《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(科技创新类 遥感技术在地址上的功能)【圣才出品】
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(历史地理类 考古学)【圣才出品】
Passage4考古学Archaeology has long been all accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures. Relatively recently the same techniques have been systematically applied to studies of the more immediate past.This has been called“historical archaeology,”a term that is used in the United States to refer to any archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate the arrival of Europeans.Back in the1930’s and1940’s,when building restoration was popular, historical archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction.The role of archaeologists was to find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back seat to architects.The mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by the1950’s and1960’s. Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of university anthropology departments,where they had studied prehistoric cultures. They were,by training,social scientists,not historians,and their work tended to reflect this bias.The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand,as scientists,how people behaved.But because they were treading on historical ground for which there was often extensive written documentation and because their own knowledge of these periods was usually limited,their contributions to American history remained circumscribed.Their reports,highly technical and sometimes poorly written,went unread.More recently,professional archaeologists have taken over.These researchershave sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history,providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existence might not otherwise be so well documented.This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown great promise,and indeed work done in this area has led to a reinterpretation of the United States past.In Kingston,New York,for example,evidence had been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area.And in Sacramento an excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building’s basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary.1.What is the main idea of this passage?A.Why historical archaeology was first developed?B.How the methods and purpose of historical archaeology have changed?C.The contributions architects make to historical archaeology.D.The attitude of professional archaeologists toward historical archaeology2.According to the first paragraph,what is a relatively new focus in archaeology?A.Investigating the recent past.B.Studying prehistoric cultures.C.Excavating ancient sites in what is now the United States.paring findings made in North America and in Europe.3.The word“framed”in the sentence“The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed…”means______.A.understoodB.readC.posedD.avoided4.In the third paragraph，the author implies that the techniques of history and the techniques of social science are______.A.both based on similar principlesB.quite different from each otherually taught to students of archaeologyD.equally useful in studying prehistoric cultures5.The author mentions all excavation at the site of a hotel in Sacramento in order to give an example of______.A.a building reconstruction projectB.a finding that conflicts with written recordsC.the work of the earliest historical archaeologistsD.the kind of information that historians routinely examine【答案与解析】1.B文章第一段提出讲述的中心historical archaeology（历史考古学），并简述其研究方向的变化；第二段提到historical archaeology是古建筑复原的一种主要工具；文章第三段和第四段分别讲述了historical archaeology在五、六十年代采用的研究方法和目的以及最近历史考古学的新的作用。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(生态环境类 绿色和平组织)【圣才出品】
Passage1绿色和平组织Green peace has identified global climate change as one of the greatest threats to the ernments and scientists alike have agreed that the problem is real and serious.Last year at the climate summit in Kyoto,industrialized countries agreed,at least on paper,to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases they pump into the atmosphere.But crucial details,upon which the success or failure of the agreement rests,are still under negotiation,and in the meantime little real action is being taken to address the problem.Greenpeace is therefore campaigning for governments to face up to their responsibilities and urgently address this problem.The longer action is delayed,the more drastic it will need to be in order to avoid dangerous interference with the planet’s climate from the so-called greenhouse gases.Governments should be leading the way to a fundamentally new energy direction based on clean renewable energy,like wind or solar power.But at present many governments instead use taxpayers’money to support the agenda of the companies,which continue to spend billions of dollars on development of coal,oil or gas—the climate-damaging fossil fuels.Scientists estimate that we can only afford to release a limited amount of carbon into the atmosphere,otherwise,we pass the“safe”limits of climate change.It is at this point that climate change happens so fast that ecosystems areunable to adapt.Greenpeace believes that a temperature increase of1℃is the absolute maximum that should be allowed.The amount of carbon that we can release to keep within these limits can be calculated and is in the range of112.5to 337.5billion tons of carbon over the next100years.But industry already has around four times this amount of carbon—over one thousand billion tons—in existing reserves of oil,coal and gas.This means that three quarters of the oil,coal and gas already found cannot be burned if we want to avoid dangerous climate change.If we continue burning fossil fuels at present levels,the“safe”limit of1℃will be reached in just40years.That is why we have to start reducing carbon dioxide emissions immediately and prepare for an orderly phase out of fossil fuels.Greenpeace calls this the“carbon logic”.The oil companies alone have already found enough oil to cause dangerous climate change.Yet they continue to look for more.And of course once they have invested in finding the oil,they will not be prepared to give up their right to pump it out and sell it.The effects on the climate could be catastrophic.1.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.Both governments and scientists have realized that global climate change is one of the greatest threats to the planet.B.At the climate summit in Kyoto,many countries planned to protect the atmosphere.C.The atmosphere protection is still in the air.D.Industrialized countries have reduced the amount of carbon dioxide and othergreenhouse gases they pump into the atmosphere.2.According to the author,governments should______.A.support the companies to continue their development of coal,oil or gasB.advocate the use of clean renewable energy like wind of solar powerC.not waste taxpayers’money to develop new energyD.prohibit the further exploration of the fossil fuels,only allowing the companiesto burn the existing reserves already found3.A suitable title for the passage is______.A.Green peace’s International Campaign to Save the ClimateB.The Carbon LogicC.Climate ChangeD.Fossil Fuels4.The author has a（n）______attitude towards our climate.A.worriedB.criticalC.negativeD.objective5.What does the word“catastrophic”in Line4of the last paragraph mean?A.far-reachingB.irresponsibleC.disastrousD.irrespective【答案与解析】1.D本文第一段讲到，Green peace认为全球气候变化是对地球的最大威胁之一，政府和科学家都已认识到这一问题非常严重。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(生态环境类 想象中的生命)【圣才出品】
Passage6想象中的生命When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exists in any part of it,they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not resemble closely the life that exists on Earth.Mars looks like the only planet where life like ours could exist,and even this is doubtful.But there may be other kinds of life based on other chemistry,and they may multiply on Venus or Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not.Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution.Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably temporary stage.His individual units retain a strong sense of personality.They are, in fact,still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individual lives.But man’s societies are already sufficiently developed to have enormously more power and effectiveness than the individuals have.It is not likely that this transitional situation will continue very long on the evolutionary time.Fifty thousand years from now man’s societies may have become so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate personality. Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multiple organisms and the inorganic parts（machines）that have been constructed by them.A million years further man and his machines may have merged as closely as the muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion.The explorers of space should be prepared for such situation.If they arrive at aforeign planet that has reached an advanced stage（and this is by no means impossible）,they may find it being inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units.The units may be“secondary”—machines created millions of years ago by a previous form of life and given the will and ability to survive and reproduce.They may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials.If this is the case,they may be much more tolerant of their environment,multiplying under conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compounds and dependent on the familiar carbon cycle.Such creatures might be relics of a past age,millions of years ago,when their planet was favorable to the origin of life,or they might be immigrants from a favored planet.1.What does the word“cheer”（Para1）imply?A.Imaginative men are sure of success in finding life on other planets.B.Imaginative men are delighted to find life on other planets.C.Imaginative men are happy to find a different kind of life existing on other planets.D.Imaginative men can be pleased with the idea that there might exist different forms of life on other planets.2.Humans on Earth today are characterized by______.A.their existence as free and separate beingsB.their capability of living under favorable conditionsC.their great power and effectivenessD.their strong desire for living in a close-knit society3.According to this passage,some people believe that eventually______.A.human societies will be much more cooperative.B.man will live in a highly organized world.C.machines will take control over man.D.living beings will disappear from Earth.4.Even most imaginative people have to admit that______.A.there is no possibility of the existence of other organisms in our Solar system.B.machines may outlive organisms.C.living beings will disappear from Earth.D.human beings are less developed form of life compared with that of other planets.5.It seems that the writer______.A.is interested in the imaginary life formsB.is eager to find a different from of lifeC.is certain of the existence of a new life formD.is critical on the imaginative people【答案与解析】1.D文章第一段“cheer…that life need not resemble closely…”，可知他们高兴（cheer）的原因是外星球生命可以有不同的形式（different forms of life）。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会经济类 保证金率)【圣才出品】
Passage5保证金率The increase in the margin rate from50%to70%was not an attempt to stem any rampant speculation on the part of the public—actually the market seemed technically quite strong,with public participation essentially dignified—but rather an attempt by the Federal Reserve Board to preserve the sound underpinnings that existed in the market.Naturally,such a move had a momentarily chilling effect upon prices but if the FRB had been preoccupied with undue speculation,the increase might have been to the80%or even90%level.Such an increase in the margin rate is a confirmation of a strong stock market and since1991,such increases have resulted in interim market highs over twelve months later.Obviously, there could be no guarantee that this would once again be the case,but if history is any guideline—and if business and corporate earnings were to continue on the same course,continued optimism over the outlook for the stock market would seem more prudent than pessimism.The margin increase underscored the good rise that stocks had enjoyed for the previous year—and the fact that a50%rate was maintained as long as it was pointed up the fact that the rise was mainly conservative in that it was concentrated in the bluechips for the most part.In past Investment Letters we have voiced the thought that specialty stocks could outperform the general market from this point. We continue to believe that this could be the case.For example,steel stocks tend to sell at certain fixed price earnings ratios.Below a certain ratio they are consideredgood value—above a certain ratio,overpriced.If a company produces a unique product it is far more difficult for market analysis to place a numerical ratio upon the company’s earnings.We have also contended in the past Letters that the stock market reflects mass psychology as well as the business outlook.When investors—both the public and the institutions—are nervous and pessimistic they definitely hesitate to buy stocks:they seek low price/earnings/multiples and high yields.These same investors—when they are in an optimistic frame of mind—become far less preoccupied with yields and more willing to pay a premium for accelerated growth.If the public’s attitude towards the auto industry is any measure,then this period seems to have been one of optimism.1.The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is______.A.A Time to Sell StocksB.A Strong Stock MarketC.Raising the Margin RateD.Price/Earnings Ratio in Steel2.What do investors do when they are pessimistic?A.They look to the FRB for help.B.They buy steel.C.They buy automobile stocks.D.They look for high yields.3.Why does the writer believe that specialty stocks could outperform the general market?A.Because analysts had difficulty in deciding upon a fixed price/earnings ratio.B.Because the activity had been limited to bluechips.C.Because the rise was conservative.D.Because of the FRB action4.When investors are optimistic,what do they do?A.They look for accelerated growth.B.They buy specialty stocks.C.They look for high yields.D.They are more prudent.5.The investors are willing to buy stocks when they are______.A.rampantB.pessimisticC.nervousD.optimistic【答案与解析】1.B从首段可推出此主题。
考博英语阅读理解试题分类解析-Unit4科普科研类【圣才出品】
考博英语阅读理解试题分类解析-Unit4科普科研类【圣才出品】Unit 4 科普科研类Passage 1（同济⼤学2008年考博试题）In his 1976 study of slavery in the United State, Herbert Gutman, like Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese, has rightly stressed the slaves’ achievements. But unlike these historians, Gutman gives plantation owners little credit for these achievements. Rather, Gutman argues that one must look to the Black family and the slaves’ extended kinship system to understand how crucial achievements, such as the maintenance of a cultural heritage and the development of a communal consciousness, were possible. His findings’ compel attention.Gutman recreates the family and extended kinship structure mainly through an ingenious use of what any historian should draw upon, quantifiable data, derived in this case mostly from plantation birth register. He also uses accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human reality behind his statistics. These sources indicate that the two-parent household predominated in slave quarters just as it did among freed slaves after emancipation. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, reve aled most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. In less conclusive fashion Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese had already indicated the predominance of two-parent households: however, only Gutman emphasizes the preference for stable monogamy and points out what stable monogamy meant for the slaves’ cultural heritage. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of theBlack family encouraged the transmission of—and so was crucial in sustaining—the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.Gutman’s examination of other facets of kinship also produces important findings. Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. This taboo against cousins’ marring is important, argues Gutman, because it is one of many indications of a strong awareness among slaves of an extended kinship network. The fact that distantly related kin would care for children separated from their families also suggests this awareness. When blood relationship were few as in newly created plantations in the Southwest, “fictive”kinship arrangements took their place until a new pattern of consanguinity developed. Gutman presents convincing evidence that this extended kinship structure—which he believes developed by the mid-to-late eighteenth century—provided the foundations for the strong communal consciousness that existed among slaves.In sum, Gutman’s study is significant because it offers a closely reasoned and original explanation of some of the slaves’achievements, one that correctlyemphasizes the resources that slaves themselves possessed.1. With which of the following statements regarding the resources that historians ought to use would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?A. Historians ought to make use of written rather than oral accounts.B. Historians should rely primarily on birth registers.C. Historians should rely exclusively on data that can be quantified.D. Historians ought to make use of data that can be quantified.2. Which of the following statements about the formation of the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression is best supported by the information presented in the passage?A. The heritage was formed primarily out of the experience of those slaves whoattempted to preserve the stability of their families.B. The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of those slaves whomarried their cousins.C. The heritage was formed more out of the African than out of the Americanexperiences of slaves.D. The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of only a single generationof slaves.3. Which of the following statements concerning the marriage practices of plantation owners during the period of Black slavery in the United States can most logically be inferred from the information in the passage?A. These practices began to alter sometime around the mid-eighteenth century.B. These practices varied markedly from one region of the country to another.C. Plantation owners usually based their choice of marriage partners oneconomic considerations.D. Plantation owners often married their cousins.4. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?A. The author compares and contrasts the work of several historians and thendiscusses areas for possible new research.B. The author presents his thesis, draws on work of several historians for evidenceto support his thesis, and concludes by reiterating his thesis.C. The author describes some features of a historical study and then uses thosefeatures to put forth his own argument.D. The author presents the general argument of a historical study, describes thestudy in more detail, and concludes with a brief judgment of the study’s value.5. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage based on its content?A. The influence of Herbert Gutman on Historians of Slavery in the United States.B. Gutman’s Explanation of How Slaves Could Maintain a Cultural Heritage andDevelop a Communal ConsciousnessC. Slavery in the United States: New Controversy About an Old Subject.D. The Black Heritage of Folklore, Music, and Religious Expression: Its GrowingInfluence.【答案与解析】1.D 第⼆段第⼀句提到Gutman recreates… mainly through an ingenious use of whatany historian should draw upon, quantifiable data…由此可看出作者认为历史学家应该⽤可计量的数据来做研究。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(历史地理类 智利的旅游业)【圣才出品】
Passage6智利的旅游业The biggest problem facing Chile as it promotes itself as a tourist destination to be reckoned with,is that it is at the end of the earth.It is too far south to be a convenient stop on the way to anywhere else and is much farther than a relatively cheap half-day’s flight away from the big tourist markets,unlike Mexico,for example.Chile,therefore,has to fight hard to attract tourists,to convince travelers that it is worth coming halfway round the world to visit.But it is succeeding,not only in existing markets like the USA and Western Europe but in new territories,in particular the Far East.Markets closer to home,however,are not being forgotten. More than50%of visitors to Chile still come from its nearest neighbor,Argentina, where the cost of living is much higher.Like all South American countries,Chile sees tourism as a valuable earner of foreign currency,although it has been far more serious than most in promoting its image abroad.Relatively stable politically within the region,it has benefited from the problems suffered in other areas.In Peru,guerrilla warfare in recent years has dealt a heavy blow to the tourist industry and fear of street crime in Brazil has reduced the attraction of Rio de Janeiro as a dream destination for foreigners.More than150,000people are directly involved in Chile’s tourist sector,an industry which earns the country more than US$950million each year.The state-run National Tourism Service,in partnership with a number of privatecompanies,is currently running a world-wide campaign,taking part in trade fairs and international events to attract visitors to Chile.Chile’s great strength as a tourist destination is its geographical diversity. From the parched Atacama Desert in the north to the Antarctic snowfields of the south,it is more than5,000km long.With the Pacific on one side and the Andean mountains on the other,Chile boasts natural attractions.Its beaches are not up to Caribbean standards but resorts such as Vina del Mar are generally clean and unspoilt and have a high standard of services.But the trump card is the Andes mountain range.There are a number of excellent ski resorts within one hour’s drive of the capital,Santiago,and the national parks in the south are home to rare animals and plant species.The parks already attract specialist visitors,including mountaineers,who come to climb the technically difficult peaks,and fishermen,lured by the salmon and trout in the region’s rivers.However,infrastructure development in these areas is limited.The ski resorts do not have as many lifts as their European counterparts and the poor quality of roads in the south means that only the most determined travelers see the best of the national parks.Air links between Chile and the rest of the world are,at present,relatively poor. While Chile’s two largest airlines have extensive networks within South America, they operate only a small number of routes to the United States and Europe,while services to Asia are almost non-existent.Internal transport links are being improved and luxury hotels are being built in one of its national parks.Nor is development being restricted to the Andes.Easter Island and Chile’s Antarctic Territory are also on the list of areas where the Government believes it can create tourist markets.But the rush to open hitherto inaccessible areas to mass tourism is not being welcomed by everyone.Indigenous and environmental groups,including Green peace,say that many parts of the Andes will suffer if they become over-developed. There is a genuine fear that areas of Chile will suffer the cultural destruction witnessed in Mexico and European resorts.The policy of opening up Antarctica to tourism is also politically sensitive.Chile already has permanent settlements on the ice and many people see the decision to allow tourists there as a political move,enhancing Santiago’s territorial claim over part of Antarctica.The Chilean Government has promised to respect the environment as it seeks to bring tourism to these areas.But there are immense commercial pressures to exploit the country’s tourism potential.The Government will have to monitor developments closely if it is genuinely concerned in creating a balanced,controlled industry and if the price of an increasingly lucrative tourist market is not going to mean the loss of many of Chile’s natural riches.1.Chile is disadvantaged in the promotion of its tourism by______.A.geographical locationB.guerrilla warfareC.political instabilityD.street crime2.Many of Chile’s tourists used to come from EXCEPT______.A.U.S.A.B.the Far EastC.Western EuropeD.her neighbors3.According to the author,Chile’s greatest attraction is______.A.the unspoilt beachesB.the dry and hot desertC.the famous mountain rangeD.the high standard of services4.According to the passage,in which area improvement is already under way?A.Facilities in the ski resorts.B.Domestic transport system.C.Air services to Asia.D.Road network in the south.5.The objection to the development of Chile’s tourism might be all EXCEPT that it ______.A.is ambitious and unrealisticB.is politically sensitiveC.will bring harm to cultureD.will cause pollution in the area【答案与解析】1.A文章的第一句就指出智利发展旅游业的不利因素：“The biggest problem facingChile…is that it is at the end of the earth…It is far south to be a convenient stop…”表明是地理位置问题，因此选A。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(医学保健类 动物调节体温不同方式)【圣才出品】
Passage19动物调节体温不同方式Cells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature,and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning.Enzyme systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around37ºC;a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning.Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations,the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired.Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature.For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures.Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time,but popular terminology still reflects the old division into“warm-blooded’and “cold-blooded”species;warm-blooded included mammals and birds,whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded.As more species were studied,it became evident that this classification was inadequate.A fence lizard or a desert iguana—each cold-blooded—usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold.Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature,called homotherms, and those whose body temperature varies with their environment,called poikilotherms.But this classification also proved inadequate,because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation.Furthermore,many invertebrates that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water,and their body temperatures remain constant.The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by,and who get most of their heat from,the environment.The former are called endotherms,and the latter are called ectotherms.Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature,and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat.Endotherms(mainly mammals and birds)also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments,but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments.1.The passage mainly discusses______.A.body temperatures of various animalsB.the newest research on measuring temperatureC.methods of temperature reductionD.the classification of animals by temperature regulation2.Which of the following terms refers primarily to mammals and birds?A.Warm-bloodedB.EctothermicC.Cold-bloodedD.Poikilothermic3.In general,the temperature of endotherms is regulated______.A.consciouslyB.internallyC.inadequatelyD.environmentally4.According to the passage,the chief way in which ectotherms regulate their temperature is by______.A.seeking out appropriate locationsB.hibernating part of the yearC.staying in deep waterD.triggering certain metabolic processes5.According to the passage,human beings mainly regulate their body temperatures by______.A.choosing favorable environmentsB.internal metabolic processesC.eating more foodD.doing physical exercises【答案与解析】1.D问本文主要讨论了什么问题。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会问题类 交通法则与交通事故)【圣才出品】
Passage2交通法则与交通事故From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age.We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous disease.A large number of once fatal illness can now be found for the most stubborn remaining disease.The expectation of life has increased enormously.But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before,every day we witness the incredible slaughter of them,women and children on the roads.Man versus the motor-car!It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel,his car becomes the extension of his personality.There is no doubt that the motorcar often brings out a man’s very worst qualities.People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind steering wheel.They swear they are ill mannered and aggressive willful as two-year-olds and uttering selfish.All their hidden frustrations,disappointments and jealousies seem to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that the society smiles so gently on the motorist and seems to forgive his convenience.Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic;towns are made ugly by huge car parks;the countryside is desecrated by road networks;and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic,to be conveniently forgotten.It is high timea world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life.With regard to driving,the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate.Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done.The driving test should be standardized and made for more difficult than it is;all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so;the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least21;all vehicles should be put through strict annual tests for safety.Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability.Present drinking and driving laws(where they exist)should be made much stricter.Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers,as has been done in the USA.All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.These measures may sound inordinately harsh.But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all,the world is for human beings not for motorcars.1.The main idea of this passage is______.A.traffic accidents are mainly caused by motoristsB.thousands of people the world over are killed each yearC.the laws of some countries about driving are too laxD.only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.2.What does the author think of society toward motorists?A.Society criticizes the motorists severely.B.Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.C.Society overlooks their rude driving.D.Victims of accidents are nothing.3.Why does the author say:“his car becomes the extension of his personality”?A.Driving can show his real self.B.Driving can show the other part of his personality.C.Driving can bring out his character.D.His car embodies his temper.4.Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?A.Build more highwaysB.Stricter driving testsC.Test drivers every three yearsD.Raise age limit and lay down safety specifications5.The attitude of the author is______.A.ironicalB.criticalC.appealingitant【答案与解析】1.D作者要表达的中心意思是：只有严格的交通法则才能防止交通事故的发生。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(其他类 人类学)【圣才出品】
Passage6人类学What are we?To the biologist we are members of a sub-species called Homo sapiens,which represents a division of the species known as Homo sapiens.Every species is unique and distinct;that is part of the definition of a species.But what is particularly interesting about our species?For a start,we walk upright on our legs at all times,which is an extremely unusual way of getting around for a mammal. There are also several unusual features about our head,not least of which is the very large brain it contains.A second unusual feature is our strangely flattened face with its prominent,down-turned nose.Apes and monkeys have faces that protrude forwards as a muzzle and have“squashed”noses on top of this muzzle.There are many mysteries about evolution,and the reason for our unusually shaped nose is one of them.Another mystery is our nakedness or rather apparent nakedness. Unlike the apes,we are not covered by a coat of thick hair.Human body hair is very plentiful,but it is extremely fine and short so that,for all practical purposes,we are naked.Very partly this has something to do with the second interesting feature of our body:the skin is richly covered with millions of microscopic sweat glands.The human ability to sweat is unmatched in the primate world.So much for our appearance:what about our behavior?Our forelimbs,being freed from helping us to get about,possess a very high degree of manipulative skill. Part of this skill lies in the anatomical structure of the hands,but the crucial element is,of course,the power of the brain.No matter how suitable the limbs are fordetailed manipulation,they are useless in the absence of finely tuned instructions delivered through nerve fibers.The most obvious product of our hands and brains is technology.No other animal manipulates the world in the extensive and arbitrary way that humans do.The termites are capable of constructing intricately structured mounds which create their own“air-conditioned”environment inside.But the termites cannot choose to build a cathedral instead.Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do.1.According to the author,biologists see us as______.A.exactly the same as Homo sapiensB.not quite the same as Homo sapiensC.a divided speciesD.an interesting sub-division of Homo sapiens2.What is indicated as being particularly interesting about our species?A.The fact that we walk.B.The size of our heads.C.The shape of our faces.D.The way our noses evolved.3.The author explains that other primates______.A.do not sweatB.sweat more than human beingsC.have larger sweat glands than humansD.do not sweat as much as humans4.What is most important about our hands?A.The way they are made.B.They are very free.C.Our control over them.D.Their muscular power.5.From the passage it could be concluded that human uniqueness derives from ______.A.the kind of choices people makeB.people’s need to make a choiceC.people’s ability to make a choiceD.the many choices people make【答案与解析】1.B文章第一段指出“To the biologist we are members…as Homo sapiens”，也就是说我们只是Homo sapiens的a sub-species，和Homo sapiens并不完全一样。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会经济类 经济学的作用)【圣才出品】
Passage9经济学的作用Should the Treasury sell its economic forecasting computers for scrap?For the past two years no one outside the Conservative Party and Whitehall has believed a Treasury forecast.Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures or with a mortgage knew that Chancellor Norman Lamont’s repeated claims about recovery being“just around the corner”were untrue.Yet only a fortnight ago Gary Necked,an American economist,won a Nobel Prize for his work on using economics to explain aspects of human behavior,such as drug addiction and crime.So why do economists using Britain’s longest running predictive model still have trouble forecasting whether people will spend more or less money in the shops in the next three months?The answer is that they are caught in a race they cannot win,where however fast they try to keep their predictive equations abreast(not behind)of changing patterns in production and spending,people’s behavior changes faster.Some people claim economics and econometrics should be expelled from the broad scientific church.But that would be foolish.Their present weakness is that they are only perfect when dealing with e them to make real world forecasts and things go wrong—principally the answers.But that is typical of a young science.Until the1930s,only economists were interested in accurately predicting the economic behavior of large numbers of people.The Depression made it a matter of wider interest and urgency.The emergence then of nationalincome statistics helped economics and econometrics to develop.But the art in using both still lies in knowing when you are crossing the line between prediction and guesswork.The government seems not to recognize this.Of late it has pushed and pulled the levers of money supply,tax and interest rates like children let loose on the bridge or a ship.And politicians such as Lamont also have a hand in Treasury forecasts.“That is the worst way to use a science,”says Becker.If economics has any claim to be a science and to belong to the Nobel award structure—and I firmly believe that it does—then economists should avoid political propagandas and convey to the public some flavors of the scientific quality of economics.The government should stop interfering and let its specialists apply their programs, which embody years of experience,as tools to solve the problem of how to make the economy healthy.1.The beginning sentence of the passage most probably means that______.A.the Treasury computers are too out-of-date to be of any use in economic forecastB.the Treasury is so short of funds that they should sell computers for moneyC.the economic prediction made by the Treasury is no longer worth trustingD.people are losing faith in the use of computers to forecast the economic development2.From the passage we can learn that the Britain’s economic situation is______.A.as satisfactory as neverB.far from encouragingC.on the verge of collapseD.on the eve of a leap3.It is believed somehow that economics and econometrics______.A.play an important role in economic developmentB.will be very useful in the church workC.are perfect in dealing with scientific experimentsD.can hardly solve economic problems in real life4.According to the passage government interference in economic prediction will ______.A.possibly make things go wrongB.help to keep a healthy economic situationC.attract more people to believe the governmentD.lead the country’s economy to destruction5.American economist Gary Becker______.A.asserted economics to be a science that shouldn’t be involved in political propagandaB.declared Lamont’s claim about economic recovery being very near to be untrueC.warned the government against increasing money supply to stimulate economic growthD.succeeded in using economics to predict people’s behavior in spending and production【答案与解析】1.C此题问的虽是文章的起始句，但我们必须读懂下文，才能了解该句的实际意义。
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Passage11遥感技术在地址上的功能
Theterm“remotesensing”referstothetechniquesofmeasurementandinterpretationofphenomenafromadistance.Priortothemid-1960stheinterpretationoffilmimagewastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheearth’sgeologicfeatures.Withthedevelopmentoftheopt-mechanicalscanner,scientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmulti-spectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.Theseimagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrum,therefractionofradiowaves,andthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheearth’ssurface.Digitalmulti-spectralimaginghasnowbecomethebasictoolingeologicremotesensingfromsatellites.Theadvantageofdigitaloverphotographicimagingisevident:theresultingnumericaldataarepreciselyknownanddigitaldataarenotsubjecttothevagariesofdifficult-to-controlchemicalprocessing.Withdigitalprocessing,itispossibletocombinealargenumberofspectralimages.Theacquisitionofthefirstmulti-spectraldigitaldatasentfromthemulti-spectralscanner(MSS)aboardthesatelliteLandsatin1972consequentlyattractedtheattentionoftheentiregeologiccommunity.LandsatMSSdataarenowbeingappliedtoavarietyofgeologicproblemsthataredifficulttosolvebyconventionalmethodsalone.Theseincludespecificproblemsinmineralandenergyresourceexplorationandthechartingof2/5
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台圣才电子书www.100xuexi.com
glaciersandshallowseas.
Amorefundamentalapplicationofremotesensingistoaugmentconventionalmethodsforgeologicmappingoflargeareas.Regionalmapspresentcompositional,structural,andchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicevolution.Suchreconstructionshaveimportantpracticalapplicationsbecausetheconditionsunderwhichrockunitsandotherstructuralfeaturesareformedinfluencetheoccurrenceoforeandpetroleumdepositsandaffectthethicknessandintegrityofthegeologicmediainwhichthedepositsarefound.Geologicmapsincorporatealarge,variedbodyofspecificfieldandlaboratorymeasurements,butthemapsmustbeinterpretativebecauserockexposure,accessibilityandlaborresourcesalwayslimitfieldmeasurements.Withremote-sensingtechniquesitispossibletoobtainmuchgeologicinformationmoreefficientlythanitcanbeobtainedontheground.Thesetechniquesalsofacilitateoverallinterpretation.Sincedetailedgeologicmappingisgenerallyconductedinsmallareas,thecontinuityofregionalfeaturesthathaveintermittentandvariableexpressionsisoftennotrecognized,butinthecomprehensiveviewsofLandsatimagesthesecontinuitiesareapparent.Howeversomecriticalinformationcannotbeobtainedthroughremotesensing,andseveralcharacteristicsoftheLandsatMSSimposelimitationsontheacquisitionofdiagnosticdata.Someoftheselimitationscanbeovercomebydesigningsatellitesystemsspecificallyforgeologicpurposes;buttobemosteffective,remote-sensingdatamuststillbecombinedwithdatafromfieldsurveysandlaboratorytests,thetechniquesofthe3/5
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earliertwentiethcentury.
1.Whichofthefollowingistheauthorindicatingbyusingtheword“interpretative”(Line2,Para.4)?A.Somemapsarebasedmoreondatafromaerialphotographythanondatafromfieldoperations.B.Somemapsarebasedalmostexclusivelyonlaboratorymeasurements.C.Somemapsarebasedonincompletedatafromfieldobservations.D.Somemapsshowonlylargegeologicfeatures.2.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutgeologicmappingwouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree?A.Geologicmappingisbasicallyanartandnotascience.B.Geologicmappinghasnotchangedsignificantlysincetheearly1960’s.C.Geologicmappingwillhavelimitedpracticalapplicationsuntilremote-sensingsystemsareperfected.D.Adevelopmentalmilestoneingeologicmappingwasreachedin1972.3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmeasurementscanbeprovidedbytheopt-mechanicalscannerbutnotbyvisible-lightphotography?A.ThedensityoffoliageinremoteareasontheEarth’ssurfaceB.DailytemperaturechangesofareasontheEarth’ssurfaceC.ThedegreeofradioactivityemittedbyexposedrocksontheEarth’ssurfaceD.Atmosphericconditionsoverlargelandmasses4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatLandsatimagesdifferfromconventional4/5
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geologicmapsinthatLandsatimages______.
A.revealtheexactsizeofpetroleumdepositsandoredepositsB.indicatethecontinuityoffeaturesthatmightnototherwisebeinterpretedascontinuousC.predictthemovementsofglaciersD.providehighlyaccuratedataabouttheoccurrenceofmineraldeposits5.Whichofthefollowingdoesthepassagesuggestaboutthe“conventionalmethods”mentionedinLine6,Para.2?A.Theyconsistprimarilyoffieldsurveysandlaboratorymeasurements.B.Theyarenotusefulinprovidinginformationnecessaryforreconstructinggeologicevolution.C.Theyrarelyhavebeenusedbygeologistssince1972.D.Theyareusedprimarilytogathercompositionalinformationaboutecologicfeatures.【答案与解析】1.C第四段：“地质地图综合了大量不同的实地勘察和实验室测试数据，但这些地图必须是要解释的，因为实地测量常常受制于岩石裸露、可接触程度和劳力资源。”A.有些地质地图基于空中摄影技术得来的数据，而不是基于野外作业的数据。B.有些地质地图几乎专门依赖于实验室测试。D.有些地质地图就显示大的地质特征。文内没有提及这三项内容。2.D第二段第二句“利用数字处理技术，可将大量的谱线图像结合在一起。因此，1972年由安装在卫星Landsat上多谱线扫瞄仪发回的第一批多谱线数字数据引起整个地质