新加坡公司法
公司章程-新加坡
3. Subject to the Act, any preference shares may, with the sanction of an ordinary resolution, be issued on the terms that they are, or at the option of the company are liable, to be redeemed.
7. Except as required by law, no person shall be recognised by the company as holding any share upon any trust, and the company shall not be bound by or be compelled in any way to recognise (even when having notice thereof) any equitable, contingent, future or partial interest in any share or unit of a share or (except only as by these Regulations or by law otherwise provided) any other rights in respect of any share except an absolute right to the entirety thereof in the registered holder.
新加坡法律法规
新加坡法律法规新加坡法律法规一、概述新加坡是一个以法治为基石的国家，法律法规体系完备，致力于维护社会秩序、公正和公平。
新加坡法律法规包括宪法、法律、条例和判例等，对社会的各个方面都有具体规定。
本文将对新加坡的几个主要法律法规进行介绍。
二、宪法新加坡宪法是国家的最高法律，为国家的政治制度和法律制度提供了基本框架。
宪法规定了国家的行政机构、立法机构和司法机构的职责与权限，以及公民权利与义务的保障。
宪法还规定国家的最高领导人和其他政府官员的选举和任期等。
三、法律新加坡的法律主要由议会制定，是约束公民行为的规则。
其中最重要的是《新加坡刑法》、《新加坡合同法》和《新加坡仲裁法》等。
1. 新加坡刑法《新加坡刑法》规定了犯罪的定义、刑责和制裁方式。
该法律详细了各种犯罪行为，并规定了相应的刑罚。
其中包括但不限于谋杀、盗窃、诽谤、贪污等。
此外，该法律还规定了特定的防卫和紧急状态下的特殊规定。
2. 新加坡合同法《新加坡合同法》规定了合同的成立、履行和终止等方面的规则。
它保护了合同当事人的权益，并确保他们能够依法主张自己的权利。
该法律还规定了合同违约的后果以及违约方应承担的责任。
3. 新加坡仲裁法《新加坡仲裁法》规定了新加坡作为国际仲裁中心的法律框架。
该法律为当事人提供了独立、公正和高效的争议解决机制。
它保护了仲裁裁决的执行，并提供了有效的救济措施。
四、条例在新加坡，条例是由政府制定并由行政机关执行的法律规章。
它们是对法律的具体细化和实施。
新加坡的条例涵盖了各个方面，如行政、经济、环境和社会等。
其中，与企业运营有关的一些重要条例包括《新加坡公司法》、《新加坡税务法》和《新加坡就业法》等。
五、判例在新加坡法律体系中，判例法是一种重要的权威法律规则。
判例法是以之前的法院判决为基础，对类似案件做出决策的法律原则。
新加坡的判例法主要来自于英国普通法系统，但在新加坡法院创造了自己的判例法体系。
判例法具有法律约束力，并与法律法规一起构成新加坡法律体系的一部分。
开曼群岛公司法及章程(中英文)
开曼群岛公司法及章程(中英文) THE COMPANIES LAW (2002 REVISED)OF THE CAYMAN ISLANDSCOMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES开曼群岛《公司法》,2002年修订,股份有限公司MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATIONOF[【】 CAYCO][[]开曼公司]公司备忘录1. The name of the Company is [【】 CAYCO].1. 公司名称为[【】开曼公司]。
2. The Registered Office of the Company shall be at the offices of [?], George Town, GrandCayman, Cayman Islands, or at such other place as the Directors may from time to timedecide.2. 公司的注册地址为[?]～乔治镇～大开曼岛～开曼群岛～或者董事随时决定的该等其他地址。
3. The objects for which the Company is established are unrestricted and shall include, butwithout limitation, the following:3. 公司的设立目的并不受限制～且包括但不限于如下内容:(a) (i) To carry on the business of an investment company and to act as promotersand entrepreneurs and to carry on business as financiers, capitalists,concessionaires, merchants, brokers, traders, dealers, agents, importers andexporters and to undertake and carry on and execute all kinds of investment, financial, commercial, mercantile, trading and other operations.(a) (i) 开展投资公司业务～担任发起人或创办人～作为金融方、资本方、特许经营人、批发零售商、经纪人、贸易商、经销商、代理人、进口商和出口商开展业务～经营各种投资、融资、商业、批发零售、贸易和其他业务。
各国公司名称中的后缀名简介
各国公司名称中的后缀名简介各国公司名称中的后缀名简介在一些外国公司的名称后面往往可以看到这样的缩写后缀：GmbH, Bhd, Mfg, Sdn, CO、LTD、CO.,LTD、Inc.、Corp.、BV、NV、S.A.、S.A. de C.V.、AG、Mfy、Mfg、GmbH、Sdn.Bhd、Bhd、LLP、PLC、est、FZC、Fzco、FZE S.R.O.、LLC、JSC、OJSC、s.r.l.、s.a.r.l.、S.P.A.、AB、OY、k.k.、Y.K、PT、TBK、Pte、PVT、PTY、bd、A/S 等等。
CO是company的缩写，意思是“公司”。
LTD是limited的缩写，意思是“有限的”，常单独出现在公司名称，指有限责任公司。
CO.,LT是company limited的缩写，翻译为“有限责任公司”。
Inc是incorporation的缩写，意思是“团体、法人组织、公司”。
Corp.是corporation的缩写，意思是“团体、法人组织、公司”。
BV 是荷兰文Besloten Vennootshap met beperkteaansprak-elijkhed的缩写，指私人有限公司。
NV是荷兰文Naamloze Vennootschap的缩写，指公众有限公司荷兰法律规定，公司必须有名称，可以不是荷兰文，但必须用拉丁字母书写。
私人有限公司必须以Besloten Vennootshap met beperkte aansprak-elijkhed或其缩写B.V.开始或结尾。
外国投资也以此种型态公司最多，其实际经营状态与英国的私有有限公司(Private Limited Company)、西德的GmbH或法国的SARl公司相似公众公司(Naamloze Vennootschap或N.V.)的一般特征与世界上其它地方的股份有限公司相同。
SA系法语Societe Anonym、意大利语Societa Anonima和西班牙语Sociedad Anonima的简称，均译为“股份公司”，主要出现在法国、瑞士、比利时、卢森堡、意大利、西班牙、葡萄牙、巴拿马、阿根延、墨西哥和智利。
新加坡开店法律规定(3篇)
第1篇一、引言新加坡作为一个国际化的商业中心，吸引了众多外国投资者前来开店创业。
为了保障市场秩序和公平竞争，新加坡政府制定了一系列开店法律规定，旨在规范商业活动，保护消费者权益，促进经济繁荣。
本文将详细介绍新加坡开店的法律规定，以帮助投资者了解并遵守相关法律法规。
二、公司注册1. 注册类型在新加坡开设商店，首先需要注册一家公司。
新加坡允许以下几种公司注册类型：（1）私人有限公司（Private Limited Company）：这是最常见的公司注册类型，股东对公司债务承担有限责任。
（2）公共有限公司（Public Limited Company）：股东对公司债务承担有限责任，但公司需遵守较为严格的监管规定。
（3）有限合伙（Limited Partnership）：由至少一名普通合伙人和一名有限合伙人组成，普通合伙人承担无限责任，有限合伙人承担有限责任。
2. 注册流程（1）选择公司名称：需确保所选名称符合新加坡公司名称规定，且未被其他公司注册。
（2）提交申请：通过新加坡企业注册局（ACRA）官方网站或前往ACRA办公室提交公司注册申请。
（3）缴纳注册费：根据公司注册资本缴纳相应的注册费用。
（4）领取营业执照：完成注册后，ACRA将颁发营业执照。
三、商业登记1. 登记类型在新加坡开设商店，除了注册公司外，还需进行商业登记。
商业登记类型包括：（1）商业注册（Business Registration）：适用于大多数小型企业。
（2）有限合伙人商业注册（Limited Partnership Business Registration）：适用于有限合伙企业。
（3）分支注册（Branch Registration）：适用于外国公司设立分支机构。
2. 登记流程（1）选择登记类型：根据企业性质选择合适的商业登记类型。
（2）提交申请：通过ACRA官方网站或前往ACRA办公室提交商业登记申请。
（3）缴纳登记费：根据企业类型和规模缴纳相应的登记费用。
新加坡企业破产法律规定(3篇)
第1篇一、引言破产是企业经营过程中可能面临的一种风险，对于企业而言，破产意味着经营失败，资产不足以偿还债务。
为了规范企业破产行为，保护债权人、债务人以及企业员工的合法权益，新加坡制定了一系列破产法律规定。
本文将从新加坡企业破产的法律规定出发，对其相关内容进行详细阐述。
二、破产的定义与类型1. 破产的定义根据新加坡《破产法》（Bankruptcy Act）第3条，破产是指债务人的资产不足以偿还其债务，或者债务人拒绝偿还债务，或者债务人的财产被法院查封，或者债务人已经停止支付债务的情况。
2. 破产的类型新加坡破产分为以下几种类型：（1）自愿破产：债务人自愿申请破产，目的是通过破产程序解决债务问题。
（2）强制破产：债权人向法院申请，要求债务人破产。
（3）司法破产：法院根据债务人的申请或债权人的申请，依法宣布债务人破产。
三、破产申请与程序1. 破产申请债务人或债权人可以向新加坡破产管理局（Bankruptcy Board of Inquiry）或法院提出破产申请。
（1）债务人申请破产：债务人应向破产管理局提交破产申请，并附上相关文件。
（2）债权人申请破产：债权人应向破产管理局或法院提交破产申请，并附上相关文件。
2. 破产程序破产程序包括以下阶段：（1）破产申请受理：破产管理局或法院受理破产申请后，通知债务人。
（2）债务人财产调查：破产管理局或法院指派破产受托人调查债务人财产。
（3）债权人会议：破产受托人组织债权人会议，讨论破产事宜。
（4）破产清算：破产受托人根据债权人会议决议，对债务人财产进行清算。
（5）破产终结：破产受托人完成清算后，向法院提交清算报告，法院裁定终结破产程序。
四、破产债权人的权利与义务1. 权利（1）债权人有权参加债权人会议，了解破产事宜。
（2）债权人有权要求破产受托人提供债务人财产清单。
（3）债权人有权在债权人会议上提出破产受托人的提名。
2. 义务（1）债权人应向破产管理局或法院提供真实、完整的破产申请材料。
适用新加坡法律法规(2篇)
一、引言新加坡是一个高度法治的国家，其法律法规体系完善，执法严格，为国家的繁荣稳定提供了有力保障。
本文将从新加坡的宪法、行政法、民法、刑法、商法、劳动法、环境保护法等方面，对新加坡的法律法规进行简要概述。
二、宪法新加坡宪法是国家的最高法律，于1963年制定。
宪法规定了国家的政治体制、政府机构、公民权利和义务等内容。
宪法确立了新加坡作为一个民主、法治、多元种族、多元宗教、议会制共和国的地位。
三、行政法新加坡的行政法主要涉及政府机构的管理和运作。
以下是一些主要行政法律：1. 《公务员法》：规定了公务员的选拔、培训、晋升、薪酬、福利和纪律处分等事项。
2. 《政府部门法》：规定了政府部门的组织结构、职责和运作。
3. 《行政程序法》：规定了行政机关在作出行政决定时应遵循的程序。
四、民法新加坡的民法主要涉及个人权利和义务，以下是一些主要民事法律：1. 《合同法》：规定了合同的成立、效力、履行和解除等事项。
2. 《财产法》：规定了财产的归属、权利和义务等事项。
3. 《继承法》：规定了遗产的继承、分配和管理等事项。
五、刑法新加坡的刑法主要涉及犯罪行为的界定、处罚和预防。
以下是一些主要刑事法律：1. 《刑法》：规定了犯罪的定义、处罚和刑罚的执行等事项。
2. 《反腐败法》：规定了公职人员的行为准则，打击腐败行为。
3. 《非法毒品法》：规定了非法毒品的生产、贩卖、持有和使用等行为。
新加坡的商法主要涉及商业活动、公司、证券、保险、破产等方面的法律。
以下是一些主要商法：1. 《公司法》：规定了公司的设立、组织、运作和解散等事项。
2. 《证券法》：规定了证券市场的监管、证券发行和交易等事项。
3. 《保险法》：规定了保险公司的设立、运作和监管等事项。
七、劳动法新加坡的劳动法主要涉及劳动关系、工资、工时、休假、职业培训等方面的法律。
以下是一些主要劳动法律：1. 《雇佣法》：规定了雇佣合同、工资、工时、休假等事项。
2. 《职业安全与健康法》：规定了雇主和雇员在职业安全与健康方面的责任和义务。
公司法(中英文)
Company Law of the People's Republic of China (Revised in 2013)(Adopted at the 5th Session of the Standing Committee of the 8th National People's Congress on December 29, 1993.Revised for the first time on December 25, 1999 in accordance with the Decision of the 13th Session of the Standing Committee of the Ninth People's Congress on Amending the Company Law of the People's Republic of China.Revised for the second time on August 28, 2004 in accordance with the Decision of the 11th Session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on Amending the Company Law of the People's Republic of China.Revised at the 18th Session of the 10th National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on October 27, 2005.Revised for the third time on December 28, 2013 in accordance with the Decision on Amending Seven Laws Including the Marine Environment Protection Law of the People's Republic of China at the 6th Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress. It is now promulgated and shall come into effect as of March 1, 2014.)Standing Committee of the National People's CongressDecember 28, 2013ContentsChapter I: General ProvisionsChapter II: Establishment and Organizational Structure of Limited Liability CompaniesSection 1: EstablishmentSection 2: Organizational StructureSection 3: Special Provisions on One-person Limited Liability CompaniesSection 4: Special Provisions on Wholly State-owned CompaniesChapter III: Transfer of Equity Interests in Limited Liability CompaniesChapter IV: Establishment and Organizational Structure of Companies Limited By SharesSection 1: EstablishmentSection 2: General MeetingSection 3: Board of Directors and ManagerSection 4: Board of SupervisorsSection 5: Special Provisions on the Organizational Structure of Listed CompaniesChapter V: Issuance and Transfer of Shares in Companies Limited by SharesSection 1: Issuance of SharesSection 2: Transfer of SharesChapter VI: Qualifications and Obligations of Directors, Supervisors and Senior Officers of CompaniesChapter VII: Corporate BondsChapter VIII: Financial Affairs and Accounting of CompaniesChapter Ix: Merger and Division, Increase and Reduction of Capital of CompaniesChapter X: Dissolution and Liquidation of CompaniesChapter XI: Branches of Foreign CompaniesChapter XII: Legal LiabilityChapter XIII: Supplementary ProvisionsChapter I: General ProvisionsArticle 1: The Company Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the "Law") has been enacted in order to standardize the organization and activities of companies, protect the lawful rights and interests of companies, shareholders and creditors, safeguard the social and economic order and promote the development of the socialist market economy.Article 2: For the purposes of the Law, the term "companies" refers to limited liability companies and companies limited by shares established within the territory of China pursuant to the Law.Article 3: A company is an enterprise legal person, which has independent corporate property and enjoys corporate property rights. A company shall be liable for its debts to the extent of all ofits property.A shareholder of a limited liability company shall be liable for the company to the extent of the capital contribution it subscribes. A shareholder of a company limited by shares shall be liable for the company to the extent of the shares it subscribes.Article 4: The shareholders of a company shall enjoy such rights as return on assets, participation in major decision-making and selection of managers according to the law.Article 5: When engaging in business activities, a company shall abide by laws and administrative regulations, observe social morality and business ethics, act in good faith, accept supervision by the government and the public, and bear social responsibilities.The lawful rights and interests of companies shall be protected by law and shall not be infringed upon.Article 6: To establish a company, an application for registration of establishment shall be filed with the company registration authority according to the law. If the conditions of establishment specified herein are met, the applicant shall be registered by the company registration authority as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares. If the conditions for establishment specified herein are not met, it may not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.If laws or administrative regulations provide that the establishment of a company is subject to approval, approval procedures shall be carried out according to the law prior to the company’s registration.The public may apply to the company registration authority for inquiring the registered particulars of a company, and the company registration authority shall make such inquiry available.Article 7: A company established according to the law shall be issued a company business license by the company registration authority. The date of issue of the company business license shall be that of establishment of the company.The company business license shall contain the name, address, registered capital, scope of business and the name of the legal representative of the company.In the event of any change to any item recorded in the company business license, the company shall carry out change registration formalities and a new business license shall be renewed by the company registration authority.Article 8: The name of a limited liability company established in accordance with the Law shallcontain the words "limited liability company" or “company limited”.The name of a company limited by shares established in accordance with the Law shall contain the words "company limited by shares" or “joint stock company”.Article 9: If a limited liability company intends to be converted into a company limited by shares, the conditions with respect to companies limited by shares set forth herein shall be satisfied. If a company limited by shares intends to be converted into a limited liability company, the conditions with respect to limited liability companies set forth herein shall be met.If a limited liability company is converted into a company limited by shares, or if a company limited by shares is converted into a limited liability company, the claims and debts of the company that have arisen prior to the conversion shall be succeeded to by the company after the conversion.Article 10: The domicile of a company shall be the place where its principal office is located.Article 11: To establish a company, the articles of association shall be formulated according to the law. A company's articles of association shall be binding upon the company, shareholders, directors, supervisors and senior officers.Article 12: The scope of business of a company shall be specified in the articles of association of the company and shall be registered according to the law. A company may amend its articles of association and change the scope of business, provided that it shall carry out change registration.If any item in the scope of business of a company is subject to approval as required by laws or administrative regulations, such item shall be approved according to the law.Article 13: The chairman of the board, the executive director or the manager of the company shall act as the legal representative of a company pursuant to the articles of association of the company and the same shall be registered according to the law. In the event of any change in the legal representative of the company, formalities shall be carried out for registration change.Article 14: A company may establish branches. To establish a branch, application shall be made to the company registration authority for registration and a business license shall be obtained. A branch does not have the status of a legal person and its civil liability shall be borne by the company.A company may establish subsidiaries. A subsidiary has the status of a legal person and independently bears civil liability according to the law.Article 15: A company may invest in other enterprises, provided that it may not become an investor that bears joint and several liability for the debts of the enterprise in which it invests, unless otherwise provided by law.Article 16: If a company invests in another enterprise or provides security for another party, a resolution shall be adopted by the board of directors or by the board of shareholders or general meeting according to the provisions of the articles of association of the company. If the articles of association of the company have specified a limit on the total amount of investment or security and the amount of a single investment or security, the specified limit may not be exceeded.If a company provides security for a shareholder or the de facto controller of the company, a resolution of the board of shareholders or general meeting shall be passed.Any shareholder set forth in the preceding paragraph or controlled by a de facto controller set forth in the preceding paragraph may not participate in voting on any resolution specified in the preceding paragraph. Such resolution shall be adopted by the other shareholders that are present at the meeting and represent more than half of the voting rights.Article 17: A company shall protect the lawful rights and interests of its employees, and enter into labor contracts with its employees, contribute social insurance premiums, strengthen labor protection and ensure production safety according to the law.A company shall use various methods to strengthen the vocational education and on-the-job training of its employees in order to improve their capabilities.Article 18: The employees of a company shall organize a labor union and conduct labor union activities in accordance with the Labor Union Law of the People's Republic of China to protect the lawful rights and interests of the employees. The company shall provide its labor union with conditions necessary for conducting its activities. The labor union of the company shall enter into collective contracts on behalf of the employees with the company with respect to such matters as labor remuneration, working hours, welfare, insurance and labor safety and health of the employees according to the law.A company shall implement democratic management through the employees' representative congress or other channels in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and relevant laws.When a company discusses and decides on restructuring and major issues concerning its business operation or formulates major rules, regulations and policies, it shall solicit opinions from the labor union of the company, as well as opinions and suggestions from its employees through the employees' representative congress or other channels.Article 19: In a company, an organization of the Communist Party of China shall be established to carry out the activities of the party in accordance with the charter of the Communist Party of China. The company shall provide the necessary conditions for the activities of the party organization.Article 20: The shareholders of a company shall abide by laws, administrative regulations and the articles of association of t he company and exercise shareholder’s rights according to the law, and may not abuse shareholder’s rights to harm the interests of the company or other shareholders, or abuse the independent status of the company legal person and the limited liability of shareholders to harm the interests of the creditors of the company.If a shareholder of the company abuses its shareholder’s rights, thereby causing losses to the company or other shareholders, the shareholder shall be liable for compensation according to the law.If a shareholder of the company abuses the independent status of the company legal person and the limited liability of shareholders to evade debts and seriously harms the interests of the creditors of the company, it shall bear joint and several liability for the debts of the company.Article 21: The controlling shareholder, de facto controller, directors, supervisors and senior officers of a company may not use their affiliation to harm the interests of the company.Anyone that violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph and causes losses to the company shall be liable for compensation.Article 22: A resolution of the board of shareholders or general meeting or the board of directors of a company shall be void if its contents are in violation of laws or administrative regulations.If the procedure for convening the board of shareholders or general meeting or the meeting of the board of directors, or the method of voting violates laws, administrative regulations or the articles of association of the company, or if the contents of a resolution violate the articles of association of the company, a shareholder may, within 60 days of the adoption of the resolution, petition to a people’s court for cancellation of resolution.If the shareholder institutes proceedings pursuant to the prec eding paragraph, the people’s court may, at the request of the company, require the shareholder to provide a corresponding security.If the company has carried out change registration in accordance with the resolution of the board of shareholders or general meeting or the board of directors, the company shall apply to the company registration authority for cancellation of the change registration after the people’s court declares the resolution invalid or cancels the resolution.Chapter II: Establishment and Organizational Structure of Limited Liability CompaniesSection 1: EstablishmentArticle 23: The following conditions shall be fulfilled for the establishment of a limited liability company:(I) the number of shareholders conforms to the statutory number;(II) the capital contribution subscribed by subscribed by all shareholders is consistent with that prescribed in the articles of association;(III) the shareholders have jointly formulated the company's articles of association;(IV) the company has a name and an organizational structure established in conformity with the requirements for limited liability companies; and(V) the company has a domicile.Article 24: A limited liability company shall be invested in and established by no more than 50 shareholders.Article 25: The articles of association of limited liability companies shall specify the following particulars:(I) the name and domicile of the company;(II) the business scope of the company;(III) the registered capital of the company;(IV) the names and domiciles of the shareholders;(V) the method, amount and time of capital contribution by the shareholders;(VI) the organization of the company and its methods of establishment, functions and powers, and rules of procedure;(VII) the legal representative of the company; and(VIII) other matters that the shareholders deem necessary to be specified.Shareholders sh all sign and affix their seals on the company’s articles of association.Article 26: The registered capital of a limited liability company shall be the capital contributions subscribed by all shareholders as registered with the company registration authority.Where laws, administrative regulations and the decisions of the State Council stipulate the actual paid registered capital and another amount on the minimum registered capital of a limited liability company, such stipulations shall prevail.Article 27: Shareholders may make capital contribution in currency or in non-currency property that may be valued in currency and transferable according to the law such as physical objects, intellectual property and land use rights, except for property that may not be used as capital contribution according to the laws or administrative regulations.Non-currency property contributed as capital shall be valued and verified, and shall not be over-valued or under-valued. Where laws or administrative regulations have provisions on valuation, such provisions shall prevail.Article 28: Each shareholder shall make the capital contribution it subscribes as specified in the articles of association of the company on time and in full. If a shareholder makes its capital contribution in currency, it shall deposit the full amount of capital contribution in currency in a bank account opened by the limited liability company with a bank. If capital contribution is made in non-currency property, the transfer procedures for the property rights therein shall be handled according to the law.If a shareholder fails to make capital contribution in accordance with the preceding paragraph, it shall, in addition to making capital contribution in full to the company, be liable for breach of contract to the shareholders that have made their capital contributions on time and in full.Article 29: After the shareholders subscribed the capital contribution in full as prescribed in the articles of association, a representative designated by all shareholders or an agent jointly appointed by them shall submit a company registration application and documents such as the company’s articles of association to the company registration authority to apply for registration of establishment.Article 30: If, after establishment of a limited liability company, the actual value of the non-currency property contributed as capital for the establishment of the company is found markedly lower than the value as set forth in the articles of association of the company, the shareholder making such contribution shall make up for the difference. The other shareholders as at the time of the company's establishment shall bear joint and several liability for such difference.Article 31: A limited liability company shall issue capital contribution certificates to its shareholders after it is established.The capital contribution certificate shall specify the following particulars:(I) the name of the company;(II) the date of establishment of the company;(III) the registered capital of the company;(IV) the name of the shareholder, the amount of its capital contribution made and the date of capital contribution; and(V) the serial number and date of issuance of the capital contribution certificate.The capital contribution certificate shall be affixed with the seal of the company.Article 32: A limited liability company shall establish a register of shareholders to record the following items:(I) the names and domiciles of the shareholders;(II) the amounts of capital contribution of the shareholders; and(III) the serial numbers of the capital verification certificates.The shareholders on the register of shareholders may claim and exercise s hareholder’s rights on the basis of the register of shareholders.The company shall register the names of its shareholders with the company registration authority. If there is a change in the registered items, change registration shall be carried out. Anyone that fails to complete registration or change registration may not resist the claims of a third person.Article 33: Shareholders shall have the right to examine and reproduce the articles of association of the company, the minutes of the board of shareholders, the resolutions of the meetings of the board of directors, the resolutions of the meetings of the board of supervisors and the financial and accounting reports.Shareholders may request to examine the account books of the company. If a shareholder requests to examine the account books of the company, it shall make a written request to the company stating the purpose thereof. If the company has reasonable basis to believe that the purpose of the examination of the account books by the shareholder is improper and that such examination may harm the lawful rights and interests of the company, the company may refuse to make the books for examination available, and shall reply to the shareholder in writing and state the reason for the refusal within 15 days of the written request of the shareholder. If the company refuses to provide the account books for examination, the shareholder may petition to the people’s court for provision of the account books by the company.Article 34: A shareholder shall receive dividends in proportion to its paid-up capital contribution. When the company increases its capital, the shareholder shall have the priority right to subscribe for capital contribution in proportion to its paid-up capital contribution, except where all shareholders agree not to receive dividends in proportion to the paid-up capital contribution or not to exercise priority right to subscribe for capital contribution in proportion to the paid-up capital contribution.Article 35: After a company is established, its shareholders may not withdraw their capital contribution.Section 2: Organizational StructureArticle 36: The board of shareholders of a limited liability company shall be composed of all the shareholders. The board of shareholders shall be the organ of authority of the company and shall exercise its functions and powers pursuant to the Law.Article 37: The board of shareholders shall exercise the following functions and powers:(I) to decide on the business policies and investment plans of the company;(Ii) to elect and replace directors and supervisors that are not appointed from representatives of staff and workers, and to decide on matters concerning the remuneration of directors and supervisors;(Iii) to consider and approve reports of the board of directors;(IV) to consider and approve reports of the board of supervisors or supervisors;(V) to consider and approve the company's proposed annual financial budgets and final accounts;(VI) to consider and approve the company's profit distribution plans and plans for making up losses;(VII) to pass resolutions on the increase or reduction of the company's registered capital;(VIII) to pass resolutions on the issuance of corporate bonds;(IX) to pass resolutions on matters such as the merger, division, dissolution, liquidation or change of the corporate form of the company;(X) to amend the articles of association of the company; and(XI) other functions and powers specified in the articles of association of the company.If the shareholders unanimously express consent to the matters set out in the preceding paragraph in writing, the decision may be made, without convening of the board of shareholders, directly with a document of the decision bearing the signatures and seals of all shareholders.Article 38: The first general meeting shall be convened and presided over by the shareholder thatmade the largest capital contribution, and shall exercise its functions and powers pursuant to the provisions hereof.Article 39: General meetings shall be divided into regular meetings and extraordinary meetings.Regular meetings shall be convened on time in accordance with the articles of association of the company. An extraordinary meeting shall be convened if it is proposed by shareholders representing one tenth or more of the voting rights, or by one third or more of the directors or the board of supervisors or, in the case of a company without a board of supervisors, the supervisor(s).Article 40: If a limited liability company has established a board of directors, the general meeting shall be convened by the board of directors and presided over by the chairman of the board. If the chairman of the board is unable to or does not perform his duty, the meeting shall be presided over by the vice-chairman of the board. If the vice-chairman of the board is unable to or does not perform his duty, the meeting shall be presided over by a director jointly designated by more than half of the directors.If a limited liability company has no board of directors, the general meeting shall be convened and presided over by the executive director(s).If the board of directors or the executive director(s) cannot or do not perform the duty of convening the general meeting, the meeting shall be convened and presided over by the board of supervisors or, in the case of a company without a board of supervisors, the supervisor(s). If the board of supervisors or the supervisors do not convene and preside over the meeting, the meeting may be convened and presided by the shareholders representing one-tenth or more of the voting rights.Article 41: If a general meeting is to be convened, all shareholders shall be notified 15 days before the meeting is held, unless otherwise stipulated in the articles of association of the company or agreed by all shareholders.The board of shareholders shall keep minutes of the decisions on the matters under its consideration. The shareholders present at the meeting shall sign the minutes of the meeting.Article 42: Shareholders shall exercise voting rights at general meetings in proportion to their capital contribution, unless otherwise stipulated in the articles of association of the company.Article 43: The method of deliberation and voting procedures of the board of shareholders shall be specified in the articles of association of the company, except where stipulated herein.Resolutions of the general meeting on the amendment of the articles of association of the company, increase or reduction of the registered capital, and merger, division, dissolution or change of corporate form shall be adopted by shareholders representing two thirds or more ofthe voting rights.Article 44: A limited liability company shall have a board of directors of three to 13 members, unless otherwise stipulated in Article 51 hereof.In a limited liability company invested in and established by two or more State-owned enterprises or two or more other State-owned investment entities, the members of the board of directors shall include representatives of the staff and workers of the company. In other limited liability companies, the members of the board of directors may include representatives of the staff and workers of the company. Representatives of staff and workers on the board of directors shall be democratically elected by the staff and workers of the company through the staff and workers’ congress, the staff and workers’ general meeting or other ways.A board of directors shall have one chairman of the board and may have vice-chairmen of the board. The method of appointment of the chairman and vice-chairman (or vice-chairmen) of the board shall be specified in the articles of association of the company.Article 45: The term of office of directors shall be specified in the articles of association of the company but each term may not exceed three years. If re-elected upon expiration of his term of office, a director may serve consecutive terms.If no new director is elected in time upon expiration of the term of office of a director, or if a director resigns during his term of office, resulting in the number of members of the board of directors falling below the statutory number, the original director shall perform his duties as director according to the provisions of laws, administrative regulations and the articles of association of the company before a newly elected director takes office.Article 46: The board of directors shall be accountable to the board of shareholders, and shall exercise the following functions and powers:(I) to convene the general meeting and to report on its work to the board of shareholders;(II) to implement the resolutions of the general meeting;(III) to decide on the business plans and investment plans of the company;(IV) to formulate the company's proposed annual financial budgets and final accounts;(V) to formulate the company’s profit distribution plans and plans for making up losses;(VI) to fo rmulate plans for the company’s increase or reduction of the registered capital or for the issuance of corporate;。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
新加坡公司法-中文版 第十六章 公司法 第一节 导言 第二节 公司成立及其后果 第三节 公司治理 第四节 公司权利的行使 第五节 股东的救济 第六节 公司股份 第七节 公司债据与资产抵押 第八节 公司困境 第九节 公司解散
第一节 导言 16.1.1 在新加坡，与公司有关的主要法律是《公司法（Cap50, 1994 Rev Ed）》(以下称“公司法”)。值得注意的是，一些特殊类型的公司，除了公司法之外，还要受到其他成文法的规制。如保险公司和银行，还要分别受《保险法（Cap142,1994 Rev Ed）和《银行法（Cap20, 1994 Rev Ed）》的规制。有限责任合伙组织其实也是公司，受《有限责任合伙组织法（Cap289,1994 Rev Ed）》规制。在诸如《证券与期货法（Cap289, 1994 Rev Ed）》等其他成文法中，也有一些与公司有关的条款。 16.1.2 应该注意的是， 普通法也会对与公司有关的成文法规范进行补充。
第二节 公司成立及其后果 设立公司的义务 16.2.1 根据公司法第17（3）条的规定，拥有20名以上成员的经营组织都必须设立为公司。但该规定并不适用于那些遵照新加坡其他成文法设立的，由从事特定职业的个人组成的合伙组织（公司法第17（3）条）。法律职业的从业者，受《法律职业法（Cap161,1994 Rev Ed）》的规制，他们可以设立成员超过20人的合伙组织。 公司的登记 16.2.2 一般来说，只要提交相应的文件，缴纳规定的费用，任何人都可以在新加坡通过登记设立公司。设立公司时，必须提交的最重要的文件是公司章程和组织规章，公司法第19（1）条对此作了强制性要求。公司章程和组织规章就是公司的宪章。根据公司法第22（1）条的规定，公司章程必须载明公司名称、公司股本[如果有的话]，并表明公司成员承担的是有限责任还是无限责任。公司组织规章是公司的规章制度，其中也有与公司治理有关的规定。如果公司章程和组织规章有冲突，前者有优先效力。 16.2.3 公司章程一经登记，登记官便签发设立通知，宣布公司成立并在通知中载明成立的日期。该通知也会注明公司的类型，即成立的是有限责任公司还是无限责任公司，必要时还将表明成立的公司是私营公司[参见公司法第19（4）条]。 公司成立的效力 16.2.4 公司法第19（5）条规定了公司成立的一般效力，即公司作为一个法人组织，拥有此类实体的全部权利能力。公司可以自己的名义起诉或应诉，并且可以永久存续直至公司解散。公司还可以拥有土地，在公司解散时，其成员承担的是有限责任。 16.2.5 公司作为法人组织，拥有法律承认的独立身份，这一原则已经得到了判例法的确认。也就是说，公司具有独立于其成员之外的地位和身份[参见Salomon v. A Salomon & Co Ltd (1897) AC 22一案及Lee v. Lee’s Air Farming Ltd (1961) AC 12一案]。上述原则最重要的意义在于，公司承担的债务及义务都是属于其自身的债务及义务，其成员并不承担公司的责任。公司债权人只能指望公司自身来清偿其债务。如果公司破产且无力清偿债务，不管公司的成员个人是否有清偿能力，债权人都只能自己承担损失。公司成员的全部义务仅为缴清其已经认 购但尚未缴纳的股本。这一义务是对公司的义务，而非对公司债权人的义务。因此，如果公司股份在发行时即已缴清，或在其后缴清，公司成员则不再对公司负有责任。可见，在讲到有限责任时，必须注意的事，它并非指公司的责任是有限的，而是指其成员对公司的出资义务是有限的，即以他们同意认购的股份所代表的资本总额为限。 “揭开公司的面纱” 16.2.6 尽管公司具有独立于其成员之外的身份，在某些情况下，法院为了特定的目的可能会无视公司的独立身份，而将公司及其成员（或管理者）视为同一个主体。例如，在有些情况下，法院会责令公司的成员来承担公司的债务。如果法院这样做，我们便可以说公司的面纱被揭开或刺穿。一般来说，揭开公司面纱的案件有两类，分别由成文法和普通法规制。 独立身份原则在制定法上的例外 16.2.7 国会有权制定适当的成文法来限制公司法人资格的效力范围。对独立身份原则较为重要的限制之一规定在公司法第339（3）条和340（2）条中。根据该两条的规定，当公司订约并承担债务时，如果不能合理地预期公司将具有偿债能力，该公司的任何管理者都将被视为行为违法，在违法行为得到法院认定后其个人便可能要对上述债务的全部或部分承担责任。 16.2.8 另一重要的例外出现在公司法第340 (1)条。在公司解散过程中，对公司事务的处理如果是为了欺骗公司债权人或任何其他人的债权人，或者出于任何其他的欺诈目的，法院可以责令任何参与此类行为知情者，对公司的债务及责任承担其中的全部或者一部分。 16.2.9 第三个重要的例外出现在以下情形中：即公司在缺乏可资分红的利润时进行了分红 [参见公司法第403（2）(b)条]。公司分红只能在公司有足够的利润且不会不正当地损害公司债权人利益时才能进行。如果公司的董事或经理在缺乏足够利润时，蓄意分配红利或许可分配红利，则应在分红超过可分配利润的范围之内对公司债权人承担责任。 身份独立原则在普通法上的例外 16.2.10 人们设立公司往往出于多种目的，其中之一无疑是避免在经营失败时承担个人责任。因此，并不能仅仅 因为公司成员或管理者利用公司制度来避免个人责任便否定公司的独立身份 [参见Adams v Cape Industries plc (1990) 1 Ch 433.一案]。但如果公司成员或管理者为了不正当的目的而滥用公司形式，则又另当别论。 16.2.11 如果个人已经负有法律义务，却企图利用公司制度来逃避此义务，法院将无视公司的独立身份。例如，法院曾判决认为，如果某人已经同意出售房屋，则不能通过将房屋转让给公司来逃避其合同义务。个人和公司都被判令继续履行合同义务，尽管公司本身并非合同的当事人。[参见Jones v Lipman (1962) 1 WLR 832一案] 16.2.12 同样，如果公司被用来进行欺诈行为，法院则会将公司及隐身背后的人视为同一主体。因此，如果公司的设立是为了欺骗不知情的投资者，法院将责令公司发起人承担责任，尽管发起人和公司具有各自独立的身份。
第三节 公司治理 公司所有与经营的分离 16.3.1 公司法第157A条规定，公司经营由公司董事负责进行或者根据公司董事的指令进行。除了那些根据公司法或者公司章程应由股东大会行使的权力外，公司董事可以行使全部其它的公司管理权。这体现了公司法的一个重要特征，即公司法有助于公司所有与管理的分离。公司成员或者股东尽管是公司的拥有者，但未必需要作为董事参与公司的管理。在一些公司中，特别是规模较小的公司，公司成员也可能会参与公司管理—或作为公司的董事，或行使其它管理权—但在其它很多公司中，公司成员并不参与公司管理。这些公司由董事会来经营和管理，而董事会里的很多董事并非公司成员。即使一些董事是公司成员，他们拥有的公司股份也相对较少。同样值得注意的是，在这些公司中，甚至董事会的管理也只是理论上的，因为董事会多数成员并非全职董事，而只是非执行董事。公司的日常管理将由公司的高级执行官来进行，这些人中也有一些是董事会成员。在这些公司中，董事会只是起到总体监管的作用，而不参与具体的管理工作。 成文法上的义务 16.3.2 在普通法上，董事被视为受托人，对公司负有信托义务。同样，公司法也为公司董事规定了与普通法相类似的义务。公司法重要的规定之一是其中的第157（1）条，它规定，公司董事在任何时候都应忠实、勤勉地履 行其职责。公司法第157（2）条进一步规定，公司管理者或代理人，对基于其地位所获取的信息不得进行不正当的利用，以间接或直接的方式为自己或他人谋取利益，或者损害公司的利益。 16.3.3 公司法第157条并未穷尽公司董事对公司所负的全部义务。第157（4）条明确规定，公司法第157条只是补充而非减损公司董事和管理者所负的法律义务或责任。第157条使这些义务具有了强制性，而在普通法上，这些义务可由公司和董事通过约定予以排除，只要公司在做出此类约定时未受到有利害关系的董事的影响。根据公司法第157（3）条的规定，违反公司法第157(1)和157（2）条的公司管理者或代理人应对公司由此受到的损失承担责任。如果违法行为得到认定，公司管理者或代理人同时还将被处于5000新元以下的罚款或者一年以内的监禁。 普通法上“行为应使公司利益最大化”的义务 16.3.4 在履行职责时，公司董事所进行的行为，都应是他们善意地认为能促使公司利益最大化的行为。当董事的行为受到质疑时，法官并不以自己的判断取代董事的判断[参见ECRC Land Pte Ltd v Wing On Ho Christopher (2004) 1 SLR 105一案及Vita Health Laboratories Pte Ltd v Pang Seng Meng (2004) 4 SLR 162一案]。法院仅考虑，公司的董事（而不是法院）是否诚心认为其行为是为了公司利益的最大化。当然， 如果法院认为任何合理的董事会都不会采取类似的行动，则公司董事的善意将受到严重的质疑。 16.3.5 值得指出的是，尽管董事最重要的义务是对公司的义务，公司法第159条还规定，在行使职权时，董事也可以一般地考虑公司雇员以及公司成员的利益。普通法也允许董事适当考虑公司成员的利益。因为，尽管公司具有独立的身份，在某种意义上，毕竟是公司成员共同组成了一个公司[参见Peters American Delicacy Co Ltd v Health (1939) 61 CLR 457一案及Greenhalgh v Arderne Cinemas Ltd (1951) Ch 286一案]。公司董事适当考虑雇员的利益也是可以理解的，因为促进雇员的利益往往也会使公司利益最大化。 16.3.6 在某些情况下，公司董事必须考虑公司债权人的利益。一般来说，公司债权人对公司资产并不享有任何权利。债权人要想实现债权，则必须对公司进行起诉。由于债权人对公司资产并不享有权利，公司董事在就公司事务做出决定时并不需要考虑债权人的利益。但如果公司无力清偿债务因而事实上已经破产时，债权人的利益则必