英语基础知识句子成分

句子的成分

(一) 必须的成分——主语与谓语

Birds can fly. 鸟会飞。

主语谓语

The birds in the cage can fly high in the sky. 这个笼子的鸟能在天空高飞。

主语定语谓语状语状语

1. 主语

主语是一个句子的主题，一般位于句首。单词、短语、从句均可用作主语。

No one knows for sure, and making predictions is a risky business. 谁也说不准，并且预测也是件冒险的事。

What is even more unbelieved is the fact that some murderers are out of prison after three or four years.更不可思议的是一些杀人犯三四年后被释放出狱。

2. 谓语

谓语一般位于主语之后，由动词充当。

Later land animals appeared.随后，陆地上出现了动物。

I enjoy reading. 我喜爱读书。

We don’t have to put up with pollution. 我们不必去忍受污染。

（二）可能的成分——宾语、补语、表语、主语补足语和宾语补足语、定语、状语

1. 宾语

宾语是动作的承受者，只有及物动词才有宾语，不及物动词没有宾语，所以宾语并非所有的句子都必须有的成分。名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等均可以作宾语。如：We love our country.我们爱我们的国家。

They reached the hotel at ten. 他们十点钟到达了旅馆。

In pairs, discuss the fares and decide where to go. 两人一组讨论路费问题并决定去哪里。

He speaks English very well. 他英语说得很好。

比较：He speaks very slowly. 他说话很慢。（本句中的speak是不及物动词，没有宾语）He didn’t come to school because of being ill. 由于生病他没有来上学。（除及物动词有宾语外，介词也有宾语，句中being ill作介词短语because of的宾语）

2. 表语

表语表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。表语位于系动词之后，与之构成系表结构。名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词、从句等均可用作表语。例如：

My name is Jane. My ideal job is to be a journalist. 我的名字叫简。我理想的工作是当一名记者。

Where is she? 她在哪里？

This is how the story goes.事情的经过就是这样。

3. 主语补足语

用来补充说明主语的，可由形容词、名词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语等充当。例如：

As time went by, I was made smaller. 随着岁月的流逝，我被变小了。

No one is known to have escaped. 据说无人逃脱。

4. 宾语补足语

用来补充说明宾语的，可由名词、形容词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语等充当。例如：

He kept us alive. 他使我们活了下来。

We call him the prince of gymnasts.我们称他为体操王子。

Of course, I expect you to take me! 当然，我期待着你带我去！

5. 定语

用来说明人或事物的品质或特征。形容词、名词、数词、代词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等均可作定语。单个单词作定语常位于被修饰的名词前，短语或从句作定语常位于被修饰的名词之后。例如：

Everything he said was pure nonsense. 他说的每一样事情纯属无稽之谈。

I dislike horro r films. 我不喜欢恐怖电影。

Health care is free for everyone living in Britain. 每个英国居民都享有免费保健服务。

6. 状语

修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句。副词、介词短语、分词、不定式、从句等均可作状语。状语的位置很灵活，可位于句首、句中或句末。按其用途，状语可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、伴随情况等。例如：

I have a dream today. 今天我有一个梦想。

I like talking on the phone. 我喜欢在电话里聊天。

Two years ago, I broke my arm playing football. 两年前我在踢足球时摔断了胳膊。

I read as much as possible. 我尽量多看书。

Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。

【巩固练习】

写出下列句中划线部分的句子成分。

1. But we still find it hard to imagine.

2. The meeting will start in ten minutes.

3. Don’t tell him to come to my office.

4. I don’t think his father knows English.

5. She found her dog run over by a car on the road.

6. She was lying in the sofa reading a book.

7. We called him Ta Tou for so long that when I ran into him this morning, I couldn’t remember his name Wang Ming.

8. I heard you went to the museum yesterday and couldn’t find the way back to the hotel.

9. Yesterday was my birthday. My mother made me a cake .

10.The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days.

参考答案

写出下列句中划线部分的句子成分。

1.谓语；形式宾语；宾补；真正宾语

2.主语；谓语；时间状语

3.谓语；宾语；宾补

4.宾语从句

5.主语；谓语；宾语；宾补

6.谓语；地点状语；伴随状语

7.宾补；结果状语从句

8.宾语从句

9.表语；直接宾语

10.表语

附：英语美文悦读

Get a thorough understanding of oneself

In all one’s lifetime it is oneself that one spends the most time being with or dealing with. But it is precisely oneself that one has the least understanding of. When you are going upwards in life you tend to overestimate yourself. When you are going

downhill you tend to underestimate yourself. It’s likely that you think it wise for yourself to know your place and stay aloof from worldly wearing a mask of cowardice , behind which the flow of sap in your life will be retarded.

To get a thorough understanding of oneself is to gain a correct view of oneself and be a sober realist—aware of both one’s strength and shortage. You may look forward hopefully to the future but be sure not to expect too much, for ideals can never be fully realized. You may be courageous to meet challenges but it should be clear to you where to direct your efforts. To get a thorough understanding of oneself needs self-appreciation. Whether you like yourself to a towering tree or a blade of grass, whether you think you are a high mountain or a small stone, you represent a state of nature that has its own reason of existence. If you earnestly admire yourself you’ll h ave a real sense of self-appreciation, which will give you confidence. As soon as you gain full confidence in yourself you’ll be enabled to fight and overcome any adversity.

To get a thorough understanding of oneself also requires doing oneself a favor whe n it’s needed. In time of anger, do yourself a favor by giving vent to it in a quiet place so that you won’t be hurt by its flames; in time of sadness, do yourself a favor by sharing it with your friends so as to change a gloomy mood into a cheerful one; in time of tiredness, do yourself a favor by getting a good sleep or taking some tonic. Show yourself loving concern about your health and daily life. Unless you know perfectly well when and how to do yourself a favor, you won’t be confident and ready enough to resist the attack of illness.

To get a thorough understanding of oneself is to get a full control of one’s life.

Then one will find one’s life full of color and flavor.

彻悟自我

人生在世，和自己相处最多，打交道最多，但是人最不了解的也恰恰是自己。当你一帆风顺时，往往高估自己；不得志时，又往往低估自己。你可能认为安分守己、与世无争是明智之举，而实际上往往被怯懦的面具窒息了自己鲜活的生命。

彻悟自己，就是正确认识自己，做一个冷静的现实主义者，既知道自己的优势，又知道自己的不足。我们可以憧憬人生，但不要期望过高。因为在现实中，理想的实现总是会打折扣的。你可以勇敢地迎接挑战，但是必须清楚自己努力的方向。要彻悟自己就要欣赏自己。无论你是一棵参天大树，还是一棵无名小草，无论想要成为一座高山，还是一块石头，你都是一种天然，都有自己存在的理由。如果你认真地欣赏自己，你就会拥有一个真正的自我，你才会拥有信心。一旦拥有了信心你就能战胜任何困难。

要彻悟自己，就要善待自己。在气愤时善待自己，找个僻静之处宣泄一下，不要被那些无名之火伤身；忧伤时，要善待自己，找好友倾诉一番，让低迷的情绪高涨起来；劳累时，你要善待自己，睡个好觉或者吃点滋补品，对自己的健康和生活关心备至。唯有知道如何善待自己，你才会信心百倍，从容不迫地准备应对疾病的侵袭。

彻悟了自己，你才能把握自己的生命，你的生活才会丰富多彩、有滋有味！