语言学第四章知识点总结胡壮麟版
请预览后下载！ Chapter 4
4.1 syntactic（句法的） relations
4.1.1 positional relation(位置关系）
For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the
grammatical roles of the various phrase that can occur in a clause.
Positional relation or word order refers to the sequential（有序的） arrangement
of words in a language.
Positional relation are a manifestation(表现）of one aspect of syntagmatic relations
Word order is among the three basic ways (word order genetic and classification)
to classify language words.
Six possible types of language SVO VSO SOV OVS VOS English is SVO.
4.1.2 relation of substitutability(可代替性）
Firstly relation of substitutability refers to classes or sets of words
substitutable of each other grammatically in sentence with the same structure.
Secondly it refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable
grammatically for a single word of a particular set.
This is what Saussure called associative(联想的） relations or in Hjemslev’s
paradigmatic(纵聚性的) relation.
4.1.3 relation of co-occurrence(共现）
Means words of different sets of clauses may permit pr require the occurrence of
a word of another set or class to from a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.
Thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic rations partly to
paradigmatic relations.
4.2 grammatical construction and its constituents
4.2.1 Grammatical construction
Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrases structures to
certain complex lexemes(词位）
4.2.2 immediate constituents(直接成分）
Constituent is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together
form a construction:
S
NP VP
De t N V NP
De t N
The girl ate the apple
请预览后下载！ This is tree diagram. 在句子结构分析中， 成分用来指任何语言单位， 而该单位又是更大语言单位的一部分，如在The girl ate the apple 本身的（A） the boy（B) ate the apple
(C）都是一个成分，成分可以和其他成分组合组成更大的单位， 如果两个成分B（the boy )C
(ate the apple)结合起来形成一个更高的成分A
Word-level
N=noun
A=adjective
V=verb
P=preposition
Det=determiner
Adv=adverb
Conj=conjunction
Phrasal
NP=noun phrase
AP=adjective phrase
VP=verb phrase
PP=preposition phrase
S=sentence or clause
To dismantle a grammatical constructure is this way is called immediate constituents
or IC analysis.
Bracketing is not as common in use, but it is an economic notation in representing
the constituent/phrase structure of a grammatical unit.
(((The) (girl)) ((ate) ((the) (apple))))
2.3 Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions
Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to
that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which
serves as a definable centre or head.
Usually noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases belong to endocentric types
because the constituent items are subordinate to the Head.
4.2.3.Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions
4.2.3.1Endocentric（相信结构）
Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to
that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which
serves as a definable centre or head.
Usually noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases belong to endocentric types
because the constituent items are subordinate to the Head.
4.2.3.1 Exocentric（并列结构）
Exocentric construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none
of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is
no definable “Centre” or “Head” inside the group, usually including
the basic sentence,
the prepositional phrase,
请预览后下载！ the predicate (verb + object) construction, and
the connective (be + complement) construction.
2.4 Coordination and Subordination
Endocentric constructions fall into two main types, depending on the relation
between constituents:
Coordination （并列）is a common syntactic pattern in English and other languages
formed by grouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help
of a conjunction such as and, but and or .
Coordination of NPs:
[NP the lady] or [NP the tiger]
Coordination of VPs:
[VP go to the library] and [VP read a book ]
Coordination of PPs:
[PP down the stairs] and [PP out the door ]
Coordination of APs:
[AP quite expensive] and [AP very beautiful]
Coordination of Ss:
[S John loves Mary] and [S Mary loves John too].
Subordination（从属） refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units
so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other,
and usually a constituent of the other.
胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题及答案
WORD格式
专业资料整理
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题
第一章：语言学导论
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________.
A. contact B. communication
C. relation D. community
2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
A. tree B. typewriter
C. crash D. bang
3. The function of the sentence “ Waterboils at 100 degrees Centigrade.
__________.
A. interrogative B. directive
C. informative D. performative
”is
4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present
are likely to say “碎碎（岁岁）平安 ” as means of controlling the forces which
they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?
A. Interpersonal B. Emotive
C. Performative D. Recreational
5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome
(完整版)胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案(学习必备)
胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案
胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案 1. Design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as
arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.
2.Function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,nguage functions inclucle
imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative
function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.
3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of
phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously
inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in
linguistics proper.
4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of
胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记1-3章
胡壮麟 语言学重难点
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics
常考考点：1. 语言: 语言的定义；语言的基本特征；语言的功能；语言的起源
2. 语言学：语言学的定义；现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别；语言学研究的四个原则及简要说明；语言学中的几组重要区别；每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴；宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。
1. 语言的定义特征
1.1. 任意性
1.2. 二重性
1.3. 创造性
1.4. 移位性
1.5. 文化传递性
1.6. 互换性
2. 语言的功能
1.1. 信息功能
1.2. 人际功能
1.3. 施为功能
1.4. 感情功能
1.5. 寒暄功能
1.6. 娱乐功能
1.7. 元语言功能 3. 微观语言学
3.1. 语音学
3.2. 音系学
3.3. 形态学
3.4. 句法学
3.5. 语义学
3.6. 语用学
4. 宏观语言学
4.1. 心理语言学
4.2. 社会语言学
4.3. 应用语言学
4.4. 计算语言学
4.5. 神经语言学
5. 重要概念及其区分
5.1. 描写式&规定式
5.2. 共时&历时
5.3. 语言&言语
5.4. 语言能力&语言应用
5.5. 唯素的&唯位的
5.6. 传统语法&现代语法
5.7. 语言潜势&实际语言行为
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds 常考考点：1. 语音学 语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义；发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类；基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法
2. 音系学 音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系与区别；音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；音位理论；自由变异；音位的对立分布于互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音；音高和语调。
【免费下载】胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结
胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结
1.design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as
arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.
2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,nguage functions inclucle imformative
function,interpersonal function,performative function, emotive function,phatic
communion,recreational function and metalingual function.
3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of
phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously
inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in
linguistics proper.
4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of
phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as
胡壮麟语言学教程期末考试复习专用笔记(老师画的重点-自己整理的)
优秀教案 欢迎下载
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics
1.1 Why study language?
1. Language is very essential to human beings.
2. In language there are many things we should know.
3. For further understanding, we need to study language
scientifically.
1.2 What is language?
1.3 Design features of language
The features that define our human languages can be called
design features which can distinguish human language from any
animal system of communication.
1.3.1 Arbitrariness
1.3.2 Duality
1.3.3 Creativity
Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its
duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the
rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit.
The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis
for the possibility of creating endless sentences.
胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题及答案 2
30 胡壮麟《语言学教程》(修订版)测试题
第一章:语言学导论
I. Choose the best answer。 (20％)
1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________.
A. contact B。 communication
C. relation D。 community
2。 Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary？
A。 tree B. typewriter
C。 crash D。 bang
3。 The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is
__________.
A. interrogative B. directive
C. informative D. performative
4。 In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present
are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they
believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform？
胡壮麟《语言学教程》(第5版)笔记和考研真题详解
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）笔记和考研真题详解
目录
第1章
语言学导论
1.1 复习笔记
1.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第2章 语 音
2.1 复习笔记
2.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第3章 词和形态学
3.1 复习笔记
3.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第4章句法：从语词到篇章
4.1 复习笔记
4.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第5章 意 义
5.1 复习笔记
5.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第6章 语言与认知
6.1 复习笔记
6.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第7章 语言 文化 社会
7.1 复习笔记
7.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第8章 语言的使用
8.1 复习笔记
8.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第9章 语言与文学
9.1 复习笔记
9.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第10章 语言和计算机
10.1 复习笔记
10.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第11章 第二语言和外语教学
11.1 复习笔记
11.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第12章 现代语言学理论与流派
12.1 复习笔记
12.2 考研真题与典型题详解
内容简介
作为《语言学教程》（第5版）（胡壮麟主编，北京大学出版社）的学习辅导书，全书完全遵循该教材的章目编排，共分12章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。本书具有以下几个方面的特点：
1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。
2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。
3．精选考研真题，补充难点习题。本书精选名校考研真题及相关习题，并提供答案和详解。所选真题和习题基本体现了各个章节的考点和难点，但又不完全局限于教材内容，是对教材内容极好的补充。
语言学重点章节介绍
语言学重点章节介绍
三星级重点章节
07年冬天，学校组织了一个讲座，请老师给我们谈考试重点，同时学生有什么问题，可以当面问他。他说前五章是最重要的，第七和第八次之，第六，第九和第十二章也有考的内容，但不会很多，剩下的十章和十一章可以不看！所以，我就用三颗星表示最重要；俩颗星表示第二重要，一颗星表示第三重要。王老师说只要把胡壮麟那本书背会了，肯定能考好！因为考试覆盖的知识点都在书上！其实，背会那本书是不实际的，而把那本书过5到6遍是可能的，也是必须的。而且重点章节要在理解的基础上反复看。虽然我们文科的知识，背时关键，但是理解更重要，尤其语言学这门课，比较抽象，不理解就背，效果不好，不容易背会。
北语没有提供考纲之类的东西，只告诉语言学参考书是胡壮麟的《语言学教程(修订版)》。（09年不知是否会换成该书的第三版）所以能知道该书哪些章节是重点，能让我们有的放矢。我这里所说的三星级重点，即最重要的章节是该书的前五章。不知道外校的考生，他们学校开过这门课没有！我们北语大三下学期讲前五章，大四上学期讲的6，7，8，9，12这几章。下面，我们先谈谈前五章该如何复习。Chapter1: Invitations to linguistics；Chapter2: Speech Sounds；Chapter3: Lexicon；Chapter4: Syntax (新版中，这章改成From Word to Text，是变化最大的一章，变化的结果是比以前的简单了）；Chapter5: Meaning。这五章可以说是语言学的基础和考试的重点。我们一定要反复看，理解其中的定义等知识点。一定要在理解的基础上记忆。
Chapter1: Invitations to linguistics
这章是该书的开篇，目的是让大家对语言学这门课有个初步的了解，为后面几章作个铺垫。也许你会说这种章节肯定不重要。错！奇怪的是这一章居然很重要。因为考点还不少！
胡壮麟语言学名词解释
胡壮麟语言学名词解释
胡壮麟是中国著名语言学家，被誉为“中国语言学的泰斗”，他对汉语语言学和普通话教学做出了卓越贡献。下面是对胡壮麟语言学名词的解释：
1. 语言
语言是人类最重要的交流工具，是人与人之间进行思想、知识和文化传递的媒介。胡壮麟认为，语言是一种人造符号系统，具有表达意义、交际功能和形成文化的能力。
2. 语音
语音是语言的基本要素之一，研究语音可以揭示语言声音组织的规律和特点。胡壮麟提出了八股语音学的理论体系，包括声母、韵母、声调等要素，并对中文语音特点进行了系统研究。
3. 语音规律
语音规律是指语音在特定语言中的音位分布、音位变体、连读、变调等规律性现象。胡壮麟对汉语语音规律进行了深入研究，提出了一系列理论和方法，如“韵尾现象”、“叠音现象”等。
4. 语法
语法是语言的基本结构和规则，包括词法、句法和语义等方面。胡壮麟在汉语语法研究中，提出了“双重结构理论”，强调词法和句法的统一性，并对句子结构、动词短语和名词短语等进行了深入分析。
5. 语义 语义是语言的意义系统，研究词汇和句子的意义、语义变化等问题。胡壮麟针对中文语义的特点，提出了“双重语义理论”，强调语义的界限模糊、语义的丰富性和词义的扩展和变化。
6. 文化语言学
文化语言学是研究语言与文化关系的学科，包括言语行为、语言习惯、社会语言学等方面。胡壮麟在文化语言学方面提出了“语言与文化的关系可以用交替来说明”等观点，探究了语言与文化之间的相互作用。
7. 语言变化
语言变化是指语言在时间和空间上的变化过程，具体包括语音、词汇、语法等方面的变化。胡壮麟对语言变化进行了深入研究，提出了“语域、语变”等概念，分析了语音变化的规律和原因。
8. 语言教学
语言教学是指教师将语言知识和技能传授给学习者的过程，包括词汇、语法、听力、口语和写作等方面的教学。胡壮麟对汉语普通话教学进行了系统研究，提出了“四声同调”、“朝鲜汉字音韵”等理论，促进了汉语教学的发展。
英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版)
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1 英语语言学教程（胡壮麟版）
Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic.
1. What is language?
“Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since
linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is
usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and
is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in
French, “shu” in Chinese. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by
nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to
refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing