学术英语pre总结
Unit 11.Do you agree that it is sheer neuron overload on the doctor side that leads to thecomplaint that doctors don’t listen? (Pre. 1)Neuron overloadPatients’ high expectationsMistrust and misunderstanding between the patients and physician2.One stray request （偏离正题的要求）from Mrs. Osorio sends the delicatelybalanced three-ring circus tumbling down. (Pre. 4)The author was in moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. O sorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them allMrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent—and completely justified—request”: the form signed by her doctorThe doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patients while completing documentationThe doctor could no longer handle everything properly.pare multitasking in human beings and in the computer field. (Pre. 5) Multitasking originated in computer science.Microprocessors in fact linear, actually performing only one task at a time Multitasking is just as an illusion both in computer and humans.At best, human juggling only a handful of thoughts in this mannerThe more thoughts we juggle, the less we are able to attune fully to any given thought.Ve numbers to justify that it is juggling mind that keeps doctors awake at night.(Pre. 6)If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves ten thoughts that might get lost in the process.5.Possible solutions to the impossible high-wire act of juggling competing detailsand panicking about slipping a critical one. (Pre. 7)computer-generated reminders (计算机提示)case managers (病例管理人)ancillary services (辅助服务)the simplest: timeUnit 21.What does the author imply by mentioning two choices? (Pre. 1)The war against infectious diseases is not over.If we do not do anything about the reemerging diseases, there will be seriousconsequences.People are wrongly complacent about the prevention and control of infectious diseases.2.Describe the heady days (令人兴奋的日子) of victory declarations and whatfollowed ever since. (Pre. 2)Victory declarationsSurgeon General William Stewart’s hyperbolic (夸张的) statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”A string of (一系列的) impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccinesThe thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overUnexpected outcomeAppearance of new diseases such as AIDS and EbolaComeback of the old afflictionsDiphtheria (白喉) in the former Soviet UnionTB in urban centers like New York CityRising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever (猩红热)The fear of a powerful new flu strain (流感病毒) sweeping the world3.Justify “the realization that world health is indivisible”. (Pre. 4)We can not meet most local needs without proper attention to the health conditions of the globe.National borders are meaningless as pathogenic microbes may spread across the world.4.What are the four areas of focus according to Bob Howard? (Pre. 7)Need for surveillanceUpdated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the fieldAppropriate prevention and controlStrong public health infrastructure (基础设施)5.“Old enemies never dies.” Justify it medically. (Pre. 8)Resurgence of infectious diseasesTBFluDiphtheriaScarlet feverUnit 31.How much do you know about MS and autoimmune disease? (Pre. 2) Symptoms as mentioned by the authorloss of stamina and strength体力和精力下降problems with balance平衡问题bouts of horrific facial pain可怕的脸部疼痛dips in visual acuity视敏度下降Cause as mentioned by the authorthe assault of immune cells on the brain, with possible origin in genetic make-up and/or combination of environmental factorsTreatment as mentioned by the authorInterferon(干扰素) and copolymer-1(共聚物-1)2.What did Terry do before she self-experimented? (Pre. 3)Relearning much of what I had forgotten in my basic science years: cellular physiology, biochemistry and neurophysiology温习了基础科学中遗忘的内容：细胞生理学、生物化学和神经生理学Turning to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types—dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s, and Lou Gehrig’s disease开始研究各种神经退化疾病的相关文章，包括痴呆、帕金森症、亨廷顿舞蹈症和路·盖里格氏病3.What approaches did Terry mainly use to deal with neurodegeneration? (Pre. 4) self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal modelsself-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation still based on literatureonline search to identify the sources of micronutrientsreduction of food allergy and toxic load4.One example to illustrate the correlation between toxic load and disease (Pre. 5) Pesticide/mercury exposure and neurodegeneration接触杀虫剂/汞和神经退化5.What does the tile “The Seventy Percent Solution”mean? (Pre. 6)With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than genetics, we can provide the real solution to many health problems and the health care crisis by changing our environment, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load. Unit 41.Give a brief explanation of the concepts: complementary medicine，alternativemedicine. (Pre. 1)National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)CAM: a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicineComplementary medicine : use of CAM together with conventional medicine Alternative medicine: use of CAM in place of conventional medicine2.Traditional Chinese medicin e as being “affordable, low tech, safe, and effective”? Facilities: simple, inexpensive (needles, cups)Low tech: easy to manage (massage and Tai Chi)Nature of the procedures: mostly noninvasiveThe substances used as medicine: all natural, from raw herbs or abstracts from them Effectiveness: proven and ensured with a long history3.Summarize the clinical uses of acupuncture. (Pre. 3)An adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program fortennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndromeand asthma, post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps.4.Do you think the author is overoptimistic in predicting a wider future use ofacupuncture in the US? (Pre. 4)More intense research with increased funding and scientific vigorMore interest from healthcare providersMore demand from patientsMore push for insurance companies to provide coverage of acupuncture treatment 5.Explain how inappropriate uses of herbs may result in complications. (Pre. 5) Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidanceProper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient正确诊断患者之“证”（病例生理状况）Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas正确选择相应的治疗策略和草药/草药配方挑选原则Misuses of herbs will result in a wide array of complications in patient6.What are the difficulties in investigating herbal therapies? (Pre. 6) Dependence of synthesis of evidence onThe completeness of the literature search (Unavailable for foreign studies)The accuracy of evaluation7.What are the factors to consider when we integrate eastern and westernmedicine?(Pre. 8)Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in societyResearch and educationPolitical, economic and social factorsUnit 51.Clarify the differences between disease and dis-ease. (Pre. 1)Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from a continuous stress, pain and hardships Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-easesEase: the state of being very comfortable and able to live as you want, without any worries or problems.Dis-ease: lack of ease.Disease: the result of lack of ease——an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning.2.Your personal understanding about the claim that Health is a multidimensionalexperience of body, mind and spirit. (Pre. 2)Wellness as a state involving every aspect of our body: body, mind, and spirit Manifestations of a healthy personEnergy and vitality (精力和活力)A certain zip in gait (步伐有力)A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior (内心平和温暖，呈现于行为)3.Illustrate the relationship between life on automatic pilot and wellness. (Pre. 3) Constant messages, positive and negative, sent to our mind about the health of our bodyPhysical symptoms suppressedWellness confused with an absence of symptoms=> Ignore key information about health4.Describe the time of great confusion we live in. (Pre. 4)People’s mind infected by spinhalf-truthfearful fictionsblatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceitSpin as a result of unconscious livingPandemic falsenessShowing up on every front in society and the mediaSpreading to all corners of the globeDeeply embedded in our mindsment on “a culture that values thinking more than feeling and emphasizesreason over intuitive awareness and knowing”. (Pre. 5)Our body intelligence suppressed and dormantTremendous amount of stress on a daily basisLimiting, self-defeating, and even self-destructive behaviors that undermines our well-being and keeps them from achieving our full potential6.Explain the process where we change from “playing full-out” to “play it safe, orplay not to lose”. (Pre. 6)Play full-out:全面发挥Play it safe / play not to lose: 不冒险，避免失败Unable to feel and acknowledge our feelings and the courage to speak out.No sense of self-confidence.Reluctant to take risks.An unconscious and self-protective habit——fear, denial, and disconnection from our bodies and feelings7.Explain how wellness can be established? (Pre. 7)A multi-faceted process (多方面)Issues rooted and resolved in different dimensionsBuilding our wellness toolbox slowlyPicturing our whole state of beingAttention to the little stuff (细节)Wellness not a goal but a processMaintenance of a balance of our mind, body, and spirit8.Make a list of the tips on how to become a fully integrated human being. (Pre. 8) Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciouslyGet in touch with our genuine feelings and emotionsCome to terms with / Make peace with the toxic emotionsUnit 61.How has the end-of-life care changed over time?(Pre.1)In the past: died at homeAt present: stay in hospitals or nursing homes at the end of life2.What advantages does a hospital have over a nursing home for end-of-lifecare?(Pre. 3)Availability of medical resources, including doctors, nurses and facility around the clockAnything else you can add to that?Advantages of Nursing HomePrearranged plans for end-of-life careEstablishment of a relationship between the staff and familyMore personalized carePrivacy arrangement: time alone3.What’s the role of family and friends when the patient is ca red at home? (Pre. 4) Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially；Hiring a home nurse for additional help;Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode)4.What needs to be considered to make comfort care available at home? (Pre. 5) Health insurancePlanning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge planner or a social worker Help from local governmental agenciesDoctor supervision at homeUnit 71.What difficult situation is the young doctor facing? (Pre. 1)A dying patientDecision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start comfort measuresThe family’s refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2.What is paternalistic decision-making in medicine? (Pre. 2)Doctors as exclusive decision makerPatients as participants with little say in the final choice3.In what way can patient empowerment be good for the patient? (Pre. 3) Respect for the patient, especially the patient’s autonomyPatient-centered care4.Why does the author say too much physician restraint may not be that good for thepatient? (Pre. 4)The patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.Patients, at least a large majority, prefer their doctors to make final decisions. Shifting responsibility of decision making to the patients will bring about more stress to the patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain5.What kind of considerations may have prevented doctors from making decisionsfor their patients? (Pre. 5)Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethical transgression. ‘Who am I to presume to know what my patients need?’6.Do you agree that doctors should be prepared to make any decisions together withtheir patients? (Pre. 6)Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decision on their own alone.Balancing between patern alism and respect for patient’s autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.Unit 81.How are research and practice related to each other? (Pre. 1)Practice: interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success.to provide diagnosis, preventive treatment or therapy to particular individuals Research: an activity to test hypothesis, permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledgeexpressed in theories, principles, and statements of relationshipsBlurred distinction 区分模糊Cooccurrence of research and practice in research designed to evaluate a therapy 2.What is the principle of respect for persons? (Pre. 2)Autonomy: Individuals treated as autonomous agentsVoluntary involvement in the researchAdequate informationProtection: Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protectionAn Instructive Example: prisoners involved in researchNot be deprived of the opportunity to volunteer for researchBe subtly coerced or unduly influenced to engage in research activities for which they would not otherwise volunteer3.What is the principle of beneficence? (Pre. 3)Such treatment falls under the principle of beneficence.The term "beneficence" is often understood to cover acts of kindness or charity that go beyond strict obligation.Two rules:1. Do not harm.2. Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms.4.How is the principle of beneficence related to Hippocratic Oath? (Pre. 4) Hippocratic Oath (excerpts)Whatsoever house I may enter, my visit shall be for the convenience and advantage of the patient; and I will willingly refrain from doing any injury or wrong from falsehood…To benefit patients according to the best judgment.Claude Bernard extended to the realm of research5.What concrete examples can be given to illustrate the principle of justice? (Pre. 5) Benefits denied or burdens imposed with no good reason.Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: who should be enrolled and who should not? Equal treatment of equalsDetermining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6.What is informed consent and its application? (Pre. 6)Definition: the opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them ApplicationA process rather than signing a written formAdequate information as the premiseA well-informed decision as the expected result7.What are the considerations involved in selection of human subjects in research?(Pre. 7)Requirement for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for personsRisk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficenceMore requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justiceAt the individual level: fairnessAt the social level: distinction between classes。
学术英语IV-Academic English IV
Words with silent & weak letters
Interview
Role play
Speaking Test (individual assessment – a part of End of Semester (EOS) exams
Week 13
Cloudcampus Week 13
Short answers
Sentences
IELTS reading strategies
Reading comprehension
Synonyms
Adjectives
Week 8
Cloudcampus Week 8
Pre & Post activities.
Pathways to Academic
Group and pair discussion
Critical reading
Avoiding plagiarism
Ongoing: Attendance (5%)
Participation in class & homework (10%)
Participation on Cloudcampus (10%)
Group and pair discussion
Speaking in a tutorial
Short answers
Writing (agree/disagree)
Week 11
Cloudcampus Week 11
Pre & Post activities.
Pathways to Academic
Pathways to Academic
英文论文的结论部分写作要点
英文论文的结论部分写作要点（结论、致谢）8.1 如何写结论学术文章的结论部分(Conclusion)是作者对有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。
结论必须具有严密的科学性和客观性，它反映本研究课题的价值，同时对以后的研究具有指导意义。
如果文章中的Discussion一节已对研究结果进行了全面的分析、综合、归纳、推理和总结，那么Conclusion 则可以比较简短。
从某种意义上说，Conclusion与Introduction遥相呼应，因为Introduction部分介绍了本课题的研究目的，那么Conclusion要告诉读者这些目的是否达到，在研究中做了哪些工作，取得了什么结果，这些结果说明了什么问题，有何价值和意义，研究过程中存在或发现了哪些问题，原因是什么，建议如何解决等。
8.1.1 结论部分的内容与结构布局一般来说，结论部分的具体内容及其组织框架如下。
(1) 概括说明本课题的研究内容、结果及其意义与价值。
(2) 比较具体地说明本研究证明了什么假设或理论，得出了什么结论，研究结果有何实用价值，有何创造性成果或见解，解决了什么实际问题，有何应用前景等。
(3) 与他人的相关研究进行比较。
(4) 本课题的局限性、不足之处，还有哪些尚待解决的问题。
(5)展望前景，或指出进一步研究的方向。
在上面五项内容中，第一、二项是必不可少的。
第三、四、五项内容可以根据需要而定。
例Overall, our study has revealed a variety of patterns at the community and population levels, none of which seem to indicate obvious decline in southeastern Ohio's oak-hickory (橡树与山核桃科树木) forests. 2Clearly, sporadic insect outbreaks, pathogens (病菌), and climatic events have caused excessive mortality of certain species in certain stands (树林). 3Some stands exhibited mortality as high as 40%. 4However, an average of 20% dead stems in a stand appears to be reasonable without inferring excessive mortality or decline. 5Likewise, certain species were in an obvious state of decline, but these generally had a clear pathogenic explanation. 6Changes occurring due to insects and pathogens may be a natural and necessary phenomenon (Castello et al. 1995). 7Evaluation of decline symptoms in smaller size classes might provide additional useful information to be used in understanding the oak regeneration problem.分析：例3摘自一篇关于俄亥俄东南部地区橡树与山核桃科树木生长状况的研究论文。
学术英语+医学+Unit3
the trials for the Pan American Games • attended medical school, practiced as an internal
medicine residency, became an academic general internist • married and got a son and a daughter
Symptoms as mentioned by the author
• loss of stamina and strength • problems with balance • bouts of horrific facial pain • dips in visual acuity
Unit 3
Cause as mentioned by the author • the assault of immune cells on the brain, with possible
origin in genetic make-up or/and combination of environmental factors
3. What did Terry do before she self-experimented? (Pre. 3)
• Picking up basic science such as cellular physiology, biochemistry and neurophysiology
学术英语 Unit 1
Language Focuses
Colonoscopy colon（o）-
colon（结肠）
colonoscope
Neuron overload Patients‟ high expectations Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patients and physician
A case in point to exemplify how many details a doctor needsion (Pre. 2)
A 56-year-old woman Somewhat overweight Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension cholesterol on the high side without any medications for this Not as much exercise as she should Thinning of her bones on last DEXA scan Stressful but good about keeping her appointments and getting her blood tests Generally healthy
Vocabulary derived from French and Latin is not used. Colloquial terms, slangs and many phrasal verbs are common.
英语单词记忆的词根词缀总结-amaor编辑
英语单词记忆的词根词缀总结作者：张传东一. 常见的前缀1.表示否定意义的前缀1)纯否定前缀a-, an-, asymmetry（不对称）anhydrous（无水的）dis- dishonest, dislikein-, ig-, il, im, ir, incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible, immoral, illegal, irregular ne-, n-, none, neither, nevernon-, noesenseneg-, neglectun- unable, unemployment2)表示错误的意义male-, mal-, malfunction, maladjustment(失调) mis-, mistake, misleadpseudo-, pseudonym(假名), pseudoscience3)表示反动作的意思de-, defend, demodulation(解调)dis-, disarm, disconnectun-, unload, uncover4)表示相反，相互对立意思anti-, ant- antiknock( 防震), antiforeign,(排外的)contra-, contre-, contro-, contradiction, controflow(逆流)counter-, counterreaction, counterbalance ob-, oc-, of-, op-, object, oppose, occupy with-, withdraw, withstand2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀1)a- 表示“在……之上”，“向……”aboard, aside,2)by- 表示“附近，邻近，边侧”bypath, bypass(弯路)3)circum-, circu-, 表示“周围，环绕，回转” circumstance, circuit4)de-, 表示“在下，向下”descend, degrade5)en-, 表示“在内，进入”encage, enbed(上床)6)ex-, ec-, es-, 表示“外部，外”exit, eclipse, expand, export7)extra-, 表示“额外”extraction （提取）8)fore- 表示“在前面”forehead, foreground9)in-, il-, im-, ir-, 表示“向内，在内，背于” inland, invade, inside, import10)inter-, intel-, 表示“在……间，相互” international, interaction, internet11)intro-, 表示“向内，在内，内侧” introduce, introduce12)medi-, med-, mid-, 表示“中，中间” Mediterranean, midposition13)out-, 表示“在上面，在外部，在外”outline, outside, outward14)over-, 表示“在上面，在外部，向上” overlook, overhead, overboard15)post-, 表示"向后，在后边，次”postscript(附言)，16)pre-, 表示"在前”在前面”prefix, preface, preposition17)pro-, 表示“在前，向前”progress, proceed,18)sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, 表示“在下面，下”subway, submarine, suffix, suppress, supplement19)super-, sur-, 表示“在…..之上”superficial, surface, superstructure20)trans-, 表示“移上，转上，在那一边” translate, transform, transoceanic21)under-, 表示“在…..下面，下的”underline, underground, underwater22)up-, 表示“向上，向上面，在上”upward, uphold, uphill(上坡)3. 表示时间，序列关系的前缀1)ante-, anti-, 表示“先前，早于，预先” antecedent, anticipate, 2)ex-, 表示“先，故，旧”expresident, exhusband3)fore-, 表示“在前面，先前，前面” foreward, dorecast, foretell(预言)4)mid-, medi-, 表示“中，中间” midnight, midsummer5)post-"表示“在后，后”postwar,6)pre-, pri-, 表示“在前，事先，预先” preheat, prewar, prehistory7)pro-, 表示“在前，先，前”prologue(序幕)，prophet(预言家)8)re-, 表示“再一次，重新”retell, rewrite4. 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀1)by-, 表示“副，次要的”byproduct, bywork(副业)2)extra-,表示“超越，额外” extraordinary,3)hyper- 表示“超过，极度”hypersonic(超声波), hypertesion(高血压)4)out-,表示“超过，过分”outdo(超过), outbid(出价过高的人)5)over-，表示“超过，过度，太” overeat, overdress, oversleep6) sub-, suc-, sur-, 表示“低，次，副，亚” subeditor, subordinate, subtropical(亚热带)7)super-, sur- 表示“超过”supernature, superpower, surplus, surpass8)under-,表示“低劣，低下”undersize, undergrown, underproduction(生产不足)9)vice- 表示“副，次”vicepresident, vicechairman5. 表示共同，相等意思的前缀1)com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co- 表示“共同，一起”。
专门-学术用途英语(ESP-EAP)的批判性探索
专门/学术用途英语(ESP/EAP)的 批判性探索
关于ESP重新定位与课程设置的思考
小结
专门用途英语与一般用途英语之间存在辩证 统一关系 “大学英语向专门用途英语过渡” 的提法 至少在理论上欠缺一定的准确性 专门用途英语等同于专业英语的提法也是对 专门用途英语的概念性误解 开设“学术用途英语”课程是必要而且可行 的
政策导向：1999年《大纲》规定“专业英语是大学基础英语后的 选修课程”，“专业英语课原则上由专业教师承担，外语系（部、 教研室）可根据具体情况予以配合和协助”。 2001年9月教育部颁发文件，提出“本科教育要创造条件使用英语 等外语进行公共课和专业课教学，力争三年内,外语教学课程达到 所开课程的5%—10%。” 一年后，教育部又制订了《本科教学工 作水平评估指标体系》，明确规定A级标准学校专业双语教学的开 设门数应不低于8%。 2002年大学英语教学改革后，大学英语教师开设选修课程，但大 多选择“英美报刊阅读”、“英美概况”等主题。
学术用途英语教学是大学英语老师能力所及
学术英语比专业英语更适合大学英语教师 前者需要的专业知识背景远比后者需要的低得 多。由于学术英语课程如学术讲座听力、国际 会议英语、报告陈述演示、科技论文写作、文 献阅读与检索等等主要是语言教学，是培养学 生进行专业学习的英语技能，而非内容教学， 不是教授专业知识的，因此大多数大学英语教 师只需要进行一定的培训和准备都能开设的。 在国外，EAP教学一直都有由没有任何专业知 识背景的英语教师承担的（Jordan，1997)， 但是：
大学英语四六级常见词根词缀大总结归纳
常见词根词缀大总结第一部分词根1.ag做,动agency'eidnsin.中介；代理,代理机构agent中t变为cyagenda'dendn.议事日程agent'eidntn.代理人ag+ent名词性后缀agentialei'denla.代理人的agent+ial形容词后缀agitate'diteitv.鼓动；煽动；搅动；使不安定ag+it+ate动词后缀agitated'diteitida.不安的；激动的agitate+dagitation,di'teinn.鼓动；煽动agitate的名词agitator'diteitn.鼓动者；煽动者agitate的名词2.ann年anniversary,ni'v:srin.周年纪念日；周年纪念ann+i+vers转+aryannual'njula.每年的；年度的ann+ualperennialp'renila.全年的；四季不断的enn由ann改写而来,per从头至尾的+enn+ialsemiannual,semi'njula.半年一次的semi一半+annual3.audi听audience':dinsn.听众；观众audi+ence名词性后缀audio':diua.声音的；录音的audit':ditv.旁听；审计audi+t……的动作→在旁边听audition:'dinn.听觉；听audi+tion名词性后缀auditor':ditn.旁听生；审计员audit+or……的人auditorium,:di't:rimn.听众席；观众席；礼堂audi+to+rium……的地方auditory':dtria.听觉的audit+ory4.ced行走antecede,nti'si:dv.居……之先ante+cedeantecedent,nti'si:dnta.先行的；先前的ante时间上靠前的+ced+entantecessor,nti'sesn.先行者；先驱者ante+cess=ced+or名词后缀exceedik'si:dv.超过；越过；胜过ex超出,强调,超过+ceed,ceed为ced的改写precedepri'si:dv.先于；走在……前面cede为ced的变形,pre在……之前+cedeprecedent'presidntn.先例；范例；惯例pre在……之前+ced+ent名词性后缀precedented'presidentida.有先例的,有前例的precedent+ed形容词后缀precedingpri'si:dia.在前的；在先的preced+ingprocedurepr'si:dn.程序；步骤；手续pro+ced走+ure名词性后缀proceedpr'si:dv.行进；前往；继续做pro向前,在前+ceed→向前走recederi'si:dv.逐渐远离；逐渐减弱re+cede动词后缀5.cept拿,取acceptk'septv.接受,领受；承认ac表强调+ceptacceptablek'septbla.可接受的；认可的accept+able形容词后缀acceptancek'septnsn.接受,领受；承认accept+ance名词后缀conceptionkn'sepnn.观念；构想con共同+ception→共同拿,共同取exceptik'septprep.除……之外ex不+cept→不取exceptionik'sepnn.例外；不包括在内的人或物except+ion名词后缀exceptionalik'sepnla.例外的；异常的；卓越的exception+al形容词后缀intercept,int'septv.截取；拦截inter中间+cept→从中间拿6.cid,cis切,杀accident'ksidntn.意外；事故突然不小心切了一下,ac表强调+cid+ent concisekn'saisa.简明的,简洁的,简要的con共同+cise→越切越细decidedi'saidv.决定,下决心；判决de从中间+cide→从中间切decisiondi'sinn.决定；决心；决策decis+ion名词后缀decisivedi'saisiva.决定性的decis+ivehomicide'hmisaidn.杀人；杀人者homi向别人+cide→切别人insecticidein'sektisaidn.杀虫剂insect昆虫+icide→能杀昆虫precisepri'saisa.明确的；准确的,精确的pre在……前面+cise→在前面切precisionpri'sinn.精确,准确；细致pre在……之前+cis+ion名词后缀suicide'sju:isaidn.自杀；自杀者sui自己+cide→自己切自己7.circ环,圆circle's:kln.圆圈；环状物circ+le小物体circuit's:kitn.环行；电路；回路circu+itcircuitys'kju:itin.说话等的转弯抹角,绕圈子circui+ty名词后缀circular's:kjula.圆形的,环形的circul+ar形容词后缀circulate's:kjuleitv.循环；环流；流通circul+ate动词后缀circulation,s:kju'leinn.循环；环流；流通circulat+ion名词后缀circulative's:kjuleitiva.循环性的；流通性的circulat+ive形容词后缀encirclein's:klv.包围；环绕en使动用法+circlesemicircle'semi,s:kln.半圆semi一半+circle8.claim,clam喊叫acclaim'kleimv.欢呼；喝彩ac+claimacclamation,kl'meinn.欢呼；喝彩ac+clamationacclamatory'kl mtria.欢呼的；喝彩的acclamat+oryclaimkleimv.声称；主张；索取exclaimik'skleimv.呼喊；惊叫ex表强调+claimexclamation,ekskl'meinn.呼喊；惊叫；感叹exclamat+ion名词后缀proclaimpr'kleimv.宣告；声明pro向前+claimreclaimri'kleimv.取回；要求归还；开垦re+claim9.clud关闭concludekn'klu:dv.结束,终止；断定con共同+clude→共同关闭conclusionkn'klu:nn.结局；结论conclus+ion名词后缀conclusivekn'klu:siva.结论性的；确凿的conclus+ive形容词后缀excludeik'sklu:dv.不包括；排斥；拒绝接纳ex出,外+cludeexclusiveik'sklu:siva.排外的,排他的；专有的exclus+iveincludein'klu:dv.包含,包括in向内+clude→向内关闭inclusionin'klu:nn.包含,包括inclus+ion名词后缀inclusivein'klu:siva.包括在内的,包括的inclus+ive形容词后缀10.cogn知道cognitionkɡ'ninn.认识；认知cogni+tion名词后缀cognitive'kɡnitiva.认识的；认知的cogni+tive形容词后缀precognition,pri:kɡ'ninn.预知,先知pre在……之前+cognitionrecognition,rekg'ninn.认出；认识；认可recognit+ion名词后缀recognize'rekɡnaizv.认识；认出；认可re表示反复+cognize→再次认识11.cred相信,信任accredit'kreditv.相信；委任；把……归因于ac表强调+creditcredibility,kred'biltin.可信；可靠cred+ibility名词后缀credible'kredbla.可信的；可靠的cred+ible可以……的credit'kreditv.信任；相信creditable'kreditbla.可信的；值得赞扬的credit+ablediscreditdis'kreditv.使不相信；丧失信誉dis使丧失+creditincrediblein'kredbla.不可信的in否定前缀+credible12.cur关心,挂念curable'kju:rbla.可医治的；可治好的cur+able可以……的curative'kjurtiva.能治病的；有效的cur+ative形容词后缀curekjuv.医治,治疗cur+e动词后缀→你的关心医治好了一个人的病curiosity,kjuri'stin.好奇心；奇物,珍品curios+ity名词后缀curious'kjurisa.奇怪的；好奇的,求知欲强的curi+ous形容词后缀incuriosity,inkjuri'stin.不新奇；无好奇心；不关心in否定前缀+curiosity securesi'kjua.安全的；无忧的securitysi'kjurtin.安全一直关心的事物→安全13.cur,curs,cour,cours跑corridor'krid:n.走廊需要跑的地方→走廊coursek:sn.行程；课程；路程cours+ecurriculumk'rikjulmn.课程curri+culum学术后缀excurseik'sk:sv.远足；短途旅行ex向外+curse→向外走excursionik'sk:nn.远足；短途旅行excur+sion名词后缀occur'k:v.出现；发生oc跑了出来+cur→发生occurrence'k:rnsn.出现；发生；发生的事occurr+ence名词后缀recurri'k:v.再发生；复发；重新浮现re反,再一次+cur14.dict言,说contradict,kntr'diktv.反驳；相矛盾,相抵触contra互相+dict→互相说dictatedik'teitv.口授；命令dict+ate动词后缀dictatordik'teitn.独裁者,专政者；口授者dictat+or→一个人说diction'diknn.措词；吐字dict+ion名词后缀dictionary'diknrin.字典,词典把说话人所言集合在一起→词典indicate'indikeitv.指示；指出；表明in表强调+dicateindictin'daitv.控告；起诉in着重前缀+dictinterdict,int'diktv.制止；禁止inter从中间+dict→从中间说predictpri'diktv.预言；预告pre在……之前+dict→事情发生之前就说predictablepri'diktbla.可预言的；可预报的predict+able可以……的unpredictablenpr'dktbla.不可预言的；不可预报的un否定前缀+predictable15.dit给edit'editv.编辑e表强调+diteditioni'dinn.版；版本edit+ion名词后缀editor'editn.编者；编辑edit+or……的人editorial,edi't:rila.编者的；编辑的n.社论editor+ial形容词后缀16.duc引导conduct'kndktv.引导；实施；指挥con共同+duct→从两边共同引导educate'edju:keitv.教育e表强调+duc+ate动词后缀inducein'dju:sv.引诱,诱使in+duceinducementin'dju:smntn.引诱,劝诱induce+ment名词后缀introduce,intr'dju:sv.引进；介绍intro中间+duce→从中间引导两个人认识→介绍introduction,intr'dknn.引进；介绍introduct+ion名词后缀producepr'dju:sv.出产；生产；制造pro不断,持续+duce→不断引导product'prdktn.产品；产物ce变为treduceri'dju:sv.减少,缩减re向下+ducereproduce,ri:pr'dju:sv.再生产,再制造；复制re再一次+produce 17.equ等,均,平adequate'dikwita.足够的；充分的；适当的ade表强调+quateequal'i:kwla.相等的,平等的；相同的equ+alequalityi:'kwltin.同等；平等equal+ity名词后缀equalize'i:kwlaizv.使相等；使平等equal+ize使动后缀equationi'kweinn.平衡,均衡；等式equ+ation名词后缀equatori'kweitn.赤道equat+orequivalencei'kwivlnsn.相等；均等equival+ence名词后缀equivalenti'kwivlnta.相同的；相等的equi+val价值+ent18.fer带,拿conferkn'f:v.协商；交换意见一起拿→协商conference'knfrnsn.会议；讨论会confer+ence名词后缀differ'difv.不同,相异dif向两边+fer→向两边拿offer'fv.提出；提供o表强调+f+feroffering'frin.提供；祭品offer+ingtransfertr ns'fv.转移；转让；转乘trans转移+fer19.flu流defluent'deflunta.向下流的de向下+flu+ent形容词后缀fluency'flu:nsin.流利,流畅fluen+cy名词后缀fluent'flu:nta.流动的；流畅的flu+ent形容词后缀fluid'flu:ida.流动的；流体的flu+id形容词后缀fluidityflu'idtin.流动性；易变性fluid+ity名词后缀influence'influnsn.影响；感化,感动in表强调+fluencerefluence'reflunsn.倒流,逆流re向后+fluence20.fus灌,流,倾泻confusekn'fju:zv.使迷惑；混淆con共同+fuseconfusionkn'fju:nn.困惑；骚乱confus+ion名词后缀infusein'fju:zv.注入；灌输in向内+fuse→向里倒refusalri'fju:zln.拒绝refus+al名词后缀refuseri'fju:zv.拒绝re表示相反的+fuse21.grad步,走,级degradedi'ɡreidv.下降；退化de向下+gradedowngrade'daunɡreidv.降级；贬低down向下+gradegradationɡr'deinn.等级；层次gradat+ion名词后缀gradeɡreidn.等级；年级；级别gradual'ɡr dula.逐渐的,逐步的grad+ual形容词后缀graduate'ɡr dueitv.毕业gradu+ate动词后缀graduation,ɡr du'einn.毕业graduat+ion名词后缀postgraduatepust'ɡr dutn.研究生post在……之后+graduate undergraduate,nd'ɡr dutn.本科生under在……下+graduate upgrade'pɡreidv.提升；升级up向上+grade22.gress行走aggression'ɡrenn.侵略,入侵ag表强调+gression→一直走aggressive'ɡresiva.侵略的aggress+ive形容词后缀aggressor'ɡresn.侵略者aggress+or……的人progresspr'ɡresv.前进；进步pro向前+gress→向前走progressivepr'ɡresiva.前进的；进步的progress+ive形容词后缀23.it行走exit'eksitv.离去；退场向外走→出口initiatei'niieitv.开始；创始；使入门initiationi,nii'einn.开始；创始initiat+ion名词后缀initiativei'nitivn.自发性；主动性initiat+ive形容词后缀transit'tr nsitv.通过；经过；通行trans通过+ittransitiontr n'sinn.过渡；转变transit+ion名词后缀24.ject投掷ejecti'dektv.逐出；喷射；发出e表强调+jectinjectin'dektv.注射；注入；引进in向内+jectinjectionin'deknn.注射inject+ion名词后缀objectb'dektv.反对,不赞成ob向上,向外+jectproject'prdektv.抛出；投掷pro向前+ject→向前投rejectri'dektv.拒绝；抵制；驳回re向后+ject→扔回subjectsb'dektv.使服从,使顺从sub向下+ject→向下扔subjectivesb'dektiva.主语的；主观的subject+ive形容词后缀25.lect选择,收录collectk'lektv.收集；聚集,集合co一起+llect→一块选collectionk'leknn.收藏品；聚集collect+ion名词后缀collectivek'lektiva.集体的,共有的；总体的collect+ive形容词后缀electi'lektv.选举；推选；选择e向外+lect→向外选eligible'elidbla.有被选出资格的；合格的elig+ible可具备词根性质的ineligiblein'elidbla.无被选资格的；不合格的in否定前缀+eligible neglectni'ɡlektv.忽视；疏忽neg不,没有+lectnegligence'neɡlidnsn.疏忽；失误negligen+ceselectsi'lektv.选择；挑选se分开+lect→分开选26.liter文字,字母illiteracyi'litrsin.不识字；没文化illiter+acy名词后缀illiteratei'litrta.不识字的；文盲的il否定前缀+literateliteracy'litrsin.有读写能力；有文化liter+acy名词后缀literal'litrla.文字的；文字层面的liter+alliterary'litrria.文学的liter+aryliterate'litrta.有读写能力的；有文化的liter+ateliterature'litrtn.文学作品literat+ure名词后缀27.log言,说apologize'pldaizv.道歉；谢罪apolog+ize动词后缀apology'pldin.道歉；谢罪apo向下+logy→向下说话dialogue'dai,lɡn.对话dia两者之间+logue→两者之间说monologue'mnlɡn.独白mono单+logue→一个人说prologue'prulɡn.序言；前言；开场白pro在前面+logue→在前面说的话28.manu手maintainmein'teinv.维持；保持；维修main是manu的改写,main+tain→用手保持maintainablemen'tenbla.可维持的；可保持的maintain+able可以……的maintenance'meintnnsn.保持；维持；维护mainten+ance名词后缀manual'm njula.手工的；体力的n.手册；指南manu+al形容词后缀manufacture,mnju'fktn.制造；加工manu+fact做+ure→用手做manufacturer,mnju'fktrn.制造者；加工商manufactur+er……的人manuscript'm njuskriptn.手写本；手稿manu+script稿子→手稿29.merg沉,没emergei'm:dv.出现,浮现；显露e向外+mergeemergencei'm:dnsn.出现,浮现emerg+enceemergencyi'm:dnsin.紧急情况；突发事件emergen+cyemergenti'm:dnta.浮现的；新生的；紧急的emerg+entimmersei'm:sv.沉浸；使陷入im向内+mer+se→向内沉没submergesb'm:dv.浸水；淹没；陷入sub向下+merge30.mini小administerd'ministv.掌管；执行；治理ad表动作+minister diminishdi'miniv.使变小；降低di使向下,降+mini+sh动词后缀minify'minifaiv.使变小；使缩小mini+fy使成为词根性质minim'minimn.微量,小量mini+mminimize'minimaizv.使最小化；降低；贬低minim+ize使动用法minimum'minimmn.最低限度；最少量mini+mum量,度minister'ministn.部长；大臣mini+ster→皇帝面前自称小人minor'maina.较小的；较少的；未成年的min+orminoritymai'nrtin.少数；少数民族；未成年minor+ity31.miss投,送,发dismissdis'misv.开除；免职；解散dis分开+missemissioni'minn.发出；射出；排放emiss+ion名词后缀emiti'mitv.散发；发射；发出e向外+mit→向外发送missile'misailn.投射物；导弹miss+i+le小东西mission'minn.使命；代表团miss+ionpromise'prmisv.允诺,许诺pro在……之前+miseremitri'mitv.汇付,汇款；免除re向后+mitremittanceri'mitnsn.汇付,汇款remitt+ancetransmissiontr nz'minn.传送；发射；播送transmiss+ion名词后缀transmittr nz'mitv.传输；传送；传播trans穿越,传送+mit32.nomin名nominal'nminla.名义上的；有名无实的nomin+al形容词后缀nominate'nmineitv.提名；任命；选定nomin+ate动词后缀nomination,nmi'neinn.提名；任命nomin+ationnominator'nmineitn.提名者；任命者nomin+ator……的人nominee,nmi'ni:n.被任命者；被提名者nomin+ee被动的人33.nov新innovate'inveitv.创新；改革in表强调+novateinnovation,in'veinn.创新；改革innov+ationinnovative'inveitiva.革新的；创新的innova+tiveinnovator'inveitn.改革者；创新者innovat+or……的人novel'nvla.新奇的n.小说nov+elnovelist'nvlistn.小说家novel+ist……的人novelty'nvltin.新奇；新颖；新奇的事物novel+tyrenovate'renveitv.翻新；修复re反复+novate34.pos放置depositdi'pzitn.寄存；存放；存款de取消+positdisposaldi'spuzln.清除；处理dispos+aldisposedi'spuzv.布置；安排；of清除；处理dis向下+posedisposition,disp'zinn.布置；安排；性情disposit+ionexposeik'spuzv.暴露；揭露；使面临ex向外+pose→放在外面exposureik'spun.暴露；揭露；面临expos+ureinterpose,int'puzv.插入,介入其中,干预inter在中间+pose→在中间放oppose'puzv.反对；抵制；阻挠op反着+pose→反着放opposition,p'zinn.反对；反抗；对手opposi+tion35.rect正,直correctionk'reknn.改正,修正cor两边共同+rectioncorrectork'rektn.校正者；校正器correct+or……人incorrect,ink'rekta.错误的,不正确的in否定前缀+correctrectify'rektifaiv.纠正；整顿recti+fy动词使动用法36.sect切割sectile'sektila.可切的sect+ile可以做的section'seknn.切开,切断；部分；部门sect+ionsectional'seknla.部分的；剖面的section+al形容词后缀37.spect看aspect'spektn.方面；样子,外表a表强调+spectconspicuouskn'spikjusa.显眼的；显着的con共同的+spicuous→大家共同看见的expectationekspek'teinn.预期；期待；盼望ex向外+pect+ation名词后缀→向外看inspectin'spektv.检查；查看；视察in向内+spect→向内看prospect'prspektn.展望；前景；前程pro向前+spectrespectri'spektvt.尊敬,尊重re+spect→来回地看suspects'spektv.怀疑；不信任su向下+spectsuspiciouss'spisa.可疑的；令人怀疑的；不信任的suspi+cious38.tect掩盖detectdi'tektv.发现；查明de反+tect→不掩盖detectiondi'teknn.发现；察觉；侦查detect+ionprotectionpr'teknn.保护；防卫；防护物pro在之前+tection→在发生之前就盖起来protectivepr'tektiva.保护的；防护的protect+iveunprotected,npr'tektida.无保护的；未设防的un反义前缀+protected39.vac空vacancy'veiknsin.空缺；空额；空虚vacan+cyvacant'veiknta.空的；未被占用的；无神的vac+ant形容词后缀vacationv'keinn.休假；假期vac+ation名词后缀40.ven来avenue'vnju:n.林荫道；道路；大街a+ven+ue名词后缀→大家都可以来的地方→大街convenekn'vi:nv.召集；集合con共同+veneconventionkn'vennn.集会,大会；习俗con共同+vention→两边共同来intervene,int'vi:nv.介入；介于……之间；阻碍；inter中间+vene→从中间来intervention,int'vennn.介入；调停；妨碍intervent+ionrevenue'revnju:n.税收；财政收入；收益re向后+venue41.vert转advertise'dvtaizv.为……做广告；宣传ad表强调+vertiseconvertkn'v:tvt.使转变；使改变con两边共同+vert→两边共同转diversifydai'v:sifaiv.使多样化；使不同；使变化di分开+ver+si+fy使动diversiondai'v:nn.转移；偏离；消遣diver+sion名词后缀divertdai'v:tv.使转向；转移；使娱乐di分开+vertdivorcedi'v:sv.离婚；分离vor为vert的改写,di分开+vorcereverseri'v:sv.撤销；反转a.相反的；反面的re后退+versereversionri'v:nn.倒退；回复；归还revers+ionversion'v:nn.变体；版本；改写本ver+sion一个版本42.viv活revivalri'vaivln.再流行；复兴reviv+alreviveri'vaivv.使复苏；恢复；使重做re再一次+viv+e动词后缀revivifyri:'vivifaiv.使再生,使复活；使恢复健康re再一次+vivi+fy动词后缀survivals'vaivln.幸存；幸存事物surviv+alsurvives'vaivv.幸免于难；幸存sur在……之后+vive→事情发生后还活着survivors'vaivn.幸存者；生还者surviv+or……的人vivid'vivida.鲜艳的；生动的viv+idvivify'vivifaiv.使生动；使活跃viv+i+fy使动用法第二部分---- 词缀之前缀1.a-“不,无,非”acentrica.无中心的,离心的a+centric中心的→无中心的amorala.与道德无关的；不分是非的a+moral道德的→不道德的asexuala.无性别的a+sexual性别的→无性别的2.ab-,abs-“相反,变坏,离去”abductv.诱拐；劫持；绑架ab+duct引导→引走→诱拐abjecta.凄惨的；卑躬屈膝的；自卑的ab+ject抛→被抛弃很凄惨→凄惨的abnormala.反常的；不正常的；变态的ab+normal正常的→反常的abscisev.切除abs+cise剪→剪掉→切除abscondv.潜逃；逃遁abs+cond藏→藏起来→潜逃absenta.缺席；不存在ab+sent出现→没有出现→缺席absorbv.吞并；吸收；掌握ab+sorb吸收→吸收掉abstainv.弃权；戒除；离开abs+tain拿住→不再拿住→放弃、弃权abstractv.抽取；分离a.抽象的abs+tract拉→被拉开→分离abusev.滥用；辱骂ab+use用→用坏→滥用3.ac-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-“一再,倾向”acclaimv.欢呼,喝彩ac+claim主张→欢呼affirmv.肯定属实；断言；申明af+firm坚定→肯定aggressionn.侵略；攻击性ag+gress走+ion→一再往前走→进攻announcev.通告an+nounce讲述→通告applausen.喝彩；鼓掌ap+please赞扬→一再赞扬→鼓掌arrivev.到达；抵达；到来ar+rive河→到达河边→抵达assurev.肯定；使确信；查明as+sure确定→一再确定→肯定attestv.证实；作证；证明at+test试验→一再试验→证实4.ad-“一再,做……,加强……”adaptv.适应；使适合ad+apt能力→有适应能力addictv.使入迷；使沉溺n.瘾君子；对……入迷的人ad+dict说→一再说起→感兴趣、入迷adherev.黏附；附着；坚持ad+here粘→粘在一起→黏附adjacenta.邻近的；与……毗连的ad+jacent躺→躺在一起→邻近的adjustv.调整；适应；整理ad+just合理的,恰当的→加强合理性→调整adoptv.选用；收养；采纳ad+opt选择→选出来→选用、采纳5.an-“不,无”anarchismn.无政府主义an+arch统治+ism→无统治→无政府主义anechoica.无反响的；无回声的an+echo回声+ic→无回声的anonymousa.匿名的；不知姓名的an+onymous署名的→匿名的6.ana-“在旁边,分开”analogousa.类似的；类似的analogy的形容词analogyn.类比；比拟ana+logy讲话→在旁边讲→讲一样的东西→类似analysisn.分析ana+lysis分开→分开来→分析7.ante-“前面,先”antecedentn.前事aute+ced走+ent→走在前面的事→前事antedatev.提前写日期；先于,早于ante+date日期→提前写日期anteriora.前面的ante+erior……的→前面的8.anti-“反,反对,相反”antibacteriala.抗菌的anti+bacterial细菌的→抗菌的antibodyn.抗体anti+body身体→抗体antipathyn.反感；厌恶anti+pathy感情→反感antithesisn.对立anti+thesis观点→对立antiwara.反战的anti+war战争→反战的9.bi-“两个,双”biannuala.一年两次的bi+annual年度的→一年两次的bienniala.两年一次的bi+enn年+ial→两年一次的bilinguala.双语种的；用两种语言的bi+lingu语言+al→双语的10.by-“在旁边,副的,辅的”bygonea.很久以前的；过往的by+gone离去的→过往的bypassn.旁道v.绕开；避开by+pass经过→绕开byproductn.副产品；副作用by+product产品→副产品11.cata-“向下,相反,离开”cataclysmn.大灾难,大变动cata＋clysm洪水,冲→被洪水冲掉→大灾难catalogn.目录cata＋log说→在下面要说的话→目录cataractn.大瀑布cata+ract冲→向下冲→瀑布catastrophen.灾难,大祸；不幸事件cata+strophe转→转下去→灾难临头12.circum-“环绕,周围”circumferencen.圆周；圆周长circum+fer带来+ence→带来一圈→周长circumnavigatev.环绕……航行circum+navigate航行→绕……航行circumspecta.小心谨慎的；考虑周密的circum+stance站→站在周围→环境circumventv.回避circum+vent走→在周围走→回避13.col-“共同”collaborationn.协作；合着col+labor劳动+ation→共同劳动→协作collapsev.倒塌；崩溃；暴跌col+lapse滑倒→全部滑倒→倒塌collatev.校对col+late放→放到一起→校对collocatev.连用；搭配col+loc地方+ate→放在同一地方→连用correspondv.通信；符合cor+respond反应→共同反应→相互通信corrupta.腐败的；变坏的cor+rupt断→全部断→变坏的,腐败的14-,con-“共同”combinev.联合,结合；兼备com+bine捆→捆在一起→结合commemoratev.纪念com+memor记住+ate→大家一起记住→纪念commendv.赞扬；推荐com+mend信任；命令→大家信任→赞扬；推荐compassionn.同情com+passion情感→共同的情感→同情compatriotn.同胞；同国人com+patriot爱国者→一起爱国的人→同胞concentrica.同心的con+centric中心的concludev.结束；总结con+clude关闭→全部关闭→结束contemporarya.同时代的con+tempor时间+ary→同时间的15.contra-“反对,相反”contrabandn.走私品contra+band命令→违反命令做事→走私contradictv.反驳；矛盾contra+dict说→反着说→反驳contrarya.相反的；相对立的contra+ary→相反的contravenev.违反,违背contra+vene走→反着走→违反16.counter-“反对,相反”counteractv.对抗；抵消counter+act行为→反着行动→对抗counterbalancev.抗衡；抵消counter+balance平衡→两边一样,达到平衡→抗衡countermandv.撤销；取消counter+mand命令→反命令→撤销命令17.deci-“十分之一”decigramn.十分之一克deci+gram克→十分之一克decimetern.十分之一米deci+meter米→十分之一米18.demi-“半,部分”demi-fixeda.半固定的demi+fixed固定的→半固定的demigodn.半神半人demi+god神→半神半人demirepn.名声不好的女人demi+rep=reputation名声→名声一半不好19.dia-“穿过,二者之间”diagnosev.诊断；判断dia+gnose知道→穿过皮肤知道→诊断diagramn.图表dia+gram→交叉对着画→图表dialoguen.对话dia+logue话→对着说话diametern.直径dia+meter测量→测量圆两者之间→直径diaphanousa.半透明的；精致的dia+phan显示+ous→对面显示影子→透明的20.dis-“不,消失”disappearv.消失dis+appear出现→不出现→消失disarmv.解除武装dis+arm武装→去掉武装dishonesta.不诚实的dis+honest诚实的→不诚实的dislikev.不喜欢；厌恶dis+like喜爱→不喜爱disordern.紊乱；混乱；动乱dis+order顺序→没有顺序→混乱21.e-,ef-“出,出来”effluentn.流出物,污水ef+flu流＋ent→流出ejectv.投出,掷出e+ject掷→掷出elaboratev.详细制定,精心制作a.精工细做的；详尽的e+labor劳动＋ate→劳动做出→精做的emergev.浮现e+merge投入；淹没→淹没的东西出现→浮现evadev.逃出,逃避e+vade走→走出去→逃避22.ex-“前,出来”exaltv.使升高ex+alt高→高出来→升高exceedv.超过,超出ex+ceed走→走在前面→超出excludev.排外ex+clude关闭→关在外面→排外expelv.赶出,逐出ex+pel推→推出去→逐出extractv.提取；选取；获得ex+tract拉→拉出来,拉到前面→选取23.exo-“外部的,外面的”exocrinea.外分泌的exo+crine毛发→外分泌exotica.来自异国的exo+tic→从外面来的→来自异国的24.extra-“以外的,超过的”extracurriculara.课外的extra+curricular课程的→课外的extraneousa.无关的extra+aneous……的→无关的extraordinarya.非凡的；卓越的；令人惊奇的extra+ordinary普通的→超出普通→非凡extrovertn.性格外向者extra+vert转→性格向外转→外向25.fore-“前面,预先”forebodingn.强烈预感fore+bode兆头→预兆forecastv.预料；预报fore+cast扔→预先扔下→预料foreshadowv.预示,暗示fore+shadow影子→预先foreshortenv.提前结束；缩短fore+shorten变短→缩短26.hemi-“半”hemicyclen.半圆形hemi+cycle圆,循环→半圆hemispheren.半球hemi+sphere球→半球27.hepta-“七”heptagonn.七角形hepta+gon角→七角形heptathlonn.七项全能hepta+thlon全能→七项全能28.hexa-“六,有六个的”hexagonn.六角形hexa+gon角→六角形hexahedronn.六面体hexa+hedron面体→六面体29.holo-“全部的”hologramn.全息图holo+gram图→全息图holographica.全息图的holo+graphic图画的→全息图的30.hyper-“超过,太多”hyperbolen.夸张法hyper+bole抛→抛得高→夸张hypercriticala.吹毛求疵的hyper+critical批评的→吹毛求疵的hypertensionn.过度紧张；高血压hyper+tension紧张→过度紧张31.hypo-“下面,次等”hypodermica.皮下的hypo+derm皮+ic→皮下的hypothesisn.假说,假设hypo+thesis论文→还不是正式的理论→假说32.il-,ir-“不,无,使……成为,进入”illegala.非法的il+legal合法的→非法的illiteratea.不识字的il+literate认字的→不识字的illogicala.不合逻辑的；乖戾的il+logical逻辑的→不合逻辑的illuminatev.照亮；使明白il+lumin光+ate→进入光明→照亮illustratev.说明,阐明il+lustr光＋ate→进入光明→说明irregulara.不规则的ir+regular规则的→不规则的33.im-,in-“不,无,非,向内,向里,进入”immortala.长生的；不朽的im+mortal死的→长生的impassivea.无表情的；无动于衷的im+pass感情+ive→没感情impersonatev.扮演,模仿im+person人+ate→不是本人→扮演别人implicita.含蓄的im+plic重叠+it→进入重叠→不直说→含蓄的incapablea.无能力的in+capable有能力的→无能力的incentiven.激励in+cent唱歌+ive→把精神唱进去→激励inconstanta.多变的,无常的in+constant稳定的→无常的injusticen.不公正in+justice公正→不公正34.inter-“在……之间,相互”interactionn.相互影响inter+action行动→相互行动→影响internationala.国际的inter+national国家的→国与国之间→国际的interposev.置于,介入inter+pose放→放在二者之间→介入intervenev.干涉inter+vene走→走在二者之间→干涉35.intra-“在内,内部”intramurala.机构内部的；学校内的intra+mural墙壁的→机构内部的intranetn.内部网络intra+net网络→内部网络36.intro-“向内,入内”introducev.引进；介绍intro+duce引→引进introspectv.内省,反省intro+pect看→向内看→内省introvertn.内向的人intro+vert转→向内转→内向37.iso-“相等,相同”isogenyn.同源iso+geny产生→共同产生→同源isomorphica.同形的iso+morhp形状+ic→同形的38.kilo-“一千”kilogramn.千克kilo+gram克→千克kilometern.千米kilo+meter米→千米39.macro-“宏伟,大”macroeconomicsn.宏观经济学macro+economics经济学→宏观经济学macrostructuren.宏观结构macro+structure结构→宏观结构macroworldn.宏观世界macro+world世界→宏观世界40.mal-“坏,恶”亦作malemalcontentn.不满者mal+content满意的→不满malefactionn.坏事,恶行male+fact做+ion→做坏事malnutritionn.营养不良mal+nutrition营养→营养不良maltreatv.虐待mal+treat对待→虐待41.meta-“超过,改变”metabolismn.新陈代谢mata+bol抛+ism→抛旧变新metamorphismn.变形meta+morph形状+ism→变形metaphorn.隐喻meta+phor带来→语言改变着说→隐喻42.micro-“微小的,规模小的”microben.微生物micro+be=bi生命→小生命→微生物microbiologyn.微生物学micro+bilolgy生物学→微生物学microscopen.显微镜micro+scope看→看小东西→显微镜microwaven.微波micro+wave波→微波li-“千,千分之一”millenniala.一千年的mill+enn年+ial→一千年的millimetern.毫米milli+meter→千分之一米→毫米44.mini-“小”miniaturen.小画像,缩影a.很小的；微型的mini+ature表示物品→小物品→小画像minimala.最低限度的minim=mini+al→最小的miniskirtn.超短裙mini＋skirt裙子→超短裙45.mis-“错误,坏”misanthropen.愤世嫉俗者；厌恶人类的人mis+anthrope人→不喜欢人→厌恶人类的人misfortunen.不幸mis+fortune幸运→不幸mistaken.错误mis+take拿→拿错→错误mistrustn.不信任mis+trust相信→不信任misunderstandv.误解mis+understand理解→误解46.mono-“单个,一个”monologuen.独白mono+logue说话→一个人说话→独白monopolyn.垄断mono+poly→独家卖→垄断monotonousn.单调的mono+ton声音+ous→一个声音→单调的47.multi-“很多,多种”multiculturala.多种文化的multi+cultural文化的→多种文化的multilinguala.多种语言的multi+lingual语言的→多种语言的multiplea.多样的；多功能的multi+pile→多的→多功能的multiplyv.乘；繁殖multi+ply表动词→变多→乘48.non-“不；非”nonchalanta.冷漠的；冷静的non+chalant关心的→不关心的nonconformistn.不遵循传统的人non+conform一致+ist→和传统不一致的人nonexistenta.不存在的non+existent存在的→不存在的49.ob-“逆,倒”,加强意义obliquea.倾斜的；间接的ob+lique歪斜→歪斜的oblivionn.昏迷；忘却,忘记ob+liv活+ion→记忆不活了→昏迷obscurev.使模糊a.无名的；费解的obs=ob+cure关心→不关心→记不住了→模糊obsoletea.过时的；淘汰的ob+solete使用→不使用→过时的50.octa-“八”亦作octooctagonn.八角形octa+gon角→八角形octolaterala.八边的octo+lateral边的→八边的51.omni-“全部,到处”omnipotenta.全能的omni+potent有能力的→全能的omnipresenta.无所不在的omni+present出现的→无所不在的omniscienta.无所不知的；博闻广识的omni+scient知道的→无所不知的52.out-“超过,在外面,离开”outbidv.出价多于他人out+bid出价→出价超出outdov.胜过,战胜out+do做→做得超出别人→胜过outsiden.在外面out+side旁边→在外边outsizea.过大的；特大号的out+size范围,尺寸→超出范围→过大的outwitv.以机智取胜out+wit机智→机智超出别人→智胜53.over-“太,过于,完全地,外面,上空”overactv.举止过火over+act行为→举止过火overcrowdeda.挤满的；过于拥挤的over+crowded拥挤的→过于拥挤的overdosen.药物过量over+dose剂量→药物过量overhangv.悬挂over+hang挂→挂在上空→悬挂overjoyeda.十分高兴的over+joyed高兴→过于高兴overproducev.过度生产over+produce生产→过度生产54.para-“在旁边,超越”paradigmn.范例,示范para+digm显示→在旁边显示→示范paradoxn.矛盾的说法para+dox观点→观点边上有观点→矛盾paragonn.典范para+gon角→旁边顶尖人物→典范paranormala.超常的para+normal正常的角→超常55.pen-“近似,差不多”peninsulan.半岛pen+insula岛→似岛一样→半岛penultimatea.倒数第二的pen+ultimate最终→靠近最终一个→倒数第二56.penta-“五”pentagonn.五角形；五角大楼penta+gon角→五角形pentagramn.五角星形penta+gram写,图→五角形图形pentoxiden.五氧化物pent+penta+oxide氧化物→五氧化物57.per-“贯穿,自始至终,假,坏”perenniala.全年的per+ennial年→全年的perfidyn.不忠,背叛per+fid相信+y→假相信→不忠诚perfunctorya.草率的；敷衍的per+funct作用+ory→没起好作用→草率的perjuryn.伪证,假誓per+jur发誓+y→假发誓permanenta.永恒的；永久的per+man拿住+ent→永久拿住→永恒的perspectiven.观点；透视；景观per+spect看+ive→观点、态度perspirev.出汗per+spire呼吸→全身呼吸→出汗58.poly-“多,复”polyandryn.一妻多夫制poly+andry男人→一妻多夫制polyfunctionala.多功能的poly+functional有功能的→多功能的polygonn.多角形物体poly+gon角→多角形物体59.post-“在后面”；“邮件,邮政”postcardn.明信片post+card卡片→明信片postofficen.邮局post+office局→邮局postponev.推迟post+phone放→放到后面→推迟postwara.战后的post+war战争→战后的60.pre-“……前的,预先”preamblen.前言,绪言pre+amble漫步→走在前面→前言precautionn.预防措施pre+caution小心→预先小心→预防prefixn.前缀pre+fix固定→固定在前面→前缀prehistoryn.史前pre+history历史→史前prepositionn.前置词,介词pre+position位置→位置放在前面→前置词61.pro-“向前,在前,很多……,拥护”profitn.利润,收益pro+fit做→做很多→做得好→利润profligatea.浪费的,挥霍的pro+flig打出+ate→把钱不断的打出去→挥霍progressn.进步；进程pro+gress走→向前走proliferatev.繁殖,增殖pro+lifer带来+ate→带来很多生命→繁殖prologuen.前言,序言pro+logue说→在前面说→前言promotev.促进；提升pro+mote动→向前动→促进62.quadri-“四”quadranglen.四角形quadr+angle角→四角形quadrilaterala.四边的quadri+lateral边→四边的63.re-“向后,相反,不”reflectv.回想；反射re+flect弯曲→向后弯曲→反射resistv.反抗,抵抗re+sist站→反着站→反抗retractv.缩回；撤回re+tract拉→拉回,缩回retreatv.退后,撤退re+treat拉→拉回来→撤退reversev.颠倒；撤销；交换re+verse转→反转→颠倒revoltv.反叛n.反抗re+volt转→反过转→反叛64.retro-“向后,倒退”retrogradea.倒退的；退化的retro+grade走→向后走的→倒退的retrogressv.倒退,退化retro+gress走→向后走→倒退retrospectn.回顾,回想retro+spect看→向后看→回顾65.se-“分开,离开,区别开”secedev.正式退出组织se+cede走→走开→退出secludev.和别人隔离；隐居se+clude关闭→分开关→隐居的seditionn.煽动叛乱sed=se+it走+ion→分开走→煽动叛乱seducev.勾引,诱惑se+duce引→引走→勾引别人segregatev.隔离se+greg群+ate→和人群分开→隔离66.semi-“半”semiautomatica.半自动的semi+automatic自动的→半自动的semicirclen.半圆semi+circle圆→半圆semiconductorn.半导体semi+conductor导体→半导体67.sub-“在下面,次一等,副手”subduev.征服；减轻sub+due从属→从属在下面→征服subliminala.潜意识的sub+limin门槛+al→在门槛下→在意识之下→潜意识的submergev.沉没,淹没sub+merge淹没→淹没下去→沉没submissivea.恭顺的；听话的sub+missive送出→恭顺的subordinatea.下级的；附属的sub+ordin顺序+ate→顺序在下→下级的subscribev.捐献,订购sub+scribe写→在下面写上名字→订购68.suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-“在……下面”succeedv.成功suc+ceed走→从下走到上面→成功succincta.简洁的,简明的suc+cinct捆→在下面先捆好→简洁的sufferv.受苦；遭受suf+fer带→带到下面去→受苦suffusev.弥漫,染遍suf+fuse流→流下去→流遍,染遍supplantv.排挤,取代sup+plant种植→种在下面,把上面的取代supportv.支持；养活；维持sup+port带→带来支持surrogatea.替代的；代用的sur+rog要求＋ate→在下面的要求→替代69.super-“超级,超过,过度,上方”supernaturala.超自然的；神奇的super+natural自然的→超自然的supersizea.超大的super+size大小,尺寸→超大的supersonica.超声速的super+sonic音速的→超声速的superstructuren.上层建筑super+structure建筑,结构→上层建筑70.sur-“超过,在上面”surchargen.附加费v.收取额外费用sur+charge收费→额外的收费→附加费surfacen.表面sur+face脸面→表面surmountv.置于顶端；克服,解决sur+mount山→在山上→顶端,顶部surpassv.超过sur+pass通过→在上面通过→超越surplusa.多余的n.过剩；剩余sur+plus多余,加→多出很多→多余的surrealismn.超现实主义sur+realism现实主义→超现实主义71.sus-“在……下面”susceptiblea.易受影响的；敏感的sus+cept拿+ible→能被拿下→易受影响suspectv.怀疑sus+pect看→在下面看一看→怀疑suspendv.悬挂；中止sus+pend挂→挂在下面→悬挂suspensen.担心；悬念sus+pense挂→一颗心挂着72.sym-,syn-“共同,相同”symbiosisn.共生；合作关系sym+bio生命+sis→共同生命symmetryn.对称；相似sym+metry测量→两边测量一样→对称symphonyn.交响乐sym+phony声音→交响乐。
教育学专业术语_英语
Case study 个案研究Basic knowledge 基础知识Basic skill基本技能Full-time educational programme 全日制教育计划Skilled worker 技术个人Semi-skilled worker 半技术个人School-leaver 毕业生、离校生Comprehensive school 综合学校Specialized staff 专业教师Block release 离校学习、离岗学习V ocational qualification 职业资格Career education 生计教育Social skills 社交技能Life skills 生活技能School environment 学校环境Work experience 工作经验Actual experience 实际经验Work-study programme利用学习以外的时间参加劳动,工读计划,半工半读,勤工俭学Co-operative education programme 合作教育计划Lower tech nician 初级技术个人Technical education 技术教育Final examination 期末考试Practical experience[ik'spiəriəns; 实践经验Dual system 双元制是一种国家立法支持、校企合作共建的办学制度，即由企业和学校共同担负培养人才的任务，按照企业对人才的要求组织教学和岗位培训。
该模式是德国职业技术教育的主要形式，在德国的企业中应用很广，近几年也被我国的一些企业借鉴或采用。
The Ministry of Education/Labor 教育部/劳动部Physical education 体育Sandwich program三明治教育计划三明治教育是英国发展最早、影响最为深远产学研合作教育模式因而被当作英国产学研合作教育模式代名词时至今日英国三明治教育发展了一百多年已经完美地融入了英国高等教育体系中英国高等教育不可或缺重要组成部分V ocational guidance 职业指导Job mobility岗位/职业流动Educational research 教育研究Cognitive/affective/psychomotor domain 认知/情感/动作技能领域Performance/behavioral objective 操作性/行为目标Evaluation technique 评价技术Information service 信息服务Tracer system of school-leaver 毕业生追踪制度Job analyses 工作分析Social status 社会地位Disadvantage group 弱势群体Teacher training 教师培训Entrance level入学水平College of advanced education 高等教育学院Teachers’college 师范学院或normal university Infant teacher 幼儿教师Full-time course 全日制课程 Part-time course 部分时间制课程Tea cher-preparation 师资培养 Home science Home E conomics domestic science housecraft家政学Technical college 技术学院Government/public/dependent school 公立学校An independent school is a school that is independent in its finances and governance; it is not dependent upon national or local government for financing its operations, nor reliant on taxpayer contributions, and is instead funded by a combination of tuition charges, donations, and in some cases the investment yield ofan endowment. It is governed by a board of directors that is electedby an independent means and a system of governance that ensures its independent operation. It may receive government funds. However, its board must be independent.The terms independent school and private school are often synonymous in popular usage outside the United Kingdom. Independent schools may have a religious affiliation, but the more precise usage of the term excludes parochial and other schools if there is a financial dependence upon or governance subordinate to outside organizations. These definitions generally apply equally to primaryeducation, secondary education, and tertiaryeducation institutions.硕士学位masterate，master's degree硕士课程主分为两种，分别是修课式和研究式。
Pre-sessionalcourse到底是什么样的
Pre-sessionalcourse到底是什么样的课程对比雅思学习课程与大学课前语言课程的天然属性会发现，雅思学习是一种以提高考试成绩为主要或唯一目标的应试学习;而大学开设的课前语言课程，则是以正课学习所需的各方面英语能力为出发点，专门针对国际学生可能在学习中遇到的问题，为国际学生提供集中且高效的重点学习。
例如，英国的课前语言课程是由语言中心的专业全职老师负责教学管理，根据学生在整个英国学习阶段中的核心需求，从学生正课的学习体验出发，针对在英学习所必需的学术英语技能而设计。
课前语言课程根据英语水平和正课专业为学生分班，小班授课，每班12-15人左右，每周课时高达20小时，通过率高，没有固定的毕业比例。
针对正课专业，还会特别为学生加入专业领域英语知识的培养。
语言课程会在布里斯托大学内教授，使学生全面融入大学的学习环境与氛围。
Pre-sessionalcourse的核心课程目标，是为了帮助国际学生在正课开始之前，提前做好准备，特别是学术英语能力。
从广泛意义上来说，课前语言课程为学生在正课开始之前，提供了调整自我和适应生活的机会。
而从提高英语水平的角度来说，课前语言课程是一个非常紧凑的英语学习课程，具有高度的针对性，这是其与学生在国内参加的语言课程最大的区别。
布里斯托大学课前语言课程的基本课程设置如下：高级英语语言学习学术英语(学术写作技巧)学术英语(演讲、讨论和学习必需口语)学习技巧实践实用讲座(在英生活、学术兴趣、文化兴趣)个人辅导除全面的学术英语培养之外，布里斯托大学的课前语言课程也涵盖多种必备学习技巧的指导，如研究方法、批判性思维，为学生在正课开始之前提供了最佳机会和时间，去适应英国的学习强度及节奏，并在生活上做好准备，以保证以最优状态开始正式的专业学习。
所以说，Pre-sessionalcourse是一条针对生提高英语能力的捷径。
不管语言是否达到录取条件，学生都可以在Pre-sessionalcourse的学习中，获得最有价值的帮助和提高。
presentation 词根
presentation词根在英语中，presentation这个词源自于拉丁语的"prae-"和"sentare"两个词根，表示在前面，站在众人面前。
它是“介绍、陈述、展示”的意思。
词根"pre-"可加在动词、名词、形容词或副词前，以表示“在前面、事先、提前”的意思。
presentation这个词根的应用领域广泛，可以用于许多不同的场景和表达方式。
二、词根应用1.名词构词：presentation可以用作名词，表示演讲、报告、陈述、展示等活动。
在学术领域，presentation通常是指在学术会议上进行的报告或演讲，用于分享研究成果、展示学术观点。
此外，在商务场合，presentation也常用于指商业展示、产品演示等活动，用于向客户或合作伙伴展示企业或产品的特点和优势。
2.动词构词：以presentation为词根的动词有present、represent等。
其中，present可表示向他人展示或介绍事物，也可以表示表达某种观点或态度。
例如，我将在明天的会议上对我们的最新项目进行presentation。
而represent表示代表、象征等含义，常用于表达一种角色、利益、国家等的代表性。
3.形容词构词：以presentation为词根的形容词有presentable、representative等。
其中，presentable表示能够展示或呈现的，具备展示价值的。
例如，她穿着整洁得体，非常presentable。
而representative表示代表性的，能够代表某种特点或群体的。
例如，这个小组的成员是这个项目最representative的一部分。
4.副词构词：以presentation为词根的副词有presently等。
presently表示目前、即将，常用于表示某种状况或动作正在进行。
例如，他们正在presently进行市场调研，以便更好地了解用户需求。