兰德公司
著名的美国兰德公司经典心理测试题
著名的美国兰德公司经典心理测试题3著名的美国兰德公司（战略研究所）拟制的一套经典心理测试题为蓝本，根据中国人心理特点加以适当改造后形成的心理测试题，目前已被一些著名大公司，如联想、长虹、海尔等公司作为对员工心理测试的重要辅助试卷，据说效果很好。
现在已经有人建议将来作为对公务员的必选辅助心理测试推广使用。
快来测试一下，很准的！（只能选一个答案）1、你更喜欢吃那种水果？A、草莓2分B、苹果3分C、西瓜 5分D、菠萝10分E、橘子 15分2、你平时休闲经常去的地方A、郊外2分B、电影院 3分C、公园5分D、商场10分E、酒吧15分F、练歌房20分3、你认为容易吸引你的人是？A、有才气的人2分B、依赖你的人3分C、优雅的人5分D、善良的人10分E、性情豪放的人15分4、如果你可以成为一种动物，你希望自己是哪种？A、猫2分B、马 3分C、大象 5分D、猴子 10分E、狗15分F、狮子 20分5、天气很热，你更愿意选择什么方式解暑？A、游泳 5分B、喝冷饮 10分C、开空调 15分6、如果必须与一个你讨厌的动物或昆虫在一起生活，你能容忍哪一个？A、蛇2分B、猪 5分C、老鼠 10分D、苍蝇15分7、你喜欢看哪类电影、电视剧？A、悬疑推理类2分B、童话神话类 3分C、自然科学类 5分D、伦理道德类10分 E、战争枪战类 15分8、以下哪个是你身边必带的物品？A、打火机 2分B、口红 2分C、记事本 3分D、纸巾 5分E、手机 10分9、你出行时喜欢坐什么交通工具？A、火车 2分B、自行车 3分C、汽车 5分D、飞机 10分E、步行 15分10、以下颜色你更喜欢哪种？A、紫2分B、黑 3分C、蓝 5分D、白 8分E、黄 12分F、红 15分11、下列运动中挑选一个你最喜欢的（不一定擅长）？A、瑜珈2分B、自行车 3分C、乒乓球 5分D、拳击 8分E、足球 10F、蹦极 15分12、如果你拥有一座别墅，你认为它应当建立在哪里？A、湖边 2分B、草原3分C、海边 5分D、森林 10分E、城中区15分13、你更喜欢以下哪种天气现象？A、雪 2分B、风 3分C、雨 5分D、雾 10分E、雷电 15分14、你希望自己的窗口在一座30层大楼的第几层？A、七层2分B、一层 3分C、二十三层5分D、十八层 10分E、三十层 15分15、你认为自己更喜欢在以下哪一个城市中生活？A、丽江 1分B、拉萨 3分C、昆明 5分D、西安 8分E、杭州 10分F、北京 15分结果:180分以上：意志力强，头脑冷静，有较强的领导欲，事业心强，不达目的不罢休。
国外著名的天然气压缩机厂商
美国英格索兰公司（Ingersoll Rand）美国英格索兰公司成立于1871年，全称为“英格索兰--兰德公司”，总部位于美国新泽西洲伍德克利夫湖，公司的产品包括压缩空气系统、建筑五金产品、建筑设备、高尔夫用汽车、工具和运输冷藏系统。
该公司在世界上近20个国家设有40多个工厂，雇员3.5万人，资产总值约60多亿美元。
英格索兰已经是一个多国、多行业的工业设备部件制造商和服务供应商，已经为许多企业提供各种的解决方案。
英格索兰公司从1911年开始生产离心压缩机，并于1912年安装了世界上第一台100 m3/h蒸汽透平驱动的多级空气压缩机，1928年推出压缩机能量回收系统，1940年生产出用于催化裂化的离心压缩机，1949年开始生产蒸汽透平驱动离心压缩机，1958年组装式离心式压缩机面世。
英格索兰公司的CENTAC离心空气压缩机 (多轴齿轮传动组合式离心压缩机) 开发成功后，一直深受用户欢迎，至今在世界各地已有 12000台机组安全长期稳定运行。
CENTAC离心式空气压缩机组是一种完全组装的由电机驱动、单层结构、单级吸气、单级排气、提供100%无油空气的离心式空气压缩机组。
其流量范围可从25～850m3/min，排气压力范围从0.8～4.0Mpa。
压缩机和电机由法兰和联轴器连接，整个机组包括冷却系统、控制系统、油润滑系统及其它辅助设备都装在一个公共底盘上。
网址：/德莱赛兰（DRESSER-RAND）美国德莱赛兰公司是世界上最大的压缩机制造公司之一。
公司及其在世界各地的附属公司和联营公司拥有十家生产厂和实验室，70多个营业办事处，30 多个维修中心以及近8000名职工，从事销售的专业人员中 92％具有学位的工程师。
1993年总营业额为12亿美元，主要来源于石油和化工方面。
该公司致力于研制新技术、新工艺、新材料、新产品，重视质量和服务。
该公司设有汽轮机、电动机和发电机部、透平机械部、发动机工艺压缩机部、气体压缩机部和产品支援部。
美国政府智库兰德公司网络战报告 网络威慑与网络战
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美国兰德公司对中国人的评价文档3篇
美国兰德公司对中国人的评价文档3篇The evaluation document of American Rand Company t o Chinese people编订：JinTai College美国兰德公司对中国人的评价文档3篇小泰温馨提示：自我评价是自我意识的一种形式，是主体对自己思想、愿望、行为和个性特点的判断和评价。
本文档根据自我评价内容要求展开说明，具有实践指导意义，便于学习和使用，本文下载后内容可随意修改调整及打印。
本文简要目录如下：【下载该文档后使用Word打开，按住键盘Ctrl键且鼠标单击目录内容即可跳转到对应篇章】1、篇章1：美国兰德公司对中国人的评价文档2、篇章2：美国兰德公司对中国人的评价文档3、篇章3：美国兰德公司对中国人的评价文档美国兰德公司作为世界第一智库，那么他们对中国人的评价是怎么样的呢?下面是小泰为大家带来范文，相信对你会有帮助的。
篇章1:美国兰德公司对中国人的评价文档1.中国人缺乏诚信和社会责任感。
中国人不了解他们作为社会个体应该对国家和社会所承担的责任和义务。
普通中国人通常只关心他们的家庭和亲属，中国的文化是建立在家族血缘关系上而不是建立在一个理性的社会基础之上的。
中国人只在乎他们直系亲属的福祉，对与自己毫不相关的人所遭受的苦难则视而不见。
毫无疑问，这种以血缘关系为基础的道德观势必导致自私、冷酷，这种自私和冷酷已经成为阻碍中国社会向前发展的最关键因素。
2.中国从来就没有成为一个法制社会，因为中国人的思维方式与守法行为格格不入。
中国人老想走快捷方式。
他们不明白这样一个事实：即成就来自于努力工作和牺牲。
中国人倾向于索取而不是给予。
他们需要明白一个道理：生活的真谛不在于你索取多少而在于你能给予社会和你的人类同胞多少。
3.大多数中国人从来就没有学到过什么是体面和尊敬的生活。
中国人普遍不懂得如何为了个人和社会的福祉去进行富有成效的生活。
潜意识里，中国人视他们的生活目的就是抬高自己从而获得别人的认知。
美国兰德公司近况
美国兰德公司近况
卫飒英
【期刊名称】《中国科技论坛》
【年(卷),期】1985(000)001
【摘要】<正> 美国兰德公司是一个有国际声誉的智囊机构。
兰德公司自1948年成立以来的三十多年中,发表了大量研究成果,引起世界各国的重视。
兰德公司是一个非营利的公司,它的宗旨是促进和发展美国的科学、教育、公共福利事业以及国家安全事务。
兰德公司拥有一套著名的系统分析方法,?
【总页数】1页(P21-21)
【作者】卫飒英
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G32
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因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
美国知名智库兰德公司专家群体画像
*本文系2019年度国家社科基金项目“美国著名智库网络影响力研究及其启示研究”（项目编号：19BTQ067）阶段性研究成果。
摘要文章提出智库专家群体画像概念，以兰德公司智库专家为研究对象，从基本属性、研究成果、研究合作等3个维度构建专家群体画像，通过统计分析以及社会网络分析方法揭示专家群体特征；针对TextRank 存在关键词权重分配问题的局限，以及未对语句前后词有可能存在的关联进行分析的缺点，引入Self-Attention 机制来计算关键词的权重，将其赋予TextRank ，以解决TextRank 未进行语句前后关联的问题；使用改进的TextRank 算法分析专家群体研究成果特征，客观描述专家群体信息。
研究发现：改进的TextRank 算法使分析更具准确性，更能反映出智库专家的科研方向；从基本属性看，兰德公司专家男女比例比较均衡，大多具有高学历与多学科教育背景；从任职经历看，兰德公司汇聚政府、高校、企业、媒体等各界人士，来自50个国家；从研究成果特征看，专家的研究成果重心在卫生医疗、教育领域，重视全球共同面对的现实性问题；从研究合作特征看，研究合作具有跨领域、跨学科、跨机构特点。
关键词美国智库用户画像群体特征引用本文格式刘曼，陈媛媛，朱金箫.美国知名智库兰德公司专家群体画像[J].图书馆论坛，2023，43（11）：138-148.Expert Group Profile for the Famous American Think Tank of RAND CorporationLIU Man ，CHEN Yuanyuan &ZHU JinxiaoAbstract Based on the concept proposed for the group portrait of think tank experts ，this article examines the experts at the RAND think tank ，and develops a group profile for them ，focusing on basic attributes ，study outcomes ，and research collaboration.It demonstrates the characteristics of the expert group using the statistical analysis and social network analysis methods ；in response to the limitations of TextRank in assigning keyword weights and the problem of not analyzing the possible association of previous and later words in a sentence ，it introduces the Self-Attention mechanism to calculate the weights of keywords and assign them to TextRank ，thus addressing the problem mentioned above ；it uses the improved TextRank algorithm to analyze the characteristics of the studies on expert groups and gives an objective description of the expert groups.The results suggest that ：the improved TextRank algorithm provides a more accurate analysis of the features of the studies on expert community and better reflects the scientific direction of the think tank experts ；in terms of basic attributes ，the ratio of male to female experts is relatively balanced ，and most of them have advanced degrees and multidisciplinary educational backgrounds ；in terms of work experience ，RAND experts come from government ，academia ，business ，media and other sectors in 50countries ；in terms of research outcomes ，the experts ’studies focus on health care and education ，with an emphasis on the collective realities at the global level ；in terms of research partnership ，their studies are characterized by cross-disciplinary and cross-institutional collaboration.Keywords American think tanks ；user profile ；group characteristic美国知名智库兰德公司专家群体画像*刘曼，陈媛媛，朱金箫138◎2023年第11期◎0引言2015年中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发的《关于加强中国特色新型智库建设的意见》[1]指出，智库在国家治理中发挥着越来越重要的作用，日益成为国家治理体系中不可或缺的组成部分，是国家治理能力的重要体现。
兰德公司评价中国与全球化
TESTIMONYChina and GlobalizationWILLIAM H. OVERHOLTCT-244May 2005Testimony presented to the U.S.-China Economic and Security ReviewCommission on May 19, 2005This product is part of the RANDCorporation testimony series.RAND testimonies record testimonypresented by RAND associates tofederal, state, or local legislativecommittees; government-appointedcommissions and panels; and privatereview and oversight bodies. TheRAND Corporation is a nonprofitresearch organization providingobjective analysis and effectivesolutions that address the challengesfacing the public and private sectorsaround the world. RAND’s publicationsdo not necessarily reflect the opinionsof its research clients and sponsors.is a registered trademark.Published 2005 by the RAND Corporation1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 201 North Craig Street, Suite 202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1516RAND URL: /To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002;Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: order@Statement of William H. Overholt1Asia Policy ChairDirector, Center for Asia Pacific PolicyThe RAND CorporationBefore the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review CommissionMay 19, 2005SummaryChina has transformed itself from the world’s greatest opponent of globalization, and greatest disrupter of the global institutions we created, into a committed member of those institutions and advocate of globalization. It is now a far more open economy than Japan and it is globalizing its institutions to a degree not seen in a big country since Meiji Japan. Adoption of the rule of law, of commitment to competition, of widespread use of English, of foreign education, and of many foreign laws and institutions are not just updating Chinese institutions but transforming Chinese civilization.All of China’s economic successes are associated with liberalization and globalization, and each aspect of globalization has brought China further successes. Never in world history have so many workers improved their standards of living so rapidly. Thus popular support for globalization is greater than in Japan, where postwar recovery occurred in a highly managed economy, or with the former Soviet Union, where shock therapy traumatized society. In consequence, China has effectively become an ally of U.S. and Southeast Asian promotion of freer trade and investment than is acceptable to Japan, India and Brazil.____________1 The opinions and conclusions expressed in this testimony are the author’s alone and should not be interpreted as representing those of RAND or any of the sponsors of its research. This product is part of the RAND Corporation testimony series. RAND testimonies record testimony presented by RAND associates to federal, state, or local legislative committees; government-appointed commissions and panels; and private review and oversight bodies. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.Nonetheless, rapid Chinese globalization has required stressful adjustments. State enterprise employment has declined by 44 million. China has lost 25 million manufacturing jobs. 125 car companies are expected to consolidate rapidly into 3 to 6.China’s globalization successes are profoundly influencing its neighbors. India has learned from China the advantages of a more open economy. Asians schooled in antipathy to foreign investment and Latin Americans with protectionist traditions are going to have to be more open to foreign investment and less dependent on loans in order to compete with China. This will transform third world strategies of development and create broader global opportunities for our companies.Contrary to early fears, China’s rise has stimulated neighbors’ trade and foreign investment rather than depriving them. Indeed China’s recent growth spurt revived Japan’s economy and saved key neighbors from recession, possibly averting a dangerous global downturn.Chinese growth has brought American companies new markets. The flow of profits from China to the U.S. is as disproportionate as the flow of goods. Inexpensive products have substantially improved the living standards of poorer Americans. Inexpensive Chinese goods and Chinese financing of our deficit have kept U.S. inflation and interest rates down and prolonged our economic booms. At the same time, it has caused trade deficits and social adjustments. Chinese misappropriation of intellectual property creates losses for many of our companies. A manic construction and transportation boom has raised global raw materials prices, to the great benefit of producers and a great cost to consumers.China’s success is one of the most important developments of modern history, but projecting from current growth to Chinese global dominance or threats to our way of life is just wrong. Unlike the old Soviet Union, reformist China does not seek to alter any other country’s way of life. Its economy faces world history’s most severe combination of banking, urbanization and employment challenges, and by 2020 a demographic squeeze that will have few workers supporting many dependents. The best outcome for us would be a China that is eventually like Japan, prosperous, winning in some sectors, losing in others. Signs that China is making rapid progress in that direction should be welcomed, not feared.China and GlobalizationBefore reform, China was the world’s most important opponent of globalization. It had an autarkic economy. It opposed the global economic order. It opposed the global political order and the major global institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank. It believed that global disorder was a good thing, and under Mao Zedong it actively promoted disorder throughout the world, including promotion of insurgencies in most of China’s neighbors, in much of Africa and Latin America, and even in our universities.Accompanying foreign policy disaffection was domestic cultural despair on a scale the world has seldom witnessed. In the Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976, China’s students and others, under the guidance of Mao Zedong’s peasant chiliasm, humiliated a majority of senior government and party leaders, attacked the country’s major educational, social and political institutions, destroyed much of China’s cultural heritage, and in general tried to smash the country’s establishment.For two centuries Chinese had tried a range of ways – socialism, capitalism, empire, republic, warlords, religious fundamentalism, and others. All failed. Alienation was so severe that, along with students, much of the country accepted that the world economic and political order, and the Chinese economic and political order, were so stacked against them that any path to success had to start with destruction of the existing order.The Cultural Revolution was actually just one small episode in the problems that Chinese impoverishment and political division created for the world and specifically for us. Had China been prosperous and unified throughout the twentieth century, we would have had European War II rather than World War II and World War I would have been quite different. China would have been able to deter or defeat Japanese aggression. The cost of those conflicts to the U.S. would have been radically smaller because Pearl Harbor and much else would not have happened. We and the world, not to speak of a billion Chinese citizens, have paid a horrible price, over more than a century, for China’s weakness. The world needs a healthy China.Because of China’s successful globalization we no longer have such problems. China is no longer a vacuum that sucks the world’s great powers into gigantic conflicts. China nolonger sponsors insurgencies in Southeast Asia and Africa and Latin America. China no longer seeks to undermine the global financial institutions. We obtain benefits from a China that supports stable capitalist democracy in Thailand and the Philippines; that joins the IMF, World Bank, and WTO; and that counsels its neighbors about the benefits of political stability, free trade, and free investment.From the beginning of the Cold War, it has been the central tenet of U.S. foreign policy that, if we could engage as much of the world as possible in successful economic growth, through domestic reform and what came later to be called globalization, we could stabilize Europe and Asia, win the Cold War, and create a stable global order. Our military protected this process, but from the Marshall Plan to our aid missions in Asia and Africa, the core long-run strategy of our country has been to engage the world and stabilize it by enmeshing other countries in a web of institutions and successful economic practices that constitute the kind of world we want.This strategy has proved to be one of the most successful geopolitical strategies in human history, so much so that it has entangled our former enemies as well as our allies in the web we wove. Throughout, it has stimulated many controversies, and occasional waves of fear in this country. Key industries, including especially textiles and shoes, have successively opposed liberal trade with Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, China and Latin America. We had a wave of panic over whether Japan was going to take over all manufacturing and buy all our most important assets; after all, if they could triumph in steel, cars, and televisions, and buy Rockefeller Center, wasn’t everything in our economy at risk? Elsewhere, weren’t we sponsoring horrible dictatorships by encouraging the development of Taiwan and South Korea? Each time, our fears have proved excessive, and each time our strategy triumphed. The results have been good for our security, good for our prosperity, good for political liberalization overseas, and good for the people of our trading partners. Our concerns about China are the same.China’s globalizationWhat we never expected from our strategy was that it would entice our former adversaries, including China, into our web of economic institutions and our commitment to geopolitical stability.Although joining late, China has joined the globalized system much more enthusiastically than Japan. China’s economy is much more open than Japan. China’s trade in 2004 was equal to 70% of its GDP, Japan’s to 24%. China received $60.6 billion of foreign direct investment in 2004, while Japan, with an economy several times larger and in a phase of restructuring that should have attracted disproportionate foreign investment, received only $20.1 billion.China’s globalization is not confined to opening the economy but more importantly to globalization of institutions. Here the development strategy of contemporary China bears a striking resemblance to that of early Meiji (mid-nineteenth century) Japan, when the Japanese government was sending missions around the world to choose for emulation the best foreign navy (Britain), the best foreign education system (Germany), and so forth. In the intervening century and a half, Japanese practice has become more inward-looking, while China has evolved from Qing defensiveness and Maoist peasant xenophobia to an assimilative cosmopolitanism.Today China is the country that sends missions throughout the world seeking best practice. It adapts not just foreign technology and foreign corporate management techniques but also a wide variety of foreign institutions and practices: international accounting standards; British, U.S. and Hong Kong securities laws; French military acquisition systems; a central bank structure modeled on the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank; Taiwan-style regulations for foreign portfolio investment; an economic development strategy adapted from South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan; and many others. Among the most important of these changes are the decision to adopt the Western concept of rule of law; adoption of competition as a centrally important economic practice; and adoption of English language as virtually a second language for the educated Chinese population. Today I can lecture in Peking University and interview senior officials in Beijing and Shanghai without a translator. Perhaps most importantly, China has sent its elite youth abroad for education in an exercise of internationalism comparable to the Romans turning over their children to the Greeks.Of course, such changes occur gradually; you can’t instantly introduce Western accounting or Western law in a country that starts with no professional accountants or lawyers. But the changes are startlingly fast compared with what other countries do. More importantly, these are not technical adaptations in the manner of the old dynasticefforts to pursue “Western technology, Chinese culture.” These are transformative processes that in cases like rule of law and promotion of competition repudiate core aspects of traditional Chinese civilization that go back for millennia.China is also experiencing globalization of tastes. The exposure of the Chinese population to foreign brands has been incorporating them into global culture. To take one example, I spent many months studying the Chinese car industry. One of the questions we were asked was whether China might develop indigenous car models in a closed-off market like that of South Korea in the 1970s and 1980s. What we discovered was that the Chinese people have been so much more exposed to global culture than South Koreans of a generation ago that no car could succeed in China unless it incorporated global designs and prestigious foreign technologies. Ten to thirty years ago, when South Korea was at a phase of car industry development more comparable to China today, one virtually never saw a European or American car on the road, and they are still very rare today. But in China the roads are packed with Volkswagens and Buicks.China has come to believe in globalization more than most third world countries and many first world countries. China’s successes have all coincided with “reform and opening,” that is, with globalization. In contrast, Japan’s and South Korea’s successes occurred in an era when, although they were globalizing, they employed far stricter controls on trade, foreign investment, and domestic economic activity than today’s China.Globalization has required extremely painful adjustments by China. Employment in the state enterprises has declined from 110 million at the end of 1995 to 66 million in March 2005. Those who think there has been a simple transfer of U.S. manufacturing jobs to China will be surprised to know that manufacturing jobs in China have declined from over 54 million in 1994 to under 30 million today. Even these striking numbers understate the adjustments China has had to accept due to greater competition and lately from WTO membership. For instance, while employment in the car industry has remained relatively constant, the number of car manufacturers is expected to decline from 125 at the peak to somewhere between three and six. Meanwhile, foreign joint ventures have come to dominate much of the market.It is hard to overstate the social adjustment Chinese are experiencing. But because China has been willing to accept such adjustments, no large country in human history has ever experienced such rapid improvements in living standards and working conditions. When reform began, workers in Shanghai all wore the same clothes, looked tired and listless, and seldom owned basic appliances like televisions or even watches. In the countryside malnutrition was widespread. Today Shanghai workers wear colorful clothes and look confident and energetic. Today the average Chinese family owns slightly more than one television. Malnutrition has vanished. As a result, Chinese overwhelmingly support further globalization.China’s globalization and other countriesChina’s globalization has of course strongly influenced other countries too. The most important impact has been on India’s economic policy and performance. Since independence India’s economy had been hobbled by extremely protectionist trade policies, an antagonistic stance toward foreign direct investment, and a remarkable network of domestic socialist economic controls called the license raj, combined with strong foreign economic and political ties to the old Soviet Union. A 1991 foreign exchange squeeze and neighboring China’s success shocked India and also showed that abandoning the old hostility to globalization could lead to prosperity. While India started later than China and moved more slowly, India’s economic growth rates have doubled. The number of people in absolute poverty has declined sharply. Exports have boomed and foreign exchange reserves are ample for the first time in modern history. Visit India today, as I did last month, and you find the kind of hope and confidence and energy that once seemed confined to East Asia.As happened earlier with China, India’s newfound economic dynamism has shifted the balance of leaders’ priorities from conflictful geopolitical goals to mutual economic interests. India’s relations with its neighbors, sometimes including even Pakistan, and most notably with both China and ourselves, are much better than previously. Indeed, Indian-Chinese relations are better than at any time since the conflicts of the 1960s, and India’s business community has shifted from terror about competition with China to confidence in India’s competitive advantages and even some celebration of India’s recent trade surplus with China.China’s influence on India’s economic policies is just one example of a much wider phenomenon that is probably just beginning. Until recently, most of the third world plus Japan has taken a relatively hostile attitude toward foreign direct investment. Difficult licensing requirements, high taxes, unfair judicial treatment and an negative opinion climate have faced direct investors from Japan and South Korea to the Philippines and Thailand to India, not to mention most of Latin America. Instead of accepting foreign ownership, countries typically relied on foreign loans (South Korea, Southeast Asia, Latin America) or domestic loans (Japan), frequently creating an excessive burden of debt. Thailand imposed very high taxes and then reduced them for selected foreign investors; Indian groups attacked Kentucky Fried Chicken with distorted hygiene allegations. Now such tactics are waning.The success of China at balancing debt with equity, building upon the previous successes of Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore, is gradually changing the way much of the world manages economic development. This Chinese influence is going to be transformative, particularly in Asia. The old pattern has been to avoid dependence on foreign investment by taking domestic and foreign bank loans. Governments then controlled the development of industry by channeling the bank loans. This made companies and countries overly dependent on banks, leading to periodic financial crises. It gave governments too much control over industries, encouraging mismanagement and corruption. It gave unfair advantages to large, politically favored companies over smaller companies and foreign companies. Importantly for us, it limited the opportunities for our own companies. Now competition with China will force most companies to open themselves to foreign investment. American companies will benefit not just in China but throughout the world.At the beginning of this decade, there were widespread fears that China’s success would suck the trade and investment away from its Asian neighbors, impoverishing them. In the event, the opposite has happened. Wherever rules have been changed to welcome foreign direct investment, as in India, South Korea, and Japan, such investment has boomed. China has taught others to attract foreign investment, and in response the total pool of foreign investment has greatly expanded.Amid the global slowdown following the tech bust, countries like South Korea and the Philippines found themselves saved from recession by Chinese demand. Mostimportantly, Chinese demand provided the stimulus that lifted Japan out of recession. It is difficult to overstate the risk the world economy faced from the Japanese situation, where mountainous debt created the risk of a domino-like collapse inside Japan and subsequent rippling collapses around the world. That risk seems to have passed, helped by a critical margin of stimulus from China. Few books are written about global depressions that never happened, but it is quite possible that China’s globalization saved us from beginning the new century with a drastic global economic squeeze.Many other peoples have benefited from Chinese demand that rose just as the world economy was slowing. Raw materials producers had become inured to terms of trade that deteriorated inexorably year after year. Suddenly our ally Australia found that its terms of trade have improved to the best in its entire history, largely because of Chinese demand. Many of the world’s poorest countries, including Laos, Papua New Guinea, and much of Africa, benefited just when they needed it most. No aid programs, no IMF gold sales could have come close to providing the improved livelihoods that resulted from increasing, sustained demand for their products.In short, the most important results of China’s rise are the same as the results for the world of America’s rise or of the recoveries of Japan and Europe: you are always better off with a rich neighbor than with a denizen of the slums.Benefits and costs for the U.S.China’s globalization has had numerous impacts on the U.S. Most obviously, China has become a vast market for U.S. goods. Arguments that this is a mythic “China Dream” have proved false. Coca Cola has long since surpassed the fabled goal of selling a billion Cokes. General Motors, once ridiculed by the China Dream theory, sells many Buicks in China, and, despite a current cyclical pause, profits from China have been a critical margin for GM during a difficult time. We gain from billions of dollars of profits remitted back to our country and from the improved health of our most successful companies as they compete against other foreign companies.Lower prices for basic goods have contributed significantly to American standards of living, particularly for our less prosperous citizens. While we do not yet have definitive studies, indications are that lower-income Americans achieve improvements in theirstandards of living of perhaps 5% to 10% as a result of being able to buy lower-priced imports from China. That impact is undoubtedly expanded by the fact that competition from China drives other countries to produce less expensive goods for our consumption.Inexpensive Chinese goods have kept down our inflation rates and enabled us to prolong the upswings of our business cycles because the Fed doesn’t have to raise interest rates so quickly in order to slow inflation. Similarly, Chinese purchases of U.S. Treasury bonds have helped to finance our budget deficits. Without those Chinese purchases we would either have to raise interest rates, slowing our growth, or we would have to run comparable trade deficits with other countries so that they could buy our bonds.We are just beginning to see another layer of benefits. The Chinese are beginning to invest here. Haier is now manufacturing refrigerators in this country. When China’s Lenovo bought IBM’s personal computer business, it saved jobs in a moribund division, freed IBM to move up into higher-tech markets, and helped finance that IBM move up. So far, this trend is small, but it will grow quickly. China’s goal for this year is to spend $30-40 billion buying resource and distribution companies.We also benefit indirectly from China’s boost to foreign economies like Japan and Australia. Having a prosperous partner is invaluable to the U.S. economy. We spent the 1980s fretting about Japan taking over the world, but we spent the 1990s worrying that Japan wasn’t doing its share to boost global growth. Those who worry about China’s success would have far more to worry about if China’s growth slowed drastically.Adjustment problemsChina’s globalization and growth also cause stresses for us. Some of these are politically eternal but economically and strategically tired. As countries get rich, the manufacture of textiles, and shoes, furniture and basic consumer electronics mostly migrates elsewhere. The manufacture of socks migrated from here to Japan, from Japan to South Korea and Taiwan, and thence to Southeast Asia and now China. That adjustment will continue. It has been gradual over many decades. We have had ten years to get ready for the current round of textile adjustments. We knew what was coming and we agreed to it, in return for China so stressful that they are virtually beyond Americans’ imagination. Our own adjustments are smaller than those of virtually any other country.These adjustments are smaller than we tend to believe, because China gets blamed for much that it does not cause. Virtually all of our job loss has been caused by productivity improvements. In fact, productivity gains have been sufficiently large that we should have experienced more job losses than we have. It is conceivable that our job losses have been smaller than they “should” have been because China has helped us adapt. We don’t know, because no lobby has been interested in paying for the research to find out how many jobs have been saved by partial moves to China decreasing the costs of endangered companies. And China is, of course, just part of a global readjustment caused by China, India, and the former Soviet Union joining our economic system.A more serious policy problem is hyper-competition created by cheap financing in China. The irrationalities of the Chinese financial system mean that in key sectors like steel China builds too many factories, and props up too many moribund companies, causing massive overcapacity. In recent years Chinese financial vagaries have led to excessive construction and huge demand for steel, aluminum, cement and others. For a while this has buoyed the global steel industry, including ours. But it has also led to construction of so many steel factories in China that soon China will have half of all world capacity. That means overproduction and eventually a steel price bust.This cycle creates problems for our industry, just as our Internet mania and tech bubble created problems for much of the world. It is fair for us to complain about such problems. It is fair to pressure the Chinese to reform their financial practices. It may be fair in some cases to view Chinese bank lending practices as constituting an inappropriate subsidy. The tone of our complaints and the substance of our policies needs, however, to reflect three facts. First, the Chinese are trying to reform their banks and put them on a market basis. Second, our financial vagaries cause them problems too. Third, the biggest price for their financial mismanagement will eventually be paid by them, because inappropriate lending eventually makes troubled banks much more troubled. China making steel today looks like Japan buying Rockefeller Center two decades ago; if you project their excesses indefinitely into the future, first the Japanese and now the Chinese look as if they are about to take over everything in the world. But when you look at their underlying finances, you see a black hole. The Japanese spent the 1990s in their black hole and are still trying to climb out. China will feel the pain of its recent spree for many years. Having said these things, some excesses may require a policy response by us.。
美国兰德公司性格测试题(3篇)
第1篇一、测试目的本测试旨在帮助您了解自己的性格特点、优点和不足，以便您在工作和生活中更好地发挥自己的优势，提升自我认知，实现个人成长。
二、测试说明1. 本测试共50题，每题只能选择一个答案，请根据您的第一印象选择。
2. 请在测试过程中保持诚实，以便获得准确的结果。
3. 测试完成后，请根据您的得分查看对应的性格分析。
三、测试题目1. 在以下情况下，您通常如何应对？A. 遇到困难时，我会积极寻求解决办法。
B. 遇到困难时，我会感到焦虑，需要朋友或家人的安慰。
C. 遇到困难时，我会选择逃避，希望问题能自行解决。
2. 您更喜欢以下哪种活动？A. 与人交流、参加社交活动。
B. 独自一人，享受安静的时光。
C. 做一些有挑战性的工作或运动。
3. 您在以下哪种情况下容易感到快乐？A. 完成一项任务或达成目标。
B. 与朋友或家人共度时光。
C. 获得他人的认可和赞扬。
4. 您在以下哪种情况下容易感到沮丧？A. 工作或生活中遇到挫折。
B. 朋友或家人发生争执。
C. 个人问题或健康问题。
5. 您通常如何看待自己的能力？A. 我相信自己有能力应对各种挑战。
B. 我相信自己的能力有限，需要不断努力提升。
C. 我对自己没有信心，害怕面对挑战。
6. 您在以下哪种情况下更容易感到焦虑？A. 在公共场合发言。
B. 在考试或比赛中。
C. 与陌生人交往。
7. 您在以下哪种情况下更容易感到压力？A. 工作或学习任务繁重。
B. 与家人或朋友发生争执。
C. 个人问题或健康问题。
8. 您通常如何看待自己的价值观？A. 我有明确的价值观，并努力践行。
B. 我对自己的价值观不太清楚，需要不断探索。
C. 我没有明确的价值观，随波逐流。
9. 您在以下哪种情况下更容易感到满足？A. 实现自己的目标。
B. 与家人或朋友共度美好时光。
C. 获得他人的认可和赞扬。
10. 您在以下哪种情况下更容易感到失望？A. 工作或学习任务没有完成。
B. 与朋友或家人发生争执。
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兰德公司百科名片美国兰德公司兰德公司是美国最重要的以军事为主的综合性战略研究机构。
它先以研究军事尖端科学技术和重大军事战略而著称于世，继而又扩展到内外政策各方面，逐渐发展成为一个研究政治、军事、经济科技、社会等各方面的综合性思想库，被誉为现代智囊的“大脑集中营”、“超级军事学院”，以及世界智囊团的开创者和代言人。
它可以说是当今美国乃至世界最负盛名的决策咨询机构。
目录社会评价成功经验附录:关于兰德公司的谣言始末展开编辑本段成立美国兰德公司兰德公司正式成立于1948 年11月。
总部设在美国加利福尼亚州的圣莫尼卡，在华盛顿设有办事处，负责与政府联系。
二次大战期间，美国一批科学家和工程师参加军事工作，把运筹学运用于作战方面，获得成绩，颇受朝野重视。
战后，为了继续这项工作，1944年11月，当时陆军航空队司令亨利·阿诺德上将提出一项关于《战后和下次大战时美国研究与发展计划》的备忘录，要求利用这批人员，成立一个“独立的、介于官民之间进客观分析的研究机构”，“以避免未来的国家灾祸，并赢得下次大战的胜利”。
根据这项建议1945年底，美国陆军航空队与道格拉斯飞机公司签订一项1000万美元的“研究与发展”计划的合同，这就是有名的“兰德计划”。
“兰德（Rand）”的名称是英文“研究与发展（research and development）”两词的缩写。
不久，美国陆军航空队独立成为空军。
1948年5月，阿诺德在福特基金会捐赠100万美元的赞助下，“兰德计划”脱离道格拉斯飞机公司，正式成立独立的兰德公司。
编辑本段辉煌兰德公司兰德的长处是进行战略研究。
它开展过不少预测性、长远性研究，提出的不少想法和预测是当事人根本就没有想到的，尔后经过很长时间才被证实了的。
兰德正是通过这些准确的预测，在全世界咨询业中建立了自己的信誉。
成立初期，由于当时名气不大，兰德公司的研究成果并没有受到重视。
但有一件事情令兰德公司声誉鹊起。
朝鲜战争前夕，兰德公司组织大批专家对朝鲜战争进行评估，并对“中国是否出兵朝鲜”进行预测，得出的结论只有一句话：“中国将出兵朝鲜”。
当时，兰德公司欲以500万美元将研究报告转让给五角大楼。
但美国军界高层对兰德的报告不屑一顾。
在他们看来，当时的新中国无论人力财力都不具备出兵的可能性。
然而，战争的发展和结局却被兰德准确言中。
这一事件让美国政界、军界乃至全世界都对兰德公司刮目相看，战后，五角大楼花200万收购了这份过期的报告二战结束后，美苏称雄世界。
美国一直想了解苏联的卫星发展状况。
1957 年，兰德公司在预测报告中详细地推断出苏联发射第一颗人造卫星的时间，结果与实际发射时间仅差两周，这令五角大楼震惊不已。
兰德公司也从此真正确立了自己在美国的地位。
此后，兰德公司又对中美建交、古巴导弹危机、美国经济大萧条和德国统一等重大事件进行了成功预测，这些预测使兰德公司的名声如日中天，成为美国政界、军界的首席智囊机构。
兰德公司兰德公司的研究成果举世瞩目。
已发表研究报告18 000多篇，在期刊上发表论文3100篇，出版了近200部书。
在每年的几百篇研究报告中，5％是机密的，95％是公开的，而这5%的保密报告随着时间的推移也在不断解密。
这些报告中，有“中国21世纪的空军”、“中国的汽车工业”、“日本的防御计划”、”日本的高科技”、“俄罗斯的核力量”、“南朝鲜与北朝鲜”、“数字化战场上的美国快速反应部队”等等重大课题。
兰德公司被誉为美国的“思想库”、“大脑集中营”，它影响和左右着美国的政治、经济、军事、外交等一系列重大事务的决策。
在为美国政府及军队提供决策服务的同时，兰德公司利用它旗下大批世界级的智囊人物，为商业企业界提供广泛的决策咨询服务，并以“企业诊断”的准确性、权威性而享誉全球。
兰德分析家认为，世界上每100家破产倒闭的大企业中，85％是因为企业管理者决策不慎造成的。
随着全球商业化竞争的加剧，一个企业管理者决策能力的高低，在很大程度上决定了企业的前途和命运。
编辑本段运作兰德公司又是如何具体运作的呢？兰德公司作为一个“思想库”，通常是与其客户建立合同关系，兰德公司的很多合同是同美国联邦政府签订的，比如国防部、卫生部、人力资源部、教育部、国家科学基金、国家医学研究院、统计局等等。
兰德公司和许多上述客户有着3～5年或每年更新的服务合同，合同额在数千万美元左右。
在合同所规定的范围内，有时兰德公司的研究人员提出具体的项目建议，有时是客户自己提出需求，然后双方通过会谈、电子邮件以及其他形式的通信方式进行交流讨论，对具体内容进行这样或那样的修改，最后形成《项目说明书》文件，包括问题、方法、背景、数据、进度、预算、时间表等。
接下来项目开始执行，预算到位，兰德公司按时间表提供报告研究的结果，完成项目。
兰德公司每年有700～800个项目在同时进行。
除了大部分根据长期合同和政府预算来安排的政府项目外，还有部分项目是兰德认为有意义或会造成重大影响而自主选择。
对后一类项目，开题后兰德会向可能的用户推荐和兜售，或研究结束后，以粗线条方式告诉潜在用户，动员他们来购买研究成果。
一般情况下，兰德会向项目委托人提供多达5个决策咨询选择，并将每一种选择在政治、经济、公共关系等方面可能产生的后果及利弊，一并忠告用户。
对决策者提供科学、客观、公正而全面决策建议。
不同的人和不同性格的决策者，会从这些选择中作出不同的决策，从而得到不同的结果。
兰德现有1600名员工，其中有800名左右的专业研究人员。
兰德集团除自身的高素质结构之外，还向社会上聘用了约600名全国有名望的知名教授和各类高级专家，作为自己的特约顾问和研究员。
他们的主要任务是参加兰德的高层管理和对重大课题进行研究分析和成果论证，以确保研究质量及研究成果的权威性。
编辑本段企业特点独立性长期以来，兰德坚持自己只是一个非营利的民办研究机构，独立地开展工作，与美国政府只有一种客户合同关系。
兰德公司努力通过拥有不同性质的客户的形式来保持其独立性。
虽然兰德的客户大部分是美国联邦政府，但是即使就一个客户而言，比如五角大楼，其内部也有陆、海、空、情报、国防部长办公室等机构，有许多不同的部门。
兰德通过与不同部门打交道，来实现一定的独立性。
同时，兰德还有许多非政府部门和私营部门的客户等。
目前，兰德公司65％的收入来源于美国的联邦政府，也就是说，兰德公司65％的生意来自美国联邦政府，剩余35％的生意分布在许多不同的客户间，诸如美国的州政府、外国政府、私营公司、提供资助的基金会等等。
兰德公司一直保持着关于独立性的文化传统。
兰德公司有发表研究结果又让公众获取研究结果的自由。
作为政策研究机构，兰德能够讲真话，无论这个真话对客户有利或是不利。
花钱雇兰德的客户要准备接受这种可能，就是兰德的研究结果同他们的政策不相符甚至相互冲突。
因此，兰德的客户应该更注重兰德公司研究的客观性和公正性，而不是要兰德告诉他们想听的东西。
而恰恰有一些人，正是害怕兰德的这种独立性而不敢雇用兰德。
兰德公司的这种独立性是有一个由20多人组成的监事会来保障实现的。
监事会成员对兰德公司具有管理支配权力，也就是说他们才是兰德公司真正的主人，但是他们并不拥有兰德公司的任何财产。
编辑本段研究审查机制兰德有一套每4～5年对公司的某一个研究分部进行审查的机制，目的是要考察其研究是否有价值。
在兰德公司有各种不同的审查，包括独立审查。
首先负责该项目或研究的部门管理层要对自己的研究进行质量审查。
然后，交给项目审查人员进行审查，其中有一个审查人员是不属于兰德公司，而是从外边请来的，其他有3～4个审查人员是来自于兰德公司内部，但都没有参加被审查的项目或研究。
兰德有一套内部质量标准，公司要求审查人员按这套质量标准审查研究人员的研究结果。
兰德公司有800名左右的专业研究人员。
任何一个专业研究人员都将会参与审查工作，在他的兰德的职业生涯中会不止一次参与审查工作。
编辑本段社会评价高级人才的摇篮兰德公司的研究人员在学术研究方面独树一帜，在社会上有“兰德学派”之称。
兰德不仅以高水平的研究成果和独创的见解著称于世，而且为美国政府和学术界培养了一些屈指可数的人才。
如数理逻辑学家兼经济学家、芝加哥大学教授艾伯特·沃尔斯蒂特，他提出的“第二次打击”概念对美国军事战略影响巨大，又如前中央情报局长、国防部长、能源部长詹姆斯·施莱辛格，前军备控制和裁军署署长、里根政府的国防部副部长弗雷德·伊克尔，前总统经济就业局局长、前国防部长唐纳德·拉姆斯菲尔德，战略问题专家、赫德森研究所的创建人赫尔曼·卡恩，纽约市立大学教授、苏联问题专家唐纳德·扎戈里亚，迈阿密大学教授、苏联民防问题专家利昂·古里，密执安大学教授、著名中国问题专家、曾任美国驻香港代总领事的艾伦·惠廷和乔治·华盛顿大学教授、中国和亚洲问题专家哈罗德·欣顿、著名的未来学家康恩和布朗等。
为了广泛传播兰德的智慧，兰德公司在1970年创办了兰德研究学院，它是当今世界决策分析的最高学府，以培养高级决策者为宗旨，并颁发了全球第一个决策分析博士学位。
目前，其学员已遍布美国政界、商界。
编辑本段成功经验大手笔经营一、大手笔经营，推动公司快速发展[1]1948年，刚刚创立1年多的兰德项目组第一次对外招聘就招募了200多人，专业涵盖数学、物理、化学、经济、心理等多个领域在获得福特基金会的第一笔投资后，兰德便开始筹划建立自己的大楼；2年后，羽翼未丰、寂寂无名的兰德敢于向五角大楼以200 万美元的高价叫卖自己关于朝鲜战争的研究成果。
这些做法实在是普通创业者很难想象的。
确实，从一开始兰德的领导者就具有较大的野心，希望自己的公司能够成为全球顶级咨询公司。
较高的定位决定了兰德的一系列大动作，虽然高投入存在一定的风险，但是正如中国古语所说：“取法其上，得乎其中；取法其中，得乎其下”，无论对个人还是组织来说，缺乏远大的志向是很难有大的作为的。
如果兰德公司按照他们第一个研究课题《实验性环球空间飞行器的初步设计》按部就班地走下去，把研究方向锁定在卫星领域，不去关注朝鲜战争等非专业问题，则很可能丧失了快速发展的机会，虽然之后也可能成为某专业技术领域内较为突出的研究机构，但论及影响力则绝对无法和今日的兰德相比。
可以说，正是兰德创始者在发展初期的“胆大妄为”和“扩张性”的投入，才成就了后来的兰德奇迹。
还必须看到，兰德公司的管理者虽然“心高”，但手并不低，他们在建立之初采取的一系列政策都具有很强的针对性：◆ 利用战时与军方合作建立的人脉保证了来自空军方面的资金；◆ 选用资本背景深厚的小 Rowan Gaither出任公司筹备负责人，有利于吸引银行、基金会的投资(小Rowan Gaither本人就是福特基金会的负责人)；◆ 在理事会人选上，包含了学术界、工商界等各个领域的杰出人士，方便了日后业务的开展；◆ 招募各种专业的研究人才并促进他们之间的充分交流，以保证研究成果的高质量；◆ 创立之初便瞄准热点问题开展研究，扩大影响，吸引高层注意；◆ 为弥补自身在专业领域的不足，充分发挥专家力量，对于一些新课题多次组织专家讨论会。