学术英语(医学)单词填空及答案复习进程
学术英语(医学)单词填空及答案学术英语（医学）课后词组Unit11． overload神经过载2.a typical典型的诊所就诊3.DEXA DEXA扫描4.medical 行医5. control血压控制6.health健康保持7. report乳房X线检查报告8. examination体检9. of a medication药物的副作用10.perpetual永久的恐慌11. physicians职业医生12. field移植领域13.medical医疗预算14.paracetamol 扑热息痛药片15. cap防孩子打开的盖子16. clinical trial随机临床试验17.Random随机分配18.patient病人的预后19. group对照组20.a10-year study10年的跟踪研究21.a medical内科病房22.infectious 传染性肝炎23.Severe身体严重不适24.bilirubin胆红素代谢25.permanent damage永久的肝损伤26.exacerbate 加重病理生理状况27.Medical医学文献28.clinical 临床调查29. of relapse复发率30.clinical 临床流行病学31.strict 严格的卧床休息32.hospital住院33.recurrent 反复发作的黄疸34.clinical临床病程35 morphine静脉注射吗啡36 blood pressure舒张压37.brain 大脑血灌输仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢238. care初级保健39.aorto-coronary arterial 主动脉冠状动脉旁路40. treatment decision知情治疗决41.an international group 一个国际人道组织42.the Red红十字会43.The first major effort第一次重大援助工作44 of war战争中的人员伤亡45. relief efforts紧急援助、Unit21 disease(再现疾病)2.new flu新流感变种3.antibiotics and抗生素和疫苗4. disease传染病5 disease新现疾病6 strategy预防策略7.bubonic腺鼠疫8. microbes病原微生物9.public heath 公共卫生机构10.drug 抗药性11.an of antibiotic therapy抗生素治疗疗程12.scarlet 猩红热13.the level of 毒性水平14.flu流感大流行15.surface表面抗原16. shift基因改变17.neurological 神经性并发症18.waning of 免疫力减弱19.public health公共卫生基础设施20.a malaria一个疟疾病例21. flu猪流感22. bacillus结核杆菌23.the of morbidity发病率水平24.health保健专业人士25 tuberculosis潜伏结核病26.tuberculin 结核素皮试27. programmes筛查计划仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢328. gamma testsγ干扰素测试29.drug药物毒性30.an disease一种可治愈的病31, infectious disease难治的传染病32.an unknown一种未知的病原体33.chronic gastric 慢性胃溃疡34 to carries of disease接触带病者35,genetic基因重组36.agent of 生物恐怖活动病原37. infections通过食物传播的传染病Unit31.the surge of肾上腺素激增2.an internal medicine 内科实习期3.an disease自体免疫4.loss of丧失持久力5. weakness短暂的虚弱6.becoming卧床不起7.a building基本构件8.an animal动物模型9.to slow 减缓神经退化10.to toxins排除毒素11.to nutrition优化营养12.toxic 毒素载量13.the risk of复发危险14.physician医生自我实验15.a clinical 临床试验16. electrical stimulation神经肌肉电刺激17.physical 理疗师18.the impact of微量营养素的影响19.brain脑功能2 the emotional flow跟踪情绪波动21 of emotions情绪协调22. reactions心血管反应23.feeling of t亲密感觉25.emotional 情绪传染26.to mutually 互相调节仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢427.a psychobiological unit生物心理单元28.emotional情感慰藉29.functional resonance 功能性磁共振成像30.to brain zones激活该脑部区域31.to make it使之成为强制性32.a project无把握的项目33.medical background医学背景4.proof of概念验证35.dose剂量方案36. or concomitant conditions 并发症与合并症37 agents抗肿瘤的药剂38.standard 标准疗法39. properties药理学特性40.poor 溶解性差41. pharmacology体内药理学Unit41. medicine补充医学2. medicine替代医学3.a medical医疗模式4. and herbs针灸和草药5.a treatment辅助治疗6. a and vomiting恶心，呕吐7. dental pain术后牙痛. trials临床试验9. therapy物理疗法，理疗10 modalities治疗方法11.a therapeutic治疗干预12.Research design研究设计13.magnetic e磁共振14.positron tomography正电子发射型计算机断层成像15 effect止痛效果16.biomedical生物医学界17. unit康复中心18. acupuncturist持照针灸师19.therapeutic治疗策略20.herbal草药配方21.a wide array of各式各样的并发症22. East-West medicine中西医结合仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢523. abdominal pain急性腹痛24.to medicines施药，用药25.surgical外科手术26.scientific科学评估27. statistics患病率统计prevalence28. therapies传统疗法29. models of care询证医学模式30.stress压力处理31 nervous system周围神经系统.peripheral32.physiologic生理机制33.mechanistic and studies 机制和还原式研究34. research效益研究35.clinical临床结果36. and clinical studies临床前及临床研究37 mechanisms可能的机制38 therapies推拿治疗39. medicine顺势疗法40. medicine自然疗法41. and yoga冥想与瑜伽Unit51.a health健康危机2.physical s身体症状3.Energy and能量和活力4.be completely I from sth.对某事完全免疫5. of falseness虚假的病毒6.stressful有压力的生活方式7. t emotion健全的感情8. health脆弱的健康9.to our mind,body and spirit平衡心理、身体和精神10. life精神生活11.the to wellness通向身心健康的“路障”12. emotions被压抑的感情13. feelings and emotion真情实感14. l influences心理影响15.fully human beings十全十美的人仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢616. teeth蛀牙17 professor营养教授18.burgeoning迅速膨胀的腰围19. water瓶装水20.caloric热量摄入21.to curb节制食欲22.grains and谷物和蛋白质23.childhood 儿童肥胖症24 protein精益蛋白质25. habits饮食习惯26. of life生活质量27. category乳制品类28.prevention of 糖尿病的预防29.sodium钠的含量Unit61. homes养老院2 care临终关怀3.congestive heart充血性心衰4.available 24小时随叫随到5 care unit冠心病监护室6.to to treatment对治疗有反应7.skilled nursing专业护理机构8. care生命终末期护理9. care舒适护理10.hospital planner出院计划专员11 care症状护理12 care姑息疗法13. illness绝症14.chronic obstructive disease 慢性阻塞性肺病15. treatments实验性治疗16.spiritual精神顾问17.to all treatment终止所有治疗18.to go through经历透析19.A PAP 巴氏涂片检查20.patient- relationship医患关系21.to provide 提供常规医护22. examinations预防性检查23.off the path离开熟路，另辟蹊径仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢724.to into a shape塑形25.To a prescription照旧处方再开药26.in vitro体外受精27. biology基础生物学28.embryonic research胚胎干细胞研究29.to with an outside与圈外人合作30.a baby试管婴儿31. sciences生殖科学32.to administer施用激素33.to isolate eggs分离未成熟卵子34. observations经验观察35. work首创研究36.a fibre-optic光导纤维内窥镜37. guidelines伦理原则38.societal社会关注39. couples不孕不育夫妇40. disease遗传疾病41.Cystic 囊泡性纤维症42.ethical伦理困境Unit71.a nursing护士站2. machines生命维持系统fort 舒适护理措施4.to treatments停止治疗5. decision-making process家长式决策程序6.patient给病人授权7.medical医学伦理学家8.ethical 伦理准则9.clinical临床理念10. care以病人为中心的护理11.patient病人自主权12.treatment治疗选择13. purview专属领域14. decisions紧急状况下做的决定15.physician对医生的限制16. and confusion焦虑与困惑仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢817.ethical违背伦理18.family家庭医疗19.widespread广泛转移20. treatment积极治疗21 lesion原发病灶22.to recommend 建议随访23.electronic电子病历24.pulmonary肺栓塞puterized计算机断层扫描CT26.bilateral 双侧浸润27.a X-ray X线胸片28.left pneumonia左下肺叶肺炎29. breathing呼吸困难30.the hospice临终关怀团队31. illness慢性病32 aspects社会心理学领域33.evidence-based循证临床指南34.to a plan of care实施治疗方案Unit81.human人体研究对象2. research生物医学研究3.accepted公认的治疗4.a formal正式方案5.the principle of有利原则6.the principle of公正原则7. agents有自主能力的行为者8. autonomy自主性减弱9.be risk of harm使……面临受害危险10.Hippocratic希波克拉底誓言11.fairness in分配的公正性rmed知情同意13.fair and outcomes公正的程序和结果14.the table手术台15.an ethical伦理责任16.a neurosurgeon儿科神经外科医生pediatric17.to the surgery做手术仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢918.blood 血流19. care重症监护20. father义父21. father生父22. needs心理需要23. judgment医学判断24. therapy职业疗法25.to meningitis感染脑膜炎26.to die of an 死于感染27.blood血管28.imbalances in循环的不平衡29.the of human research subject s人类研究对象的安宁30.to approve or all research acti vities批准或不批准所有的研究活动31.to review a审查一个研究计划32.at risk of civil or criminal有民事或刑事责任的危险仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢10参考答案Unit 11. neuron 神经2. office visit(诊所)就诊3. scan 扫描4. medical practice 行医5. blood pressure 血压6. maintenance(健康)保持7. mammogram 乳房Ｘ线8. physical 身体9. side effect 副作用10. panic 恐慌11. practicing 执业12. transplant 移植13. budget 预算14. tablet 药片15. childproof 防孩子16. randomized 随机17. allocation(随机)分配18. prognosis 预后19. control 对照20. follow-up 跟踪21. ward 病房22. hepatitis 肝炎23. malaise 身体不适24. metabolism 代谢25.liver 肝26.pathophysiology 病理生理27. literature 文献28. investigation 调查29. incidence 率30. epidemiology 流行病学 31. bed rest 卧床休息32. hospital stay 住院33. jaundice 黄疸34. course 病程35. intravenous 静脉注射 36. diastolic 舒张37. perfusion 灌注38. primary 初级39. bypass(冠脉)旁路40. informed 知情41. humanitarian 人道主义 42. the Red Cross红十字会 43. relief 援助44. casualty 人员伤亡45. emergency 紧急Unit 21. re-emerging 再现2. strain 变种3. vaccine 疫苗4. infectious 传染性的5. emerging 新出现6. prevention 预防7. plague 鼠疫8. pathogenic 病原的9. authorities 机构10. drug resistanc 抗药性 11. course 疗程12. scarlet fever 猩红热13. virulence 毒性14. pandemic 大流行15. antigen 抗原16. genetic 基因的17. neurological 神经性18. immunity 免疫力19. infrastructure 基础设施 20. case 病例21. swine 猪22. tuberculosis 结核23. morbidity/incidence 发病率24. professionals 专业人士 25. latent 潜伏26. skin test 皮试27. screening 筛查28. interferon 干扰素29. toxicity 毒性30. curable 可治愈的31. intractable 难治的32. pathogen 病原体33. ulcer 溃疡34. exposure 接触(带病者) 35. recombination 重组36. bioterrorism 生物恐怖活动37. foodborne 生物传播 Unit 31. adrenaline 肾上腺素2. residency 实习3. autoimmune 自身免疫 4. stamina 持久力5. transient 短暂的6. bedridden 卧床不起7. building block 基本构件 8. model 模型9. neurodegeneration神经退化10.excrete 排除(毒素)11.optimize 优化12.load 载量13.relapse 复发14.self-experimentation自我实验15.trial 试验16.neuromuscular 神经肌肉17.therapist 治疗师18.micronutrient微量营养素19.function 功能20.track 跟踪21.coordination 协调22.cardiovascular 心血管 23.rapport 亲密24.synchronization 同步25.contagion 传染26.regulate 调节27.psychobiological生物心理28.solace 慰藉29.imaging ＭＲＩ30.activate 激活31.mandatory 强制性32.dubious 无把握的33.background 背景34.concept 概念35.regimen 方案plications 并发症 37.anti-tumor 抗肿瘤 38.standard 标准的39.pharmacological 药理学的40.solubility 溶解性41.in vivo 体内Unit 41. complementary 补充2. alternative 替代(医学)3. paradigm 模式4. acupuncture 针灸5. adjunct 辅助6. nausea 恶心7. post-operative 术后8. clinical 临床的9. physical therapy 理疗10. therapeutic 治疗(方法) 11. intervention 干预12. design 设计13. resonance 共振14. emission 发射ＰＥＴ 15. analgesia 止痛16. establishment(生物医学)界17. rehabilitation 康复18. licensed 持照(针灸师) 19. strategies 策略20. formulas 配方21. wide array 各式各样的 22. integrative(中西医)结合 23. acute 急性的24. administer 给药25. procedure 程序26. evaluation 评估27. prevalence 患病率28. conventional 传统(疗法) 29. evidence-based 循证的 30.management(压力)处理31. peripheral 外周／外围 32. mechanisms 机制33. reductionistic 还原式的 34.cost-effectiveness 效益 35.outcomes 结果36. preclinical 临床前37. plausible 可能的38. manipulative 推拿39. homeopathic 顺势40. naturopathic 自然(疗法) 41. meditation冥想Unit 51. crisis 危机2. symptoms 症状3. vitality 活力4. immune 免疫5. virus 病毒6. lifestyle 生活方式7. robust 健全的8. fragile 脆弱的9. balance 平衡10. spiritual 精神的11. blockages 路障12. repressed 被压抑的13. genuine 真实的(真情实感)14. physiological 心理15. integrated 整合的(十全十美)16. decaying teeth 蛀牙17. nutrition 营养18. waistline 腰围19. bottled 瓶装(水)20. intake 摄入21. appetite 食欲22. protein 蛋白质23. obesity 肥胖症24. lean 精益的(蛋白质)25. dietary 饮食(习惯)26. quality 质量27. dairy 乳制品28. diabetes 糖尿病29. content 含量Unit 61. nursing home 养老院2. hospice 临终(关怀)3. failure(心)衰4.available around-the-clock24小时随叫随到5. coronary 冠心病6. respond(对治疗有)反应 7. facility 机构8. end-of-life 终末期9. comfort 舒适的(护理)10. hospital discharge出院 11. care(症状)护理12. palliative 姑息的13. fatal illness 绝症14. pulmonary 肺的ＣＯＰＤ15. experimental 实验性的 16. advisors 顾问17. discontinue 终止18. dialysis 透析19. smear 涂片20. provider 医患关系21. care-as-usual 常规医护 22. preventive 预防性23. beaten 常用的 offthe beaten path 离开熟路,另辟蹊径24. mold into the shape塑形25. renew 重新开始 torenew a prescription 照旧处方再开药26. fertilization 授精27. basic 基础的(生物学)28. stem cell 干细胞29. collaborate 合作30. test-tube 试管(婴儿)31. reproductive 生殖的32. hormones 激素33. immature 未成熟的34. empirical 经验(观察)35. pioneering 首创的36. endoscope 内镜37. ethical 伦理的38. concern(社会)关注39. infertile 不孕不育的40. inherited 遗传性的41. fibrosis 纤维化42. dilemmas 困境Unit 71. station(护士)站2. life-support 生命维持(系统)3. measures 护理措施4. withdraw 停止(治疗)5. paternalistic 家长式的6. empowerment 授权7. ethicists 伦理学家8. principles 准则9. ideal 理念10.patient-centered 以病人为中心的11. autonomy 自主权12. options 选择13. exclusive purview 专属的(领域)14. emergency 紧急(决定) 15. restraint 限制16. anxiety 焦虑17. transgression 违背18. practice(家庭)医疗19. metastases(广泛)转移 20. aggressive 积极的21. primary 原发22. follow-up 随访23. record 病历24. embolism 栓塞25. tomography 断层摄像ＣＴ26. infiltrates 浸润27. chest 胸28. lower-lobe 左下叶29. labored(呼吸)困难30. team 团队31. chronic 慢性的32. psychosocial 社会心理 33. guidelines 指南34. implement 实施(治疗方案)Unit 1 动脉旁路1.neuron overload 神经过载2.a typical office visit 典型的诊所就诊3.DEXA scan DEXA扫描4.medical practicing 行医5.blood pressure control 血压控制6.health maintenance 健康保持7.Mammogram report 乳房X线检查报告8.physical examination 体检9.side effect of a medication 药物的副作用10.perpetual panic 永久的恐慌11.practicing physicians 职业医生12.transplant field 移植领域13.medical budget 医疗预算14.paracetamol tablet 扑热息痛药片15.childproof cap 防孩子打开的盖子16.randomized clinicaltrial 随机临床试验17.Random allocation随机分配18.patient prognosis 病人的预后19.control group 对照组20.a 10-year follow-upstudy 10年的跟踪研究21.a medical ward 内科病房22.infectious hepatitis传染性肝炎23.Severe malaise 身体严重不适24.bilirubin metabolism胆红素代谢25.permanent liverdamage 永久的肝损伤26.exacerbatepathophysiology 加重病理生理状况27.Medical literature 医学文献28.clinical investigation临床调查29.incedence of relapse复发率30.clinical epidemiology临床流行病学31.strict bed rest 严格的卧床休息32.hospital stay 住院33.recurrent jaundice 反复发作的黄疸34.clinical course 临床病程35.intravenousmorphine 静脉注射吗啡36.diastolic blood pressure 舒张压37.brain perfusion 大脑血灌输38.primary care初级保健39.aorto-coronary arterial bypass主动脉冠状助工作rmed treatment decision 知情治疗决41.an international humanitarian group一个国际人道组织42.the Red Cross 红十字会43.The first major relief effort 第一次重大援44.casualty of war 战争中的人员伤亡45.emergency relief efforts 紧急援助Unit 31.the surge ofadrenaline 肾上腺素激增2.an internal medicineresidency 内科实习期3.an autoimmunedisease 自体免疫4.loss of stamina 丧失持久力5.transient weakness 短暂的虚弱6.becoming bedridden卧床不起7.a building block基本构件8.an animal model 动物模型9.to slowneurodegeneration减缓神经退化10.to excrete toxins排除毒素11.to optimize nutrition优化营养12.toxic load毒素载量13.the risk of relapse 复发危险14.physician self-experimentation医生自我实验15.a clinical trial 临床试验16.neuromuscularelectrical stimulation 神经肌肉电刺激17.physical therapist 理疗师18.the impact ofmicronutrients 微量营养素的影响19.brain function 脑功能20.track the emotional flow 跟踪情绪波动21.coordination of emotions 情绪协调22.cardiovascular reactions 心血管反应23.feeling of rapport 亲密感觉24.rapid entrain 迅速同步25.emotional contagion 情绪传染26.to mutually regulation 互相调节27.a psychobiological unit生物心理单元28.emotional solace情感慰藉29.functional magnetic resonance imaging功能性磁共振成像30.to activate brainzones激活该脑部区域31.to make itmandatory 使之成为强制性32.a(n) dubious project无把握的项目33.medical background医学背景34.proof of concept概念验证35.dose regimen 剂量方案plications orconcomitant conditions并发症与合并症37.anti-tumor agents抗肿瘤的药剂38.standard therapy标准疗法39.pharmacologyproperties 药理学特性40.poor solubility 溶解性差41.in vivopharmacology 体内药理学 Unit 51.a health crisis 健康危机2.physical symptoms 身体症状3.Energy and vitality 能量和活力4.be completelyimmune from sth.对某事完全免疫5.virus of falseness 虚假的病毒6.stressful lifestyle 有压力的生活方式7.robust emotion 健全的感情8.fragile health 脆弱的健康9.to balance ourmind ,body and spirit平衡心理、身体和精神10.spiritual life精神生活11.the blockage to wellness 通向身心健康的“路障”12.repressed emotions 被压抑的感情13.genuine feelings and emotion真情实感14.physiological influences 心理影响15.fully integrated human beings 十全十美的人16.decaying teeth 蛀牙17.nutrition professor 营养教授18.burgeoning waistline 迅速膨胀的腰围19.bottled water 瓶装水20.caloric intake 热量摄入21.to curb appetite 节制食欲22.grains and protein谷物和蛋白质23.childhood obesity 儿童肥胖症24.lean protein 精益蛋白质25.dietary habits 饮食习惯26.quality of life 生活质量27.diary category 乳制品类28.prevention ofdiabetes糖尿病的预防29.sodium content 钠的含量Unit 71.a nursing station 护士站2.life-support machines生命维持系统fort measures 舒适护理措施4.to withdrawtreatments 停止治疗5.paternalistic decision-making process 家长式决策程序6.patient empowerment给病人授权7.medical ethicists 医学伦理学家8.ethical principles 伦理准则9.clinical ideal 临床理念10.patient-centeredcare 以病人为中心的护理11.patient autonomy 病人自主权12.treatment options 治疗选择13.exclusive purview 专属领域14.emergency decisions 紧急状况下做的决定15.physician restraint 对医生的限制16.anxiety and confusion 焦虑与困惑17.ethical transgression 违背伦理18.family practice 家庭医疗19.widespread metastases 广泛转移20.aggressive treatment 积极治疗21.primary lesion 原发病灶22.to recommendfollow-up 建议随访23.electronic record 电子病历24.pulmonaryembolism 肺栓塞puterizedtomography CT，计算机断层扫描26.bilateral infiltrates双侧浸润27.a(n) chest X-ray(X线胸片)28.left lower-lobepneumonia左下肺叶肺炎borcd breathing呼吸困难30.the hospice team临终关怀团队31.chronic illness慢性病32.psychosocial aspects社会心理学领域33.evidence-basedguidelines 循证临床指南34.to implement a planof care 实施治疗方案。
临床医学英语各单元课后重点单词及习题部分解析
临床医学英语各单元课后重点单词及习题部分解析U1单词：结核病：tuberculosis 精神科：psychiatry麻醉：anesthesia 恢复；康复：rehabilitation选词填空：1 、AS is the case with so many organs ，t he function of the heartis rather complicated（复杂的）2、Not all details of the liver transplantation are available（可用的）3、Please report to the personnel（人事部）department of manager4 、Upper lobe bronchiectasis is usually secondary to tuberculosis（结核病）翻译：1、医学的进步在医疗界创造了一场实质性的革命：为病人提供的服务质量得到改善；医疗从业人员的职业培训要求有所提高；人们处理伤病的方法也增多了。
Advances in medical science have created a virtual revolution in the health services field。
The quality of the care available to patients has improved；the need for personnel trained in the health professions has grown ；and the variety of ways for people to work with the sick and injured has increased2、病历是永久性的资料，记录着病人在住院期间所接受的一切治疗。
病历至少应包含以下内容：病人的病情是如何得到观察和诊断的；如何治疗；以及病人对治疗的反应This medical record is a permanent document 。
学术英语(医学)U
Delivering the review comments to authors in a timely manner to facilitate effective revision.
Citation and Reference Format of Medical Papers
Medical terms often have multiple meanings and contextspecific usage, requiring careful consideration.
Medical dictionaries and glossaries are valuable resources for accurate understanding and usage of medical terms.
Medical literature reading and writing
Reading and understanding medical literature is crucial for staying up-to-date with the latest research and practices.
English (Medical) U
Writing Techniques for Medical Papers
Use of appropriate language
Medical English should be precise, objective, and free of colloquial language or jargon.
全球医疗交流与合
作
随着全球医疗合作的日益频繁， 学术英语（医学）能够帮助医学 生和医务工作者更好地参与国际 学术交流，分享研究成果，提高 国际竞争力。
医学学术英语主要词汇汇总单词
医学学术英语主要词汇汇总单词以下是医学学术英语中的一些主要词汇：
1. Anatomy - 解剖学
2. Physiology - 生理学
3. Pathology - 病理学
4. Pharmacology - 药理学
5. Microbiology - 微生物学
6. Genetics - 遗传学
7. Immunology - 免疫学
8. Epidemiology - 流行病学
9. Diagnosis - 诊断
10. Treatment - 治疗
11. Surgery - 外科手术
12. Radiology - 放射学
13. Cardiology - 心脏病学
14. Oncology - 肿瘤学
15. Neurology - 神经病学
16. Gastroenterology - 胃肠病学
17. Obstetrics - 产科学
18. Pediatrics - 儿科学
19. Dermatology - 皮肤病学
20. Psychiatry - 精神病学
21. Anesthesia - 麻醉学
22. Endocrinology - 内分泌学
23. Cardiac - 心脏的
24. Respiratory - 呼吸的
25. Digestive - 消化的
26. Nervous - 神经的
27. Muscular - 肌肉的
28. Skeletal - 骨骼的
29. Vascular - 血管的
30. Immune - 免疫的
这只是医学学术英语中的一小部分词汇，医学领域非常广泛，还有很多其他词汇和专业术语。
学术英语医学课后问题答案图文稿
学术英语医学课后问题答案集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor 2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、 Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —and completely justified —request”： the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient while completing documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time.Multitasking is just an illusion both in computers and human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in amultitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, thatstill leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost over What followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:Diphtheria in the former Soviet UnionTB in urban centers like New York CityRising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which cantravel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread ·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain· A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination.·D u e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. 'The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field ·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:She read articles on websites such as PubMed.She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types —dementia， Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models ·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa ·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer,and autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain.Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the proven and ensured.efficiency is·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patientCorrect selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control groupTendency to produce comparable groupsGuaranteed validity of statistical tests of significance Limitations:Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a wholeA poor choice for research where temporal factorsare an issueExtremely heavy resources, requiring very largesample groupsQuasi-experimentsAdvantages:Control group comparisons possibleReduced threats to external validity as naturalenvironments do not suffer the same problems ofartificiality as compared to a well-controlled laboratorysetting.Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experiments Limitations：Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimentaldesigns do not use random sampling in constructingexperimental and control groups.Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groupsCohort studiesAdvantages:Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcomeParticular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposureAbility to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:Larger, longer, and more expensiveProne to certain types of biasNot practical for rare outcomesCase-control studiesAdvantages:The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periods between exposure and outcomeTime and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in natureDifficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcome“N=1” trialsAdvantagesEasy to manageInexpensiveLimitations：Findings difficult to be generalized to the wholepopulationWeakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine insociety·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：Continuous stressPainHardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:Energy and vitalityA certain zip in gaitA warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:Half-truthFearful fictionsBlatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time.·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become anunconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensionsBuilding our wellness toolbox slowlyPicturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to changeStriving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spiritTaking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and morepeople are cared in hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a new set of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure ·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life ·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatment choices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, includingdoctors, nurses, and facility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start comfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind ofethical transgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapyNotable departures from standard practice being called “experimental” with the terms “experimenta l”and “research”carelessly defined2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms .·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seeding the benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics ·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard ·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them ·Application:A process rather than signing a written formAdequate information as the premiseA well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice:At the individual level: fairnessAt the social level: distinction between classes。
复旦学术英语(医学)课后问答题期末复习
What things about Mrs. Osorio’s conditions run through the author’s mind? (Pre. 3)
• Good Things
• Blood tests done • Glucose a little better • Her blood pressure good but not great
What are the reasons why doctors kept awake at night? Are they the reasons of their neuron overload? • What is the use(Pre. of the6) numbers? Use these numbers
• Justify “the realization that world health is indivisible”.(Pre. 4) • Attention to the health conditions of the globe before satisfying OUR most parochial (地方范围的) needs • Meaninglessness of borders to pathogenic (致病的) microbes • With 24 hours of time, from a crowded marketplace in Kikwit, Zaire to a New York City subway
Are those proposed solutions, like computer-generated reminders, case managers, ancillary services, capable of solving the author’s problem of overload? (Pre. 7)
学术英语(医学)课后问题答案
Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the plaint:·Neuron o verload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor2、 Mrs、Osorio’s conditio n:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、 Good things:·B lood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs、Osorio’s conditions and t rying to resolve them al l before the clock ran down、·Mrs、 Osor io made a tr ivial request, not so important as pared to her conditions、· Mrs 、Osor io seemed to care on ly about her “ innocent — and p lete ly justified —request”: the form signed by her doctor、·The d octor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient while pleting documentation、5、Similarities:· In puter multitasking, a microprocessor actual ly performs only one task at a time、 Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time、 Multitasking is just an illusion both in puters and human beings、Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in puter science 、·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but puters can do much better、·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but puters can do much better 、6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts· 10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision ·4 patients seen by each resident· 10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total· If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process 、7、Possible solutions:·puter-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary se rvices·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:• Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiabi lity of peoples placency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General Wi l liam Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “thebook on infectious disease ”、·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·eback of the old afflictions:» Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union» TB in urban centers like New York City» Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in October 1995、·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994 、·Congress raised fund from $6、7 mi l lion in 1995 to $26 mi l lion in 1997、4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel from one country to another remote country in a very short time 、5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread ·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunopromised Group A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination、· Due to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious 、 '• The vaccination rates are dropping i n some American cities, and it wi l l lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough 、7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field ·Appropriate prevention and control1、Terry's life before·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end 、Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do· She loved the surge of adrenal ine that came with the control led bat of tournaments、·She peted nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games、·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist、·She got married and got a son and a daughter 、2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections、·She adopted many pharmacotherapies、·She began her own study of literature:» She read articles on websites such as PubMed 、» She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models 、» She turned to artic les concerning neurodegeneration of a l l types —dementia,Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease,and Lou Gehrig's disease、» She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysiology、4、Approaches Terry mainly used:· Self-exper imentation with var ious nutr ients to s low neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:· Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings ·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins· Inef ficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the r isk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load 、Unit41、Two concepts:·plementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain、 plementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM、·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture,massage therapy,or herbal medicine、 They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream、2· TCM does not require advanced, p l icated, and in most cases, expensive facilities、·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few 、·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive 、·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature、·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency proven and ensured、is·Ongoing research around the wor ld on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、 It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a prehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting,post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma、4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a mon therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness· Exp loration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture pointstimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:» Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient»Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas ·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in plications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:» Elimination of the potential bias in the al locat ion of participants to the intervention group or control group» Tendency to produce parable groups» Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significance Limitations:»Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole» A poor choice for research where temporal factors are an issue» Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroups•Quasi-experimentsAdvantages:» Control group parisons possible» Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments donot suffer the same problems of artificiality as pared to awell-controlled laboratory setting、» Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations:»Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs do not use random sampling in constructing experimental and control groups、» Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groups •Cohort studiesAdvantages:» Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and oute» Part icu lar use for eva luat ing the effects of rare or unusua l exposure» Ability to examine multiple outes of a single risk factorLimitations:»Larger,longer,and more expensive»Prone to certain types of bias»Not practical for rare outes•Case-control studiesAdvantages:»The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periods between exposure and oute»Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as pared to other observational methodsLimitations:»Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in nature»Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease oute •“N=1”trialsAdvantages» Easy to manage» InexpensiveLimitations:»Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population» Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject 7、• Synthesis of evidence is pletely dependent on:» The pleteness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies) » The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses、·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society ·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from:» Continuous stress» Pain» Hardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases 、·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases 、2、·Wel lness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit、·Manifestations of a healthy person:» Energy and vitality» A certain zip in gait» A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative,are sent to our mind about the health of our body、·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot、·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them、·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms 、4、·People's minds are infected by spin:» Half-truth» Fearful fictions» Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living、·The kind of falseness is pandemic、5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use 、·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis 、·Our bodies are easi ly ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time、·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential 、6·We grow more reluctant to take risks、·We lose the abi lity to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth、·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves 、·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings bee an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life、7·A multi-faceted process:»Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensions» Building our wellness toolbox slowly» Picturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:» Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to change » Striving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spirit » Taking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously 、·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions 、·e to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61 、In the past, most people died at home、 But now, more and more people arecared in hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a new set of questions to consider 、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Avai labi l ity of around-the-c lock medical services and a fu l l range of treatment choices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home2 、Avai labi l ity of around-the-c lock medica l resources, inc luding doctors,nurses, and facility、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially ·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (likea hospital bed or bedside mode)5、·H ealth insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care 、·Recently, it is a prehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases 、7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment、·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision 、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start fort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments 2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to 、·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions、·Shifting re sponsibi lity of decision-making to patients wi l l bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain、5、Doctors are very much cautious about mitting some kind of ethicaltransgression、Unit8·Shouldering responsibi lity together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decisions on their own 、·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice、Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the wel l-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blu rred distinction:»Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapy» Notable departures from standard practice being called “experimental” with the terms “experimenta l ” and “research”carelessly defined2、·Autonomy:Individuals treated as autonomous agents 、·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3· “Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms 、·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seeding the benefits4、· “Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and rese arch 5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden:Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrol led and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equal ity: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them·App lication:» A process rather than signing a written form» Adequate information as the premise» A well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence ·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: » At the individual level: fairness» At the social level: distinction between classes。
医学学术英语主要词汇汇总单词
医学学术英语主要词汇汇总单词以下是医学学术英语中的一些主要词汇：1. Anatomy 解剖学2. Physiology 生理学3. Pathology 病理学4. Pharmacology 药理学5. Epidemiology 流行病学6. Microbiology 微生物学7. Immunology 免疫学8. Genetics 遗传学9. Biochemistry 生物化学10. Molecular biology 分子生物学11. Biotechnology 生物技术12. Radiology 放射学13. Cardiology 心脏病学14. Neurology 神经病学15. Oncology 肿瘤学16. Gastroenterology 胃肠病学17. Pediatrics 儿科学18. Obstetrics and gynecology 妇产科学19. Psychiatry 精神病学20. Dermatology 皮肤病学21. Ophthalmology 眼科学22. Orthopedics 骨科学23. Anesthesiology 麻醉学24. Surgery 外科学25. Cardiac surgery 心脏外科学26. Neurosurgery 神经外科学27. Radiography 放射线摄影术28. Ultrasound 超声波29. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 磁共振成像30. Laboratory 实验室31. Clinical 临床的32. Diagnosis 诊断33. Treatment 治疗34. Prognosis 预后35. Symptoms 症状36. Disease 疾病37. Virus 病毒38. Bacteria 细菌39. Infection 感染40. Immune system 免疫系统41. Cell 细胞42. DNA DNA43. RNA RNA44. Protein 蛋白质45. Enzyme 酶46. Antibiotic 抗生素47. Epidemic 流行病48. Pandemic 大规模的流行病49. Outbreak 爆发50. Vaccine 疫苗。
学术英语医学课后问题答案
Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the plaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor 2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as pared to herconditions. ·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —and pletely justified —request〞：the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient while pleting documentation.5、Similarities:·In puter multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in puters and human beings. Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in puter science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but puters can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but puters can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·puter-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:• Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples placency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease〞.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost over What followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·eback of the old afflictions:» Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union»TB in urban centers like New York City» Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and controlof emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunopromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination.·D ue to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. '•The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled bat of tournaments. ·She peted nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:» She read articles on websites such as PubMed.» She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.»She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types —dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.»She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentationwith various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health problems andthe health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·plementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain.plementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies — like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, plicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a prehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a mon therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:» Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient»Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in plications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:»Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control group» Tendency to produce parable groups» Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:» Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole»A poor choice for research where temporal factors are an issue» Extremely heavy resources, requiring very largesamplegroups• Quasi-experimentsAdvantages:» Control group parisons possible»Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments do not suffer thesame problems of artificiality as pared to a well-controlled laboratory setting.»Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasi-experiments are natural experimentsLimitations：»Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs do not userandom sampling in constructing experimental and control groups.» Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random samplingmethods to construct the experimental and control groups• Cohort studiesAdvantages:» Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and oute» Particular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposure» Ability to examine multiple outes of a single risk factorLimitations:» Larger, longer, and more expensive» Prone to certain types of bias» Not practical for rare outes• Case-control studiesAdvantages:»The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periods between exposure and oute» Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as pared to other observational methodsLimitations：» Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in nature» Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease oute•“N=1〞trialsAdvantages» Easy to manage» InexpensiveLimitations：» Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population» Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、• Synthesis of evidence is pletely dependent on:» The pleteness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)» The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data〞8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：» Continuous stress» Pain» Hardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:» Energy and vitality» A certain zip in gait» A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:» Half-truth» Fearful fictions» Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time.·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings bee anunconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:» Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensions» Building our wellness toolbox slowly»Picturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:» Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to change» Striving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spirit» Taking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·e to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people are cared inhospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a new set of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatmentchoices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses, and facility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside mode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a prehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who areliving with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment. ·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start fort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about mitting some kind of ethical transgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that havea reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:» Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapy»Notable departures from standard practice being called “experimental〞withthe terms “experimental〞and “research〞carelessly defined2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm〞as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms .·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seeding the benefits 4、·“Do no harm〞as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet〞in both medical practice and research5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not"·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them·Application:» A process rather than signing a written form» Adequate information as the premise» A well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice:» At the individual level: fairness» At the social level: distinction between classes。
学术英语(医学)Unit4
• Issues to be covered • Suggested answers
Unit 4 Alternative medicine
Lead-in Issues to be covered
1. Complementary and alternative medicine
2. What traditional or alternative therapies can and cannot do
• Adoption / Use
-Proven useful in additional areas -Used not only for treatment but also for prevention and promotion of wellness -Exploration and perfection to be continued
CAM: a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine
Complementary medicine : use of CAM together with conventional medicine
E 10.yoga
A. 听诊法 B. 气功 C. 推拿 D. 食疗 E. 瑜伽术 F. 问诊 G. 冥想 H. 催眠术 I. 针灸 J. 切脉
Unit 4 Alternative medicine
Text A
• Critical reading and thinking – Topics for presentation – Useful expressions – Difficult sentences
学术英语(医学)_Unit 8
Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Topics for presentation
Basic Ethical Principles
_____________________ ___ principle of justice
Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics
Unit Contents
Lead-in Text A
Text B Text C Listening Speaking Writing Get reading for Unit 9
Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics
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