08-Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese Languages
09-英汉句法比较-Static Vs Dynamic
禁止通行 禁止停车 禁止超车 禁止掉头 闲人免进 不准在此设摊兜售 包您满意，否则退款 保证三个月内免费维修 立正！ 齐步走！ 稍息！ 未满十八岁者勿进 未经许可，车辆不得入
内
No Thoroughfare No Parking No Passing No U-turn No Admittance Except on Business No Hawker Satisfaction or your money back. Full three months unconditiona的替代
1) be+表知觉、愿望、情感等心理活动的形容词=对动词的替代 ① Premier Wen Jiabao is very concerned about the high-speed train crash in Wenzhou City. 温家宝总理非常关心发生在温州市的高铁事故。 ② The American veterans are guilty of what they have done in Vietnam. 美国越战退伍军人为自己在越南所做的一切感到愧疚。 ③ I am optimistic about the future development of Sino-Japanese relations. 对中日关系的未来我持乐观的态度。 ④ I always think of my childhood these days. Maybe I’m a little bit nostalgic. 最近我总想起童年的事情，也许是有些怀旧吧。 ⑤ The girl is very sensitive and observant of the messages sent by others. 这个小女孩很敏感，他很善意观察别人的心思。
A Contrastive Study of Chinese and English
Learning English Is Fun
3.汉语注重音节均匀，成双成对:对偶 排比 反复 叠音 汉语注重音节均匀，成双成对 对偶 排比,反复 对偶,排比 反复,叠音 汉语注重音节均匀
行行过太行, 行行过太行, On and on past Taihang we walk By and by to Yanan we make our way Again and again with old friends we talk, One by one we count our hairs grey.
人到事中迷,就怕没人提. 人到事中迷,就怕没人提.
When a man is lost in a labyrinth, what he needs badly is a hint. There is no difference but difference of degrees between different degrees of difference and no difference.
人生来平等。 人生来平等。
All men are created equal.
做人难，做女人难，做名女人更难。 做人难，做女人难，做名女人更难。
It is difficult for everyone to live in this world, esp. a famous woman.
请你画一个大树，树根、树干、树枝、树丫、树叶都必须画全。 请你画一个大树，树根、树干、树枝、树丫、树叶都必须画全。
1. 英语有形态变化,汉语没有严格意义的形态变化 英语有形态变化 汉语没有严格意义的形态变化. 汉语没有严格意义的形态变化
English : gender, number, case, tense, voice, mood, degree of comparison, person and parts of speech.
左彪-英汉对比与翻译(全)
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。 • Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner‟s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免 或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁 移（促进）。
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 左飚
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
左 飚
上海建桥学院 上海海事大学 zuobiao212@
欢迎光临
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的 形态变化 老师们、同学们 我的爸爸、你的妈妈 认真的态度、 认真地学习
《英汉语言对比》课程教学大纲
《英汉语言对比》课程教学大纲（英文名称：Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese）一、课程说明1. 课程编码：0130502012122. 学分：2 学时：343. 课程类别：指定选修课4. 开课学院：翻译学院5. 课程简介：英汉语言对比是为英语语言文学和外国语言学及应用语言学专业硕士研究生开设的一门专业基础课。
以语言类型学、对比语言学、文体学和认知语言学等语言学流派为理论基础，目的是探讨英汉两种语言在各个语言层面上存在的共性和个性，为跨语言沟通、语言转换以及语言研究奠定基础。
主要议题包括英汉语言各自的语言特征、词汇层面的对比、句法层面的对比、语篇层面的对比、文化层面的对比以及修辞层面的对比。
6. 预备知识：语言学基本知识7. 教学目的与要求：本课程旨在以语言类型学、对比语言学、文体学和认知语言学等理论为基础，在全面梳理英语和汉语这两门语言各自特征并进行对比的基础上，通过增加学生的双语语言和文化知识贮备，使学生基本掌握英汉语言文化的异同、增强对语言文化差异的敏感性，培养其跨语言文化的沟通能力、进行双语转换的能力以及相应的研究能力。
8. 考核方法与要求：考核方法：平时成绩+ 学期论文组成及占分比例：平时成绩30%；学期论文70%9. 教材与参考书：教材：秦洪武、王克非.英汉比较与翻译.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2010.Xiao, Liming. English-Chinese Comparative Studies and Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.参考书目：Chen, Dezhang. Contrastive Linguistics between Chinese and English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2011.James, Carl. Contrastive Analysis. Qingdao: Qingdao Publishing House, 2005.何善芬. 英汉语言对比研究. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002.刘宓庆. 新编汉英对比与翻译. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2006.许余龙. 对比语言学第2版. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2010.余立三. 英汉修辞比较与翻译. 北京：商务印书馆, 1985.张培基. 英语声色词与翻译. 北京：商务印书馆, 1964.二、教学内容纲要第一章绪论（学时：2 ）第一节语言对比的目的第二节语言对比的理论基础第三节语言对比的方法第二章英汉语言各自的特征（学时：4 ）第一节汉语的语言特征第二节英语的语言特征第三节两种语言之间的主要差异第三章英汉词汇层面的对比（学时：8 ）第一节形态学与语言类型第二节英汉构词对比、词汇语义的对应性第三节英汉实词对比、英汉虚词对比第四节英汉词性、合成词、搭配、语块对比第五节英汉认知词义对比第四章英汉句法层面的对比（学时：8）第一节语言类型：主语突出与话题突出、词序第二节时、体、态对比第三节句法构式、定语、状语对比第四节肯定与否定、主动与被动的对比第五章英汉语篇层面的对比（学时：8）第一节语段层面的对比第二节衔接和连贯层面的对比第三节篇章类型方面的对比第六章英汉文化层面的对比（学时：2）第一节文化的定义与英汉文化对比第二节英汉文化差异表现第三节英汉感知和思维方式上的差异第七章英汉修辞层面的对比（学时：2）第一节修辞的界定第二节表层修辞对比第三节深层修辞对比。
A contrastive study of metaphor in English and Chinese cultures
Research ProposalTitle: a contrastive study of metaphor in English and Chinese cultures院别信息学院英语系学年（学期）2011-2012学年（第1学期）年级（班）2008级（ 2 班）学生姓名学号2011 年11 月11 日a.Title of the project.A contrastive study of metaphor in English and Chinesecultures.b.Summary of the project.The scholars in western countries have studied metaphors for a long time. There have been generally three periods since the Aristotle times: the first period is the rhetoric study of metaphors before the 1930s; the second period is the semantic study of metaphors from 1930s to 1970s; the third period is the multi-disciplinary study of metaphors after the 1970s. A metaphor is a figure of speech where comparison is implied. It is also a comparison between two unlike elements with a similar quality. But unlike a simile, this comparison is implied, not expressed with the word "as" or "like". implied comparison. Metaphor has traditionally been construed as a linguistic phenomenon: as somethingproduced and understood by speakers of natural language. So understood, metaphors are naturally, metaphor is a figure of speech where comparison is implied.c.Purpose of the project.Metaphor originates from people’s lives, and plays a very important role in people’s lives. Metaphor is nowadays not only regarded as a figure of speech but also an important tool in culture communication. This thesis tries to explore some differences in metaphor between Chinese and Western culture, and thus helps in the promotion of the culture communication between Chinese and Western countries.d.Literature review.Metaphor originates from p eople’s lives, and plays a very important role in people’s lives. Nowadays, the definitions of metaphor can be found conveniently in dictionaries. According to the Webster’s New World Dictionary, metaphor is defined as: “a figure of speech in which one thi ng is likened to another,different thing by beings spoken of as if it were the other; implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily use of one thing is applied to another.” (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1979:1132) Metaphor is used as a rhetorical device which makes comparison between two elements, unlike simile, this kind of comparison is implied not stated. Peter Newmark referred to metaphor as: “the transferred sense of a physical word; the personification of abstraction; the application of a word or collocation to what it does not literally denote, i.e. to describe one thing in terms of another.” (Newmark, 2001:104) Metaphor shows a resemblance between two similar things, which means image and object. In cognitive linguistics, it is defined as the target domain and source domain. Similarity is the basis of metaphor. For example, “the stars in his eyes”, the basis for the use of “stars” is the similarity between the tears in one’s eyes and the flickering of light in one’s eyes.Both English and Chinese are abound in using metaphors. But different metaphors maybe understood in different cultures. That is to say, metaphor is culture-specific. We may have different kinds of metaphors in Chinese and Western cultures. Metaphors we may feel confused in understanding of metaphors. Reasons for this can be attributed to the principle of metaphors:metaphor renders the truth of experience as the truth of knowledge to an established world. So problems may arise when people from China and the West communicate with each other.e.Significance of the project.The metaphor is far from a linguistic phenomenon. It is also a cognitive activity which can be understood by people through their mind blending. That is to say, metaphor boasts a conceptual nature. The metaphor performs its persuasive funtion in the advertising to help advertising realize its own persuasive funtion on the public. Generally speaking, metaphor offers a vivid image of the product to be promoted so that the public can have a general knowledge of the product and they are even willing to know more about the product. As is mentioned earlier, there are various approaches to the analysis of metaphor. we can see that the cognitive approach is a relatively better choice than other approaches because the understanding of metaphor can’t be separated from people’s mind blending. The Conceptual Blending Theory offers a relatively clear explanation of the process of metaphor’s function on the mind of people.Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence mo re flexible and constructive, but the United States. Wherev er and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no l onger expanding his knowledge and understanding of a pas sive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, th e metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that m ode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. How ever, The best translation is to be able to accurately refle ct the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural a nd stylistic characteristics of the translation,the translation o f metaphor to make as much as possible the original langu age and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.f.Research questions or hypothesis.How to understand the cultures. what the difference between the Chinese and the English cultures. How to study metaphor indifferent cultures. How to find the common sense of metaphor in Chinese and English cultures. To find the new way to translate metaphor.g.Data collectionLe t’s see Chinese character first. Language as an indispensible content of culture is closely related to culture and strongly influenced by culture. The early Chinese characters were pictures of ideas or thoughts. Each Chinese character is considered as a symbol of pictograph, ideograph and sound. People used Chinese characters to their meanings in a vivid way. For instance, “月” is just like a crescent, and “雨” is exactly the image of rain drops. We could directly get the meaning of Chinese characters by visu al presentation. Such as, “回形针”，“百褶裙”. But their corresponding English translations can only express their meaning or functions. Since Chinese characters can embody meaning to us, thus they can be employed to express ,For example, this metaphor “蚕食”, which means to nibble, make people associate the way silkworms eat mulberry leaves---slowly taking small bites from leaves. “势如破竹” compares bamboo to victories , which can be explained in a western way, “like a knife cutting through butter”. Let’s seethree cha racters “松”，“竹” and “梅”, in Chinese culture the pine，the bamboo and the plum are called three friends in winter. When Chinese people talk about them, we immediately think about the cold winter, in which they don’t wither．Instead，they stood defiant and proud，representing an exemplary conduct and nobility of character．But in western cultures，they are just three common plants and cannot give people any association．In the following, we will talk about another factor showing the differences in metaphor This special national condition makes China a country easy to refuse the cultures in other countries. Chinese emphasize the importance of nature.h.Analysis method.metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Westerncultures. Chinese and Western cultures in the commonmetaphor. In the metaphor of the difference betweenChinese and Western cultures. The metaphor of thecross-cultural differences between Chinese and Westerninfluence.i.Proposal table of contentsThis thesis has researched into the differences in metaphor between Chinese and Western culture from two levels and the cultural variations in Chinese and Western countries are of distinct feature, some conceptual metaphors are unique to Chinese while some are unique to English. The study of the differences in Chinese and Western culture is of great importance and it would help in the promotion of Chinese and Western culture also.j.References.[1]Lakoff , G. & M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live by [M]. London: The University of Chicago Press, 1980: 12[2]Newmark P. A Textbook of Translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001: 104[3]Chen，Zelin. Yin Yang Wu Xing. Theories of Yin and Yang and of the Five Elements[M], 1989.[4]陈宏薇.汉英翻译基础. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2003.[5]Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1979:1132。
Chapter Two Comparative studies(new)
3. the不必译出 e.g. The end does not justify the means. 即使目的正确，也不能不择手段。
4. The表特指时，常译成“这”、“那”，“这 些”、“那些” e.g. The book on the table is very worth reading. 桌上的那本书值得一读。Leabharlann Affixation
E.g. “超” 、 “子” 超短波 ultrashort wave 超短裙 miniskirt 超标准 superstandard 超语言符号 extralinguistic signs 超代数 hyperalgebra 超大气压 overpressure 帽子 cap 旗子 flag 命根子 lifeblood 胖子 fatty 矮子 shorty 垫子 cushion, mat 掸子 duster 骗子 swindler
一个很重要的问题
一个可以辩论的题目
以空前的速度
e.g. The diagnosis seems in every case to correspond exactly with all the sensations that I have ever felt. 每次看病的诊断似乎都和我所有的感受完全相符。 e.g. It is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias. 借助于想象与持不同偏见的人进行辩论，是一个 很好的办法。
A very important question A question of great importance A debatable subject A subject which can be debated At an unprecedented speed At a speed unprecedented
A contrastive study of Chinese and English
姓名丁佳文班级英语097 学号0 9 0 9 6 7 0 2A contrastive study of Chinese and English1. The difference of using function words between Chinese and English2. Idiomatic use and collocation of words2.1 The meaning of words3. Words Order3.1 words order in phrases3.2 word order in a sentenceThere are many commons as well as differences between Chinese and English. Compared with Chinese, English words are believed to be characterized by great vacillation and flexibility and it depends much on the contextual relationship.English words are believed to be characterized by great vacillation and flexibility; the meaning of a word may range widely and it depends much on the contextual relationship as is said”Words do not have meanings; People have meanings for words.”Unlike those of English words, Chinese words are comparatively rigorous, accurate and fixed in meaning which do not range as widely as English words do. They depend less on the context and are comparatively independent of the context.English and Chinese employ different types of function words. English function words include the articles, Prepositions, auxiliary verbs, coordinators and subordinates. For example, “She was with a child” and“she was with child”the two sentences above have extremely different meanings. The first sentence meansa woman was stay with a child, but the second sentence means a woman waspregnant. While Chinese function words comprise particles, connectives, and prepositions，each has its own features in the use of these words. Chinese is rich in particles, which can be classified into aspect particles, structural particles, and emotional particles. The frequent use of Chinese particles is a hard nut for foreignlearners of Chinese. For example这回我可亲眼看见啦！（感叹语气）This time I have actually seen it for myself你呀，老这样下去可不行啊！（加重语气）Look! You can’t go on like this.•In English, one word often has many meanings in different sentences. For example,“Oh, what a story!”and“He stories about his academic career and his professional career”in these two sentences, the word “story”has different meanings. In the first sentence, story means “lie”，while in the second sentence, it means “fabricated”. Another example is“kill”.⒈He killed the man 他杀死了那个人⒉They killed the proposal他们断然拒绝建议 3.Please kill the engine请把发动机熄灭⒋He is dressed to kill他穿的很时髦，十分吸引人.⒌She kills her child with kindness.她宠坏了小孩⒍He killed time every day at the park他每天上公园消磨时间⒎He killedthree bottles of whisky in a week 他一周内喝了三瓶威士忌The less inflective a language, the more rigid the words order. Word order in English is not as rigid as in Chinese. More ways of inversion are often seen in English. For example“What in the world do you mean?”and “Not a finger did I lay on him?”. How about the words order in phrases? Here are some examples. The first situation is the same, such as “黑白black and white，好恶like or dislike”. Then the second situation is the reverse, such as“钢铁iron and steel,田径track and field”.“Inversion", as one of the translation techniques, means the necessary or even inevitable change of word-order in a sentence according to the usage of the language to be translated into. This "change of word-order" is necessary because, first of all, each language has its own "natural word-order" and its own peculiarities in word-order; secondly, "inversion", as a stylistic device, is often used for emphasis.•。
汉英对比语言学
目录目录 (I)绪 论 (1)一、语言（Language） (1)二、语言学（Linguistics） (4)三、对比语言学（Contrastive Linguistics） (5)四、汉英语言对比研究（Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese Languages） (7)第一章 汉英语音对比 (8)第一节概述 (8)第二节 英汉语元音、辅音系统对比 (10)第三节 汉语声调与英语语调 (14)第二章英汉词汇对比 (19)第一节 汉英构词对比 (20)第二节 汉英词语中的叠音现象及对比 (24)第三章 英汉词类对比 (27)第一节 汉英名词对比 (28)第二节汉英动词对比 (32)第三节汉英形容词对比 (36)I绪 论一、语言（Language）语言是伴随人类社会的形成而产生的。
作为一种社会现象、一种交际工具，它是思想的直接呈现，是一种信息系统。
1、语言的定义a. Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotion and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.（Sapir，1921）语言是纯粹人为的、非本能的，凭借自觉地制造出来的符号系统来传达观念、情绪和欲望的方法。
（赵世开译）b. Language is a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.（Chomsky, 1957）语言是句子（有限或无限）集，每个句子在长度上是有限的，它由结构成分有限的集构成。
（赵世开译）c.语言是一种表达观念的符号系统。
The Contrastive Studies on Language Taboo in English and Chinese
中西语言禁忌语对比研究The Contrastive Studies on Language Tabooin English and ChineseContentsAbstract (1)Key words (1)Ⅰ.Introduction (1)1.1Literature Review (1)1.11Two Different Meanings of the Taboo (1)1.12The Danger of Touching the Taboo (2)1.13The Positive Sides and the Negative Sides of Taboo (3)Ⅱ.The Origin of the Taboo (4)Ⅲ.The Similarities and Differences in Taboo between English and Chinese (5)3.1The Similarities in Taboo between English and Chinese (5)3.1.1The Religion, Superstition and Worship-related Taboo (5)3.1.2The Illness and Death-related Taboo (6)3.1.3The Posture and Features-related Taboo (7)3.1.4The Numbers-related Taboo (7)3.2The Differences in Taboo between English and Chinese (8)3.2.1The Names-related Taboo (8)3.2.2The Homophonic-related Taboo (9)3.2.3The Taboo-related Topics (9)3.2.4The Animals-related Taboo (10)3.2.5The Age, Salary, Marriage and Meals-related Taboo (10)Ⅳ.The Disadvantages and Development of Language Taboo (11)4.1The Disadvantages of Language Taboo (11)4.2The Development of Language Taboo (12)Ⅴ.Conclusions (12)References (13)摘要：在英汉两种语言中，都存在着大量的语言禁忌现象。
英汉对比研究word版整理
幻灯片1英汉对比研究Comparative Studies of English and Chinese幻灯片2语言综合研究：结合社会、文化、心理、国情等进行语言本体研究：区别性特征、音位、音节、词素、词、词组、从句、句子、句群、语篇语言美的对比研究：音美、形美、意美、民族的审美观念对语言美的干预幻灯片3综合语与分析语（Synthetic vs. Analytic）综合语：运用形态变化来表达语法关系的语言。
A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationship”.----Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary 分析语：不用形态变化而用词序及虚词来表达语法关系的语言。
n analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”.----The Random House College Dictionary 英语属于综合语，汉语是典型的分析语。
幻灯片4表达语法意义的三大手段：形态变化、词序、虚词一、英语有形态变化，汉语没有严格意义的形态变化。
1.构词形态，即起构词作用的词缀变化（affixation）包括大量的前缀（prefix）和后缀（suffix）。
He moved astonishingly fast.He moved with astonishing rapidity.His movements were astonishingly rapid.His rapid movements astonished us.He astonished us by moving rapidly.幻灯片5Move→moved→movement→movingastonish→astonished→astonishing→astonishinglyrapid→rapidly→rapidity英语有前缀至少187个英语有后缀至少327个英语有词根至少1038个幻灯片6前缀：老、大、小、阿：老李、大李、小李、老虎、阿妹、阿哥后缀：子、头、师、者、度、性、手、家、员、品、汉、化等孔子、胖子、桌子；搞头、甜头；来头、势头；教师、工程师；记者、学者、旁观者；难度、浓度、可信度；可行性、科学性、醋性；凶手、打手、能手；科学家、思想家、艺术家；指挥员、战斗员、演员、伤员；好汉、懒汉、男子汉、门外汉；产品、商品、人品；科学化、正规化、现代化、女性化；幻灯片72、英语有构形形态，即表达语法意义的词形变化，汉语没有。