英语被动语态

1 被动语态 （一）被动语态的定义 被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者即某人做某事便叫主动语态，如果主语是动作的承受者即某事被做，便叫被动语态。主动语态与被动语态的区别不是词序的区别，而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词词组才有被动语态的形式。 （二）被动语态的基本时态变化。 被动语态由 be +过去分词 构成，be 随时态的变化而变化，各种时态的被动语态形式为（以动词do 为例。） 时态 语态 动词形式 例 句

一般 现在时 主 动 Do/ does We study English . 被 动 Am/is / are +done English is studied by us . 一般 过去时 主 动 Did He mended his bike yesterday .

被 动 Was/were +done His bike was mended by him yesterday . 一般 将来时 主 动 Will /shall +do We will finish the work tomorrow .

被 动 Will/shall+be +done The work will be finished by us tomorrow . 过去 将来时 主 动 Would /should +do He said they would take down the old building. 被 动 Would/should+be+done He said the old building would be taken down by them . 现在 进行时 主 动 Am/is /are +doing They are planting trees by the river .

被 动 Am/is/are+being+done Trees are being planted by the river .

过去 进行时 主 动 Was/were +doing I was writing a letter to my uncle at eight yesterday . 被 动 Was/were+being+done A letter was being written to my uncle by me at eight yesterday .

说明：主动变被动，时态不变动。 （三）由情态动词构成的被动语态：情态动词+be +done

现在 完成时

主 动 Has/have+ done She has found the lost box.

被 动 Has/have+been +done The lost box has been found by her .

过去 完成时 主 动 Had +done They had finished the work before yesterday 被 动 Had +been +done The work had been finished by them before yesterday. 2

Your homework must be handed in before class. (四) 动词不定式的被动语态：to +be +done . There are till twenty trees need to be planed . (五) 被动语态的用法 1.当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者时或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者 This watch was made in China . 2.当我们需要强调动作的承受者，而不是执行者。 English is spoken in many parts of the world . 3.为了强调动作的执行者而用by修饰时。Such songs are usually sung by girls . 4.出于礼貌措辞等原因，不愿说出动作的执行者时。You are invited to a party at eight tomorrow . 5.在文章的标题广告新闻等中常省略动词be 的被动语态。 Girl wanted （招女工） 6.当动作的执行者不是人时，也往往用被动语态。 The house was washed away by the flood . (六)主动语态如何改为被动语态。 1.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。如果主动句的宾语是代词宾格，需要变为主格。 2.把谓语变成被动结构（be +过去分词）。根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be 的形式。 3.把主动语态中的主语放在by 之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。 4.其它部分的词放在原来位置上。 5.当主动语态的宾语补足语是省略to 的不定式时，变被动语态为主语补足语时，要把to 补出。 6.短语动词作谓语的句子变被动语态时不可丢掉介词或副词。 All the people laughed at him -----he was laughed at by all the people . They often make us laugh .---we are made to laugh by them . 歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。 (七) 被动语态变主动语态。 被动语态便主动语态与主动语态变被动语态方法相反。 被动语态by 宾语是主动语态的主语，宾格变成主格。将谓语的被动形式改为主动结构，改动时注意人称、数、时态的变化。把被动结构的主语变成主动结构的宾语。 It has been done by them .------they have done it . (八) 被动语态的注意点 （1）时态保持一致。I have repaired my computer.---My computer has been repaired. （2）谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词。 His best friend often looks after him. --He is often looked after by his best friend （3） 主动语态中若有双宾语,将其中一个宾语变为被动句的主语,另一个宾语不变。动词make/buy/get用for;动词give/send/lend/take用to) Vivian gave me a book. (双宾语，人间物直， me为间接宾语，a book 为直接宾语) -- I was given a book by Vivian. 3

--A book was given to me by Vivian.（直接宾语提前时，要在间接宾语前加介词） （4）主动语态若有复合宾语，（即句子结构为主＋及物动词＋宾＋宾补），将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾补不变。 They call him Louis. --He is called Louis. （5）当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. （6）主动语态句中动词make, have, let(使sb做sth), notice. see. watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel等变成被动语态时，后面的不定式需要加上to. Mr. Lee made him wash the dishes. --He was made to wash the dishes. （7）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 例The meeting is to be put off till Friday. （8）非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。 例I don't like being laughed at in the public. （9）It is said that+从句及其他类似句型 一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有： It is said that„ 据说,It is reported that„据报道，It is believed that„大家相信，It is hoped that„大家希望，It is well known that„众所周知，It is thought that„大家认为，It is suggested that„据建议。 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ） (九)主动形式表示被动意义。 1.英语中有很多动词如break , catch , clean, drive , lock, open, read , write , wear , wash , sell ,等，当它们用作不及物动词来描述主语（常识物）的特征，而非人为的原因时，常用主动形式表达被动意义。句中状语往往与表示效果或程度的副词连用如well, easily, fast, badly, smoothly . This kind of cloth washes well . 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征。而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 2.表示发生进行的不及物动词和短语happen ,take place, last ,break out , come out , come true , run out give out , turn out , belong to ,own , appear , agree with , rise , 等以主动形式表示被动意义。 How do the newspapers come out ? 3.有些表示状态的及物动词fit , mean , cost, weight , wish, measure equal ,等，没有被动语态。 4.系动词没有被动形式，但有些表示感受感官的连系动词，feel, look .sound . taste ,smell, turn ,get ,等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。