最新语言学复习提纲

Understanding linguistic terms1. Blending; Acronym，back-formation2. sociolinguistics speech community, speech variety, regional dialect, sociolect, idiolect, ethnic dialect, register, standard dialect, pidgin and creole, bilingualism and diglossia3. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, intercultural communication4. language acquisition, CPH (Critical Period Hypothesis); N. Chomsky’s LAD;Telegraphic speech5. learning strategies; interlanguage; comprehensible input; language aptitude;motivation; language transfer; cross-association; contrastive analysis;SLA(second language acquisition)6. Neurolinguistics; cerebral Cortex; Broca’s Aphasia; Spoonerism, priming experiment; syntactic parser garden path sentence; psycholinguistics Question Answering1. What are the major causes of language change?2. Give examples to show vocabulary change.3. Give at least three examples to show the influence of American English on BritishEnglish.4. What are the three major theories of child language acquisition?5. Give brief account of the important role that linguistic environment plays in childlanguage development.6. What is the role of native language in second or foreign language learning?7. What are the individual differences in second or foreign language acquisition?8. Describe Levelt’s speech production model in your own words.9. What are the major psycholinguistics methods?10. Describe the major symptoms of Broca’s aphasia.11. what is the significance of cultural teaching and learning?Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5 30 marks)Directions: Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic concepts.1.According to Chomsky, when we determine a word’s category, three criteria areusually employed, namely ____________, inflection and ____________.2.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a ____________study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a ____________ study. In modern linguistics, the former approach seems to enjoy priority over the latter..3.According to Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principle, there are four maxims innatural conversation, including the maxim of ____________, the maxim of quality, the maxim of ___________ and the maxim of manner.4.The syntactic category of the specifier differs depending on the category ofthe head. Determiners serve as the specifiers of Ns while __________ typically function as the specifiers of Vs and degree words as the specifiers of As and sometimes __________ .nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal ____________ used for human____________ .6.N. Chomsky, the American linguist, proposed the distinction between ____________and ____________, the former is defined as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and the latter defined as the actual realization of his knowledge in linguistic communication7.According to the American linguist Charles Hockett, human language differs fromany animal system of communication in that it has its design features, such as arbitrariness, productivity, ____________, displacement and cultural ____________.8.Sentence can be defined as a sequence of words arranged in a certain ____________in accordance with a certain _____________ rules.9.Phonetics is defined as the study of the____________ medium of language; it isconcerned with all the _____________ that occur in the world’s languages. 10.In the study of semantics, sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of thelinguistic form. It is the collection of all the ____________ of the linguistic form; it is ____________ and de-contextualized.Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1. According to transformational syntax, the phrase “talk about”has two elements, of which the V “talk” belongs to major lexical category and the P “about”belongs to minor lexical category. ( )2. According to lexical sense relations, the words ‘give’and ‘take’arecomplementary antonyms. ( )3. Semantically, the sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.”isa contradiction. ( )4. Concerning the sense relation, the word “table” is the hyponym of the word “furniture”. ( )5. According to John Searle, threatening, like “Your money or your life!”belongs to directive. （）6. According to the morphology, the word “disagreement”contains three morphemes:dis + agree + ment, among which the morpheme “agree”belongs to free morpheme and “dis, ment” are bound morphemes. ( )7. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the wordalways falls on the first element, and the second element receives secondary stress, such as greenhouse, hotdog.( )8. According to the sense relations between sentences, the sentence “He has beento Hungary”is an entailment of the sentence “He has been to Europe.”( )9. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive rather than descriptive. ( )10. In terms of place of articulation, the English consonants [p] and [b] belongto bilabial while [f] and [v] are labiodental. ( )Part III. Understanding of Linguistic Terms ( 4 x 5 = 20 marks) Directions:Please give a brief explanation of the following linguistic terms.1.Pragmatics2.Phoneme3.Polysemy4.Syntactic categoryPart VI. Question AnsweringDirections: Please answer the following questions briefly.1.The XP rule is usually described as:XP (specifier) X (complement*)Please explain the above rule in simple English. (10 points)2.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (15 points)3.Smith said to his classmate:“John, you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.”According to Austin’s speech act theory, explain the three acts (locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points)Key to the Test APart I Blanking filling:1. symbols communication2. competence performance3. duality transmission4. speech sounds5. meaning distribution6. synchronic diachronic7. quantity relation8. order gramatical9. qualifiers Ps10. features abstractPart II True or False1. F2. F3. T.4. T5. T.6. T.7. T8. F9. F 10 T Part III Understanding of linguistic terms1.Pragmatics: a general definition is the study of how speakers of a language usesentences to effect successful communication. As the process of communication isessentially a process of conveying and understanding meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. Including deixis, speech acts, indirect language, conversation, politeness, cross-cultural communication, and presupposition.2.Phoneme: A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a abstract unit. It is not anyparticular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.3.Polysemy: While different words may have the same or similar meaning , thesame one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such word is called a polysemic word.4.Syntactic category: Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfillthe same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. A fundamental fact about words in all human languages is that they can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic category..Part VI Question answering:1. The XP rule is usually described as:XP (specifier) X (complement*)Please explain the above rule in simple English. (10 points)X stands for a head, i.e. any major word-level category, such as N, V, A and P.The arrow means “ consists of” or “branches into”.The parentheses ( ) mean the element in them can be omitted and the asterisk * indicates that one or more category can occur. The rule can be described as follows: Any phrase consists of a head and maybe a specifier on the left side of the head, and maybe one or more complement on the right side of the head.2. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (15 points)Naming theory; Representative: Plato; Major opinion: Words are just names and labels for things.The conceptualist view; Representative: Ogden and Richards; the concept is the meaning of the word.Contexualism; Representative: J.R. Firth; the meaning of a word is determined by its use in the context, including situational context and linguistic context.Behaviorism; Representative: Bloomfield; the meaning consists in the relation between speech and the practical events.3. Smith said to his classmate:“John, you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.”According to Austin’s speech act theory, explain the three acts (locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points)(omitted)Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5 30 marks)Directions: Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic concepts.11.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of ____________. Itis scientific because it is based on the systematic _________________ of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.12.The Swiss linguist, F. de Saussure, made the distinction between langue andparole, the former refers to the __________ linguistic system sheared by all the members of a speech community, while the latter refers to the realization of langue in actual __________.13.According to the American linguist Charles Hockett, human language differs fromany animal system of communication in that it has its design features, of which displacement is one, which means language can be used to refer to __________ removed from the immediate situations of the __________.14.An initial classification in phonetics will divide the ____________ sounds inEnglish into two broad categories: ____________ and consonants.15.According to Chomsky, when we determine a word’s category, three criteria areusually employed, namely ____________, inflection and ____________.16.The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It isgenerally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the ____________ and the __________.17.According to Paul Grice, in making conversation the participants must first ofall be willing to ___________; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the ___________.18.A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of ___________ value.It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound , but rather it is represented or realized by a certain __________ in a certain phonetic context.19.According to transformational syntax, phrases that are formed of more than oneword usually contain three elements. The word around which a phrase is formed is termed head. The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as ___________________. The words on the right side of the heads are ________________.20.Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is thecollection of all the ____________ of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of __________.Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1. According to transformational syntax, prepositions like “near” or “about”belong to minor lexical category. ( )2. The words ‘male’ and ‘female’ are complementary antonyms. ( )3. The sentence “The table has bad intentions.”is semantically anomalous.( )4. Concerning the sense relation, the word “rose” is the hyponym of the word “flower”. ( )5. According to John Searle, promising, like “I’ll bring you the book tomorrow without fail.” belongs to commissive. （）6. According to the morphology, the word “undesirable” contains four morphemes:un + desire + able + ity, among which the morpheme “desire” belongs to free morpheme and “un, able, ity” are bound morphemes. ( )7. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronicstudy; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to enjoy priority overa synchronic one.( )8. According to the sense relations between sentences, the sentence “John’scomputer needs repairing”is an entailment of the sentence “John has a computer.” ( )9. According to G. Leech’s predication analysis, the sentence, “Henry sent Maryan e-mail” is a two-place prediction containing two arguments. ( ) 10. In terms of manner of articulation, the English consonants [p] and [t] belongto stops or plosives while [f] and [s] are fricatives. ( )Part III. Understanding of Linguistic Terms ( 4 x 5 = 20 marks) Directions:Please give a brief explanation of the following linguistic terms.nguage6.Phonology7.Homonymy8.MorphologyPart VI. Question AnsweringDirections: Please answer the following questions briefly.e tree diagram to show the deep structure of the question “Will the trainarrive on time?”. (10 points)5.What is the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? (15points)6.Prof. Smith said to his student:“John, you have left the door wide open.”According to Austin’s speech act theory, explain the three acts (locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Prof. Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points)Key to the Test APart I Blanking filling:1. language investigation2. abstract use3. contexts speaker4. speech vowels5. meaning distribution6. speaker hearer7. cooperate talk8. distinctive phone9. specifier complement10. features experiencePart II True or False1. F2. T3. T.4. T5. T.6. T.7. F8. F9. F 10 T Part III Understanding of linguistic termsnguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication.6.phonology: Phonology is the scientific study of sound of language, which aimsto discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication7.Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.Homonyms include homophones, homographs and complete homonyms.8.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules bywhich words are formed.Part VI Question answering:1. Use tree diagram to show the deep structure of the question “Will the trainarrive on time?”. (10 points)SNP Infl VPDet N V PPP NThe train will arrive on time2. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (15 points)Naming theory; Representative: Plato; Major opinion: Words are just names and labels for things.The conceptualist view; Representative: Ogden and Richards; the concept is the meaning of the word.Contexualism; Representative: J.R. Firth; the meaning of a word is determined by its use in the context, including situational context and linguistic context.Behaviorism; Representative: Bloomfield; the meaning consists in the relation between speech and the practical events.3. Prof. Smith said to his student:“John, you have left the door wide open.”According to Austin’s speech act theory, what are the three acts that Prof. Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points)(omitted)Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5= 30 marks)Directions: Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic concepts.nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal _____________ used for human____________.2.Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form _____________and how these sounds are used to convey _____________ in linguistic communication.3.Every word in a language is composed of one or more morphemes. There are____________ morphemes and bound morphemes. And bound morpheme can be further classified into ________________ and inflectional morphemes.4.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether the______________ of use in the study of ___________________ is considered.5.According to Austin’s speech act theory, a locutionary is the action of makingthe utterance, illocutionary refers to the speaker’_____________, while perlocutionary is the __________________ of the utterance.6.Sociolinguistics is the sub-field that studies the relation between__________________ and ____________________, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.7.An American linguist Martin Joos distinguishes five stages of formality, namely,intimate, _______________, consultative, ____________, and frozen.8.Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters people’s perception and the waythey categorize experiences. This interdependence of ___________________ and_____________________ is known as Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (SWH).9.According to transformational syntax, phrases that are formed of more than oneword usually contain three elements. The word around which a phrase is formed is termed head. The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as ___________________. The words on the right side of the heads are ________________.10.According to Halliday’s register theory, there are three social variables thatdetermine the register: ___________________ of discourse, tenor of discourse, and ________________ of discourse.Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1. According to transformational syntax, preposition belongs to miner lexical category. ( )2. “Rose” is a hyponym of “flower”. ( )3. The sentence “The table has bad intentions”is semantically anomalous.( )4. The meaning of an utterance is abstract, and decontextualized, while the meaning of a sentence is concrete and context-dependent. ( )5. According to John Searle, threatening, like “Your money or your life!”belongs to directive. （）6. The judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties aresocial rather than linguistic. ( )7. Standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language, usually it isthe local speech of an area which is considered the nation’s political and commercial center. ( )8. According to the sense relations between sentences, the sentence “He has beento France”is an entailment of the sentence “He has been to Europe.”( )9. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive. ( )10. The details of any language system are generally transmitted, and do not haveto be taught and learned. ( )Part III. Understanding of Linguistic Terms ( 4 x 5 = 20 marks) Directions:Please give a brief explanation of the following linguistic terms.9.Sentence10.Phoneme11.Antonymy12.BilingualismPart VI. Question Answering ( 4 x 10 = 40 Marks) Directions: Please answer the following questions briefly.7.What is the scope of linguistics?8.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?9.How is language related to society?4. Why is it necessary to learn culture while learning a foreign language?华北煤炭医学院2006～2007学年第1学期考试试卷标准答案及评分标准年级：04 专业：英语（本科）课程名称：语言学概论（A）卷教研室主任签字：系主任签字：教务处长签字:一、标准答案Part I Blanking filling:1. symbols communication2. patterns meaning3. free, derivational4. context, meaning5. intention, effect / consequence6. language society7. casual formal8. language thought / thinking9. modifiers complements10. field modePart II True or False1. F2. T3. T.4. F5. T.6. T.7. T8. F9. F 10 F Part III Understanding of linguistic terms9.Sentence: Sentence is defined as a series of words that are arranged in a certainorder according to certain grammatical rules.10.Phoneme: is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is anabstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented and realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.11.Antonymy: The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning; words thatare opposite in meaning are antonyms, including gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational opposites.12.Bilingualism: It has been observed that in come speech communities, twolanguages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of bilingualism.Part IV Question answering:1.Within the area of linguistics: phonetics and phonology, morphology, semantics,pragmatics;When linguistics is associated with other fields, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, applied linguistics.2.The naming theory; the conceptualist view, contextualism and behaviorism.3.4.Omitted5.Omitted二、评分标准I．II．填空题：原则上每空只填一个词，所填词不一定是教材上的原词，只要意义正确及可给分；拼写错误，原则上不给分。