语言学概论(知识点)

语言学概论(知识点)
语言学概论(知识点)

汉语言文学语言学概论复习要点

《语言学概论》复习要点 重点名词概念:语言学、普通语言学、专语语言学、共时语言学、历时语言学 一、语言学、语言学的对象和任务 二、语言学在科学体系中的地位 三、语言学的基本类别 根据研究的对象的不同,语言学分为共时语言学和历时语言学、专语语言学和普通语言学。 四、语言学流派 各个语言学流派的观点、代表人物有所了解即可,注意布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派以及美国结构语言学派(也称美国描写语言学)都属于结构主义学派,是这一学派的三个分支。关于语言学流派的具体内容阐述,不作考试要求。 第一章言语的社会功能 本章须明确两个大的要点:语言的社会功能,即交际工具和思维工具;语言是一种社会现象。 主要名词概念:语言、社会、社会现象 第一节语言是人类最重要的交际工具 一、语言是人类社会的交际工具 1.语言的交际功能:语言是人类区别于其它动物的一个重要标志。语言是联系社会成员的桥梁和纽带,是社会成员互相之间交际和交流思想的工具,也是协调社会成员行动一致的工具。 2.语言是一种社会现象:语言是一种社会现象,和人类社会有着十分紧密的联系,没有人类社会,就没有语言,人类社会以外的社会无所谓语言。所谓社会现象是指那些与人类共同体的产生、存在和发展等活动密切联系的现象。不同的民族有不同的语言,不同的地域有不同的语言,同时社会的变化也给语言以极大的影响,而离开了人类社会,就无所谓语言可言了。总之,语言就是一种社会现象,同社会的关系非常密切,其产生、发展等都要受到社会的影响。 语言不是自然现象,一方面,语言同社会有着十分紧密的联系,社会的发展变化直接影响着语言的发展变化,也就是说,语言的发展变化是受制于社会的;另一方面,从语言的音义联系看语言不是自然现象,而是社会约定俗成的,没有必然的本质的联系,如果语言是自然现象,世界上的语言应该一样的,没有区别的,而实际上世界上的语言多种多样,而且许多语言中还有方言,这说明语言决不是自然现象。 3.语言是一种特殊的社会现象:语言不但是社会现象,而且是一种特殊的社会现象。语言作为社会现象的特殊性主要表现在,社会现象可分为经济基础和上层建筑两大类,任何一种社会现象,要么属于经济基础,要么属于上层建筑,而语言既不属于经济基础,也不属于上层建筑,这两者的变化都不会从本质上影响语言。所以,从本质上看,语言是人类共同的交际工具,不分阶级、阶层,一视同仁地为全社会的成员服务,没有阶级性,具有全民性特点。4.语言没有阶级性:可从这样几个方面思考,首先是看语言工具的服务对象,是为特定的阶级服务还是为大众服务。其次是结合语言自身的结构考察,观察语言在哪一方面体现了阶级性特征没有。再次是看语言产生的社会环境,语言产生于没有阶级的社会,社会上连阶级都没有,语言作为社会的产物更谈不上有阶级性了。 二、语言是人类最重要的交际工具 人类传递信息,进行交际和交流思想,除了使用语言外,还可以使用文字、旗语、红绿灯、电报代码、数学符号以及身势、表情等,在一定场合使用,可以弥补语言的一些不足,但是这些交际工具使用范围有限,有的仅用于特定的范围,最重要的是,这些交际工具,都离不开语言,都是在语言的基础上产生的,是辅助语言进行交际的,没有语言,这些手段的存在没有任何意义。 一般掌握:语言和说话的关系 第二节语言是思维的工具 一、语言和思维的关系 语言不但是人类的交际工具,同时也是人类思维的工具,是认识成果的贮存所。思维过程离不开语言,需要借助语言来进行比较、分析、综合等一系列活动,需要借助语言来形成思想,利用语言把它储存在头脑中,再借助语言把思想表达出来,传达给听话人,同时使听话人产生思想。而且人类思维的成果-概念,还可以通过词语固定下来。总之,思维活动的过程不可能离开语言而单独进行,思维离不开语言,必须借助语言材料才能进行。语言也离不开思维,二者是互相依存,共同发展的。 二、思维能力是全人类共同的,语言是各民族不同 思维能力没有民族性,全人类都有,但不同民族的思维方式是不同的,有差别的,这从不同民族的语言的差异方面可以看出来。不同的语言之间很少有意义、功能、色彩等都完全对应等同的词语。第二章语言是符号系统 本章要注意语言是符号、语言符号的任意性特点、语言的层级体系三大要点。 主要名词概念:符号、语言符号、任意性、线条性、二层性、组合关系、聚合关系 第一节语言符号的性质和特点 一、什么是符号 1.符号的含义:符号就是由一定的形式构成的表示一定意义的记号或标记,包括形式和意义两个方面,其作用是指称现实现象。2.符号的构成:符号是由形式和意义两个部分构成的结合体。形式就是符号外在的形状、结构,它是以某种物质的方式存在的,或者是声音,或者是线条,或者是色彩,等等。意义就是符号所代表的具体内容,任何一个符号,都有一定的意义,形式和意义在一定的符号系统中是密不可分的统一体,不能割裂二者之间的关系。形式和意义互相依存,谁也离不开谁。 二、语言符号及其特点 1.语言符号:从本质上看,语言也是一种符号,也有形式和意义两个方面,具有符号的一切特点。 语言符号又不同于一般符号。可从以下几个方面认识理解,首先,语言符号是声音和意义的结合体,是说的和听的;其次,一般符号的构成比较简单,而语言符号却是非常复杂的,可分不同的层级;再次,一般符号由于构造简单,因而只能表达有限的内容,而且这种内容是简单而固定的,语言符号则可以表达丰富多彩的意义;最后,语言符号具有以少驭多的生成机制,具有生成新的结构

简明英语语言学知识点汇总

新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? Scientific study of language.

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;

②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; Language is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;

语言学概论各章节复习重点

引言、第一章语言的本质学习要点 1.古代语文研究主要有哪三个国家地区?它们各有怎样的成果(著作、人物、时间)和擅长?中国古代语文研究的三个分支是什么?代表性著作(《尔雅》《方言》《切韵》《广韵》《说文解字》)、人物、年代? 2.历史语言学的主要研究方法和成果是什么?代表性人物?“语文学”和“语言学”区别是什么? 3.现代语言学的代表人物(索绪尔、布龙菲尔德、乔姆斯基)、著作、时间、流派? 4.解释并举例说明:语言/言语、组合关系/聚合关系、共时语言学/历时语言学 5.为什么说语言具有符号属性?语言符号由哪两个要素组成?试证明语言符号的任意性、线条性、稳定性。 6.语言的要素有哪些?如何理解? 7.为什么说语言是最重要的交际工具? 8.为什么说语言具有社会属性(生理、心理、个人)?怎样理解语言是全民的交际工具? 9.语言的定义是怎样界定语言的? 第二章语音和音位学: 1.复述语音的四个物理要素,举例说明其辨义作用。 2.画出舌面元音舌位图,标出8个正则元音。 3.元音和辅音的区别在哪里?能够描写8个正则元音及普通话中的元音辅音,能够用宽式国际音标记录普通话。 4.复述并举例说明:音素、音节、复元音、复辅音、开音节、闭音节;音节和音素的关系。 5.举例说明语流音变:同化、异化、弱化、脱落、增音。 6.复述并举例说明:音位和音位变体、分布、对立、自由、互补、宽式记音与严式记音、音位系统。 7.举例说明如何归并音位,说明音素和音位的关系。了解普通话的声韵配合。 8.什么是非音质音位?举例说明调位和重位。 9.什么是音位的区别性特征?举例说明。 10.现代汉语语音有哪些特点? 第三章语义复习 1.语义单位有哪些? 2.举例说明义素(语义特征)分析的过程。 3.语言中为什么存在大量同音词?汉语同音词主要有哪些来源?多义词和同音词有怎样的异同? 4.什么是语义场?上下位词、义类词指什么?语义场对语言研究有怎样的价值? 第四章复习 1.举例说明概念:词法、句法、语法、语素、词、词组、句子、单纯词、合成词、复合词、派生词、词根、词缀、词干、词尾、形态、句法结构、语法形式、语法意义、语法手段、语法范畴。 2.构词法和构形法各有哪几种?构词与构形有何不同?举例说明。 3.句法结构的构成方式有几种?举例说明。 4.词类划分的依据有哪些?举例说明。 5.能够切分语素、区分构词与构形、分析词的构造方式、分析句法结构的构造方式、划分词

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Development Of Language And Translation ABSTRACTION:With the development of our society, and the meeting up to different kind of languages, the words which we used in our daily life are developing.Trough the changes of words, we can also find the movement of our life. Thus language is a way for us to handle the trajectory of our life. In this essay, we analyze the different kinds of reasons of these development and changes of translation because of the development of language. KEY WORDS: Language; Development; Translation; English; New words. INTRODUCTION: In civilization, people use words to give others ideas.We can express our feelings through language. Indeed, linguistics is a kind of science. As our social system's change, it changes; As our our ages change, it changes. The most basic thing in linguistics is words,with the rapid development of this world, many old words become useless, we can see them in less and less passages even in our oral talking, on the other hand, more and more words are invented.So these words enriched our language treasure house.And from here, we can get the rule: The only way that languages exist is being developing,the only way it can get developed is to be changeable. In today's world,English

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语言学概论重点总结

语言学概论重点总结 一、名词解释(4*6=24) 1、孤立语:孤立语又称词根语,其特点是缺乏形态变化,语法意义主要靠词序和虚词来表示,汉语就是一种比较典型的孤立语。例如,“我喜欢他”中的“我”是主语,“他”是宾语,主要取决于词序。又如,“买菜”是述宾结构,“买的菜”是偏正结构,主要取决于虚词。汉语缺乏严格意义上的形态变化,一个名词性词语无论是充当句子的主语还是宾语,词性都不曾发生变化。除了汉语外,属孤立语的还有越南语、彝语、苗语、缅甸语等。 2、屈折语:屈折语的特点是通过各种屈折方式来表示语法意义。屈折可以分为内部屈折和外部屈折。内部屈折指通过词的语音交替(改变部分语音)来构成不同的语法形式,表示不同的语法意义;如阿拉伯语以固定的辅音框架表示语汇意义,以元音交替表示不同的语法意义。 外部屈折指通过附加词缀的方式表示不同的语法意义。例如英语的book(书,单数)在后面加上词缀-s,就表示复数意义books(书,复数)。 屈折语的一个构型词缀可以同时表示几种语法意义,例如英语的-s在动词后面表示第三人称、单数、现在时、主动语态,如works. 同样的语法意义,在不同的词里也可以用不同的词缀来表示,如俄语中性名词单数主格的词尾有-o(如neop钢笔),-e(noπe田地)。 屈折语的词根和构型词缀结合得很紧,如果去掉构型词缀,词根往往就不能成词,如俄语nepo去掉词尾-o,nep-就不能独立使用。 印欧语系各语言以及阿拉伯语等,一般都属于屈折语,其中俄语和德语是最典型的屈折语。 3、音位:是某种语言中能区别语素或词的语音形式的最小语音单位,是依据语音的社会属性划分出来的语音类别。 音位本身并不含有任何意义。音位只有在和别的音位组合成高一层级的单位后才能负载意义。如单个的/k/和/ae/或/t/是没有什么意义的,但是他们组合成了[caet](cat)之后就有了“猫”的意义。因此,音位只有区别音形进而区别意义的作用,而没有表达意义的作用。 音位分析的目的是要把语言里数目繁多的语言归纳为数目有限的一套音位系统,分析音位的三基本原则是:对立、互补、语音相似。 音位可以分为音质音位和非音质音位两大类。一般把音素的音质角度分析归并出来的音位叫音质音位,因为它占有一个时段,所以又叫音段音位。除了音质以外,音高、音强、音长这些非音质形式也能区别词的语音形式,由这些韵律(音律)形式构成的音位叫非音质音位。又叫超音段音位。包括调位、重位、时位。 调位:主要由音高特征构成的音位叫调位,又叫声调。调位是汉藏语系诸语言中区别词的语言形式的重要手段之一。 重位:主要由音强特征构成的音位叫重位。重音在英语、俄语中是区别词的语音形式和词义的重要手段。构成重位的非音质特征是综合的。 时位:由音长特征构成的音位叫时位。长短音的区别主要表现在元音上,如广东话和许多少数民族语言里,时位都有区别词的语音形式和意义的作用。 4、语流音变就是指在连续的语流中某些语音成分受前后语音环境的影响而发生变化的现象。有时说话人由于种种原因调整语音的快慢、高低、强弱,也会造成语音的某种变化。

语言学教程[第五章意义]山东大学期末考试知识点复习.

第五章意义 复习笔记 I.语义学 语义学是对语言单位,尤其是词和句子的意义的研究。 II.意义 1.意义 在语言学中,意义是指语言所表达的关于现实世界或者想象中的世界的想法。 2.内涵 按照哲学界的用法,内涵和外延相对,指的是一个词所指称的实体的特性。 3.外延 外延涉及语言单位跟非语言实体之间的关系。在这个意义上,它跟指称意义是一样的。 4.意义的不同类型 (1概念意义 逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。 (2联想意义 ①内涵意义:通过语言所指所传达的意义。 ②社会意义:所传达的关于语言使用的社会环境的意义。 ③感情意义:所传达的关于说话人/作者感情、态度方面的意义。

④反射意义:通过同一表达方式的其他意思所传达的意义。 ⑤搭配意义:通过词语的常用搭配而传达的意义。 (3主位意义 通过顺序和重音这种组织信息的方式所传达的意义。主位意义是最边缘的意义,因为它只由语序及重音所决定。 5.语境论 语境论是建立在如下假设之上:意义源于语境,存在于语境。语境有两种:情景语境和上下文。所有的话语都是在特定的时空情景下产生的,除了话语产生的时间地点以外,情景因素还包括说话人和听话人、他们当时的行为以及情景中所存在的物与事。 上下文不仅涉及词与其他词的搭配,这种搭配构成词义的一部分,即搭配意义,它也涉及特定话语的前后部分。 6.行为主义 行为主义理论把意义定义为说话者说话的环境以及听者的反应。 Ⅲ.指称理论 1.定义 把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论,叫做指称理论。 2.语义三角 奥格登和理查兹在《意义的意义》一书中提出了语义三角的理论。他们认为词与所指事物之间没有直接的关系。它们是以概念为中介的。概念是抽象的,没有物质存在,只能通过我们的思维来感知。

语言学第七章知识点总结

语言学第七章知识点总结 Language is an essential part of a given culture. It is an indispensable carrier of culture. It is regarded as a mirror of society. In primitive culture, the meaning of a word greatly depended on its occurrence in a given context. Firth-Context of Situation -illustrate the close relationship between language use and its co-occurrence factors. 1.The relevant features of the participants, persons, and personalities The verbal action of the participants; the non-verbal action of the participant 2.The relevant objects 3.The effects of the verbal action Speech Community It refers to a group of people share the same rules of speaking and one linguistic variety as well. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Our language helps mould our way of thinking. Different languages may probably express speakers' unique ways of understanding the world. https://www.360docs.net/doc/9f1694738.html,nguage may determine our thinking patterns

语言学第一二章知识点

Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性(创造性) Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 5.语言能力Competence(抽象) Competence is the ideal user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance(具体) Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。 7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言langue(抽象) The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语parole(具体) The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for ‖correct‖ behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点 https://www.360docs.net/doc/9f1694738.html,nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it‘s a social activity ca rried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象,而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 2.几种观点和现象的提出者: ⑴瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure :Langue和parole的区别

语言学第四章知识点总结胡壮麟版word版本

语言学第四章知识点总结胡壮麟版

Chapter 4 4.1 syntactic (句法的) relations 4.1.1 positional relation(位置关系) For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrase that can occur in a clause. Positional relation or word order refers to the sequential (有序的) arrangement of words in a language. Positional relation are a manifestation(表现)of one aspect of syntagmatic relations Word order is among the three basic ways (word order genetic and classification) to classify language words. Six possible types of language SVO VSO SOV OVS VOS English is SVO. 4.1.2 relation of substitutability(可代替性) Firstly relation of substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable of each other grammatically in sentence with the same structure. Secondly it refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set. This is what Saussure called associative(联想的) relations or in Hjemslev ’s paradigmatic(纵聚性的) relation. 4.1.3 relation of co-occurrence(共现) Means words of different sets of clauses may permit pr require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to from a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. Thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic rations partly to paradigmatic relations. 4.2 grammatical construction and its constituents 4.2.1 Grammatical construction Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrases structures to certain complex lexemes(词位) 4.2.2 immediate constituents(直接成分) Constituent is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction: S NP VP De t N V NP De t N The girl ate the apple

语言学重点总结

Chapter 6 Cognition is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment. There exist three approaches to the study of language and cognition: the formal approach, the psychological approach and the conceptual approach. The Formal approach basically addresses the structural patterns exhibited by the overt aspect of linguistic forms, largely abstracted away from or regarded as autonomous from any associated meaning. The Psychological approach looks at language from the perspective of relatively general cognitive systems ranging from perception, memory, and attention to reasoning. The conceptual approach is concerned with the patterns in which and the processes by which conceptual content is organized in language. Structure will be used to refer both to patterns and to process, the conceptual approach can more simply be said to address how language structures conceptual content. Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activities associated with the use of language. Six aspects of research within psycholinguistics: ①Acquisition ②Comprehension ③Production ④Disorders ⑤Language and thought ⑥Neurocognition Language acquisition: ①Holophrastic stage ②Two-word stage ③Stage of three-word utterances ④Fluent grammatical conversation stage Connectionism in psycholinguistics claims that readers use the same system of links between spelling units and sound units to generate pronunciations of written words like tove and to access the pronunciations

语言学概论复习要点

语言学概论复习要点 《语言学概论》复习要点 导言 重点名词概念:语言学、普通语言学、专语语言学、共时语言学、历时语言学 一、语言学、语言学的对象和任务 二、语言学在科学体系中的地位 三、语言学的基本类别 根据研究的对象的不同,语言学分为共时语言学和历时语言学、专语语言学和普通语言学。 四、语言学流派 各个语言学流派的观点、代表人物有所了解即可,注意布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派以及美国结构语言学派(也称美国描写语言学)都属于结构主义学派,是这一学派的三个分支。关于语言学流派的具体内容阐述,不作考试要求。 第一章言语的社会功能 本章须明确两个大的要点:语言的社会功能,即交际工具和思维工具;语言是一种社会现象。 主要名词概念:语言、社会、社会现象 第一节语言是人类最重要的交际工具 一、语言是人类社会的交际工具 1.语言的交际功能:语言是人类区别于其它动物的一个重要标志。语言是联系社会成员的桥梁和纽带,是社会成员互相之间交际和交流思想的工具,也是协调社会成员行动一致的工具。 2.语言是一种社会现象:语言是一种社会现象,和人类社会有着十分紧密的联系,没有人类社会,就没有语言,人类社会以外的社会无所谓语言。所谓社会现象是指那些与人类共同体的产生、存在和发展等活动密切联系的现象。不同的民族有不同的语言,不同的地域有不同的语言,同时社会的变化也给语言以极大的影响,而离开了人类社会,就无所谓语言可言了。总之,语言就是一种社会现象,同社会的关系非常密切,其产生、发展等都要受到社会的影响。 语言不是自然现象,一方面,语言同社会有着十分紧密的联系,社会的发展变化直接影响着语言的发展变化,也就是说,语言的发展变化是受制于社会的;另一方面,从语言的音义联系看语言不是自然现象,而是社会约定俗成的,没有必然的本质的联系,如果语言是自然现象,世界上的语言应该一样的,没有区别的,而实际上世界上的语言多种多样,而且许多语言中还有方言,这说明语言决不是自然现象。 3.语言是一种特殊的社会现象:语言不但是社会现象,而且是一种特殊的社会现象。语言

语言学知识点

IC analysis直接成分分析法: It refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents word groups, which are in turn analysised into the immediate constituents of their own and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. Garden path花园小径现象: there are sentences that are initially interpreted with a different structure than they actually have. It typically takes quite a long time to figure out what the other structure is if the first choice turn out to be incorrect. They have been led up the garden path, fooled into thinking the sentence has a different structure than it has. Interlanguage中介语: the type of language constructed by second or foreign learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. Interlanguage is often understand as a language system between the target language and the learner’s native language. Foregrounding前景化: it is defined as “artistically motivated deviation”, involves all levels of language: vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc. Relevance Theory关联理论: this theory was formally proposed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in their book Relevance: Communication and Congnition in 1986. they argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: Every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance. The Cooperative Principle合作原则: four categories of maxims as follows: Quantity 1. make your contribution as informative as is required. 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Quality Try to make your contribution one that is true 1.Do not say what you believe to be false. 2.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Relation Be relevant Manner Be perspicuous. 1.Avoid obscurity of expression. 2.Avoid ambiguity. 3.Be breif 4.Be orderly 跨文化交际中应注意什么? 1.When in Rome do as the Romans do 2.Put yourself in other’s shoes 3.One culture’s meat is another culture’s poison. 4.Honesty and sincerity are key points to mutual understanding. Culture in language teaching classroom 1.to get the students familiar with cultural differences. 2.to help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will 3.to emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices. All this lesds to a belief that a good understanding of structural things in some cases has much to do with a conscious understanding of the cultural background of the target language for language learners. Metaphor隐喻involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. It’s often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain. The target domain is the experience being described by the metaphor and the source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience. Categorization范畴化is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences. Psycholinguistics心理语言学is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. It is customary to distinguish six subjects of research within psycholinguistics: acquisition, comprehension, production, disorders, language and thought, neurocognition. Cognition认知is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgement. Sentence Meaning句子意义The meaning of a sentence is obviously related to the meanings of the words used in it. But it is also obvious that the former is not simply the sun total of the latter. Sentences using the same words may mean quite differently if they are arranged in different orders. The Referential Theory指称论The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the Referential Theory. Syntax句法is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures Syntactic relations句法关系can be analysed into three kinds, namely, positional relation. Relation of substitutability, and relation of co-occurrence. Morpheme语素is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called morphology形态字, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. Suprasegmental features超音段特征are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmentals are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation. The word phoneme音位simply refers to a “unit of explicit sound contrast”; the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts. Features of language Arbitrariness随意性the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. Duality二元性the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. Creativity创造性resourceful because of its duality and ite recursiveness. Displacement移位性means that human beings enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. Language is a system of arbitary vocal symbols used for human communication. The definiation has captured the main features of languages: human-specific, arbitary, symbolic, systematic

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