How Languages are Learned – Chap 3
3.the nature of approaches and methods in language teaching
• In our mind we may connect “red" with the Chinese word 红色then connect it with the image the color. Or we may directly connect the word “red” with the image of the color.
How to teach the word “red”
• ①How languages are learned?
– GTM – DM
• ②How knowledge of language is
represented and organized in memory • ③How language itself is structured.
Theory of Language
• There are three different theoretical views of language.
– Structural View – Functional view – Interaction view
Structural View
• Language is a system of structurally related elements for coding of meaning. The target of language learning is seen to be mastery of elements of this system, which are generally defined in terms of phonological units, grammatical units, grammatical operations and lexical items.
如何提高我们的语言表达能力英语作文
如何提高我们的语言表达能力英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1How to Improve Our Language Expression SkillsHey there, friends! Do you ever feel like you want to be a super awesome speaker and get your point across in a really cool way? Well, you're in luck because today I'm going to share some super neat tips on how to boost your language expression skills. You know, being able to express yourself clearly and confidently is so important, whether you're talking to your friends, your teachers, or even giving a presentation in front of a huge crowd!First things first, let's talk about reading. I know, I know, it might not sound like the most exciting thing ever, but trust me, it's like a secret superpower for improving your language skills. By reading lots of books, magazines, or even online articles, you'll be exposed to a wide range of vocabulary, sentence structures, and writing styles. It's like having a bunch of word ninjas training you without even realizing it!But reading alone isn't enough; you also need to practice using those fancy new words and expressions you've learned.One awesome way to do this is by keeping a journal or diary. Write about your day, your thoughts, your dreams, or anything that comes to mind. Don't worry about making mistakes; just let the words flow freely. The more you write, the more comfortable you'll become with expressing yourself on paper.Another cool trick is to play word games with your friends or family. You can make up silly stories together, taking turns adding new sentences or paragraphs. Or, you could have a friendly competition to see who can come up with the most creative and descriptive phrases. Not only is it super fun, but it also helps you learn how to use language in a playful and engaging way.Speaking of games, have you ever tried acting or improvisational theater? It's like stepping into a whole new world where you can become different characters and practice using different tones, accents, and expressions. You might feel a little silly at first, but trust me, it's an absolute blast and a great way to boost your confidence when it comes to speaking in front of others.Of course, one of the best ways to improve your language expression skills is by actually talking to people. Don't be shy; strike up conversations with your classmates, neighbors, or evenfriendly strangers (with an adult's permission, of course). Ask them questions, share your thoughts and opinions, and really listen to what they have to say. The more you practice communicating with others, the more natural and confident you'll become.Now, let's talk about public speaking. I know, it can be totally nerve-wracking to stand up in front of a bunch of people and talk. But you know what? With a little practice and preparation, you can totally rock it! Start by joining a club or group that allows you to present or speak in front of others. It could be a school club, a community organization, or even a fun activity like a poetry slam or storytelling event. The more you do it, the more comfortable you'll become, and the easier it will be to express yourself clearly and confidently.Finally, don't forget to have fun with language! Try learning new words or phrases from different languages, or create your own silly made-up words with your friends. You could even start a language club where you can explore and celebrate the wonderful world of communication together.Remember, improving your language expression skills is all about practice, practice, practice. The more you read, write, speak, and engage with language in creative and playful ways,the better you'll become at expressing yourself. So, go forth, my friends, and let your words shine like a million stars in the sky!篇2How to Improve Our Language Expression SkillsHi friends! Today I want to talk about something really important - how we can get better at expressing ourselves with words. Being able to say what we mean is super useful for making friends, doing well in school, and just feeling good about ourselves.The first tip I have is to read, read, read! Reading is like a workout for your brain. The more you read, the more words you'll learn and the better you'll get at putting sentences together. Books, comics, magazines, websites - anything with words counts! My favorite books are the Dog Man and Wimpy Kid series. What do you like to read?Another way to build up your language muscles is by writing. Keep a diary or journal where you write about your day. Write stories or comics about your favorite characters. The more you practice writing, the easier it will be to find the right words. Don't worry about spelling or grammar at first - just get those ideas down on paper!Talking is great practice too. Chat with your family and friends as much as you can. Tell them about your favorite video games, TV shows, sports teams or anything else you're into. The more you use your language skills, the stronger they'll become. If you get stuck on a word, ask the person you're talking to for help instead of giving up.One of the best things about getting better with words is that you can use them to learn about new topics that interest you. Like if you're really into dinosaurs, you can read books about different dinosaur species and their ancient environments. Or if you're a total science nerd, you can research fun experiments to try at home. The better you get at understanding and using language, the more knowledge you can soak up.But expressing yourself well isn't just about the words you use - it's also about how you use them. You want to speak clearly and make sure your voice has some oomph so people can hear you properly. Using gestures like hand motions while you talk can also make you easier to understand. And don't forget about stuff like facial expressions and tone of voice to get your point across.When you're talking or writing, it helps to organize your thoughts before you start. Make a quick plan or outline so yourwords come out in a logical order instead of all jumbled up. That makes it easier for people to follow what you're saying. Using examples or telling little stories is another good trick for explaining things clearly.Of course, getting super duper at language takes a lot of practice over time. Don't get discouraged if you stumble over words sometimes or get tongue-tied. That happens to everybody! The important thing is to keep working at it. Ask your teachers for advice. Look up words you don't know. Keep writing in your journal and look for chances to join in conversations. Before you know it, you'll be a total language master!One last thing that's important for top-notch language skills is being a good listener. You've got to hear how other people put words together so you can learn from them. If somebody says something you don't understand, ask them to explain it differently instead of just nodding along. Good listeners make good communicators.Alright, those are my best tips for leveling up your language abilities! It's such an awesome skill to have because it helps you understand the world better and share your own thoughts and experiences. The more we all work on expressing ourselves, the better we can connect with each other. So read lots of fun stuff,write down your ideas, talk all you can, and lend an ear to the people around you. Those language skills will just keep getting mightier and mightier! Let me know if you have any other great tips to share!篇3How to Improve Our Language Expression AbilityHi friends! Today I want to talk about how we can get better at expressing ourselves through language. Speaking, writing, and communicating clearly is super important. It helps us share our thoughts, feelings, and ideas with others. When we can express ourselves well, people understand us better. That's why improving our language skills is a great goal!The first thing I'll share is that reading loads of books is one of the best ways to improve your language ability. Books expose us to new words, proper grammar, and different styles of writing. The more we read, the more our vocabulary grows. We start recognizing great ways authors use language skillfully. It's like the words soak into our brains!My teacher says reading out loud is also really helpful for developing strong language skills. When we read out loud, we're practicing pronunciation, fluency, and expression. It gets ourmouths forming words correctly. We can hear if we're making mistakes too. Reading out loud is kind of like exercising our speech muscles!Another top tip is to keep a diary or journal. Writing allows us to actively practice putting words together in our own voice. The more we write, the more comfortable we become with constructing sentences. We can try out new vocabulary words we've learned. Journaling helps solidify grammar rules too. It's like a workout for our language skills!Discussing what we've read or learned is key as well. Having conversations gets our language flowing from our brains, through our mouths, and out into the world. We practice taking turns, articulating our thoughts, and listening to others. Classroom discussions are awesome for this. So are chats with family at the dinner table or with friends during playtime.Watching educational videos, movies, and television shows is another fun way to improve language skills. Hearing dialogue and paying attention to how characters communicate is so valuable. We can pick up on expressions, idioms, and colloquial language used in real life. Just be sure to choose quality content with proper language!Playing word games is one of my favorite ways to get better with language. Games like Scrabble, Bananagrams, Hangman, and Boggle are amazing for expanding vocabulary. They make us think creatively about constructing and unscrambling words. Word games feel like learning wrapped in awesomely fun packages.Learning a second language is an incredible way to advance your mastery over language too. As we study a new language, we develop a stronger understanding of grammar, syntax, and how words create meaning. The deeper we dive into another language, the more it builds our overall language intelligence. It's like adding a super power to our communication skills!The most important thing is to just practice, practice, practice with language. The more we read, write, speak, listen, and play with words, the stronger our skills become. We have to use language expressively and receptively every single day. It takes hard work and commitment, but the payoff is huge. Unlocking advanced language is the key to more clearly conveying our brilliant thoughts and ideas!In conclusion, there are so many fun and engaging ways we can boost our language expression abilities. Read books out loud. Write in a journal daily. Discuss what you've learned. Watchquality videos. Play word games often. Study a second language too! Every little bit gets us closer to that goal of becoming a true master with language. With dedication and consistency, we can absolutely develop into fantastic communicators!篇4How to Improve Our Language SkillsHi everyone! Do you sometimes struggle to find the right words to express your thoughts and feelings? Or maybe you have trouble understanding what others are saying? Improving our language skills is super important, not just for school, but for life! Strong language abilities help us communicate better, make new friends, and learn about the world around us. Today, I'm going to share some fun and easy tips to boost your language powers. Let's get started!First up, reading is one of the best ways to expand your vocabulary and improve your comprehension. Books, magazines, comics, you name it - the more you read, the more words and phrases you'll learn. It's like exercise for your brain! When you come across an unfamiliar word, don't just skip over it. Look it up in the dictionary or ask someone what it means. Pretty soon,those new words will become a natural part of your language toolkit.Another great idea is to play word games. Scrabble, Boggle, and Rhyme Time are all excellent options that make learning new words fun and interactive. You could even invent your own word games with your friends or family. Who can come up with the craziest (but still legitimate) word? Or try having a rhyming competition, taking turns making up silly rhymes on the spot. Games like these are a fantastic way to stretch your language muscles in a relaxed, enjoyable setting.Speaking of friends and family, conversation is key when it comes to language development. Don't be shy – chat it up! Discuss your favorite books, movies, or video games. Tell jokes and stories. Ask questions about topics that interest you. The more you engage in back-and-forth dialogue, the more comfortable you'll become with expressing yourself clearly and listening actively. Just remember, communication is a two-way street. Be sure to take turns speaking and listening respectfully.Here's another super helpful tip: keep a journal or diary. Writing allows you to practice putting your thoughts and experiences into words. You can write about anything – your day at school, your hopes and dreams for the future, or evenimaginative stories and poems. The act of organizing your ideas into sentences and paragraphs will enhance your language abilities in wonderful ways. And since you're the author, you can let your creativity run wild!If you really want to take your skills to new heights, learn a new language! Studying a second (or third) language like Spanish, French, or Mandarin introduces you to different vocabulary, grammar rules, and cultural perspectives. As you become bilingual or multilingual, your overall communication abilities grow by leaps and bounds. Ask your parents about foreign language classes or apps you could try. Who knows, maybe you'll discover a brand new passion!Last but not least, don't forget to have fun with language. Make up silly songs using big, wacky words. Give your pets human names and have pretend conversations with them. Tell hilarious puns and stories with friends (the crazier, the better!). When you approach language in a playful, low-pressure way, you'll be amazed at how quickly your skills blossom.Improving your language abilities takes practice, patience, and a positive attitude. But following these tips will make the journey easier and a whole lot more enjoyable. So read, play, converse, write, learn, and play some more! Before you know it,expressing yourself clearly and understanding others will be a total breeze. The world of language is yours to explore. What amazing adventures await?篇5How to Improve Our English Language Expression SkillsHi friends! Today I want to talk about how we can get better at speaking, writing, and understanding English. Learning a new language is not easy, but it is super important and can help us in so many ways. If we work hard and practice a lot, we can become great English speakers and writers!The first tip is to learn new words every single day. Words are like the building blocks of a language. The more words we know, the more we can say and understand. We can learn words by reading books, watching movies or shows in English, using dictionary apps, or just asking our parents or teachers about words we don't know yet. I try to learn at least 5 new English words every day!Another important thing is to practice speaking English as much as possible. Speaking helps make the words stick in our brains better than just reading or listening. We can practice by talking to our family members or friends in English. If we don'thave anyone to practice with, we can talk to ourselves out loud when we are alone! It might feel silly at first, but it really helps. We can describe what we see around us, tell stories, or just have make-believe conversations. The more we speak, the more natural and comfortable it will become.Reading is also a fantastic way to improve our English skills. Books, magazines, websites, signs, menus...reading anything and everything in English is great practice. As we read, we learn new words, grammar rules, expressions, and patterns in how sentences are structured. Reading out loud is even better than just reading silently in our heads. I love to read out loud to my stuffed animals - they are very patient listeners!Listening to English is super important too. We can listen to English songs, watch shows or movies, or find podcasts or audio books. At first, it might be hard to understand everything, but that's okay! The more we listen, the easier it gets to pick out words and meanings. Sometimes I listen to the same song or watch the same video over and over until I can fully understand it.Writing in English is also really helpful for getting better at the language. We can start by keeping a daily journal and writing about our day, our thoughts, or anything we want. Writingstories or descriptions of people and places we know is great practice too. My teacher sometimes has us write letters to imaginary pen pals in English. At first my writing wasn't great, but I can see how much I've improved over time.Making mistakes is just a normal part of learning a new language. We shouldn't be afraid or embarrassed to make mistakes when speaking, reading, writing, or listening to English. Mistakes help us learn! Whenever I make a mistake, I try to remember what the right way is so I don't make that same mistake again.Using English as much as possible is key. The more we surround ourselves with the language through books, videos, music, conversations and more, the faster we will pick it up and get comfortable with it. It's like exercising a muscle - the more we use and practice English, the stronger our skills will become.Learning English gives us a super power to communicate with people all around the world. It opens up opportunities for us to make new friends, learn about new cultures, get better jobs someday, and see more of the amazing world we live in. English is used just about everywhere, so it's an incredibly useful language to know.I know learning a new language can feel frustrating sometimes, but we can't give up! We need to be patient with ourselves, keep practicing daily, and celebrate our progress, no matter how small. Our English skills will grow bit by bit through our consistent effort. I'm going to keep working hard to improve my English because I know it will create so many awesome possibilities for me in the future.Let's all encourage each other and keep practicing together! Before we know it, we'll be English language superstars. Our ability to express ourselves in English will Just keep getting better and better. Learning languages is a lifelong journey, but it's a journey that leads to amazing places. Let's get started on that journey today!篇6How to Improve Our Language Expression SkillsHi friends! Today I want to talk about something super important - how we can get better at expressing ourselves through language. Whether it's speaking, writing, or just communicating our thoughts and feelings, being a great communicator is a skill that will help us in so many ways throughout our lives.First off, why is it so important to have strong language expression skills? Well, it allows us to clearly share our ideas, opinions, and experiences with others. When we can articulate ourselves well, people understand us better. This makes it easier to make friends, work together on projects, and even get along with our families. Good communication helps avoid misunderstandings too!Having good language skills can also really boost our confidence. When we feel like we can express ourselves smoothly and find the right words, we're more likely to speak up, participate, and let our voices be heard. That's an awesome feeling!Another big reason working on our language is important? It gets our brains stretching and growing! The more we practice putting thoughts into words, the sharper our thinking becomes. We literally get smarter.So now that we know why having A+ language skills is the way to go, how can we level up? I've got some super tips to share!Tip #1: Read, read, read! Reading is like a language workout for our minds. The more we read, the more we absorb all those juicy words, sentence structures, and ways of expressing ideas.Books, magazines, websites, even subtitles on shows - it all counts! Make reading a habit and those language skills will grow like a towering oak tree.Tip #2: Keep a diary or journal. Writing is one of the best ways to actively practice expressing ourselves. By putting pen to paper (or fingers to keyboard) every day, we get comfy with forming sentences and organizing our thoughts. Don't worry about being perfect, just get those words flowing!Tip #3: Play some rad word games. Games like Scrabble, Bananagrams, Hangman and even MadLibs get us thinking about words in a fun, friendly way. They're like cross-training for our language muscles!Tip #4: Listen up! Hear me out - listening to others express themselves is super helpful for absorbing language skills. Pay close attention when friends, teachers or parents are speaking, and try to break down how they structure sentences and use vocabulary.Tip #5: Don't be afraid to try! The only way to truly improve our skills is to bravely practice, practice, practice expressing ourselves. Share your thoughts in class, chat with friends, tell stories at dinner. The more we use our language every day, the stronger it becomes.Tip #6: Learn some new words! Adding fresh, zippy new vocab to our word bank is an awesome way to supercharge our expression. Grab a thesaurus or dictionary and learn a few new ones each week.Tip #7: Use imagery! Comparing things to vivid pictures and examples makes our language way more descriptive and easier to understand. Is that tree gnarled like an old wizard's walking stick or towering like a mighty redwood? Paint those word pictures!Tip #8: Ro-bo-re-peat! Hearing and saying new words, phrases, expressions repeatedly really anchors them into our brains. Don't be afraid to ask people to re-explain things or check in if we're saying something right. Repetition is the root of mastering language.Tip #9: Express yourself through your passions! Whether it's art, music, sports, coding or more, incorporating passion projects into our language practice makes it way more fun and meaningful. Describing what we love taps into our deepest creative expression.Tip #10: Have patience and give it time. Like anything awesome, leveling up our language expression skills takes dedication and won't happen overnight. If we stick with it though,working bit-by-bit, those skills will blossom like the first flowers of spring!So there you have it, a whole bunch of tips for taking our language abilities stratospheric! The key is to read, write, listen, play, practice and stay motivated. Before we know it, we'll be articulating our brilliant thoughts and ideas with skill and confidence beyond our wildest dreams.Just imagine - expressing ourselves clearly and vividly could open up amazing opportunities, from landing our dream jobs to inspiring audiences with powerful speeches. The world needs more amazing communicators, and that could be us!What are we waiting for, language superheroes? Let's get out there and start flexing those expression skills starting today. Our future selves will definitely thank us!。
如何激发学生的英语学习兴趣英语作文
如何激发学生的英语学习兴趣英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1How to Stimulate Students' Interest in Learning EnglishIn today's globalized world, English has become an essential language for communication, business, and education. As a teacher, one of the biggest challenges is to motivate students to learn English and to keep their interest in the language alive. Here are some effective strategies to help you stimulate students' interest in learning English.1. Make Learning FunOne of the best ways to engage students in learning English is to make it fun and interactive. Use games, music, videos, and role-playing activities to make the learning process enjoyable. Incorporate humor and creativity into your lessons to keep students engaged and interested.2. Connect English to Real LifeHelp students understand the relevance of learning English by connecting it to real-life situations. Encourage them to watchEnglish movies, listen to English songs, and interact with native speakers. Encourage students to use English in practical ways, such as writing emails, participating in debates, or giving presentations.3. Provide Support and EncouragementCreate a supportive and encouraging learning environment where students feel safe to make mistakes and take risks. Praise students for their efforts and achievements, and provide constructive feedback to help them improve. Show genuine interest in their progress and offer guidance when needed.4. Personalize LearningRecognize that each student is unique and has different interests, abilities, and learning styles. Personalize your teaching approach to cater to individual needs and preferences. Provide opportunities for students to choose topics that interest them and engage in activities that appeal to their learning style.5. Set Clear Goals and ExpectationsEstablish clear goals and expectations for students to work towards. Help them understand the benefits of learning English and how it can help them succeed in school, career, and life.Break down goals into manageable steps and celebrate milestones along the way.6. Use TechnologyIntegrate technology into your English lessons to make learning more engaging and interactive. Use online resources, apps, and games to supplement traditional teaching methods. Encourage students to use technology to practice English outside of the classroom and explore new ways of learning.7. Foster a Growth MindsetEncourage students to develop a growth mindset by emphasizing the importance of effort, perseverance, and resilience in learning English. Teach them to embrace challenges, learn from failures, and see mistakes as opportunities for growth. Encourage a positive attitude towards learning and help students build confidence in their abilities.8. Create a Positive Learning EnvironmentCreate a positive and inclusive learning environment where students feel valued, respected, and supported. Foster a sense of community and collaboration among students to promote peer learning and mutual support. Encourage open communication, teamwork, and peer feedback.In conclusion, stimulating students' interest in learning English requires creativity, patience, and a deep understanding of their needs and preferences. By implementing the strategies mentioned above and adapting them to your specific classroom context, you can effectively motivate students to learn English and help them succeed in their language learning journey.篇2How to Spark Students' Interest in Learning EnglishIntroductionEnglish is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world and mastering it can open up a world of opportunities for students. However, many students struggle to find motivation to learn English and often view it as a chore rather than a valuable skill. As educators, it is important for us to find ways to spark students' interest in learning English and make the process enjoyable and rewarding. In this article, we will explore some effective strategies for motivating students to learn English.Create a Supportive and Positive Learning EnvironmentOne of the keys to sparking students' interest in learning English is to create a supportive and positive learning environment. Students are more likely to engage with thematerial and put in the effort if they feel safe, supported, and encouraged in the classroom. As educators, it is important to establish a rapport with students, show empathy, and provide constructive feedback to help them build their confidence and overcome challenges.Incorporate Interactive and Engaging ActivitiesAnother effective way to motivate students to learn English is to incorporate interactive and engaging activities into the curriculum. Traditional methods of teaching, such as lectures and worksheets, can be boring and uninspiring for students. Instead, try to incorporate activities such as group discussions, role-plays, games, and multimedia presentations to make the learning process more dynamic and hands-on.Integrate Real-World ApplicationsTo make learning English more relevant and meaningful for students, it is important to integrate real-world applications into the curriculum. Show students how the English language is used in everyday life, such as in movies, music, social media, and news articles. Encourage students to use English in practical ways, such as writing emails, giving presentations, and participating in debates. By connecting English to real-life situations, studentswill be more motivated to learn and improve their language skills.Provide Personalized Learning OpportunitiesEvery student is unique and has their own strengths, weaknesses, interests, and goals. As educators, it is important to provide personalized learning opportunities for students to cater to their individual needs and preferences. Encourage students to set specific language learning goals, such as improving their speaking skills, expanding their vocabulary, or preparing for a language proficiency exam. Provide resources, support, and feedback to help students progress towards their goals and celebrate their achievements along the way.Utilize Technology and Multimedia ResourcesIn today's digital age, technology and multimedia resources can be powerful tools for engaging students and enhancing their learning experience. Use online platforms, language learning apps, interactive websites, and digital tools to supplement traditional teaching methods and provide students with diverse learning opportunities. Encourage students to exploreEnglish-language content on the internet, such as videos, podcasts, articles, and social media posts, to enrich their language skills and broaden their cultural awareness.Encourage a Growth Mindset and ResilienceLearning a new language can be challenging and students may face setbacks and frustrations along the way. As educators, it is important to encourage a growth mindset and resilience in students to help them overcome obstacles and stay motivated in their English language learning journey. Teach students the value of perseverance, self-reflection, and continuous improvement. Encourage them to embrace mistakes as opportunities for learning and growth, rather than as failures.ConclusionSparking students' interest in learning English is a rewarding and worthwhile endeavor that can have a lasting impact on their personal and academic development. By creating a supportive and positive learning environment, incorporating interactive and engaging activities, integrating real-world applications, providing personalized learning opportunities, utilizing technology and multimedia resources, and encouraging a growth mindset and resilience, educators can inspire students to engage with the English language and enjoy the learning process. As we continue to explore innovative ways to motivate students to learn English, we can help them unlock their full potential and achieve success in their language learning goals.Remember, the journey of learning English is not just about acquiring language skills, but also about building confidence, fostering creativity, expanding cultural awareness, and embracing lifelong learning. Let's work together to inspire and empower students to become confident and proficient English language learners.References:1. Dornyei, Z. (2001). Motivational Strategies in the Language Classroom. Cambridge University Press.2. Harmer, J. (2007). The Practice of English Language Teaching. Pearson Education.3. Lightbown, P. M., & Spada, N. (2013). How Languages are Learned. Oxford University Press.篇3How to Inspire Students' Interest in Learning EnglishIntroductionEnglish is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world and is considered a global language. However, many students find learning English to be challenging and uninteresting. As teachers, it is important for us to find ways toinspire and motivate our students to learn English. In this article, we will discuss some strategies for stimulating students' interest in learning English.1. Use Authentic MaterialsOne way to make English learning more engaging is to use authentic materials in the classroom. Authentic materials include things like newspaper articles, advertisements, songs, and movies in English. These materials provide students withreal-world examples of how English is used and can help make learning more meaningful and relevant.2. Incorporate TechnologyTechnology can be a powerful tool for engaging students in English learning. Incorporating technology into the classroom, such as using interactive apps, online games, and videos, can make learning more interactive and fun. Technology can also provide students with opportunities for independent practice and help them develop their language skills outside of the classroom.3. Encourage CreativityCreativity is an important aspect of language learning. Encourage students to express themselves creatively throughwriting, storytelling, and drama activities. Creative tasks can make learning English more enjoyable and help students develop their language skills in a more natural and engaging way.4. Provide Real-Life ContextsConnecting English learning to real-life contexts can help students see the practical value of learning the language. For example, you could ask students to role-play common scenarios such as ordering food at a restaurant or asking for directions. Providing real-life contexts can make learning English more relevant and meaningful for students.5. Offer ChoicesGiving students choices in their learning can help increase their motivation and engagement. Allow students to choose topics, projects, or activities that interest them. By giving students a sense of autonomy and control over their learning, they are more likely to be motivated to engage with the material.6. Celebrate SuccessesRecognizing and celebrating students' successes in language learning can help boost their confidence and motivation. Praise students for their efforts and achievements,no matter how small. Create a positive and supportive learning environment where students feel motivated to continue learning and improving their English skills.ConclusionInspiring students' interest in learning English is essential for helping them become proficient in the language. By using authentic materials, incorporating technology, encouraging creativity, providing real-life contexts, offering choices, and celebrating successes, teachers can help make English learning more engaging and enjoyable for students. By implementing these strategies, teachers can help inspire their students to develop a love for the English language and become confident and proficient English speakers.。
二语习得
• Phonetic discrimination studies
– Can hear subtle phonetic differences very early – Lose the ability to hear differences that are not phonemic – Babies in bilingual environments retain the discrimination ability longer
• There is usually no way of tracing back the association of ideas that has caused such misidentifications.
Mean length of utterance: MLU
• Index of grammatical development • Once child begins to combine words, „mean length of utterance‟ is a better indication of development than age. • Calculated by dividing the total number of morphemes by the number of utterances
Vocabulary development: mismatch
• There is no apparent basis for the wrong use of a word by the child.
– Example: a telephone referred to as a tractor.
– drink this? Doggie go bed?
课堂提问时的等候时间
课堂提问时的等候时间我们在课堂上常常看到一种情况，教师提出问题之后，立即请学生作答，学生因为没有时间多加思考，因仓促导致紧张，无法回答或错误的回答教师提出的问题，长此以往，造成了学生沉重的心理负担和自信心不足，教师也没有达到预期的目标，如此提问往往是低效的甚至是无效的。
一般情况下，教师在提问之后，要预留足够的准备时间，让学生思考之后有条理的作答。
教师还可以在一位学生答题之后追加问题，延长等候时间，同时引起其他学生的思考，把班级其他学生的注意力引向学生的回答，这样，又可以做到师生互动，全面参与教学。
那么，在学生回答之前究竟需要多久的等候时间？这个问题与教师提出什么样的问题同等重要。
等候时间过长或过短都是无益的。
一般来说，在问下一个问题、重复前一个问题，或叫另一个学生回答问题之前，应至少等待 3 秒钟，如果是开放性问题，需要全面考虑并对各种可能的回答权衡时， 15 秒的等待时间是恰当的。
“初中英语课堂教师话语研究”中期报告08-12-22 作者:韦兵来源:教科室阅读次数861一、研究背景教师话语是国外语言学家近年来研究外语教学的一个重要方面，教师话语的数量和质量会影响甚至决定课堂教学的成败（Hakansson,1986）。
大量研究证明，如果学生有更多的使用目的语进行交流的机会和时间，就可能通过更多有意义的语言运用习得目的语。
有意义的语言输出在二语习得中起着至关重要的作用（Allwright 1984; Ellis 1990）。
许多学者对课堂话语进行了大量实证研究，如：Sinclair &Coulthard(1975), Coulthard(1977), Shapiro(1979), Widdowson (1986), Chaudron (1988), Ellis (1990) , Allwright& Bailey(1991)等，但他们的考察都局限于以教师讲解为主、教师与学生及学生与学生间交流甚少的传统课堂。
初三Unit5 重点词句
Unit 51.be made of+材料(能看出)…由...制成be made from+材料（看不出)…由...制成be made in+地点/时间 ...制造be made by +人 ...制造2. be famous/ known for writing as a writer 作为一名作家因写作而出名3. be produced in China 中国制造4. be grown on the sides of mountains 被种在山坡上5. be picked by hand 被手工采摘6. be sent to many different countries 被送到许多不同的国家7. be sent for processing/ recycling 被送去加工/再循环使用8. be good for both health and business 对健康和生意都有好处9. the art and science fair 艺术、科学展览会10. environmental protection 环境保护protect the environment 保护环境11.What are the shirts made of? 这些衬衣是什么制成的？12. I think it’s quite pretty.我认为很漂亮。
13. Is it made of silver? 它是银质的吗？14. What’s the painting made from?那幅油画是什么制成的？15. China is famous for tea. 中国因茶而闻名。
16. Most of the earth’s surface is covered by water.地球表面大部分被水所覆盖。
17. Are your shirts made of cotton? Yes, they are. 你的衬衣是棉质的吗？是的。
4-Explaining-SLL
The Innatist Perspective (Cont.)
• Is UG available for SLA? • If available, how does it work?
• The natural order hypothesis: Language is learned in a predictable order (based on the morpheme order studies)（see P47）
14
Krashen’s Monitor Model (Cont.)
• L1 influence is not simply a matter of habits but a more complex process.
• Rejection of Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis • Rejection of behaviourism
2. The Innatist Perspective （先天论）
• The comprehensible input hypothesis: If there is a natural order of acquisition, how is it that learners move from one point to another? Answer: by receiving comprehensible input or i + 1.
– Same as for L1? Differently from L1?
二语习得7
8) Teachers should teach simple language structures before complex ones.
• Research has shown that no matter how language is presented to learners, certain structures are acquired before others. This suggests that is neither necessary nor desirable to restrict learners’ exposure to certain linguistic structures which are perceived to be ‘simple’. • Learners certainly benefit from modified speech.
3) People with high IQs are good language learners.
• A high IQ score is a good predictor for success in classroom focusing on learning about the language. • If the learning focus is on oral communication skills, learners with a wide variety of intellectual abilities can be successful.
7) Teachers should present grammatical rules one at a time, and learners should practice examples of each one before going on to another. • Language learning is not simply linear in its development. • Researchers have found the U-shaped course of development, for example, “ran—runned— ran”.
人教版九年级英语上册课件：Unit 5 (共23张PPT)
第二课时 考点讲解 1. (重庆南开名师讲解)He found it interesting that so many products in the local shops were made in China. 他发现一个有趣的现象，当地商店非常多的产品都是中国 制造。 辨析produce与product produce n. 是农产品、天然产物的总称, 是不可数名词;v. 生产；制造。 product多指工业生产的产品, 也可指文学或艺术方面的作 品，是可数名词。如:
3. (重庆南开名师讲解)The tea is packed and sent to many different countries and places around China. 茶叶 被装好，送往中国周边的很多不同的国家和地区。 一般现在时态的被动语态： （1）概念：被动语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语 与谓语动词之间的关系。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受 者。 （2）被动语态的构成： “助动词be＋及物动词的过去分 词”，人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。
on用于较正式的场合,表示这本书,这篇文章或演说是严肃 的或学术性的,着重于知识的深度。 about 表示的内容较为普通,不那么正式。如： We are going to listen to a lecture on Africa history this afternoon. 今天下午我们将听(一个关于)非洲历史的演讲。 This is a book for children about Africa and its people. 这 是一本供儿童阅读的有关非洲和非洲人的书。 I heard him talk about Chinese medicine last night. 昨晚 我听到他谈论中国医学。(泛谈)
2023年5-8月雅思口语题库
2023年5-8月雅思口语题库Part1 必备话题（学生准备）Are you a student or do you work?What’s your major?Do you like your major? (ls your major interesting?)Why did you choose the major?What subjects are you studying?What do you do on a regular day when you are studying?What technology do you use in your study?What would help you do better in your study?Do you prefer to study in the morning or in the afternoon?Are you looking forward to working?Work（上班族准备）What do you do (for a living)?Why did you choose the job? Have you always wanted to do this type of work? Do you like your job? (Is it interesting？)Will you change your job in the future?What's the difference between your present job and your previous job?Do you miss being a student?What do you do on a regular day when you are working?What technology do you use in your work?What would help you do better in your work?Who helps you the most? And how?HomeDo you live in a house or a flat? Can you describe it?What part of your home do you like the most?Can you describe the room you live in?What do you usually do in your home?How long have you been living there? Do you plan to live there for a long time?What's the difference between where you are living now and whereyou have lived in the past?HometownWhere are you from?Is that a big city or a small place?Do you like your hometown? What do you like best? What’s your hometown famous for?Is there anything you dislike about it?How long have you been living there?The area you live inDo you like the area that you live in?What are some changes in the area recently?Do you know any famous people in your area?Where do you like to go in that area?Do you know any of your neighbors?5-8月保留题MusicWhat music do you like？What music do you dislike？Do you often listen to one type of music?What music do your friends like?What’s the most popular type of music where you live?ChocolateDo you like eating chocolate?(how often, favorite flavor)Did you often eat chocolate when you were a kid?Why do you think chocolate is popular around the world?Do you think it’s good to use chocolate as gifts to others?Staying up lateDo you often stay up late?Did you stay up late when you were a kid?What do you do when you stay up late?What does it feel like the next morning if you stay up late?SchoolsWhere do you go to school?Do you go to a good school?Do you like your current learning atmosphere? Do you like your teachers? What are the differences between your school and other schools?Is there anything you want to change about your school?JewelryDo you often wear jewelry?What type of jewelry do you like?Do you usually buy jewelry?Why do you think some people wear a piece of jewelry for a long time? WeekendsDo you like weekends?What do you usually do on weekends? Do you study or work?What did you do last weekend?Do you make plans for your weekends?ArtDo you like art?Do you like visiting art galleries?Do you want to be an artist?Do you like modern art or traditional art?Outer space and starsHave you ever learnt about outer space and stars?Do you like science fiction movies?Do you want to know more about outer space?Do you want to go into outer space in the future?T-shirtDo you like wearing T-shirts?How often do you wear T-shirts?Do you like T-shirts with pictures or prints?Do you think older people who wear T-shirts are fashionable?Happy things1. Is there anything that has made you feel happy lately?2. What made you happy when you were little?3. What do you think will make you feel happy in the future?4. When do you feel happy at work?5. Do you feel happy when buying new things?KeysDo you always bring a lot of keys with you?Have you ever lost your keys?Do you often forget the keys and lock yourself out?Do you think it's a good idea to leave your keys with a neighbor?Small businessDo you know many small businesses where you live?Do you prefer buying things from big companies or small businesses? Have you ever worked in small businesses?Have you ever thought about starting your own business?LibraryDo you often go to the library?What do you usually do in the library?Did you go to the library when you were a kid?Do Chinese kids often go to the library?Part1 5-8月新题Wild animalsAre there wild animals in your country?Have you ever been to a zoo or a safari park?What is the animal you would like to see in the wild?Are there TV programs about wild animals in your country?Fixing thingsCan you fix things?Did anybody teach you to fix things when you were a child?Do you think it is necessary for people to learn to fix things?What do you do when a thing is broken and cannot be fixed?ConcentrationDid you stay focused in class when you were a child？Are you a focused person?How do you stay focused?Is it easy to stay focused in a noisy environment?BagsDo you usually carry a bag?Do you change your bags often?What kinds of bags would you use when traveling?Is a bag an ideal gift?Did you use a backpack when you were a child?Day offWhen was the last time you had a few days off?What do you usually do when you have days off?Do you usually spend your days off with your parents or with your friends?What would you like to do if you had a day off tomorrow?Ice creamDo you like ice cream? （Do you eat ice cream a lot? ）Did you eat ice cream as a child?Are there shops selling ice cream near where you live? Would you like to make your own ice cream?The city you live inWhat city do you live in?Do you like this city? Why?How long have you lived in this city?Are there big changes in this city?Is this city your permanent residence?HealthHow do you keep healthy?What are your favorite sports?Are there health classes in your school?What sports help people stay healthy?Is it easy for people to exercise in your country?LanguageWhat languages can you speak?What languages would you like to learn in the future? How do you learn a foreign language?How are languages taught and learned in your school?WeekWhat’s your favorite day of the week?What’s your least favorite day?What’s the busiest day of the week for you?Is there anything that you do every day?What do you usually do on weekends?Are weekdays and weekends the same for you?RainDo you like rainy days? Why?Does it rain much in your city?Would you like to live in a dry or wet place?Would you change your plan if it rained?Dream and ambitionWhat was your childhood dream?Are you the kind of person who sticks to dreams? What is your dream job?Do you think you are an ambitious person?FriendsHow important are friends to you?Do you often go out with your friends?Where do you often meet each other?What do you usually do with your friends?Do you have a friend you have known for a long time? TeachersDo you want to be a teacher in the future?Do your remember one of your teachers?What were your primary school teachers like?Do you have a favorite teacher?Part2&3人物类帮助别人的人Describe someone you know who often helps othersYou should say:What he/she is likeHow he/she helps othersWhy his/her help is beneficialAnd explain why he/she helps othersPart 31.How can children help their parents at home?2.Should children be taught to help others?3.What makes children help each other at school?4. Should students do community service?Why?5. Do students in your country do volunteer work?6. Why do some people do volunteer work all over the world?感兴趣的名人Describe a famous person you are interested inYou should say:Who he/she isHow you knew about him/herWhat he/she was like before he/she became famousAnd explain why you are interested in him/herPart 31. Do you think media is putting too much attention on famous people?2. Do you think famous people are necessarily good in their fields?3. What are the differences between famous people today and those in the past?4. What kinds of famous people are there in your country?5. Why are some kids popular at school?6. Why do some people become famous but not successful?认识的人搬到新家Describe someone you know who has recently moved to a new placeYou should say:Who he/she isWhat the new place is likeWhy he/she moved to a new placeAnd explain whether his/her move had a positive impact on youPart 31. Why do some young people keep moving?2. What's the difference between living alone and living with roommates?3. Is it beneficial for young people to live by themselves?4. Besides cooking, are there any other skills that people need to learn if they live on their own?5. What kinds of people tend to live by themselves?6. How can parents and teachers help young people to live independently?爱豆的电影角色Describe a film character played by an actor or actress whom you admire You should say:Who this actor/actress isWhen you saw the filmWhat the character was like in this filmAnd explain why you admire this actor/actressPart 31. Are actors or actresses very interested in their work? Why?2. ls being a professional actor or actress a good career?3. What can children learn from acting?4. Why do children like special costumes?5. What are the differences between actors or actresses who earn much and those who earn little?6. What are the differences between acting in a theatre and that in a film?有趣的老人Describe an interesting old person you have metYou should say:Who this person isWhen/where you met this personWhat you did with this personAnd explain why you think this person is interestingPart 31. Do you think old people and young people can share interests?2. What can old people teach young people?3. Is it easy for young people and old people to make friends with each other?4. Are there benefits when one person is interested in another person? Why?5. Do you think people are more selfish or self-centered now than in the past?6. What benefits can people get if they are self-centered?想要一起学习/工作的人Describe a person you have met who you want to work/study withYou should say:Who this person isHow you met this personHow long you have known him/herAnd explain why you want to work/study with him/herPart 31. Why should children be kind to their classmates?2. Can children choose their desk mates?3. What matters most about a colleague's personality?4. Are good colleagues important at work?5. What kind of people are popular at work?6. Are knowledgeable people popular at work?聚会上遇到的人Describe a person you met at a party who you enjoyed talking withYou should say:What party it wasWho this person isWhat you talked aboutAnd explain why you enjoyed talking with him/herPart 31. In what situations would people be willing to get to know new people?2. Where do people go to meet new people?3. How do people start a conversation?4. Is it difficult for Chinese people to communicate with people from other countries?5. Why are some people unwilling to have conversations with others?6.Is it difficult for adults to talk with children?地点类人多的地方Describe a place you have been to where there were lots of peopleYou should say:Where it isWho you were withWhat people were doing thereAnd explain why there were lots of peoplePart 31. Where do young people like to go?2. Are people happy living in crowded apartments?3. Which scenic spots will have queues of people?4. What are the advantages of living on a higher floor?5. What are the disadvantages of living on a lower floor?6. What do you think of the phenomenon of people queuing in restaurants for more than an hour?未来想去的遥远地方Describe a place you plan to travel to that is far away from your home in the futureYou should say:Where it would beWhen you would like to goHow you would like to go thereWhat you would do thereWho you would go withAnd explain why you would like to visit the placePart 31. Where do people usually travel on holidays?2. Why do some people think it is enjoyable to stay at home on holidays?3. How do students who have taken a gap year differ from other students?4. Do teenagers usually travel with friends or alone?5. What do you think is the most desirable place for people to visit during the holiday?6. What does tourism have to do with cultural exchange?新开的店Describe a new shop that has recently opened in your city/townYou should say:Where the shop isWhat it sellsWho goes to this shopAnd explain how successful you think it will be in the futurePart31. What kinds of shops are popular in your city?2. Why do young people enjoy going to some boutiques?3. Do you think location is the key factor that attracts customers?4. What is the difference between a small shop and a large shop?5. How important are price and quality in influencing consumer behaviour?6. Why is cheap fashion so popular?理想房子Describe the ideal house you would like to have You should say:Where it would beWhat it would look likeWhat special features it would haveAnd explain why it would be your ideal housePart 31. What are the most common architectural styles in Chinese cities?2. What's the difference between an apartment and a house?3. What's the difference between living in the countryside and living in the city?4. What are the advantages of the facilities of the apartment and the facilities of the house?5. What difficulties do people have living in the city?6. What can be done to reduce the stress of city life?空气糟糕之地Describe a place you visited where the air was pollutedYou should say:Where the place isWhen you visitedWhy the air was not goodAnd explain how you felt about the placePart 31. Is there more pollution now than in the past?2. In what ways can air pollution be reduced effectively?3. Do you think the city is cleaner or dirtier than the countryside? Why?4. What can factories and power plants do to reduce pollutants?5. Do you think many companies have been forced to reduce pollutants?6. Do you think the wind has any effect on pollution? How?放松的地方Describe your favorite place in your house where you can relaxYou should say:Where it is What it is likeWhat you enjoy doing thereAnd explain why you feel relaxed at this placePart 31. Why is it difficult for some people to relax?2. What are the benefits of doing exercise?3. Do people in your country exercise after work?4. What is the place where people spend most of their time at home?5.Do you think there should be classes for training young people and children how to relax?6. Which is more important, mental relaxation or physical relaxation?嘈杂地Describe a noisy place you have been toYou should say:Where it isWhen you went thereWhat you did thereAnd explain why you feel it's a noisy placePart 31. Do you think it is good for children to make noise?2. Should children not be allowed to make noise under any circumstances?3. What kinds of noises are there in our life?4. Which area is exposed to noise more, the city or the countryside?5. How would people usually respond to noises in your country?6. How can people consider others' feelings when chatting in public?他城的短暂停留Describe another city you would like to stay for a short timeYou should say:Where the city isWhy you want to go thereWhom you will go there withWhat you will do thereAnd explain why you will stay there just for a short timePart 31. Why do people sometimes go to other cities or other countries to travel?2. Why are historical cities popular?3.Why do places with historical sites develop tourism industry more actively?4. Do you think tourists may come across bad things in other cities?5. Do most people like planned travelling?6.Why is the noise pollution worse in tourism cities than in other cities?事件类迷路Describe an occasion when you lost your way You should say:Where you wereWhat happenedHow you feltAnd explain how you found your wayPart 31. How can people find their way when they are lost?2. Do you think it is important to do some preparation before you travel to new places?3. Do you think it is important to be able to read a map?4. Is a paper map still necessary?5. Why do some people get lost more easily than others?6. How do people react when they get lost?和小孩共度时光Describe an occasion when you spent (quite some) time with a young child You should say:Who this child wasWhen you spent time with this childWhat you did togetherWhy you spent time with this childAnd explain how you felt about itPart 31．Do you think children should have a lot of toys?2. Where do children usually play?3. Do you think there are too many rules for children to follow, whether at school or home?4. Do you think children should follow all the rules?5. Do you think it's necessary for parents to make decisions for their children?6. Do you think it is good for parents to help their children choose friends?获得错误信息Describe an occasion when you got incorrect informationYou should say:When you got itHow you got itHow you found it was incorrectAnd how you felt about itPart 31. Why do some people not trust information on the Internet?2. What jobs provide information to others?3. What's the difference between email and phone in terms of providinginformation?4. Which do you think is the better way to provide information, by phone or by email?5. How do people determine the accuracy of information?6. How do people make sure they're getting the right information?收到想要物品Describe a time when someone gave you something that you really wanted You should say:What it wasWhen you received itWho gave it to youAnd explain why you wanted it so muchPart 31. Should employees have their own goals?2. How should bosses reward employees?3.What kinds of gifts do young people like to receive as rewards?4. How should children spend their allowance money?5. Why do people like shopping more now than in the past?6.Do you think shopping is good for a country's economy?迟到Describe a time when you missed or were late for an important meeting/eventYou should say:When it happenedWhat happenedWhy you missed/were late for itAnd explain how you felt about this experiencePart 31. Are you a punctual person?2. Do you think it is important to be on time?3. Do you always avoid being late?4. Why are people often late for meetings or appointments5. Are people in your country often late for meetings?6. Do you think people are born with time management skills or they can develop them?教他人做事Describe a time when you taught a friend/relative somethingYou should say:Who you taughtWhat/how you taughtWhat the result wasAnd explain how you felt about the experiencePart 31. What practical skills can young people teach old people?2. What skills can young people teach old people besides technology?3. How can young people teach old people skills?4. How can we know what to do when we want to learn something new?5. Do you think 'showing’ is a better way than 'telling' in educatio n?6. Do people in your country like to watch videos to learn something?事物类童年快乐经历Describe a happy experience from your childhood that you rememberYou should say:What happenedWhen and where it happenedWho you were withAnd explain why it was a happy experiencePart 31. Why do you think some people have a better memory than others?2. What kinds of things do people need to remember nowadays?3. What do you think we shouldn't forget?4. Why do some people remember more of their childhood than others?5. What can people do to improve their memory?6. What is your earliest memory that you can still remember now?演讲经历Describe a talk you gave to a group of people You should say:Who you gave the talk toWhat the talk was aboutWhy you gave the talkAnd explain how you felt about the talkPart 31. What benefits does the internet bring to communication?2. Which one is better, being a communicator or a listener?3. What qualities does a person need to have to be a good communicator?4. What qualities do people need to speak in public?5. What kinds of people often give speeches?6. How important is it to be a good listener when communicating?汽车旅行Describe a car journey that you remember well You should say:Where you wentWhat you didWho you had the car journey withAnd explain how you felt about the journeyPart 31. What benefits does public transport bring to the world?2. Is it too late for people to get their driver's license at the age of 18?3. What qualities does a driver need to have?4. Do you think the government should make it a rule for people to use public transport?5. Which jobs require people to be good at driving?6. Do you see driverless cars as the future of cars?想尝试的冒险Describe an exciting adventure you would like to take in the futureYou should say:What the adventure isWhere you would goWho you would go withWhat you would doAnd explain why you would like to take the adventurePart 31. Who likes to read adventure books?2. Do people prefer adventure novels or adventure movies?3. Why do some people like to read adventure books rather than take an adventure?4. Who doesn't like to take adventures?5. What kind of personality should people have to experience a lot of adventure?6. Will experiencing adventures broaden people's horizons?喜欢穿的衣服Describe a piece of clothing you enjoy wearing You should say:What it is likeWhen and where you got itHow often you wear itAnd explain why you enjoy wearing itPart31. Do you like buying clothes?2. What kind of clothes do most people wear in your country?3. Under what circumstances would people in your country wear formal clothes?4. What is the difference between the clothing of the elderly and the young in China?5. When do people in your country wear traditional clothes?6. Does the climate affect what people wear?生活中有用的发明Describe an invention that is useful in your daily lifeYou should say:What the invention isWhat it can doHow popular it isWhether it is difficult or easy to useAnd explain why it is usefulPart 31. What qualities do inventors have?2. Do you think only scientists can invent new things?3. What inventions do you think should be improved?4. Are there any other inventions that make the world better?5. Do all inventions bring benefits to our world?6. Who should support and sponsor inventors, governments, or private companies?让你失望的电影Describe a movie you watched recently that you felt disappointed aboutYou should say:When it wasWhy you didn't like itWhy you decided to watch itAnd explain why you felt disappointed about itPart 31. Do you believe movie reviews?2. What are the different types of films in your country?3. Are historical films popular in your country? Why?4. Do you think films with famous actors or actresses are more likely to become successful films?5. Why are Japanese animated films so popular?6. Should the director pay a lot of money to famous actors?童年游戏Describe the game you enjoyed playing when you were youngerYou should say:What the game wasWhere you played itWho you played it withAnd explain why you enjoyed playing the gamePart 31. What games do kids like to play now?2. Do boys and girls play different games?3. Are outdoor sports important for kids?4. Why do people play different games now than before?5. Is winning important in games?6. Which is better, individual games or team-based games?多次阅读的书Describe a book that you have read many time You should say:What the book is aboutHow often you have read this bookWhy you read itAnd explain what effect the book has had on youPart 31. What kinds of books do children like to read? Why?2. What can kids learn from books?3. Do people prefer to read e-books or printed books in your country?4. Do you think people need to develop the habit of reading? Why?5. Do you think reading books can make people happier?6. Do you think e-books will make people read more?Why?想做有趣的工作Describe an interesting job that you want to have in the futureYou should say:What it isHow you can find this jobWhat skills it requiresAnd explain why it is an interesting jobPart 31. What are the most popular jobs for young people in your country?2. What is the difference between high-income and low-income jobs in your country?3. When is the right time for young people to start making serious plans for their future careers?4. Which jobs have the highest salaries?5. Which jobs pay low wages but require a high level of skills?6. Do you think it is important for secondary schools to offer career advice to students?传统庆典Describe a traditional celebration (a festival or ceremony) in your country that you enjoyYou should say:What it isWhat you do to celebrate itWho you celebrate it withAnd explain why you enjoy itPart 31. Is it important for children to learn about traditional festivals at school?2. Do children like to learn about traditional festivals?3. Why do people hold events to celebrate?4. Are traditional festivals disappearing?5. Is music important in traditional festivals?6. Do you think good food and drinks are important for celebrations?运动节目Describe a sports program you enjoy watchingYou should say:What it isWhere you watch itWho you watch it withAnd explain why you enjoy watching the programPart 31. Which sport do you think most people like to do? And why?2. Do children need exercise?3. What are the benefits of exercise?4. What can be done to get children into sport?5. What sports programs do people like to watch in your country?6. What's the difference between watching sports on TV and watching it live?存钱买贵重礼物Describe an expensive gift that you would like to give someone when you save a lot of money You should say:What the gift isWho you will give the gift toHow long it will take to save the moneyAnd explain why you would like to give the gift to this personPart 31. What do young people like to save money for?2. Is it easy for people to save money to buy something expensive?3. Should children have pocket money? Why?4. Should children learn how to use money at school or from their parents?5. How do people save money?6. Why can't some people save money?水上运动Describe a water sport you would like to try in the futureYou should say:What it isWhere you would like to try itWhether it is difficultAnd explain why you would like to try itPart 31. What are the advantages of water transportation?2. Why do people like to live near water?3. What kinds of water sports are popular nowadays?4. Do you think it is good to teach swimming in schools?5. What do you think of the people who waste water?6. What are the characteristics of goods transported by water?重要决定Describe an important decision that you made You should say:What the decision wasHow you made your decision。
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3.6 Learner beliefs
Group discussion: What do you believe about how languages are learned?
3.6 Learner beliefs
All learners, particularly older learners, have strong beliefs and opinions about how their instruction should be delivered. Learner beliefs about how languages are learned will influence the kinds of strategies they choose in order to learn new material.
3.7 Age of acquisition
Arguments about CPH Describe the studies and make a summary of the conclusions.
3.7 Age of acquisition
Older learners are more efficient than younger learners in the early stages of second language. There is no CPH in SLA. There is difference between learners who began to learn English before puberty and those who began learning English later. There was a strong relationship between an early start to language
3.2 Aptitude
With the adoption of a more communicative approach to teaching, many teachers and researchers came to see aptitude as irrelevant to the process of language acquisition. Successful language learners may not be strong in all of the components of aptitude. Practical implication: One could determine learners’ profiles of strengths and weaknesses and use this information to place students in appropriate teaching programs.
How Languages are Learned – Chapter 3
Liyan Huang
Chapter 3 Factors Affecting L2 Learning
Intelligence Aptitude Personality Motivation and attitudes Learner preferences Learner beliefs Age of acquisition
3.4 Motivation and attitudes
Group discussion What are your purposes of learning English/ Japanese/…? How can we motivate students in classroom instruction?
3.5 Learner preferences
Group discussion: Share your own way of learning a second language with your classmates.
Key concepts learning style field independent field dependent
Different studies measuring a similar personality trait produce different results. An extroverted person is well suited to language learning. Many successful language learners do not get high scores on measures of extroversion. Inhibition discourages risk-taking which is necessary for progress in language learning.
3.2 Aptitude
Group discussion What is the distinguishing feature of aptitude? What types of abilities is aptitude composed? key concept Aptitude grammar translation or audiolingual methods
3.3 Personality
In general, the available research does not show a clearly defined relationship between personality and L2 acquisition. Personality variables may be a major factor only in the acquisition of conversational skills, not in the acquisition of literacy skills.
Does an individual factor affect L2 Learning?
Correlation study (e.g. motivation questionnaire survey) It is not possible to directly observe and measure qualities such as motivation. Some studies report that learners with a higher level of motivation are more successful language learners, while other studies report that highly motivated learners do
3.1 Intelligence
Group discussion Conclusions Studies Key concepts intelligence immersion
3.1 Intelligence
IQ scores were a good means of predicting how successful a learner would be. These measures of intelligence may be more strongly related to certain kinds of L2 abilities than to others. Many students whose academic performance has been weak have experienced considerable success in L2 learnteristics of the ‘good language learner’
Group discussion: What are the characteristics of a good language learner? Fill in the questionnaire on p.51.
3.5 Learner preferences
While field independence is related to some degree to performance on certain kinds of tasks, it is not a good predictor of performance on others. Practical implication: At a minimum, research on learning styles should make us sceptical of claims that a particular teaching method or textbook will suit the needs of all learners.
3.3 Personality
Group discussion What are the characteristics of your personality? How does your personality influence your L2 learning?
3.3 Personality
3.4 Motivation and attitudes
If the speaker’s only reason for learning the L2 is external pressure, internal motivation may be minimal and general attitudes towards learning may be negative. One factor which often affects motivation is the social dynamic or power relationship between the languages.