跨文化交际知识点汇总

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跨文化交际知识点

跨文化交际知识点在当今全球化的时代，跨文化交际变得日益频繁和重要。

无论是在国际商务、旅游、教育还是日常生活中，我们都有可能与来自不同文化背景的人进行交流。

理解跨文化交际的知识点，能够帮助我们更好地应对这种交流，避免误解和冲突，建立良好的关系。

首先，我们需要明白文化的定义和范畴。

文化不仅仅包括语言、宗教、风俗习惯，还涵盖价值观、思维方式、社会规范等深层次的元素。

比如，在某些文化中，直接的眼神交流被视为真诚和自信的表现；而在另一些文化中，过多的直接眼神接触可能被认为是不礼貌或具有攻击性。

语言是跨文化交际中最明显的工具，但语言的差异远远不止于词汇和语法。

不同语言中的隐喻、习语、委婉表达等都反映了各自文化的特点。

例如，中文里的“竹篮打水一场空”，如果直接翻译成其他语言，可能让不了解中国文化的人感到困惑。

非语言交流在跨文化交际中也起着关键作用。

肢体语言、面部表情、手势等都可能有不同的含义。

在西方国家，点头通常表示同意，而在一些亚洲国家，点头可能只是表示在倾听，不一定表示同意。

微笑在大多数文化中是友好的表示，但在某些特定情境下，可能有不同的解读。

价值观是文化的核心部分。

个人主义和集体主义是常见的价值观对比。

在个人主义文化中，如美国，强调个人的成就和独立；而在集体主义文化中，如日本和中国，更注重集体的利益和和谐。

这种价值观的差异会影响到决策方式、工作态度和社交行为等方面。

时间观念在不同文化中也有所不同。

有些文化重视准时，将时间视为宝贵的资源，严格按照时间表行事；而在另一些文化中，时间可能更具有弹性，更注重人际关系和当下的交流。

空间观念也存在文化差异。

例如，在一些文化中，人们在交流时倾向于保持较近的身体距离，而在其他文化中，人们则更偏好较大的个人空间。

宗教信仰对文化和交际方式有着深远的影响。

不同的宗教有着不同的教义、仪式和禁忌。

了解对方的宗教信仰和相关的文化传统，能够避免因无知而产生的冒犯。

在跨文化交际中，还需要注意文化定势和文化偏见的问题。

跨文化交际学阅读笔记

《跨文化交际学》阅读笔记一、跨文化交际学的基本概念跨文化交际学是一门研究不同文化背景的人们在交际过程中如何进行交流、沟通以及相互理解的学科。

它涉及到不同文化间的语言、习俗、信仰、价值观等方面的差异，并探究这些差异如何影响人们的交流行为。

在全球化背景下，跨文化交际已成为我们日常生活和工作中不可或缺的一部分，对于增进国际间的合作与交流、促进世界和平与发展具有重要意义。

在跨文化交际学中，有几个核心概念是我们需要掌握的。

首先是“文化”，它是指一个群体或社会共有的语言、艺术、信仰、习俗、传统等行为模式和思想观念的集合。

其次是“交际”，它是指人们通过语言、符号等方式进行信息交流和情感沟通的过程。

而“跨文化交际”则是指来自不同文化背景的人们在交际过程中，通过语言、符号等交流工具，进行信息交换和文化理解的活动。

跨文化交际的核心特点包括多样性和复杂性，由于世界上存在众多不同的文化，每种文化都有其独特的价值体系和行为模式，这使得跨文化交际呈现出多样性。

由于文化差异带来的交流障碍和误解，也给跨文化交际带来了复杂性。

在跨文化交际中，我们需要具备开放的心态和包容的态度，尊重不同文化之间的差异，学会在交流中调整自己的交流策略，以达到更好的交流效果。

为了更好地进行跨文化交际，我们需要了解不同文化间的差异，包括语言、习俗、信仰、价值观等方面的差异。

这些差异可能导致交际中的误解和冲突，因此我们需要通过学习和实践来提升自己的跨文化交际能力，包括语言交际能力、文化适应能力、跨文化意识等方面。

我们才能在全球化的大背景下更好地适应和融入不同的文化环境，促进国际间的交流与合作。

1. 跨文化交际的定义与内涵跨文化交际学是一门研究不同文化背景的人们之间如何进行有效沟通的学科。

在全球化日益发展的今天，跨文化交际的重要性愈发凸显。

在阅读《跨文化交际学》我对其中的定义与内涵有了更深入的了解。

跨文化交际，指的是不同文化背景的人通过语言、符号等交流工具进行信息、情感、观点等的交换过程。

《跨文化交际》课件

跨国企业的跨文化团队建设案例
总结词
跨国企业通过跨文化团队建设，实现文化融合与协同发展。
详细描述
某跨国企业为应对不同国家和地区的文化和市场差异，组建了由不同国籍员工组成的跨文化团队。通过培训、交流活动等方式，促进员工之间的文化了解与合作，实现了企业业务的快速发展。
国际旅游中的跨文化冲突解决案例
总结词
教师需要关注学生的文化背景和个性特点，采用多样化的教学方法和手段，促进学生的学习和发展。
教育机构需要提供跨文化交际的培训和教育，帮助学生和教师了解不同文化的特点和差异。
教育中的跨文化交际有助于培养具有国际视野和跨文化交际能力的人才，推动全球化和文化交流。
国际关系中的跨文化交际
01
国际关系中的跨文化交际是指在不同国家之间进行有效的沟通和合作。
THቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱNKS
感谢观看
02
CATALOGUE
文化差异的表现
语言差异
语言差异是跨文化交际中最为直观的表现。不同文化背景的人们使用不同的语言，这可能导致沟通障碍。例如，某些词汇在一种文化中可能有特定的含义，而在另一种文化中可能没有。
语言使用的习惯和规则也因文化而异，如敬语的使用、礼貌的表达方式等。了解和尊重这些差异是进行有效跨文化交际的关键。
详细描述
某高校开展国际交流项目，邀请不同国家和地区的留学生和学者参与学术交流、文化体验等活动。通过这些项目，学生和学者增进了对不同文化的了解，促进了国际合作与友
谊。
国际组织中的跨文化沟通案例
总结词
国际组织中的跨文化沟通，推动全球议题的解决。
详细描述
某国际组织在处理全球性议题时，注重跨文化沟通与合作。组织成员来自不同国家和地区，拥有不同的文化背景和观念。通过有效的跨文化沟通，成员们达成共识，推动了全球性议题的解决。

《跨文化交际》课件

2
基本规则
了解跨文化交际的基本规则，如注重非语言沟通、避免使用俚语和难懂的语言等方的文化背景和习惯，调整沟通策略，确保信息的准确传达。
解决跨文化交际中的问题
1 展示文化敏感性
在跨文化交际中，需要对不同文化背景的人表示尊重和理解。
2 调整沟通策略
针对跨文化交际中遇到的问题，我们可以根据对方的习惯和背景，调整沟通策略，解决问题。
案例研究
跨文化交际成功案例
一位跨国公司的领导成功地进行了跨文化沟通，在不同国家的员工中建立了良好的合作关系。
跨文化交际失败案例
因为文化差异，一个国际项目中的交流出现了误解导致该项目未能按时完成。
总结与讨论
反思课程内容
通过本课程的学习，您是否更好地了解了跨文化交际的重要性和技巧？
提出问题和建议
《跨文化交际》PPT课件
本课程旨在帮助您更好地了解跨文化交际的重要性和技巧，并掌握如何有效地与不同文化背景的人交流。
什么是跨文化交际？
定义
跨文化交际是指在跨越不同文化背景的情况下进行的交流和互动。
重要性
随着全球化进程的加快，跨文化交际的重要性越来越受到重视。
挑战
不同文化之间的交流可能会面临很多挑战和障碍，需要我们采取有效的沟通策略。
在跨文化交际的实践中，您是否遇到了问题？为了更好地提高跨文化交际的能力，您有什么建议？
文化差异
不同的文化特征
每个文化都有自己独特的特征，例如语言、信仰、价值观和习俗。
文化差异的影响
文化差异可能会影响人们的观念、行为和与他人的交流方式。
文化融合
跨文化交际也是文化融合的过程，可以促进不同文化之间的理解和尊重。
跨文化沟通技巧

《跨文化交际》课件

尊重他人
尊重和接受不同文化的观点和做法。
发展人际关系
建立良好的人际关系有助于跨文化交际的顺利进行。
结论和总结
跨文化交际是一个复杂而有趣的领域，它可以丰富我们的视野，增进人与人之间的理解和合作。在全球化的时代，跨文化交际的重要性不可忽视。
自由民主
西方社会价值观的核心之一，强调个人自由和人权。
摇滚音乐
西方音乐文化的代表，让人们释放情感和表达自我。
跨文化交际的概念
跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的人之间进行有效沟通和交流的过程。
跨文化交际的重要性
1 提高理解力
通过跨文化交际，我们能够更好地理解和尊重他人的文化。
2 促进合作
跨文化交际有助于不同文化背景的人们共同合作解决问题。
《跨文化交际》PPT课件
跨文化交际是研究不同文化间的交流，了解和尊重不同文化背景的重要性。
中国文化
长城
茶道
中国古代的伟大建筑物，象征着中国的辉煌历史和文化的丰富性。
中国独特的文化艺术，展示了对礼仪和和谐的追求。
书法
中国的艺术形式，以笔刷和墨水书写汉字，传承了上千年的历史。
西方文化
圣诞节
西方重要的节日，在这一天人们庆祝和分享快乐。
3 推动创新
不同文化间的交流和碰撞能够激发创新思维，产生新的想法和解决方案。
跨文化交际中的挑战
1
语言障碍
不同语言之间的差异可能导致交流困难。
2
文化差异
不同文化的价值观和习俗可能造成误解和冲突。
3
沟通风格
跨文化交际中的沟通方式和风格可能不同，需要灵活适应。
跨文化助于更好地交流和理解。

跨文化交际重点梳理

`重点1Definition of cultureCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed through the generations in an identifiable group of people.重点2Characteristics of culture(10)1、Culture is sharedCulture is a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of behaviors held in a group ,organization or society.It is not property of any individual.2、culture is cumulativeHuman beliefs, arts etc. are results of many generations.Every generations can discover the new things.The new knowledge are added to what was learned in previous generations.3、culture is learnedCulture is not inherent with any people.Culture can not be genetically and automatically passed down文档Word`from previous generations.And it should be taught and learned by people.4、culture is adaptiveCulture is created by humans. Humans have to adapt the environment . thus is in development bears the trait of being adaptive 5、culture is dynamicAt the same time that new culture are added, and the old ones are lost because they are no longer useful.6、culture is symbolicSymbols generally serve as communicative tools for a multitude purposes, on a persons as well as culture level.7 、culture is relationalCulture is an organic whole. All the components of culture are interlinked.8 、culture is implicit and explicitSome layers culture are easy to be observe, like eating , dressing, talking. But the ideas underlying the behaviors are generally hard to know. Many scholars label the culture as iceberg.文档Word`culture is universal 9、culture is diversified、10Hall's dimensions3重点High contextHigh-context communication relies heavily on nonverbal, contextual and shared cultural meanings.The meanings are not fully expressed.re determined by “how”things are said , rather than “what”Meanings ais said.阿拉伯欧洲东部和南部日本CollectivismLow contextVerbal codes rather than the information impliesClear straight and to-the-point communication美国德国斯堪的纳维亚IndividualismMonochromic cultureDo one thing at one time, Concentrate on the job, take time seriously, 文档Word`low-context and need information, commit to the job, religiously to the plans, not disturbing others, seldom borrow or lend things, emphasize promptnessPolychromic cultureDo many things at once, subject to interruptions, consider timecommitments an objective to be achieved, high-context and already haveinformation. Change plans often. Emphasize the relationships.重点4Triandis's individualism & collectivismIndividualismFosters independence and individual achievement,Promotes self-expression ,personal choice, individual thinking Associated with egalitarian relationships and flexibility in roles Understand the physical world as knowable apart of human life CollectivismInterdependence and group successPromotes adherence to normsAssociated with stable, hierarchical rolesShared property, group ownership文档Word`重点5Elements of communication Source (sender)EncodingMessageMedium(channel)ReceiverDecodingResponseFeedback重点6Grice's cooperative principle Quantity maximMake your contribute as informative as is required for the current purpose of exchange.Do not make your contribution more information than is required. （量的准则——话语提供充分而不多余的信息）Quality maximMake your contribution is ture（质的准则——话语的容是真实的）文档Word`Relation maximBe relevant（关系准则——话语与话题有关，即与所要实现的意图有关）Manner maximBe perspicuousAvoid obscurity of expressionAvoid ambiguityDe brief and orderly(方式准则——说话要清楚明白、简洁而有条理)重点7Brown & levinson's face theory Face is something that is emotionally invested, can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be often attended to in communication People cooperate while maintaining face in interaction.Face theory : face threatening acts (FTAs)Politeness strategiesPoliteness strategies: bald on-record赤裸裸的公开实行面子威胁行为不使用补救措施off-record indirect strategy 非公开的实行面子威胁行为negative politeness消极礼貌策略Positive politeness积极礼貌策略文档Word`Face: negative facePositive face重点8Thought patternsField dependence场依存性Holistic thinking eastern peoplePerspective of the whole, all the relevant parts take into account.Easily influence by othersField independence场独立性Analytic thinking western peopleDivinding the whole into parts to analyze the features or relations between the partsHardly influence by othersEastern: field-dependence, holistic thinking, high-context Western: field-independence, analytic thinking, low-context文档Word`重点9Phases of negotiation Preparation 准备Non-task sounding 非任务测探Task-oriented exchangePersuasion 劝说ConcessionConclusion重点10Components of a brandBrand name 品牌名称（产品）Brand mark 品牌标志（产品）Trade name商号（公司名字）Trade mark 品牌商标重点11SWOT analysisStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats文档Word`重点12Intercultural advertising strategies Standardization strategyConvey and extend the same advertising message to different markets and culturesKey point:Deal with the different markets using the same massageExample:MarlboroPhilips优点：reinforce the corporate imageSaving energyBe convenient to manage compared with several ads缺点: unlikely to be adaptive without change to all foreign culture Result in misunderstanding or conflict even ruin a business Localization strategyStresses the specialties of the local market and adaptation to the local market environment文档Word`重点13Three meaning layers of adsthe surface meaningthe intended meaningthe cultural meaning文档Word。

跨文化交际知识点

跨文化交际考试题型UN IT1 communication across cultures1.What have made IC a common phenomenon in our life?•New technology;•Innovative communication systems;•Globalization of the economy;•Changes in immigration patterns.2.Three major socio-cultural elements directly influencingour perception and communication:•Cultural values;•Worldview (religion);•Social organizations (family and state).3.Nonverbal behaviors people can attach meaning to:People can attach meaning to our gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, concepts of time, and space, but the meanings for those actions often shift from culture to culture.4.Six stumbling blocks in IC:•Assumption of similarities;•Language differences;•Nonverbal interpretations;•Preconceptions and stereotypes;•Tendency to evaluate;•High anxiety.UNIT2 culture and communication1.Five basic needs of human （P41）:•The physiological needs;•The safety needs;•The belongingness needs;•The esteem needs;•The self-actualization needs.2.Three characteristics of culture (P45):•Culture is coherent;•Culture is learned;•Culture is the view of a group of people.Three things culture does：•Culture ranks what is important;•Culture furnishes attitudes;•Culture dictates how to behave.3.Elements of communication（重点）P49：HistoricalCulturerelationship(three variables genderaffecting them) cultureMessages Meanings(elements) SymbolsEncoding and decodingChannels sound(verbal symbols)( two basic channels offace to face communication) sight(nonverbal cues)external noiseNoise internal noisesemantic noiseFeedback4.Understanding culture:•It is a way of thinking, feeling, believing;•It is a “theory”;•It constitutes a storehouse of the pooled learning of thegroup;•The essence of the cultural process is selectivity;•It is learned by individuals and constitutes some part of learned behavior;•It regulates our lives at every turn.5.Essentials of human communication (P68):The basis of human contact communication ( the ability to share your beliefs, values, ideas, and feelings )Essentials of communication:•It is a dynamic process;•It is symbolic;•It is systemic;•It involves making inferences;•It has a consequence;•It is complex.UNIT3 cultural diversity1.About friendship:•In France: a relationship between men；Key word of breaking up：congeniality ;•In Germany: a matter of feeling;Key word of breaking up: mutuality;In England: the basis is shared activity;Key word of breaking up: misjudgment.2.Family structure:The core of any culture family structureA major function of the family socialize new membersof a cultureA major source of cultural difference family structureand their inherentrelationships3.Kluckhohns - Strodtbeck model (重点)P86:Five orientations beliefs and behaviors(图表参照原文)4.Key principles of Confucian teaching:•Social order and stability are based on unequal relationships between people;•The family is the prototype for all social relationship;•Proper social behavior consists of not treating others as you would not like to be treated yourself;•People should be skilled, educated, hardworking, thrifty, modest, patient, and persevering.5.Five cultural dimensions by Geert Hofstede（重点）P99:•Individual versus collectivism;•Uncertainty avoidance;•Power distance;•Masculinity versus femininity;•Orientation to time.Low-context communication system 6.Human interaction（LC VS HC）High-context communication system HC：indirect verbal mode, listener to be responsibleLC: direct verbal mode, speaker to be responsible（重要，图表参照P115）UNIT4 language and culturemunication across cultures and languages is difficultand full of hurdles and pitfalls:•Cultural literacy is necessary to understand the language being used;•All languages have social questions and information questions;•Words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context, the cultural usage;•Language reflects the environment in which we live and cultural values;•People translate concepts from a foreign language and culture with words that fit their priorities;•Different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings;•Language changes over time;• A language, if spoken in different parts of the globe, ultimately will develop differently.2.Relationship between language and culture （重点，P128）: •They are clearly fused; one reflects the other;•To fully reveal the culture, we must examine the language;•Language is a product of the culture;To practice the culture, we also need language.Language and cultural productsLanguage and cultural practicesLanguage and cultural perspectivesLanguage and cultural communitiesLanguage and persons3.Besides saying no directly, there are other ways ofexpressing no across cultures：•Being silent or showing a lack of enthusiasm; •Offering an alternative;•Postponement (delaying answers);•Putting the responsibility on a third party or something over which you have no control;•Avoidance;•General acceptance of an offer but giving no details; •Diverting and distracting.mon ways the Japanese avoid saying no:•Be vague;•Be silent;•Ask a question;•Change the topic;•Leave;•Tell a white lie;•Refuse to answer the question;•Say yes, but;•Delay answering;•Apologize.5.Equivalence between languages:•Lexical equivalence;•Idiomatic equivalence:•Grammatical-syntactical equivalence;•Experiential equivalence;•Conceptual equivalence.6.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis：Central idea language functions, not simply as a device for reporting experience, but also, and more significantly, as a way of defining experience for its speaker.UNIT5 culture and verbal communication 1.What causes miscommunication?•The way ideas are put together into an argument; •The way some ideas are selected for special emphasis; •The way emotional information about the ideas is presented.2.Culture influence communication styles:High involvement styles:•Talk more;•Interrupt more;•Expect to be interrupted;•Talk more loudly at times;•Talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring high considerateness styles.High considerateness styles:•Speak one at a time;•Use polite listening sounds;•Refrain from interrupting;•Give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation patterns.3.Cross-culture verbal communication styles （重点，P179）:Person-oriented and status-oriented verbal styles4.Preferences in the organization of verbal codes （重点，P184）：Organizational preferences in the use of U.S. EnglishOrganizational preferences in other languages and cultures新编跨文化交际英语教程参考答案.pdf/p-595614592.html右击，打开超链接Unit 6 Culture and NonverbalCommunication重点：P204-209, P218-221, P222-226其他文章也需大致浏览一遍1.An overview of nonverbal communication(1)Hand Gestures P192-193Italian/ Russian/ Latin Americans: great hand movers Englishmen: stingy(小气的), controlled/rigidU.S.: any type of hand movement due to a mixture of cultures ◆The Meaning of hand gestures①→A man who uses hand movements when talks appears freer, more open and more honest to an audience than a controlled behavior;②A limited amount of hand movement indicates things like solidity, reliability and confidence③Hand gestures, however, can change the meaning of our words as well as carrying meanings totally by themselves.(2)EyesThe language of eyes---a way of exchanging feelings- is both subtle and complex: gender, class, generation, regional, ethic and national differences.America: avoid staring at people for too longFrance/ Italy: really look for a long timeUnited States and some western cultures: direct eye contact Japan: not look another in the eye, but in Adam’s apple(喉结）China/Indonesia/Mexico: lower eyes to show deference,too much eye contact is rudeWhite Americans: “Look at me when I talk to you”→lack of contact is lack of honestyBlacks: “ don’t look at me in that tone of voice”Korea: never talk or smile at strangersArab: smile at strangers frequentlyAmerica:talk and smile too much--superficial,make and leave friends quicklyVietnam: make long friendsTo people of different cultures, a smile or a laugh may have very different meaningsIn eastern Asian countries: use the face to conceal feelings Japan: smile is a law of etiquette, cultivated from early times In Africa: express surprise, wonder, embarrassment and discomfiture(4)touching behaviorPeople in high contact cultures: “close” is negative and good“far” is negative and badVice Versa people in low contact cultures:England: shaking hands lightly is fineBackslapping or putting an arm around the shoulder South Pacific/ Eastern and western Europe/the Far East/parts of Africa: greet with a handshake and may wave each other at a distanceIn parts of Europe/ Latin America/the Middle East: handshaking can be followed by an embrace or a kiss on the checkIn France and England: the handshake is light and quickU.S.: firm, pumping(上下摇动的), continuedGermany：handshake is firm but quite stiffParts of Africa/India/the Middle East:handshakes are reserved for menKorea: men and women use different forms of handshakesIn France and Russia：men must reach out firstIn Eastern Europe: women must extend her hand before men offerIn Austria/Poland/Romania: handshaking between women and men is sometimes accompanied by a kiss of the woman’s hand by the manKiss:Serve several purposes: greeting and farewell, affection, religious or ceremonial symbolism, deference to a person of higher statusSexual kissing is unknown in some societies, such as Thonga of AfricaP202-203 Eight factors influence touch自己看2.Gender and Nonverbal CommunicationP204-209Touch, or “just a friendly pat on the back”Height, or “Whom do you look up to?”Gaze, or“Are you looking at me？”Gesture and demeanor, or“Act like a lady”Artificial messages, or “What you wear speaks volumes”3.The importance of nonverbal communication●NC is so subtle that a shifting of body zones can also send amessage.●We use the actions of others to learn their affective oremotional states.●NC is significant in human interaction because it isresponsible for first impressions●NC has value in human interaction because many of ournonverbal actions are not easily controlled consciously.4.Functions of nonverbal communication P218Repeating(Accenting): repeat a verbal one to reinforce Complementing: add more information to messages, accent the idea that the speaker is trying to makeSubstituting: when we perform some action instead of speakingRegulating:control the flow of conversationContradicting:our nonverbal actions send signals opposite from the literal meanings contained in our verbal messages.Unit 7 Time and Space Across CulturesTime重点：P229-232，P239-240, P253-257A culture’s conception can be examined from three different perspectives:(1) informal time (2) perceptions of past, present and future (3) chronicler and polychronicclassifications1. Informal timeHow late is “late”？P254In Britain and America, 5minutesIn Arab countries, 15 and 30 minutesIn Italy, 2 hoursIn Ethiopian, not late at allIn Java, not late at allIn Latin America, one is expected to arrive late as a sign of respectIn Germany, arrive on time, otherwise, rude2.perceptions of past, present and future P255(1)Past-oriented culturesFeatures:①People regard past experiences as most important②Place much emphasis on tradition and are often perceived as resisting change;③Use the past as a guide to how to live in the present/ look to past for guidance when confronting new situationsCountry: Britain :“ we have always done it this way”China:“consider the past and you will know the present”(2）Present-oriented culturesFeatures:①People regard current experiences as most important.②They place a major emphasis on spontaneity and immediacy③They experience each moment as fully as possible.Country: Culture with a strong Islamic traditionBecause they believe that future events belong to Allah also tends to perceive the present as a place where past, present and future come together(3)future-oriented culturesFeatures:①People believe tomorrow is most important②Current activities are accomplished not for their own sake but for the potential future benefits③Their fate is at least partially in their own hands and therefore they can control the consequences of their action Country: America: plan for the future/ a very low tolerance for extensions and postponements3.Monochronic（M-time）and Polychronic( P-time)Put forward by Edward Hall(1)M-time: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a timeFeatures: see time as lineal, segmented and manageable Time is tangibleAppointments and schedules are very important Countries: Germany, Austria, Switzerland and America(2)P-time: means being involved with many things at once Features: more flexible and humanisticEmphasize people more than schedulesTime is less tangibleBreak commitmentsCountries: China(3)The specific differences between M-time and P-time见书本P257Personal Space P239-243 Each person has around him or her an invisible bubble of space which expands and contracts depending on a number of things:the relationship to the people nearby, the person’s emotional state, cultural background, and the activity being performed. The size of the private space is also influenced by social status, gender, age. and level of authority.Private SpaceUnit 8 Cross-culture Perception重点：P272-276, P292-295✓P272 1.Ethnocentrism 民族中心论What is Ethnocentrism?The tendency to judge our values, customs, behaviors, or other aspects of another culture using our own group and our own customs as the standards for all judgments is ethnocentrism.Because of ethnocentrism, we tend to behave like this: we want people ：to believe as we believe,To look as the world as we do.To know things as we want others to knowObjectives: an intention to influence the behavior of others/ to persuade them to accept our point of view.✓Demonstrated in 3 degrees: P274-2751.Low ethnocentrism/ indifferenceLack of sensitivity in our verbal and nonverbal interaction in dealing with others who are different2.Moderate ethnocentrism avoidanceLanguage or dialect switching in the presence of out-group members, and with displayed nonverbal inattention to accentuate in-group connection and avoidance of out-group members3.High ethnocentrism/disparagement 轻视The use of verbal sarcasms, racist jokes, hate-filled speech, and physical violence to marginalize 排斥，忽视or obliterate 消灭the existence of out-group members4.Extremes of ethnocentrismMisunderstanding--->dangerWhen a group of members think their lifestyle is superior, they may decide that they are duty-bound to change the lifestyle of othersEg: wars have even been fought to save the world for democracy.P275 2. Cultural RelativismAll culture are of equal value and the values and behavior of a culture can only be judged using that culture as a frame of reference.Cultural relativism suggests that the only way we can understand the behavior of others is in the context of their culture.Evaluations must be relative to the cultural background out of which they arise.No one cultural trait is right or wrong;----it’s just different from alternative cultural traits.----those who are different from us are not inferior to us.It is not to say we must never make value judgments of people in other cultures. Making them is necessary.Postponing these value judgments or recognizing their tentative 试验性的，暂定的nature，until adequate information is gathered and we understand the people from the other culture.----greatly facilitates understanding and effective communication.P276-278 3. StereotypeStereotypes are the perceptions or beliefs we hold aboutgroups or individuals based on previously formed opinions attitudes.How we form stereotypes:P292①We may categorize people or things by the most obvious characteristics they possess②We may apply a set of characteristics to a whole group of people.③We may give the same treatment to each member of the group.✓Stereotype may vary along four dimensions:direction, intensity, accuracy, and content.Direction: the positive and negative aspects of statements. Intensity: indicate the strength of a belief about a group of peopleAccuracy: half-truths, or partially false.Content: the specific traits attributed to a group of people.✓P281-284 4.PerceptionPerception is the means by which you make sense of your physical and social world.Human perception is usually thought of as a three-step process of selection, organization, and interpretation. Each of these steps is affected by culture.Selection:Within your physiological limitations you are exposed to more stimuli than you could possibly manage. Needs affect what we are more likely to attend to. Organization: language provides the conceptual categories that influence how its speakers’ perceptions are encoded and stored.Interpretation: This refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.People do not always have similar interpretations of the world around them.Many interpretations are learned within a person’s culture. Culture influences interpretations. ①Perception is selective.②Your perceptual patterns are learned.Eg: Among Americans, credible people seem direct, rational, decisive, unyielding, and confident.Among the Japanese, credible people are perceived as being indirect, sympathetic, prudent, flexible and humble.5.PrejudiceTrue prejudices are those negative attitudes directed toward groups, especially racial and religious groups, that are formed by highly personal and unseasoned generalizations about all or most members of the group.Causes of prejudice:Ignorance / Insecurity /Lack of interaction✓Five common forms of prejudice:Verbal abuse, physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, and massacre 大屠杀①Verbal abuse：ethnic jokes②physical avoidance: avoiding making friends, going out, studying, or working with certain people③Discrimination: the denial of equal opportunities to outgroup members.④physical attack: punishing the group of people who are disliked⑤Massacre: the worst result.We gradually develop our stereotypes and prejudices through the process of learning and socialization.The bad effects of stereotypes and prejudice:①Prevent us from interacting with people of different backgrounds;②Produce negative feelings during the interactions;③Lead to unnecessary conflicts when they are intense. Solution: be empathic: show understanding/ be open-minded/be imaginative/show a commitment or willingness to understand our culturally different partners.Unit 9 Intercultural Adaptation重点：P299-304, P322-326, P327-331 Culture Shock: refers to the transition period and theaccompanying feelings of stress and anxiety a person experiences during the early period upon entering a new culture.(it refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.)Symptoms of culture shock:Physical Symptoms: a constant headache, an upset stomach, and sleeplessnessPsychological Symptoms:①anxiety, irritability,paranoia, extreme homesickness, loneliness, excessive concern over health and safety, and feelings of powerlessness and helplessness.②communication based such as withdrawal from relationship and conversation, excessive complaining, frustration and defensive communication.Major stages of adjustment in the new culture: P300-303 Predeparture Stage:simultaneously excited and waryStage one: everything is beautiful:a sense of excitement, pleasure and self-satisfaction. enthusiasm 3and curiosity ,sense of euphoria过度兴奋the honeymoon stageStage two: everything is awfulmore anxious, restless, impatient and disappointedStage three: everything is OKAdaptation and reentrySuggestions in culture shock and in longer-range adaptation①Do not become over-reactionary②Meet new people③Try new things④Give yourself periods of rest and though⑤Work on your self-concept⑥Write⑦Observe body language⑧Learn the verbal languageChallenges to sojourner adaptation: p322-326Ethnocentrismlanguage barriersdisequilibriumlength of staylevel of knowledgeKey qualities of a mindful state of being:p327-331creation of new categoriesopenness to new informationawareness of more than one perspectiveUnit 10 Acquiring Intercultural Competence 重点：P339-340, P346-350P339“Betweenness of identity”is a state of mind that is distinct from that of a typical,traditional standard in either native language and culture or second language and culture.is a result of the whole recreation process of a person’s own identity after taking different characteristics from the second language or culture into the person’s original identity, arranging and integrating them so that the whole self identity can stand coherently. →another,originally created, independent oneP344-346Metaphors of the U.S. Cultural Diversity①The Melting Pot: describe multiple cultures in the U.Sis like a huge crucible(坩埚), a container that can withstand extremely high temperatures and can therefore be used to melt, mix, and ultimately fuse together metals or other substances.But many groups maintain their own unique and distinctive heritages.②The Tributaries：the mix of culturesis like a huge cultural watershed, providing numerous paths in which the many tributary cultures can flow.But: imply that the cultural groups will ultimately and inevitably blend together into a single, common current.suggest the tributaries are somehow subordinate to or less important than the mighty river into which they flow.③The Tapestry(挂毯):But：a tapestry is rather static and unchangeable. While cultural groups in the United States are more fluid than the tapestry metaphor might imply.④The Garden Salad: but is suggests an absence of firmness and stability. Cultural groups in the United States are not always moving, mixing, and mingling with the speed and alacrity that the metaphor would suggest.P346-350 How to improve intercultural communication①introspection(自省) should begin with your own culture ,regardless of what that culture might be.our understanding of ourselves as cultural beings②identify those attitudes, prejudices, and opinions that we all carry around and that the bias the way the world appears to us.③knowing yourself is to learn to recognize your communication style-the manner in which you present yourself to others.。

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一、跨文化交际概论1.什么是跨文化交际？跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际。

一个层面指不同国家和民族的人们之间的交际。

另一个层面指同一个国家或民族中，不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际。

2.跨文化交际的特点是什么？跨文化交际主要指人与人、面对面的交际；跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性；跨文化交际容易引起冲突；跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突”；跨文化交际常常引起情绪上的强烈反应；跨文化交际是一种挑战，更是一种收获。

3.国际汉语教师为什么要学习跨文化交际学？国际汉语教师学习跨文化交际的必要性体现在：更好地理解中国文化；建立敏锐的跨文化意识；提高文化适应能力；建立开放、宽容、尊重的文化态度；提高在不同文化环境中进行汉语教学的能力；掌握培养学习者跨文化交际能力的方法和策略。

4.跨文化交际主要学习内容有哪些？文化与交际；价值观与文化模式；语言交际；非语言交际；文化身份&认同；文化适应；跨文化交际的心理因素；不同领域的跨文化交际；跨文化交际能力；跨文化交际训练。

二、交际与文化1.什么是文化？关于文化的定义，学界至今未有统一的定论。

而作为跨文化交际的学习者，我们最关心的并不是哪位学者提出的文化定义最全面、最精确，而是哪个文化定义与跨文化交际最相关，最能体现文化与跨文化交际的关系。

教材推荐跨文化交际学者Brislin(2000)的文化定义：文化是大多数说同一种语言和住在一起的人们所分享的价值和观念，这些价值和观念是世代相传的而且为人们提供对日常行为的指导。

2.什么是文化要素？文化要素包罗万象。

其中与跨文化交际关系最为密切的是历史、宗教、社会组织、语言。

理解这些文化要素，有助于我们理解文化在跨文化交际中的影响和作用。

3.G. Hofstede与 G.J.Hofstede(2004)提出的文化要素包括几个层次？包括象征符号、英雄人物、礼仪、价值观4个层次。

4.在跨文化交际领域，常用的文化分类方法有几种？分别是什么？有两种文化分类的方法在跨文化交际领域最为常用。

一种是客观文化与主观文化。

另二种是主导文化与亚文化。

5.文化有什么特点呢？(1)文化是后天习得的。

(2)文化是共享的，并世代相传。

(3)大部分文化是无意识的。

(4)文化是象征的。

(5)文化是动态的。

6.什么是交际？与文化的定义相似，关于交际的定义也非常丰富和复杂。

教材仅推荐与跨文化交际语用领域相关的定义。

即Gudykunst& Kim(2003)提出的关于交际的定义：交际是编码和解码的过程，但是这种编码和解码的过程并非单纯的传递和接受过程，而是包含着意义的协商和共建。

7.交际的要素是什么？交际是互相交往的过程，交际的全部过程包含以下要素:传送者、信息、编码、解码、媒介、反馈、噪音。

8.交际有什么特点？(1)交际是象征的 (2)交际是动态的过程 (3) 交际涉及意义的协商和共建 (4)交际发生在意识的各个层面。

(5)交际是特定语境中发生的。

9.文化对交际有什么影响？文化从两个层面影响交际：一是从文化规范的层面，二是从个人层面。

文化影响着人们的感知。

首先，文化影响人们对外部刺激的选择。

其次，文化影响人们对外部刺激的分类。

第三，文化影响人们对外部刺激的意义联想。

最后，文化影响人们对外部刺激的解释。

文化的特征值是它为行为提供指南。

文化影响人们的饮食行为。

文化还影响人们的衣着打扮。

文化影响居住方式。

文化影响人们的出行方式。

文化也影响了人与人交往的方式。

1.什么是价值观？价值观不是实际的行为，而是关于行为的规则；价值观是一套关于什么是真善美的标准系统；这些规则和标准是用来判断和指导人们的行为的；价值观不是个人的爱好或倾向，而是一种集体的文化意识。

2.价值观如何分类？一类是终极性价值观，它是关于生命、生存等终极目标的价值观，另一类是工具性价值观，它是关于道德和能力的价值观。

3.价值观有什么特点？(1)价值观属于深层文化。

(2)价值观是人们的行为指南。

(3)价值观既是稳定的，也是变化的。

(4)不同文化的价值观既有相同的也有不同的成分。

(5)价值观被违背时会引起情感上的强烈反应。

4.关于价值观模式的研究具有影响力的理论是哪些？1.价值取向理论（由kluckhohn与Strodtbeck提出）2. 文化尺度（由Hofstede提出）3.高语境文化与低语境文化（由Hall提出）。

5.中国文化模式有什么特点？（1）集体主义（2）以家庭为中心（3）尊重传统（4）等级观念（5）面子观念（6）重视人情6.美国文化模式有什么特点？（1）个体主义（2）平等观念（3）强调变化和进步（4）物质享受 (5) 科学与技术 (6) 工作与娱乐 (7) 竞争意识四、跨文化的语言交际1概念提要：1.萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说的含义？萨丕尔-沃尔有三层含义。

(1)不同的语言以不同的方式感知和划分世界。

(2)一个人所使用的语言结构影响他感知和理解世界的方式。

(3)讲不同语言的人感知世界是不同的。

2.语言与价值观之间是什么关系？语言与文化的关系最直接的表达是语言表达了人们对世界的看法、态度和价值取向。

每种语言都拥有丰富的格言、警句和俗语。

这些句子往往就是价值观的表达。

3.词义与文化是什么关系？在语言的各要素中，词汇与文化的关系最为密切，其对跨文化交际的影响也最为突出。

语言的含义不具有普遍性，它受到文化和语境的制约。

不同语言和文化的人们进行跨文化交际时，可能会因为对词语含义的误解而产生交流的障碍。

4.什么叫委婉语？学习它有什么意义？禁忌是人类社会普遍存在的文化现象，人们对诸如生老病死、隐私等许多方面多有避讳，因此产生了大量的委婉语。

了解不同文化中的禁忌和相应的委婉语不仅可以深入理解不同文化的价值取向，也可以避免在跨文化交际中出现不必要的误会。

四、跨文化的语言交际2概念提要：1.礼貌原则包括哪些准则？(1）得体准则(2）慷慨准则(3）赞扬准则(4）谦虚准则(5）一致准则(6)同情准则。

2.中国人的礼貌特征包括哪些？(1）贬己尊人(2）称呼准则(3）文雅准则(4）求同准则(5）德、言、行准则。

3.礼貌策略的使用受到什么因素的制约？（1）说话人与听话人之间的权力距离（2）说话人与听话人之间的社会距离（3）言语行为的强加程度4.什么是交际风格？交际风格是指说话的特点。

5. 在跨文化交际领域中，常见的交际风格包括哪些？（1）直接与间接的交际风格（2）谦虚与自信的交际风格（3）归纳与演绎的交际风格五、跨文化的非语言交际概念提要：1.什么是非言语交际？非言语交际不包括语言，而是包括了各种非语言的交际行为；非语言交际具有互动性，涉及信息的发出者和接受者的编码和解码过程；非言语交际是在特定情境中产生的，与语境有密切关系；非语言交际可能是有意的，也可能是无意的。

2.非语言交际的功能有哪些？（1）传达真实的内在感情(2）营造交际印象(3）进行会话管理3.非语言交际与语言交际是什么关系？非语言交际对语言信息起着重复、补充、代替、规范和否定等作用。

4.体态语包括哪些？人们的外貌服饰、面部表情、眼神交流、手势、姿势以及身体接触都是体态语，都参与了交际，是非语言交际的一部分。

5.时间观念与文化之间有什么联系？时间观念是非语言交际的重要维度，也是价值观的体现。

6.什么是单时制文化其特点是什么？单时制文化中的时间是线性的，可以向前延伸到未来，向后延伸到过去。

单时制文化的人们通过计划和预约来控制时间，在一段时间内只做一件事，强调准时、预约和最后期限。

7.什么是多时制文化其特点是什么？多时制文化并不把时间看做是线性的。

多时制文化中的人认为时间围绕着生活，在同一时间内可以做多件事情。

工作常常被打断，计划也常改变。

身处多时制文化中的人，维系人际关系和谐远比遵守时间重要。

8.人们对于空间的利用与文化之间有什么联系？空间利用也是非语言交际的重要内容。

空间利用方式体现了特定文化中人际关系的特点。

六、文化适应概念提要：1. 文化适应策略有哪些？同化、分离、融合以及边缘化。

2. 文化适应是一个复杂、动态的发展过程。

短期旅居者的跨文化适应过程分为哪几个阶段？蜜月期、挫折期、恢复期和适应期。

3. 焦虑处理理论认为什么因素影响跨文化适应？个体性格因素、社会支持、性别、民族、处理文化适问题的策略等。

4. 什么是文化休克？文化休克是一种因失去了熟悉的社会交往符号而产生的心理焦虑。

5. 应对文化休克可采取什么策略应对呢？广交朋友，建立良好人际关系；学习目的国的语言；了解目的文化的知识；做自己感兴趣的事情；参加社会文化活动；改变自己的思维。

6. 什么是文化适应假说？第二语言教学领域的学者很早注意到了文化适应与第二语言学习的关系。

Schuman(1986)提出了“文化适应假说”。

他认为，学习者只有适应了第二文化以后才能习得第二语言，文化适应的程度决定第二语言学习的程度。

7.Schuman(1986)提出的社会距离的概念是什么？社会距离指的是学习者的原有文化与目的语文化之间的差异程度。

七、跨文化的人际交往概念提要：1.人际关系与文化的联系体现在哪几方面？不同文化间的朋友关系、人情关系、工作关系、与陌生人之间的关系都受到文化的影响。

2.交往习俗与文化之间有什么联系？在社会交往中，人们需要遵循社交礼仪和规则，而这些规则会因文化而异。

一种文化中得体、礼貌的规则到了另一种文化中可能是不得体的，甚至还造成了冒犯。

了解不同文化的社交习俗和礼仪，对提高跨文化交际的有效性和得体性是非常有必要的。

3.公共礼仪与文化之间有什么联系？遵守公共秩序和礼仪是现代人的基本素养，也是一个国家文明程度的体现。

在跨文化交往中，了解和遵守不同文化的公共礼仪非常重要。

不遵守公共礼仪会给人留下负面的印象，甚至引起跨文化交往中的冲突。

八、跨文化人际交际的心理与态度概念提要：1.什么是刻板印象？刻板印象又作“成见”与“定型观念”，是指一个群体成员特征的概括性看法。

2.刻板印象有什么特点？（1）刻板印象是人们正常思维的一部分。

（2）刻板印象是文化的一部分。

（3）刻板印象的最大局限是以偏概全，忽视个体差异。

3.如何克服刻板印象？（1）意识到刻板印象的存在。

（2）改变懒惰和简化的思维习惯。

（3）扩大与不同文化的人的接触范围。

（4）试图寻找充分的证据和例外的情况。

（5）对于来自其他文化的个人的行为的描述，应采用叙述性语言，而不是对这一文化群体进行评价和简单概括。

4.什么是偏见？偏见是对一个群体的成员建立在错误而僵化的概括基础上的负面感情。

5.如何克服偏见？（1）坦诚面对自己的偏见。

（2）扩大与不同文化的人的接触范围。

（3）参加课程学习和培训。

（4）在交际中避免使用带有偏见或歧视色彩的表达方式，特别是对弱势群体要注意使用委婉而礼貌的称呼。

6.什么是种族中心？种族中心指的是在思考和评价别的文化时，把自己的文化放在一切事物的中心位置，并且以自己文化的框架作为衡量的标准。

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