出的尝试，分别是“洋务运动”“戊戌变法”“辛亥革命”“太平天国运动”和“义和团运动”。“五四运动”后的新民主主义运动也可根据主线分为几个阶段，即第一次国内革命战争时期，国共十年对峙时期，抗日战争时期，解放战争时期。 中国现代史就是新中国的建设史，可以根据这条主线分为几个阶段，即1949~1956年的过渡时期，1956~1966年的社会主义建设时期，1966~1976年的“十年文革”时期，1976以后的社会主义建设新时期。 二外法语： 本科学校教材是新大学法语，我复习用过的资料有：考研必备，二外法语考研综合（肖红），和圣才出版的名校历年二外真题，不过这些书提供的答案有些
英语语言学试题库
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2020上外英语语言文学英美文学方向考研经验分享
2020上外英语语言文学英美文学方向考研经验分享 一年的考研之路终于画上圆满句号，现在自己也闲下来了，想给大家分享一下我个人的一些小经验，希望帮助到2020考研的小伙伴们。 基础英语（业务课一）： 2019年的考试题型包括单选，完型，阅读，小作文以及大作文，题量比较大，难度也不小，考试时要注意时间的分配。单选主要考察GRE难度单词的词义辨析，基本上知道意思就可以选对。针对这一题型的备考主要是背单词，大家选择适合自己的方法来记忆就可以了，但一定要记熟，背单词背的摸棱两可真的没什么用，还浪费时间。 完型填空难度比较大，选择的篇章来自英文报刊和书籍，今年考的是一篇关于文学评论方法的文章，和平时资料里做到的风格不太一样。备考时主要用的是428资料里的35篇来练手，篇章主题包括政治，经济，文化等等。备考主要是多练习多阅读，一开始不用太在意时间，找到做题的状态，细心静心，尽量提高正确率。 阅读题备考主要是掐时间做一做专八的阅读，GRE的阅读。 小作文以描述，记叙类为主，428资料里还有一些具体的分类和范文。大作文比较常规，是最常见的说理议论类，遵循三段论的原则，框架搭起来，举例与论述相结合，注意语言的流畅度就可以。近两年没有考改错，往年一直在考，题型和难度与专八相仿，平时复习时可以适当练习。 英汉互译（业务课二）： 一篇英译汉，一篇汉译英，英译汉的主题多为文化类，汉译英的体裁主要是名家散文。由于今年的基础英语试题难度较大，大家的分数普遍不高，差距不大，翻译就成了拉分项。备考汉译英大家基本上都选用《英译中国现代散文选》（张培基译注共四册），《散文佳作108篇》和历年真题作为练手和学习的材料。建议规定时间，自己先译，再对照参考译文，学习一些出彩的搭配和句型。我比较好的一点就是报了班，做完翻译不用自己去对答案，有爱考宝典的老师给我批改，他看过我的答案过后就能知道我的薄弱之处在哪，会针对性地给我讲解训练相关的内容。我们自己也要从参考译文中学习一些好的词汇，搭配和句型，观察参考译文对长难句的处理，长短句式的安排以及中英文转换时句子主语的变化和上下句之间的逻辑衔接。考试时保证自己的译文对原文的忠实性，注意语言的自然性，准确性和流畅度。英译汉首先是巩固自己的单词量，尽量不要因为不认识单词而失分，真题中还会出现个别GRE难度的词；其次是要注意自己对母语的把控能力，写出的句子要符合中文的语言习惯，并且成熟流畅，行文风格忠实于原文；再次是要了解一些世界文化常识。 二外（德语）： 考试题型包括单选，完型，阅读，德译汉和作文。上外没有规定二外的参考书，我复习时主要是反复刷了刷本科时的二外教材《新编大学德语》一二三册，做了书上所有的课后习题，背了课后的单词，对照着配套的教师手册后的课文译文默写德语原文。语法的总结和巩固用的是《新求精德语语法精解与练习》，这本书的语法脉络与讲解很清晰简明，题目难度很适合二外的备考，好好做一做很有帮助。 政治：花的时间很少，完全靠运气，所以没啥经验好分享给大家，希望大家能好好复习这一门，尤其是理科生。 宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来。大家千万不要害怕困难挫折，勇敢的战胜它们，你就能成功，加油！
英语专业考研 语言学复习题附答案
英语专业考研语言学复习题附答案 Chapter I Introduction I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. Ch omsky defines “ competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language. https://www.360docs.net/doc/9112814115.html,ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解
I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院 2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang
英语语言学试题(2)及答案-2002年1月
英语语言学试题（2） 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar____ . A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ___. A. unusual B. something to be feared C. abnormal D. natural 4. ___produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible. A. Broca's aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernicke's aphasic 5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows:___ A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is __. A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 8. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary. A. usage B. grammar C. pronunciation D. structure 9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space. A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics 10.The semantic c omponents of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __. A. +animate, +male, +human,-adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult C. +animate, -male, +human,-adult D. +animate,-male,+ human, +adult 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 11. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement, q ________or command. 12. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of s____ g________. 13. Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 14. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________, one who can speak several languages fluently. 15. Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v____, while all vowel sounds are v________. 三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分) 16. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( ) 17. Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) 18. Linguistics is the course of language.( ) 19. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called
上外考研英语语言文学考研经验建议
上外考研英语语言文学专业课初试复试复习建议 一、关于初试 1、考试科目 政治、二外、英语综合，英汉互译 2、专业课考建议 英语综合： 题型：单项选择（词汇、英语国家概况、语言学、英美文学）、改错、完形填空、阅读理解、小作文、大作文 考查要点：词汇量（10000-12000）、阅读速度、对语法和句法的掌握英文写作能力 备考建议：注意平时多积累词汇，大量练习阅读，保证每天一定的阅读量（6-8篇）做题时养成自己计时的习惯，逐渐加快阅读速度。阅读时不要被生词卡住，顺着往下读，保证对文章大意的通畅理解，学会根据上下文语境猜测生词义。可以以专八真题和模拟题作为练习材料，多做改错题，做到孰能生巧。写作时注意词汇的选择，不确定拼写是否正确的情况下不要冒险写高级词汇，用词精准最重要。尽量避免中式英语，可以从平时的阅读中积累地道的英文表达。书写要工整，保持卷面干净整洁。 英汉互译： 题型：一篇英译汉，一篇汉译英，各75分 考查要点：一般原文都是散文或者议论文，首先考察的是译者对原文的深入理解。考察译文的忠实性与通顺性。考察译者词汇的运用。
备考建议：多读中文和英文的散文，做好笔记，加强对好词好句的积累背诵。多看名家的译文，学习模仿他们的遣词造句。每天翻译一到两篇文章，最好一篇英译汉，一篇汉译英，先自己翻译一遍，再对照参考译文看看自己有哪些需要改进的地方，建立一个翻译纠错本，把自己翻译常犯的错误以及看到的佳译妙译整理上去，反复揣摩。英译汉时注意避免欧式汉语，汉译英时注意避免中式英语。 因为翻译科目考察的不仅是学生的英文水平，还考察学生对中文篇章的理解（汉译英）以及中文的流利表达能力（英译汉），所以学生应当加强母语方面的训练，多积累一些中文的成语、谚语等。 3、专业课推荐参考书目、建议： 《英译中国现代散文选》（1-4册）张培基译注上海外语教育出版社 2007（这套书要仔细精读，可以不用全部看完4册，但至少看完前两册，而且每本书要看3遍以上，做到把每一篇译文吃透，逐渐体会汉译英的遣词造句） 《英汉翻译教程》张培基著上海外语教育出版社 2009（这本书讲的是英译汉的技巧和方法，很详细，与《英译散文选》互为补充，注意整理读书心得，仔细揣摩书中给出的例证） 《新概念英语4》亚历山大，何其莘著外语教学与研究出版社 2013 （这本书也要精读，可以巩固强化词汇和语法知识。熟读里面的课文，提高阅读能力，还可以把课文当作英译汉的练习材料，对比参考译文找出自己的不足） 《星火英语：英语专业8级考试人文知识与改错》黄任主编吉林出
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1
1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.