2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案：Hormones in the Body
2019年8月10日托福阅读考试真题及解析
2019年8月10日托福阅读考试真题及解析最新一期的托福考试在上周六结束，那么大家对自己的考试分数有没有信心呢？和来一起看看2019年8月10日托福阅读考试真题及解析。
Passage1陆地生物有一幅图，是具有limb的一种古代鱼，但是图片没用。
科学家猜测在陆地生存的动物的进化时间；据化石证据显示，某类两栖动物已经具备limb和lung，但是不是用于在陆地行走，而是用来在一些特殊水流（湍急的、浅水的地方）移动。
这些生物的一些特征。
Passage2杀虫剂苹果种植杀虫剂的普及使美国各地的人们都能在超级市场买到苹果（这同时也增加了人们对于吃新鲜水果的需求）；储藏技术的改进，虽然苹果采摘时间提前，导致一些苹果的质量下降，但是使人们可以一年四季都能吃到苹果。
Passage3megafuna灭绝原因北美大型动物的灭绝，从时间上与人类移居的时间重叠。
可能不是巧合。
有可能是短期类捕猎大量导致的动物灭绝。
部分大型动物，生育量低，成长时间长，比起小型动物更容易灭绝。
即是人类不是大量捕猎，是长时间的轻量捕猎也可能会导致动物灭绝。
Passage4人口迁徙导致的语言起源与演变罗马人在英国修路：摒弃了英国原本的路巩固路基archaeologyx鸟的behavior地球气候水的起源。
Chinese silk冰川：U型谷腐蚀，动不动的怎么影响megafuna 灭绝原因人为原因是不是最主要原因art sitter portrayJupter moons 木星的卫星好像叫Lobirds territory 鸟类领地通过唱歌保护关于mote portraititure 【可能是加试】。
2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案(卷二十一)
2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷二十一）Bloodhounds are biologically adapted to trailing their prey. The process by whichthe nose recognizes an odor is not fully understood, but there are apparently specificreceptor sites for specific odors. In one explanation, recognition occurs when a scentmolecule fits into its corresponding receptor site, like a key into a lock, causing a(Line5) mechanical or chemical change in the cell. Bloodhounds apparently have denserconcentrations of receptor sites tuned to human scents.When a bloodhound trails a human being, what does it actually smell? The humanbody, which consists of about 60 trillion living cells, sheds exposed skin at a rate of 50million cells a day. So even a trail that has been dispersed by breezes may still seem(Line10) rich to a bloodhound. The body also produces about 31 to 50 ounces of sweat a day.Neither this fluid nor the shed skin cells have much odor by themselves, but thebacteria working on both substances is another matter. One microbiologist estimatesthe resident bacteria population of a clean square centimeter of skin on the humanshoulder at "multiples of a million." As they go about their daily business breaking(Line15) down lipids, or fatty substances, on the skin, these bacteria release volatilesubstances that usually strike the bloodhound's nose as an entire constellation ofdistinctive scents.45. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Why people choose bloodhounds forhousehold pets(B) How a bloodhound's sense of smell works(C) How humans compensate for anunderdeveloped sense of smell(D) The way in which bacteria work on skin cellsand body sweat46. The author compares a scent molecule with a(A) key(B) lock(C) cell(D) bloodhound47. In line 7, the word "it" refers to(A) bloodhound(B) human being(C) smell(D) body48. According to the passage, how many cells of skin does the human body rid itself of every day?(A) 60 trillion(B) 50 million(C) 1 million(D) Between 31 and 5049. In line 10, the word "rich" is used to mean that a trail is(A) paved with precious materials(B) a profitable business to get into(C) a very costly undertaking(D) filled with an abundance of clues50. Which of the following acts as a stimulus in the production of the human scent?(A) Sweat(B) Dead skin cells(C) Bacteria(D) Fatty substances参考答案：BAABDCPassage 1Seventeenth-century houses in colonial North America were simple structures thatwere primarily functional, carrying over traditional designs that went back to theMiddle Ages. During the first half of the eighteenth century, however, houses began toLine show a new elegance. As wealth increased, more and more colonists built fine houses.(5) Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies, the design ofbuildings was left either to amateur designers or to carpenters who undertook tointerpret architectural manuals imported from England. Inventories of colonial librariesshow an astonishing number of these handbooks for builders, and the houses erectedduring the eighteenth century show their influence. Nevertheless,most domestic(10) architecture of the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a widedivergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.Increasing wealth and growing sophistication throughout the colonies resulted inhouses of improved design. whether the material was wood, stone, or brick. NewEngland still favored wood, though brick houses became common in Boston and other(15) towns, where the danger of fire gave an impetus to the use of more durable material. Afew houses in New England were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and adjacentareas was stone widely used in dwellings. An increased use of brick in houses andoutbuildings is noticeable in Virginia and Maryland, but wood remained the mostpopular material even in houses built by wealthy landowners. In the Carolinas, even in(20) closely packed Charleston. Wooden houses were much morecommon than brickhouses.Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvements over theirpredecessors. Windows were made larger and shutters removed. Large, clear panesreplaced the small leaded glass of the seventeenth century. Doorways were larger and(25) more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were made ofplaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled. White paint began to take the place ofblues, yellows, greens. and lead colors, which had been popular for walls in the earlieryears. After about 1730, advertisements for wallpaper styles in scenic patterns began toappear in colonial newspapers.32. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The improved design of eighteenth-century colonial houses(B) A comparison of eighteenth-century houses and modern houses(C) The decorations used in eighteenth-century houses(D) The role of carpenters in building eighteenth-century houses33. What was one of the main reasons for the change in architectural style in eighteenth-century North America?(A) More architects arrived in the colonies.(B) The colonists developed an interest in classical architecture.(C) Bricks were more readily available.(D) The colonists had more money to spend on housing.34. According to the passage, who was responsible for designing houses in eighteenth-century North America?(A) Professional architects(B) Customers(C) Interior decorators(D) Carpenters35. The passage implies that the rules outlined in architectural manuals were(A) generally ignored(B) legally binding(C) not strictly adhered to(D) only followed by older builders36. The word "divergence" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) description(B) development(C) difference(D) display37. The word "durable" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) attractive(B) expensive(C) refined(D) long-lasting38. Where was stone commonly used to build houses?(A) Virginia(B) Pennsylvania(C) Boston(D) Charleston39. The word "dwelling" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) houses(B) towns(C) outbuildings(D) rural areas40. The word "predecessors" in line 23 refers to(A) colonists who arrived in North America in the seventeenth century(B) houses constructed before the eighteenth century(C) interior improvements(D) wooden houses in Charleston41. The author mentions elaborately paneled walls in line 26 as an example of(A) how the interior design of colonial houses was improved(B) why walls were made of wood or plaster(C) how walls were made stronger in the eighteenth century(D) what kind of wood was used for walls after 173042. The word "elaborately" in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) done in great detail(B) put together carefully(C) using many colors(D) reinforced structurally43. What does the author imply about the use of wallpaper before 1730?(A) Wallpaper samples appeared in the architectural manuals.(B) Wallpaper was the same color as the wall paints used.(C) Patterned wallpaper was not widely used.(D) Wallpaper was not used in stone houses.44. Where in the passage does the author give a reason why brick was the preferred material for houses in some urban areas?(A) Lines 9-11(B) Lines 13-15(C) Lines 17-19(D) Lines 23-24参考答案：ADDCC DBABA ACBHormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite”or “to set in motion.”A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized,primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. Acombination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) desire(B) origin(C) science(D) chemical28. The word it in the passage refers to(A) secretin(B) small intestine(C) bloodstream(D) pancreas29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) remembered(B) surprised(C) invented(D) motivated30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must(A) be part of the digestive process(B) influence the operations of the nervous system(C) affect processes in a different part of the body(D) regulate attitudes and behavior31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to(A) whether scientists understand their function(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body(C) whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) misunderstood(B) precise(C) significant(D) simple33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) sudden(B) small(C) changing(D) noticeable34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods andactions are.(C) When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) decreased(B) advertised(C) prescribed(D) researched36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal(B) Adults with strong digestive systems(C) Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D) Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means "to excite" or "to set in motion."Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading：27. B28. A29. D30. C31. D32. C33. B34. D35. A36. D37. A38. third square39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….According to some scientists, migratory birds should be able to withstand the winter.A bird s feathery coat is good insulation against the cold. BECause a bird is warm- blooded, its body temperature always remains constant, even if the temperature of its surroundings changes.The factors that trigger migratory behavior in birds are difficult to explain. This behavior seems to be instinctive, not learned. For example, many northern species leave their summer homes while the weather is still warm and the food supply plentiful. Young arctic terns born at the arctic breeding grounds will lake off with the flock for distant lands they have never seen.Bird migrations are probably regulated by the glandular system.Scientists suspect that the changing length of the day is the factor that triggers migratory behavior. In an experiment, migratory birds were kept in artificially lighted rooms. It was found that if periods of darkness were lengthened proportionately, the glands of the birds became active. These glands secrete hormones, which are chemicals that control numerous body functions. Shorter periods of daylight seem to change the hormone balance of birds, so that they retain more fat. This stored fat is the fuel that provides the energy for a long flight. The same experiment revealed that the birds became more excited as the artificial night was lengthened. It is probably no coincidence that most flocks begin their migratory flights during the night.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Common migratory paths for birds(B) Why birds migrate(C) Species of birds that do not migrate(D) Migration in cold climates2. The word "withstand" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) prefer(B) tolerate(C) regulate(D) understand3. According to the passage, which of the following protects birdsagainst cold weather?(A) Glands(B) Hormones(C) Feathers(D) Artificial light4. The word "constant" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) invariable(B) persistent(C) predictable(D) responsive5. The word "its" in line 3 refers to(A) temperature(B) cold(C) coat(D) bird6. In lines 7-9, the author mentions young arctic terns as an example of birds that(A) do not migrate(B) breed during migration(C) migrate instinctively(D) adapt to the cold7. The word "they" in line 16 refers to(A) glands(B) birds(C) body functions(D) hormones8. According to the passage, birds exposed to longer periods of darkness experience all of the following changes EXCEPT(A) activated glands(B) excited behavior(C) retention of more fat(D) increased appetite9. In the experiment mentioned in the passage, the scientists adjusted the birds(A) food supply(B) body temperatures(C) exposure to light(D) brain chemistry10. Where in the passage does the author mention the substance that enables birds to fly long distances?(A) Lines 2-4(B) Lines 5-7(C) Lines 10-11(D) Lines 16-17答案：BBDAACDABD。
2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析(3)
2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析（3）In eighteenth-century colonial America, flowers andfruit were typically the province of the botanical artist interested in scientific illustration rather than being the subjects of fine art. Early in the nineteenth century, however, the Peale family of Philadelphia established thestill life, a picture consisting mainly of inanimate objects, as a valuable part of the artist's repertoire. The fruit paintings by James and Sarah Miriam Peale are simple arrangements of a few objects, handsomely colored, small in size, and representing little more than what they are. In contrast were the highly symbolic, complex compositions by Charles Bird King, with their biting satire and criticalsocial commentary. Each of these strains comminuted into and well past mid-century.John F. Francis (1808-86) was a part of the Pennsylvania still-life tradition that arose, at least in part, from the work of the Peales. Most of his still lifes date from around 1850 to 1875. Luncheon Still Life looks like one of thePeales' pieces on a larger scale, with greater complexity resulting from the number of objects. It is also indebted to the luncheon type of still life found in seventeenth-century Dutch painting. The opened bottles of wine and the glasses of wine partially consumed suggest a number of unseen guests.The appeal of the fruit and nuts to our sense of taste is heightened by the juicy orange, which has already been sliced. The arrangement is additive, that is, made up of manydifferent parts, not always compositionally integrated, withall objects of essentially equal importance.About 1848, Severin Roesen came to the United Statesfrom Germany and settled in New York City, where he began to paint large, lush still lifes of flowers, fruit, or both,often measuring over four feet across. Still Life with fruit and champagne is typical in its brilliance of color, meticulous rendering of detail, compact composition, and unabashed abundance. Rich in symbolic overtones, thebeautifully painted objects carry additional meanings —butterflies or fallen buds suggest the impermanence of life,a bird's nest with eggs means fertility, and so on. Above all, Roesen's art expresses the abundance that America symbolizedto many of its citizens.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The artwork of James and Sarah Miriam Peale(B) How Philadelphia became a center for art in the nineteenth century(C) Nineteenth-century still-life paintings in theUnited States(D) How botanical art inspired the first still-life paintings2. Which of the following is mentioned as acharacteristic of the still lifes of James and Sarah Miriam Peale?(A) simplicity(B) symbolism(C) smooth texture(D) social commentary3. The word "biting尖利的" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) simple(B) sorrowful(C) frequent(D) sharp4. The word "It" in line 13 refers to(A) Luncheon Still Life(B) one of the Peales' pieces(C) a larger scale(D) the number of objects5. The word "heightened" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) complicated(B) directed(C) observed(D) increased6. The word "meticulous" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) careful(B) significant(C) appropriate(D) believable7. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) "repertoire" (line 5)(B) "satire" (line 8)(C) "additive" (line 17)(D) "rendering" (line 23)8. All of the following are mentioned as characteristics of Roesen's still lifes EXCEPT that they(A) are symbolic(B) use simplified representations of flowers and fruit(C) include brilliant colors(D) are large in size9. Which of the following is mentioned as the dominant theme in Roesen's painting?(A) Fertility(B) Freedom(C) Impermanence(D) AbundanceCADAD ACBD。
2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案
2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案托福阅读模拟试题The war for independence from Britain was a long and economically costly conflict. The New England fishingindustry was temporarily destroyed, and the tobacco colonies in the South were also hard hit. The trade in imports was severely affected, since the war was fought against the country that had previously monopolized the colonies’ supply of manufactured goods. The most serious consequences werefelt in the cities, whose existence depended on commercial activity. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were all occupied for a time by British troops. Even when the troops had left, British ships lurked in the harbors and continued to disrupt trade.American income from shipbuilding and commerce declined abruptly, undermining the entire economy of the urban areas. The decline in trade brought a fall in the American standard of living. Unemployed shipwrights, dock laborers, and coopers drifted off to find work on farms and in small villages. Some of them joined the Continental army, or if they were loyal to Britain, they departed with the British forces. The population of the New York City declined from 21,000 in 1774 to less than half that number only nine years later in 1783.The disruptions produced by the fighting of the war, by the loss of established markets for manufactured goods, by the loss of sources of credit, and by the lack of new investment all created a period of economic stagnation that lasted for the next twenty years.1.Why does the author mention the fishing industry and the tobacoo colonies?A. to show how the war for independence affected the economyB. to compare the economic power of two different regionsC. to identify the two largest commercial enterprises in AmericaD. to give examples of industries controlled by British forces2. Why does the author mention the population of New York City in paragraph 2?A. to show that half of New York remained loyal toBritainB. to compare New York with other cities occupied during the warC. to emphasize the great short-term cost of the war for New YorkD. to illustrate the percentage of homeless people in New York3. Chinese people had fought for independence fromforeign countries for more than 100 years; we had lost lands, powers, resources and lives during that period. Today, China faces a new challenge that how the development can maintain, in other words, how China doesn’t lag behind. Please write an essay to express your ideas.答案：1.A 2.C。
2019年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题与答案
2019年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century,the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior.Scientists had determined that nerves ran,essentially,on electricalimpulses.These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought,emotion,movement,and internal processes such as digestion.However,experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin,which is produced in thesmall intestine when food enters the stomach,eventually challenged that view.From the small intestine,secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas.There,it stimulatesthe release of digestive chemicals.In this fashion,the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the productionof different chemicals in a different organ,the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system;Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone.This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to referto secretin,taking it from the Greek word hormon,meaning “to excite ”or “to set in motion. ”A hormone is a chemicalproduced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered,they werecategorized,primarily according to the process by which theyoperated on the body.Some glands(which make up the endocrinesystem)secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.Suchglands include the thyroid and the pituitary.The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream,primarily for digestion.The pancreas is one such organ,although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery.Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death.The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track ：They modify moods and affect human behavior,even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary.Hormonal systems are very intricate.Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite,calm aggression,and change the attitude of a parent toward a child.Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body,regulating growth and form;others may even define an individual ’s personality characteristics.The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact,some hormone therapies are already very common.A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.Known as hormone replacement therapy(HRT),the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones.At leastone study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heartdisease and certain types of cancer.HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots — dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major bloodvessels — will form.Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence,recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patientswho are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own.Becauseof the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.Growth hormone affectsnot just physical size but also the digestion of foodand the aging process.Researchers and family physicianstend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases inwhich the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27.The word engine in the passage is closest in meaningto(A)desire(B)origin(C)science(D)chemical28.The word it in the passage refers to(A)secretin(B)small intestine(C)bloodstream(D)pancreas29.The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)remembered(B)surprised(C)invented(D)motivated30.To be considered a hormone,a chemical produced in the body must(A)be part of the digestive process(B)influence the operations of the nervoussystem (C)affect processes in a different part ofthe body (D)regulate attitudes and behavior31.The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph3 are categorized according to(A)whether scientists understand their function(B)how frequently they release hormones into the body(C)whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D)whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow[→]32.The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)misunderstood(B)precise(C)significant(D)simple33.The word minute in the passage is closest in meaningto(A)sudden(B)small(C)changing(D)noticeable34.Which of the sentences below best expressesthe essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect answer choices change the meaningin important ways or leave out essential information.(A)Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B)Because the effects of hormones are difficultto measure,scientists remain unsure how far-reachingtheir effects on moods and actions are.(C)When the body is not producing enough hormones,urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D)The influence of many hormones is not easy tomeasure,but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.35.The word tempered in the passage isclosest in meaning to(A)decreased(B)advertised(C)prescribed(D)researched36.Which patients are usually treated withgrowth hormone?(A)Adults of smaller statue than normal(B)Adults with strong digestive systems(C)Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D)Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains theprimary goal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A)The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.(B)A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce moodswings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of thosehormones as they enter middle age.(C)HRT may also increase the likelihood that bloodclots —dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D)Because of the complicated effects growth hormonehas on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body isa complex machine,however,and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systemsinto believing they aren ’ t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39.Directions ： An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belongin the summary because they express ideas that arenot presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means"to excite"or"to set in motion."Researchers are looking for waysto decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially,but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only thenervous system but also certain chemicals can affectbodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy(HRT)may increase the risk of bloodclots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading ：27.B28.A29.D30.C31.D32.C33.B34.D35.A36.D37.A38.third square39.1)Scientists have discovered that not only thenervous system .2)Hormones can affect not only life processes? ..3)Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of .。
2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析(4)
2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（4）【托福】The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople. Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds. Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentationsfor furniture or architectural decorations, while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as "sculptors" in today's use of the word.On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. Wilton also made a lead equestrian image of King George III that was created in New York in 1770 and torn down by zealous patriots six years later. A few marble memorials with carved busts, urns, or other decorations were produced in England and brought to the colonies to be set in the walls of churches — as in King's Chapel in Boston. But sculpture as a high art, practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of theirRenaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the various technical procedures of modeling, casting, and carving rich three-dimensional forms, was not known among Americans in 1776. Indeed, for many years thereafter, the United States had two groups from which to choose — either the local craftspeople or the imported talent of European sculptors.The eighteenth century was not one in which powered sculptural conceptions were developed. Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans — originally trained as stonemasons, carpenters, or cabinetmakers — attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.1. What is the main idea of the passage ?(A) There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-century artisans.(B) Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States in the 1770's.(C) Many foreign sculptors worked in the United States after 1776.(D) American sculptors were hampered by a lack of tools and materials.2. The word "motifs" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) tools(B) prints(C) signatures 签名(D) designs3. The work of which of the following could be seen in burial grounds?(A) European sculptors(B) Carpenters(C) Stone carves(D) Cabinetmakers4. The word "others" in line 6 refers to(A) craftspeople(B) decorations(C) ornamentations(D) shop signs5. The word "distinct" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) separate(B) assembled(C) notable(D) inferior6. The word "rare" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) festive(B) infrequent(C) delightful。
2019托福阅读考试真题(2)
2019年托福考试模拟训练试题及答案3The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by sinuous lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The Art Nouveau style was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of Japanese art, motifs of ancient cultures, and natural forms. The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried. Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically termed "art glass." Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect upon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative techniques.France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese, and Persian motifs.The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that hadbeen present since the turn of the century. At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after the First World War. The basic tenet of the movement — that function should determine form — was not a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved：form should be simple, surfaces plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new design concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast, stark outline and complex textural surfaces.1. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?(A) Design elements in the Art Nouveau style(B) The popularity of the Art Nouveau style(C) Production techniques for art glass(D) Color combinations typical of the Art Nouveau style2. The word "one" in line 4 refers to(A) century(B) development(C) style(D) coloration3. Paragraph 1 mentions that Art Nouveau glass was sometimes similar to which aspect of ancient buried glass?(A) The distortion of the glass(B) The appearance of the glass surface(C) The shapes of the glass objects(D) The size of the glass objects4. What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?(A) to compare different Art Nouveau styles(B) to give examples of famous Art Nouveau artists(C) to explain why Art Nouveau glass was so popular in the United States(D) to show the impact Art Nouveau had on other cultures around the world5. The word "prized" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) valued(B) universal(C) uncommon(D) preserved6. The word "overtaken" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) surpassed 超过，超出(B) inclined(C) expressed(D) applied7. What does the author mean by stating that "function should determine form" (lines 23-24)?(A) A useful object should not be attractive.(B) The purpose of an object should influence its form.(C) The design of an object is considered moresignificant than its function.(D) The form of an object should not include decorative elements.8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason Functionalism became popular was that it(A) clearly distinguished between art and design(B) appealed to people who liked complex painted designs(C) reflected a common desire to break from the past(D) was easily interpreted by the general public9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about Functionalism?(A) Its design concept avoided geometric shapes.(B) It started on a small scale and then spread gradually.(C) It was a major force in the decorative arts beforethe First World War.(D) It was not attractive to architects and designers.10. According to the passage , an object made in the Art Nouveau style would most likely include(A) a flowered design(B) bright colors(C) modern symbols(D) a textured surfaceACBBA ABCBA词汇补充：arena 场地arithmetic 算术armour 盔甲aromatic 芳香的arsenal 军工厂arthritis 关节炎artistry 艺术才能asphalt 沥青assembly line 流水作业线asteroid 小行星astrobleme 损星坑astronaut 宇航员astute 敏锐的auction 拍卖auditorium 礼堂avalanche 雪崩avand-garde 先锋aviation 航空baboon 狒狒baleen 鲸须ballad 民谣。
2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析(6)
2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（6）【托福】Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial periodlived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared — the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. "The cities predicted the future," wrote historian Gary. B. Nash, "even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China."Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores. This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775.The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century itwas virtually stripped of its timber. The available farmland was occupied, there was little in the region beyond the cityto attract immigrants. New York and Philadelphia, by contrast, served a rich and fertile hinterland laced with navigable watercourses. Scots, Irish, and Germans landed in thesecities and followed the rivers inland. The regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia became the breadbasketsof North America, sending grain not only to other coloniesbut also to England and southern Europe, where crippling droughts in the late 1760's created a whole new market.1. Which of the following aspects of North America inthe eighteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The effects of war on the growth of cities(B) The growth and influence of cities(C) The decline of farming in areas surrounding cities(D) The causes of immigration to cities2. Why does the author say that "the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America" (lines 1-2)?(A) The influence of the cities was mostly negative(B) The populations of the cities were small, but their influence was great.(C) The cities were growing at a great rate.(D) Most people pretended to live in cities3. The phrase "in place of " in lines 4-5 is closest in meaning to(A) connected to(B) in addition to(C) because of(D) instead of4. The word "attendant伴随的" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) avoidable(B) accompanying(C) unwelcome(D) unexpected5. Which of the following is mentioned as an element of modern capitalism?(A) Open competition(B) Social deference(C) Social hierarchy(D) Independent craftspeople6. It can be inferred that in comparison with North American cities, cities in Europe, the Middle East, and China had(A) large populations(B) little independence。
2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案刚过去的托福考试相信大家都很感兴趣，题目有多难？答案是怎样的？就跟着店铺来一起看一看2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
概述Distribution of Seaweeds（重复14年4月19日考题）Early life-forms and Earth’satmosphere（重复14年6月15日考题）Colonial America and the NavigationActs（重复15年3月7日考题）Historical Trends in European UrbanDesign（重复15年4月18日考题）Artisans in Sixteenth-CenturyEurope（重复15年1月10日考题）Wool Industry in Fifteenth-CenturyEurope（重复16年2月28日和18年3月10日考题）Insect Wings（重复16年5月22日和17年10月29日考题，昆虫翅膀。
P1引入话题，翅膀化石，引发很多猜测speculation；P2讲了原始翅膀protowings，提出了一个theory，讲了翅膀的作用；P3指出上一段理论问题，说protowing需要和身体连接hinged，并且需要有肌肉控制翅膀的拍动，所以提出了另外一个理论解释翅膀的起源。
）Dynastic Egypt and the Nile River（重复17年5月20日考题）The Origin and Development ofEgyptian Agriculture（重复18年9月9日考题）The Dawn of Life（重复18年9月16日考题）The Heavy Bombardment and Life onEarth（重复18年1月6日下午考题）Nile Floods（重复18年9月9日考题）Text in Dutch Painting（重复19年1月12日考题；艺术绘画中文字的演变）The Dawn ofLife（重复18年9月16日考题）最早的有生命痕迹的证据在澳大利亚southwesternGreenland的岩石上被发现，距今有35亿年。
2019年托福阅读试题及答案(卷二)
2019年托福阅读试题及答案（卷二）【待插入句子】Indeed, at the height of Athenian democracy there was no government separate from its citizenry.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on square to add the sentence to the passage.【待插入段落】During the fifth century B. C. the council of 500 was extremely influential in shaping policy. In the next century, however, it was the mature assembly that took on decision-making responsibility. By any measure other than that of the aristocrats, who had been upstaged by the supposedly inferior "people," the Athenian democracy was a stunning success. Never before, or since, have so many people been involved in the serious business of self-governance. It was precisely this opportunity to participate in public life that provided a stimulus for the brilliant unfolding of classical Greek culture.1.首先公布答案：3rd square;2.然后我们来看一下待插入的句子：Indeed表示强调，翻译成“确实”;at the height of…在...的巅峰;还有一个there was no…用否定来表示强调：没有政府是跟全体市民分隔开的，言外之意就是说雅典的民主程度非常之高。
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2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案：Hormones inthe BodyHormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretinultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning "to excite" or "to set in motion." A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated onthe body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track： They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual's personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common.A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormonesas they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that bloodclots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) desire(B) origin(C) science(D) chemical28. The word it in the passage refers to(A) secretin。