Switching Overvoltage Analysis
RM22JA31MR模块式测量与控制联络器数据手册说明书
Switching capacity in VA Measurement range
Zelio Control
Modular measurement and control relays
Current control relay
RM22JA
Overcurrent or undercurrent detection Overcurrent or undercurrent in window mode
Product datasheet
Characteristics
RM22JA31MR
Current control relay 4mA…1A, 2 C/O
The information provided in this documentation contains general descriptions and/or technical characteristics of the performance of the products contained herein. This documentation is not intended as a substitute for and is not to be used for determining suitability or reliability of these products for specific user applications. It is the duty of any such user or integrator to perform the appropriate and complete risk analysis, evaluation and testing of the products with respect to the relevant specific application or use thereof. Neither Schneider Electric Industries SAS nor any of its affiliates or subsidiaries shall be responsible or liable for misuse of the information contained herein.
220kV变电站倒母线操作时电压互感器反充电异常分析
(１) 对于 ２２０ｋＶ 间隔因线路保护屏切换继电器
图 ５ 保护设置
指示灯只监测刀闸合回路ꎬ不能监视分回路状况ꎬ因
(５)１Ｇ 刀闸合上位置ꎬ２Ｇ 刀闸拉开位置ꎬ但若
此完成某间隔的母线隔离开关操作后ꎬ不能只检查
触点常开闭合) ꎬ 导致继电器不能复归ꎬ 现象表现
１０１
« 电气开关» (２０２２. Ｎｏ. ４)
文章编号:１００４ － ２８９Ｘ(２０２２)０４ － ０１０１ － ０５
２２０ｋＶ 变电站倒母线操作时电压互感器
反充电异常分析
祁彦威
( 广东电网有限责任公司韶关供电局ꎬ广东 韶关 ５１２０００)
摘 要:随着电网建设的加快和设备检修维护需要ꎬ变电站倒母线的操作也就经常出现ꎮ 但由于设计、施工
位置ꎬ但 １Ｇ 辅助接点所在的一个电压切换继电器
装置上 １ＰＴ 指示灯点亮ꎬ２ＰＴ 指示灯熄灭ꎮ
(７) 特殊情况ꎬ１Ｇ 刀闸拉开位置ꎬ２Ｇ 刀闸合上
比如 １ＹＱＪ６ 卡涩或者接点粘连ꎬ导致 １ＹＱＪ６ 辅助接
点不能断开ꎬ现象表现为:电压切换装置( 操作箱)
的母线 １ 指示灯熄灭( 只能监视 １Ｇ 合位) ꎬ母线 ２
图 １ 二次电压反送原理
对 ２２０ｋＶ 墨珠甲线间隔电压切换装置( 操作箱
在上述倒母线操作过程中ꎬ１Ｇ( 线路等间隔母线侧 １ 母刀闸) 刀闸合上
位置ꎬ２Ｇ( 线路等间隔母线侧 ２ 母刀闸) 刀闸拉开位
置ꎬ电压切换装置( 操作箱) 的母线 １ 指示灯点亮ꎬ
ＰＴ. Ｓｅｃｏｎｄａｒｙ ｅｍｐｔｙ ｔｒｉｐꎬｐｕｔ ｆｏｒｗａｒｄ ａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅ ｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ ｔｏ ｇｕａｒａｎｔｅｅ
电力常用英语继电保护
电力常用英语继电保护继电保护继电保护 relay protection继电保护装置 protective relaying equipment 继电器保证启动值 relay must-operate value 继电器操作跳闸 relay act trip继电器超限运行 relay overrun电压互感器的相角差 phase-angle of voltage transformer 故障类型 fault type故障选相 fault phase selection 故障诊断 fault diagnosis内部故障 internal fault接地故障 earth fault穿越故障 through- fault永久性故障 permanent fault瞬时性故障 temporary fault接地故障继电器 ground fault relay短路故障 short trouble双相短路故障 double phase fault金属性三相短路故障 bolted three-phase fault 逻辑短路故障 logic short fault相间故障 phase to phase fault主保护(装置) main protection;primary protection 后备保护(装置) back up protection;reserve protection 局部后备保护 local backup 远距离后备保护 remote back-up零序电流 zero-sequence current;residual current 零序电流继电器residual current relay 零序电流互感器 zero sequence current transducer 零序电流补偿 zero sequence current compensation 零序保护 zero-sequence protection 零序电压 residual voltage零序互感的影响 mutual induction of zero sequence 零序电流构成的定子接地保护 stator ground protection based on zero sequence current 热敏继电保护装置 thermal relay (s)电压差动继电器 voltage differential relay 差动保护(装置)differential protection 纵联差动保护 longitudinal differential protection 比率差动保护装置 percentage differential protection 横差动保护 transversal differential protection 差动保护系统 differential protective system 方向差动保护 directional differential protection 分相电流差动保护 segregated current differential protection 自适应继电保护 adaptive relay protectionadaptive segregated directional current differential 自适应分相方向纵差保护 protection逆相序保护 inverse phase sequence protection 电流保护装置 current protection高频保护装置 carrier current protection;pilot protection 高频测向器high-frequency direction finder 过负荷 overload触点多路式继电器 contact multiplying relay 辅助触点 auxiliary contacts辅助继电器 auxiliary relay时间继电器 timer relay中间继电器 auxiliary relay;intermediate relay 极化继电器 electro polarized relay 功率方向继电器 power direction relay 交流方向过流继电器AC directional overcurrent relay 交流重合闸继电器 AC reclosing relay 行波继电器 traveling wave relay 信号继电器 annunciator relay电压控制过电流继电器 voltage -controlled overcurrent relay 载波或导引线接受继电器 carrier or pilot-wire receiver relay 电缆继电器 cable relay限流继电器 current-limiting relay 定时限继电器 definite time relay 偏移特性阻抗继电器 offset impedance relay 增量(突变量)继电器 relay based on incremental quantity 报警信号继电器 alarm relay 报警信号 alarm signal;alerting signal 能量方向继电器 energy directional relay 低阻抗继电器 under-impedance relay 电导继电器conductance relay电动机磁场故障继电器 motor-field failure relay 电动式继电器dynamoelectric relay 电复位继电器 electric reset relay电力传输继电器 power-transformer relay 连锁继电器 electric interlock relay 电流极化继电器 self-polarizing relay 电流平衡式继电器 current-balance relay 电路控制继电器 circuit control relay 电容继电器capacitance relay电压平衡继电器 voltage balance relay 电压响应继电器 voltage responsive relay电压选择继电器 voltage selection relay 电源切换继电器 power-transfer relay 电子管继电器 vacuum-tube relay 电阻继电器 ohm relay 定时继电器 timing relay;timed relay 定时脉冲继电器 time pulse relay方向过流继电器 directional over-current relay 方向距离继电器directional distance relay 方向过流保护 directional over-current protection 方向纵联继电保护 directional pilot relaying 断路继电器 cut-off relay断路器故障保护装置 circuit breaker failure protection 断相继电器open-phase relay 二位置继电器 two-position relay 负相位继电器 negative phase relay 负相序继电器 negative-phase sequence impendence 感应杯式继电器 induction cup relay 感应式继电器 induction type relay 感应圆盘式继电器 Induction disc relay 高灵敏度继电器 high sensitive relay 高速阻抗继电器 high-speed impedance relay 高压继电器 high-voltage relay 功率继电器power relay恒温继电器 thermostat relay 缓动继电器 delay-action relay 缓放继电器slow-to release relay 换流器继电器 converter relay机电继电器 electromechanical relay 鉴别继电器 discontinuous relay 晶体管继电器 transistor relay晶体密闭继电器 crystal can relay 静电继电器 static relay快动缓释继电器 fast-operate slow-release relay 快释放继电器 fast-release relay 失磁继电器 excitation-loss relay 对地漏电保护 earth-leakage protection 多端线路保护 multi-ended circuit protection 发电机断路继电器 generator cutout relay 发电机保护 generator protection 发电机负序电流保护 generator protection for negative sequence current 发送继电器 transmitting relay 反转时间继电器 back-spin timer过电流保护(装置) overcurrent protection;overcurrent protective devicetime-overcurrent protection 时限过电流保护 time-overcurrentprotection 反时限电流保护 inverse time current protection 逆电流保护reverse current protectioninstantaneous undervoltage protection with current 电流闭锁的电压速断保护 supervision电压保护装置 voltage protection过压继电器 over-voltage relay过电压保护 excess voltage protection 低电压保护装置 low voltage protection;undervoltage protection 过电压保护装置 overvoltage protection 方向元件 directional elementcha 方向保护 directional protection 母线保护(装置) bus protection;busbar protection 线路保护 line protection 接地故障保护(装置) earth-fault protection 限制接地故障保护restricted earth fault protection 接地保护 ground guard;groundprotection 接地保护装置 earth fault protection;ground fault protection接地保护继电器 ground(preference) relay 继电接地保护 ground relaying 转子接地保护 rotor earth fault protection 定子接地保护 stator earth-fault protection 短路保护 short-circuit protection 匝间短路 Turn to turn fault;inter turn faults 匝间短路保护 interturn short circuit protection 定子短路保护 stator short circuit protection 暂态分析 transient analysis 逆功率 reverse power逆功率保护 reverse power protection 反向功率继电器; 逆功率继电reverse power relay 器失步 out-of-step失步保护 loss of synchronism protection;out of-step protection轴电流 shaft current外汲电流 out flowing current 助增电流 infeed current变压器保护装置 protection equipment for transformer 瓦斯保护装置gaseous shield轻瓦斯保护 slight gas protection 重瓦斯保护 severe gas protection 阻抗继电器 distance relay; impedance relay 正序阻抗 positive sequence impedance负序阻抗 negative sequence impedance 零序阻抗 zero sequence impedance 阻抗保护 impedance protection 距离阻抗保护 distance impedance protection 距离保护 distance protection 阻抗保护系统 impedance protective system 人机对话接口 man,machine interface 重合于故障线路加速保护动作 accelerating protection for switching onto fault 低压保护 low-voltage protection 低电压跳闸 under-voltage release 低电压自动跳闸 under-voltage trip低负荷运行 under-run低功率保护 under-power protection 低功率继电器 under-power relay 低频保护 under-frequency protection 低频高压实验 low-frequency high-voltage test 低压继电器 low-voltage relay 低压释放继电器 low-voltage release relay 低周波保护 under-frequency protection 导纳型继电保护装置admittance relays 微机保护 microcomputer protection 微机继电保护 micro-processor based protective relay 保护继电器 protective relay;protection relay 三相一次重合闸 three phase one shot reclosure 重合闸 recloser 重合闸继电器 reclosing relay单动重合闸 single acting autoreclosing 单相自动重合闸 single phase autoreclosing 单相自动重合闸 single phase autoreclosing 自动重合闸 auto reclosing自动重合闸装置 auto recloser快速自动重合闸 rapid auto reclosing 重合闸闭锁装置 antipump device重合闸继电器 reclosing relay自动重合闸继电器 automatic reclosing relay 比率差动继电器 percentage differential relay 振荡(失步)闭锁 power swing (out of step) blocking 闭锁重合闸 blocking autorecloser 闭锁 escapement;interlock;blocking 闭锁继电器 lockout relay解列重合闸 power system splitting and reclosing 电磁型继电器electromagnetic relay 负序电流 negative sequence current励磁涌流 Inrush ; Inrush exciting current of transformer励磁继电器 field application relay 过励磁保护 over fluxingprotection 失磁 loss of excitation;loss of fieldfield loss relay ;excitation-loss relay;field protective 失磁继电器relay;field-failure relay 消磁保护 degaussing protection 顺序跳闸sequential tripping 起动 start up;Pick up 隔离开关 disconnecting switch 电流互感器 current transformer 电压互感器 potential transformer 死区dead zone;blind spot 振荡 vibration;oscillation 振荡冲击 oscillatory surge 冲击防护 surge guard冲击继电器 pulse relay;surge relay 潜动 shunt running 五防 fail-safe unit 五防装置 fail safe interlock 跳闸 trip;opening 跳闸开关 trip switch保护跳闸 trip by local protection 保护合闸 close by local protection 保护特性 protection feature 可靠性 reliability灵敏性 sensitivity速动性 speed选择性 selectivity分段距离继电器 step-type distance relay 三段距离继电保护装置 three-step distance relays 延时 time delay反时限 normal inverse 定时限 definite time 分段限时继电器 multi-zone relay 误动 incorrect tripping 软压板 soft strap硬压板 hard strap高阻 high resistance 二次谐波制动 second harmonic escapement CT断线CT line-break PT断线 PT line-break 交流开关电路 AC circuit breaker 二次回路 secondary circuit极化差动继电保护系统 Biased differential relaying 双向继电器 Bi-directional relay 交流方向过流继电器 AC directional over current relay 开关把手 breaker point wrench 断路器跳闸线圈 breaker trip coil 母线; 导电条 bus bar母线电流变压器 bus bar current transformer 分段母线隔离开关 bus bar disconnecting switch 母线室; 汇流条隔离室 bus compartment 母线槽; 母线管道 bus duct固定联结式母线保护 busbar protection with fixed circuit connection 电流衰减 current attenuation 电流起动型漏电保护器 current actuated leakage protector 电流平衡式差动电流继电器;current balance type current differential relay 差动平衡式电流继电器换流器 current changer电流补偿式接地远距继电器 current compensational grounddistance;relay 电流消耗 current consumption 电力调速系统 electrical governing system 电动阀门 electrically operated valve 电流互感器相角current transformer phase angle 电力变阻器 power rheostat 合闸线圈 closing coil线圈电感 coil inductance线圈端漏电抗 coil end leakage reactance 线圈电流 coil current线圈 coil curl线圈调节器 coil adjuster高压电瓷绝缘子 high tension electrical porcelain insulator 振荡线圈oscillator coil功率因素继电器 power factor relay 超压防护 protection against overpressure 保护设备; 保护装置 protection device; protective gear 保护电抗器 protection reactor保护屏 protection screen; protective panel 保护开关 protection switch保护间隙 protective gap保护接地 protective earthing ; protective ground 保护外壳 protective casing保护网 catch net; protecting net 保护系统 protection system保护线路 protective link保护变压器 Protective transformer 不对称负载保护装置 protection against unsymmetrical load 中心点电阻接地方式 resistance groundedneutral system 欠压继电器 under-Voltage relay 采样保持 sampling and holding 采样同步 synchronized sampling 低电压起动的过电流保护overcurrent relay with undervoltage supervision低阻抗母线保护 low impedance busbar protection 保护的整定配合cordination of relay settings 保护范围(定值) rach (setting) of protection 潮流计算 load flow calculations 短路计算 short circuit calculations 保护配合时间阶段 coordination time interval 两相星形接线方式 two star connection scheme 旁路;并联 shunt串联;级数 series并联 parallel饱和 saturation开关柜 switch cabinet 电容 capacitance电抗 reactance内阻 internal resistance 电感 inductor消弧线圈 blow-out coil电容器 capacitor电容效应 capacitance effect 直轴 direct axis交轴 quadrature axis 同步调相机 synchronous condenser 投运commissioning 人工智能 AI (artificial intelligence) 自适应继电保护adaptive relaying 自适应特性 adaptive features 相位比较继电器 phase comparison relays 设备材料清册 equipment and material list 设备清册equipment list设备费 equipment cost 设备基础 equipment foundation 设备利用率equipment utilization ratio 图号 drawing number 图框 border图例 legend图名 drawing title图形符号 graphic symbols 图纸卷 roll of drawing paper 图纸目录 list of drawing 图纸内容 contents of drawings。
电气英语大全
三绕组变压器： three-column transformer ThrClnTrans双绕组变压器： double-column transformer DblClmnTrans电容器： Capacitor 并联电容器： shunt capacitor 电抗器：Reactor母线： Busbar 输电线： Transmission Line 发电厂： power plant断路器： Breaker 刀闸(隔离开关)：Isolator 分接头： tap电动机： motor 有功： active power 无功： reactive power 电流： current 容量： capacity 电压： voltage档位：tapposition 有功损耗： reactive loss 无功损耗： active loss功率因数： power-factor 功率： power 功角： power-angle电压等级：voltagegrade 空载损耗：no-loadloss 铁损：iron loss铜损： copper loss 空载电流： no-load current 阻抗：impedance正序阻抗： positive sequence impedance 负序阻抗：negative sequence impedanceabscissa axis 横坐标ac motor 交流环电动机active (passive) circuit elements 有(无)源电路元件active component 有功分量active in respect to 相对…、呈阻性admittance 导纳air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布air-gap flux 气隙磁通air-gap line 气隙磁化线algebraic 代数得algorithmic 算法得alloy 合金ampere-turns 安匝(数)amplidyne 微场扩流发电机Amplitude Modulation(AM 调幅armature circuit 电枢电路armature coil 电枢线圈armature m 、 m、f、 wave 电枢磁势波attenuate 衰减automatic station 无人值守电站automatic Voltage regulator(AVR) 自动电压调整器auxiliary motor 辅助电动机bandwidth 带宽base 基极bilateral circuit 双向电路bimotored 双马达得biphase 双相得bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 双极性晶体管block diagram 方框图boost 增压boost-buck 升压去磁breakaway force 起步阻力breakdown torque 极限转矩bronze 青铜buck 补偿capacitance effect 电容效应carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡carrier 载波Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子chopper circuit 斩波电路circuit branch 支路circuit components 电路元件circuit diagram 电路图circuit parameters 电路参数coaxial 共轴得,同轴得coil winding 线圈绕组coincide in phase with 与…、同相collector 集电极commutation condition 换向状况commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线complex impedance 复数阻抗complex number 复数compound generator 复励发电机compounded 复励conductance 电导conductor 导体corridor 通路coupling capacitor 结合电容cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机dc generator 直流发电机dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机demodulator 解调器differentiation 微分direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数direct axis 直轴direct-current 直流displacement current 位移电流dynamic response 动态响应dynamic-state operation 动态运行e、 m、f = electromotive fore 电动势eddy current 涡流effective values 有效值effects of saturation 饱与效应electric energy 电能electrical device 电气设备electrode 电极电焊条electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩emitter 发射管放射器发射极end ring 端环energy converter 电能转换器epoch angle 初相角equivalent T – circuit T 型等值电路error detector 误差检测器error signal 误差信号excitation system 励磁系统excited by 励磁exciting voltage 励磁电压external armature circuit 电枢外电路external characteristic 外特性feedback component 反馈元件feedback loop 反馈回路feedback signal 反馈信号feedback system 反馈系统fidelity 保真度field coils 励磁线圈field current 励磁电流field effect transistor (FET) 场效应管field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组flux linkage 磁链form-wound 模绕forward transfer function 正向传递函数Frequency Shift Keying(FSK) 移频键控frequency 频率full load 满载full-load torque 满载转矩gain 增益gain 增益generating 发电generator voltage 发电机电压Geometrical position 几何位置harmonic 谐波得heating appliance 电热器high-gain 高增益high-performance 高性能得horsepower 马力horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁hydropower station 水电站ideal source 理想电源imaginary part 虚部impedance 阻抗incident 入射得induced current 感生电流induction generator 感应发电机induction machine 感应电机induction machine 感应式电机induction motor 感应电动机infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益inrush current 涌流instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率insulation 绝缘integration 积分下限internal resistance 内阻interoffice 局间得inverse 倒数iron-loss 铁损isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振laminated core 叠片铁芯lamination 叠片leakage current 漏电流leakage flux 漏磁通leakage reactance 漏磁电抗leakage 泄漏left-hand rule 左手定则light emitting diode 发光二极管lightning shielding 避雷limiter 限幅器line trap 限波器linear zone 线性区line-to-neutral 线与中性点间得load characteristic 负载特性load-saturation curve 负载饱与曲线locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩locked-rotor 锁定转子电气专业英语词汇电压源 voltage source电流源 current source理想电压源 ideal voltage source理想电流源 ideal current source伏安特性 volt-ampere characteristic电动势 electromotive force 电压 voltage电流 current电位 potential电位差 potential difference欧姆伏特安培瓦特Ohm Volt Ampere Watt焦耳 Joule电路 circuit电路元件 circuit element 电阻 resistance电阻器 resistor电感 inductance电感器 inductor 电容 capacitance 电容器 capacitor电路模型参考方向参考电位欧姆定律circuit model reference direction reference potential Ohm ’s law基尔霍夫定律 Kirchhoff’s law基尔霍夫电压定律 Kirchhoff’s voltage law ( KVL ) 基尔霍夫电流定律 Kirchhoff’s current law ( KCL ) 结点 node支路 branch回路 loop网孔 mesh支路电流法 branch current analysis网孔电流法 mesh current analysis结点电位法 node voltage analysis电源变换 source transformations叠加原理 superposition theorem网络 network无源二端网络 passive two-terminal network 有源二端网络 active two-terminal network 戴维宁定理 Thevenin’s theorem诺顿定理 Norton’s theorem开路(断路)open circuit短路 short circuit开路电压短路电流直流电路交流电路open-circuit voltageshort-circuit currentdirect current circuit (dc) alternating current circuit (ac)正弦交流电路 sinusoidal a-c circuit平均值 average value有效值 effective value均方根值 root-mean-squire value (rms)瞬时值 instantaneous value电抗 reactance感抗 inductive reactance容抗capacitive reactance法拉 Farad亨利 Henry阻抗 impedance复数阻抗 complex impedance相位 phase初相位 initial phase相位差 phase difference相位领先 phase lead相位落后 phase lag倒相，反相 phase inversion 频率frequency角频率 angular frequency 赫兹 Hertz相量 phasor相量图 phasor diagram有功功率无功功率视在功率功率因数active power reactive power apparent power power factor功率因数补偿 power-factor compensation 串联谐振 series resonance并联谐振 parallel resonance谐振频率 resonance frequency频率特性 frequency characteristic幅频特性 amplitude-frequency response characteristic相频特性截止频率品质因数phase-frequency response characteristic cutoff frequencyquality factor通频带 pass-band带宽 bandwidth (BW)滤波器 filter一阶滤波器first-order filter二阶滤波器second-order filter 低通滤波器low-pass filter高通滤波器high-pass filter带通滤波器band-pass filter带阻滤波器band-stop filter转移函数 transfer function波特图 Bode diagram傅立叶级数 Fourier series三相电路 three-phase circuit三相电源 three-phase source对称三相电源 symmetrical three-phase source 对称三相负载 symmetrical three-phase load 相电压 phase voltage相电流 phase current线电压 line voltage线电流 line current三相三线制 three-phase three-wire system三相四线制 three-phase four-wire system三相功率 three-phase power星形连接 star connection(Y-connection)三角形连接 triangular connection(D- connection ,delta connection)中线 neutral line暂态 transient state稳态 steady state暂态过程，暂态响应 transient response换路定理low of switch一阶电路first-order circuit三要素法three-factor method时间常数time constant积分电路integrating circuit微分电路differentiating circuit磁路与变压器磁场 magnetic field磁通 flux磁路 magnetic circuit磁感应强度 flux density磁通势 magnetomotive force 磁阻 reluctance直流电动机交流电动机异步电动机同步电动机dc motorac motor asynchronous motor synchronous motor三相异步电动机 three-phase asynchronous motor 单相异步电动机 single-phase asynchronous motor 旋转磁场 rotating magnetic field定子 stator转子 rotor转差率 slip起动电流 starting current起动转矩 starting torque额定电压 rated voltage额定电流 rated current额定功率 rated power机械特性 mechanical characteristic按钮 button熔断器 fuse 开关 switch行程开关 travel switch继电器 relay接触器 contactor常开(动合)触点 normally open contact常闭(动断)触点 normally closed contact时间继电器 time relay热继电器 thermal overload relay中间继电器 intermediate relay可编程控制器 programmable logic controller 语句表 statement list梯形图 ladder diagram本征半导体 intrinsic semiconductor 掺杂半导体 doped semiconductor P 型半导体 P-type semiconductor N 型半导体 N--type semiconductor 自由电子 free electron空穴 hole载流子 carriersPN 结 PN junction扩散 diffusion漂移 drift二极管 diode硅二极管 silicon diode锗二极管 germanium diode阳极 anode阴极 cathode发光二极管 light-emitting diode (LED)光电二极管 photodiode稳压二极管 Zener diode晶体管(三极管) transistorPNP 型晶体管 PNP transistorNPN 型晶体管 NPN transistor发射极 emitter集电极 collector基极 base电流放大系数 current amplification coefficient 场效应管 field-effect transistor (FET)P 沟道 p-channelN 沟道 n-channel结型场效应管 junction FET ( JFET )金属氧化物半导体 metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS)耗尽型 MOS 场效应管 depletion mode MOSFET ( D-MOSFET )增强型 MOS 场效应管 enhancement mode MOSFET ( E-MOSFET )源极 source栅极 grid漏极 drain跨导transconductance夹断电压 pinch-off voltage热敏电阻 thermistor开路 open短路 shorted放大器 amplifier正向偏置 forward bias反向偏置 backward bias静态工作点 quiescent point (Q-point)等效电路 equivalent circuit电压放大倍数 voltage gain总得电压放大倍数 overall voltage gain 饱与 saturation截止 cut-off放大区 amplifier region饱与区 saturation region截止区 cut-off region失真distortion饱与失真 saturation distortion截止失真 cut-off distortion零点漂移 zero drift正反馈 positive feedback负反馈 negative feedback串联负反馈 series negative feedback并联负反馈 parallel negative feedback共射极放大器 common-emitter amplifier射极跟随器 emitter-follower共源极放大器 common-source amplifier共漏极放大器 common-drain amplifier多级放大器 multistage amplifier阻容耦合放大器 resistance-capacitance coupled amplifier 直接耦合放大器 direct- coupled amplifier输入电阻 input resistance输出电阻 output resistance负载电阻 load resistance动态电阻 dynamic resistance负载电流 load current旁路电容 bypass capacitor耦合电容coupled capacitor直流通路direct current path交流通路alternating current path直流分量direct current component交流分量alternating current component 变阻器(电位器)rheostat电阻(器)resistor电阻(值)resistance电容(器)capacitor电容(量)capacitance电感(器，线圈)inductor电感(量)，感应系数inductance正弦电压 sinusoidal voltage差动放大器 differential amplifier运算放大器 operational amplifier(op-amp)失调电压失调电流共模信号差模信号offset voltageoffset current common-mode signal different-mode signal共模抑制比 common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)积分电路 integrator ( circuit )微分电路 differentiator ( circuit )有源滤波器 active filter低通滤波器 low-pass filter高通滤波器 high-pass filter带通滤波器 band-pass filter带阻滤波器 band-stop filter波特沃斯滤波器 Butterworth filter切比雪夫滤波器 Chebyshev filter贝塞尔滤波器 Bessel filter截止频率 cut-off frequency上限截止频率 upper cut-off frequency 下限截止频率 lower cut-off frequency 中心频率 center frequency带宽 Bandwidth开环增益 open-loop gain闭环增益 closed-loop gain共模增益 common-mode gain输入阻抗 input impedance电压跟随器 voltage-follower电压源 voltage source电流源 current source单位增益带宽 unity-gain bandwidth频率响应 frequency response频响特性(曲线)response characteristic波特图 the Bode plot稳定性 stability补偿compensation比较器 comparator迟滞比较器 hysteresis comparator阶跃输入电压 step input voltage仪表放大器 instrumentation amplifier 隔离放大器 isolation amplifier对数放大器 log amplifier反对数放大器 antilog amplifier反馈通道 feedback path反向漏电流 reverse leakage current 相位 phase相移 phase shift锁相环 phase-locked loop(PLL)锁相环相位监测器 PLL phase detector与频 sum frequency差频difference frequency振荡器 oscillator RC振荡器 RC oscillatorLC 振荡器 LC oscillator正弦波振荡器 sinusoidal oscillator三角波发生器 triangular wave generator方波发生器 square wave generator幅度 magnitude电平 level饱与输出电平(电压) saturated output level 功率放大器 power amplifier交越失真 cross-over distortion甲类功率放大器 class A power amplifier乙类推挽功率放大器 class B push-pull power amplifier OTL 功率放大器 output transformerless power amplifier OCL 功率放大器 output capacitorless power amplifier半波整流 full-wave rectifier全波整流 half-wave rectifier电感滤波器 inductor filter电容滤波器 capacitor filter串联型稳压电源 series (voltage) regulator开关型稳压电源 switching (voltage) regulator集成稳压器 IC (voltage) regulator晶闸管及可控整流电路晶闸管 thyristor单结晶体管 unijunction transistor ( UJT )可控整流 controlled rectifier可控硅 silicon-controlled rectifier峰点 peak point谷点 valley point控制角 controlling angle导通角 turn-on angle二进制 binary二进制数 binary number十进制 decimal十六进制 hexadecimal二-十进制 binary coded decimal ( BCD )门电路 gate三态门 tri-state gate与门 AND gate或门 OR gate非门 NOT gate与非门 NAND gate或非门 NOR gate异或门 exclusive-OR gate反相器 inverter布尔代数 Boolean algebra真值表 truth table卡诺图 the Karnaugh map逻辑函数 logic function逻辑表达式 logic expression组合逻辑电路 combination logic circuit译码器编码器比较器半加器全加器decoder coder comparator half-adder full-adder七段显示器 seven-segment display 时序逻辑电路 sequential logic circuitR-S 触发器 R-S flip-flopD 触发器 D flip-flopJ-K 触发器 J-K flip-flop主从型触发器 master-slave flip-flop置位 set复位 reset直接置位端 direct-set terminal直接复位端 direct-reset terminal寄存器 register移位寄存器 shift register双向移位寄存器 bidirectional shift register 计数器 counter同步计数器 synchronous counter异步计数器 asynchronous counter加法计数器 adding counter减法计数器 subtracting counter 定时器 timer清除(清 0 ) clear载入 load时钟脉冲 clock pulse触发脉冲 trigger pulse上升沿下降沿时序图波形图positive edge negative edge timing diagram waveform单稳态触发器双稳态触发器无稳态振荡器晶体 crystal monostable flip-flop bistable flip-flop astable oscillator555 定时器 555 timer模拟信号 analog signal数字信号 digital signalAD 转换器 analog -digital converter (ADC)DA 转换器 digital-analog converter (DAC)半导体存储器只读存储器 read-only memory ( ROM ) 随机存取存储器 random-access memory ( RAM )电力系统 power system发电机 generator励磁 excitation励磁器 excitor电压 voltage电流 current升压变压器 step-up transformer母线 bus变压器 transformer空载损耗： no-load loss铁损： iron loss铜损： copper loss空载电流： no-load current有功损耗： reactive loss无功损耗： active loss输电系统 power transmission system 高压侧 high side输电线 transmission line高压: high voltage低压： low voltage中压： middle voltage功角稳定 angle stability稳定 stability电压稳定 voltage stability 暂态稳定 transient stability 电厂 power plant能量输送 power transfer交流直流电网落点ACDCpower system drop point开关站 switch station调节 regulation高抗 high voltage shunt reactor 并列得： apposable裕度 margin故障 fault三相故障 three phase fault分接头： tap切机 generator triping高顶值 high limited value 静态 static (state)动态 dynamic (state)机端电压控制 AVR电抗 reactance电阻 resistance功角 power angle有功(功率)active power 电容器： Capacitor电抗器： Reactor断路器： Breaker电动机： motor功率因数： power-factor定子： stator阻抗： impedance功角： power-angle电压等级： voltage grade有功负载: active load PLoad无功负载： reactive load档位： tap position电阻： resistor电抗： reactance电导： conductance电纳： susceptance上限:upper limit下限： lower limit正序阻抗： positive sequence impedance 负序阻抗： negative sequence impedance零序阻抗： zero sequence impedance 无功(功率)reactive power功率因数 power factor无功电流 reactive current斜率 slope额定 rating变比 ratio参考值 reference value电压互感器 PT分接头 tap仿真分析 simulation analysis下降率 droop rate传递函数 transfer function框图 block diagram受端 receive-side同步 synchronization保护断路器 circuit breaker摇摆 swing阻尼 damping无刷直流电机： Brusless DC motor刀闸(隔离开关)：Isolator机端 generator terminal变电站 transformer substation永磁同步电机：Permanent-magnet Synchronism Motor 异步电机： Asynchronous Motor三绕组变压器： three-column transformer ThrClnTrans 双绕组变压器： double-column transformer DblClmnTrans固定串联电容补偿 fixed series capacitor compensation 双回同杆并架 double-circuit lines on the same tower 单机无穷大系统 one machine - infinity bus system励磁电流： magnetizing current补偿度 degree of compensation Electromagnetic fields 电磁场失去同步 loss of synchronization装机容量 installed capacity无功补偿 reactive power compensation 故障切除时间 fault clearing time极限切除时间 critical clearing time强行励磁 reinforced excitation并联电容器： shunt capacitor下降特性 droop characteristics线路补偿器 LDC(line drop compensation)电机学 Electrical Machinery自动控制理论 Automatic Control Theory 电磁场 Electromagnetic Field微机原理 Principle of Microcomputer电工学 ElectrotechnicsPrinciple of circuits 电路原理Electrical Machinery 电机学电力系统稳态分析 Steady-State Analysis of Power System电力系统暂态分析 Transient-State Analysis of Power System电力系统继电保护原理 Principle of Electrical System's Relay Protection电力系统元件保护原理 Protection Principle of Power System 's Element电力系统内部过电压 Past VoltagewithinPower system模拟电子技术基础 Basis of Analogue Electronic Technique数字电子技术 Digital Electrical Technique电路原理实验 Lab、 of principle of circuits电气工程讲座 Lectures on electrical power production 电力电子基础 Basic fundamentals of power electronics 高电压工程 High voltage engineering电子专题实践 Topics on experimental project of electronics电气工程概论 Introduction to electrical engineering电子电机集成系统 electronic machine system电力传动与控制 Electrical Drive and Control电力系统继电保护 Power System Relaying ProtectionAC alternating current 交流电AC automatic control 自动控制ACA accident consequence assessment 事故后果评价ACB air circuit breaker 空气断路器ACC accident 故障、事故ACCUM accumulate accumulate 累计、蓄电池ACDS acourtic crack detection system 声裂纹检测系统ACT/S active side 带电部件、有功部件ACW anti-clockwise 反时针方向ACW anti-clockwise 反时针方向AD analog-digital 模拟-数字AEOD analysis and evaluation of operational data 运行数据分析与管理AFC automatic frequency control automatic following control 自动频率控制：自动跟踪控制AI artificial intelligence 人工智能ALT alternate 交变得、交替得ALTNTR alternator 同步发电机AM ammeter 电流表AMP ampere 安培AN air natural cooled 空气自然冷却AOC automatic overload control 自动过载控制APC automatic plant coordinate control automatic power control 机组自动协调控制：自动功率控制APP appendix auxiliary power plant 附录：辅助电源设备APS acessory power supply 辅助电源APU auxiliary power unit 辅助动力装置：辅助电源设备ARM armature 电枢、衔铁ASR automatic speed run up 自动升速ASU automatic synchronizing unit 自动同步系统AT auxiliary transformer 辅助变压器AUS auxiliary switch 辅助开关AUX auxiliany 辅助、备用AVL automatic voltage control 自动电压控制AVR automatic voltage regulator 自动调压器BAT battery 电池BD block decrease 闭锁减BDUC bus duct 母线导管、母线沟BDV blowdown voltage 击穿电压BF back feed 反馈BHP brake horse power 制动马力BI block increase 闭锁增BKR breaker 断路器BOS back-out system 补偿系统BOT build-operate-tranfer 建造-运行-移交BR brush 电刷、刷子BRKG breaking 断开BYC battery charger 电池充电器CA compressed air 压缩空气CAOS completely automatic operate system 全自动操作系统CAP capactty 电容、出力、容量CAP capacity 容量、功率。
常用电路英语
电压源voltage source电流源current source理想电压源ideal voltage source理想电流源ideal current source伏安特性volt-ampere characteristic 电动势electromotive force电压voltage电流current电位potential电位差potential difference欧姆Ohm伏特Volt安培Ampere瓦特Watt焦耳Joule电路circuit电路元件circuit element电阻resistance电阻器resistor电感inductance电感器inductor电容capacitance电容器capacitor电路模型circuit model参考方向reference direction参考电位reference potential欧姆定律Ohm’s law基尔霍夫定律Kirchhoff’s law基尔霍夫电压定律Kirchhoff’s voltage law（KVL）基尔霍夫电流定律Kirchhoff’s current law（KCL）结点node支路branch回路loop网孔mesh支路电流法branch current analysis 网孔电流法mesh current analysis结点电位法node voltage analysis电源变换source transformations叠加原理superposition theorem网络network无源二端网络passive two-terminal network 有源二端网络active two-terminal network戴维宁定理Thevenin’s theorem诺顿定理Norton’s theorem开路（断路）open circuit短路short circuit开路电压open-circuit voltage短路电流short-circuit current直流电路direct current circuit (dc) 交流电路alternating current circuit (ac)正弦交流电路sinusoidal a-c circuit平均值average value有效值effective value均方根值root-mean-squire value (rms)瞬时值instantaneous value电抗reactance感抗inductive reactance容抗capacitive reactance法拉Farad亨利Henry阻抗impedance复数阻抗complex impedance相位phase初相位initial phase相位差phase difference相位领先phase lead相位落后phase lag倒相，反相phase inversion频率frequency角频率angular frequency赫兹Hertz相量phasor相量图phasor diagram有功功率active power无功功率reactive power视在功率apparent power功率因数power factor功率因数补偿power-factor compensation串联谐振series resonance并联谐振parallel resonance谐振频率resonance frequency频率特性frequency characteristic幅频特性amplitude-frequency response characteristic相频特性phase-frequency response characteristic截止频率cutoff frequency品质因数quality factor通频带pass-band带宽bandwidth (BW)滤波器filter一阶滤波器first-order filter二阶滤波器second-order filter低通滤波器low-pass filter高通滤波器high-pass filter带通滤波器band-pass filter带阻滤波器band-stop filter转移函数transfer function波特图Bode diagram傅立叶级数Fourier series三相电路three-phase circuit三相电源three-phase source对称三相电源symmetrical three-phase source对称三相负载symmetrical three-phase load相电压phase voltage相电流phase current线电压line voltage线电流line current三相三线制three-phase three-wire system三相四线制three-phase four-wire system三相功率three-phase power星形连接star connection(Y-connection)三角形连接triangular connection(D- connection ,delta connection)中线neutral line暂态transient state稳态steady state暂态过程，暂态响应transient response换路定理low of switch 一阶电路first-order circuit三要素法three-factor method时间常数time constant积分电路integrating circuit微分电路differentiating circuit磁路与变压器磁场magnetic field磁通flux磁路magnetic circuit磁感应强度flux density磁通势magnetomotive force磁阻reluctance直流电动机dc motor交流电动机ac motor异步电动机asynchronous motor同步电动机synchronous motor三相异步电动机three-phase asynchronous motor单相异步电动机single-phase asynchronous motor旋转磁场rotating magnetic field定子stator转子rotor转差率slip起动电流starting current起动转矩starting torque额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current额定功率rated power机械特性mechanical characteristic 按钮button熔断器fuse 开关switch行程开关travel switch继电器relay接触器contactor常开(动合)触点normally open contact常闭(动断)触点normally closed contact时间继电器time relay热继电器thermal overload relay中间继电器intermediate relay可编程控制器programmable logic controller语句表statement list梯形图ladder diagram本征半导体intrinsic semiconductor 掺杂半导体doped semiconductorP型半导体P-type semiconductorN型半导体N--type semiconductor 自由电子free electron空穴hole载流子carriersPN结PN junction扩散diffusion漂移drift二极管diode硅二极管silicon diode锗二极管germanium diode阳极anode阴极cathode发光二极管light-emitting diode (LED)光电二极管photodiode稳压二极管Zener diode晶体管（三极管）transistorPNP型晶体管PNP transistorNPN型晶体管NPN transistor发射极emitter集电极collector基极base电流放大系数current amplification coefficient场效应管field-effect transistor (FET) P沟道p-channelN沟道n-channel结型场效应管junction FET（JFET）金属氧化物半导体metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS)耗尽型MOS场效应管depletion mode MOSFET（D-MOSFET）增强型MOS场效应管enhancement mode MOSFET（E-MOSFET）源极source栅极grid漏极drain跨导transconductance夹断电压pinch-off voltage热敏电阻thermistor 开路open短路shorted放大器amplifier正向偏置forward bias反向偏置backward bias静态工作点quiescent point (Q-point) 等效电路equivalent circuit电压放大倍数voltage gain总的电压放大倍数overall voltage gain饱和saturation截止cut-off放大区amplifier region饱和区saturation region截止区cut-off region失真distortion饱和失真saturation distortion截止失真cut-off distortion零点漂移zero drift正反馈positive feedback负反馈negative feedback串联负反馈series negative feedback 并联负反馈parallel negative feedback共射极放大器common-emitter amplifier射极跟随器emitter-follower共源极放大器common-source amplifier共漏极放大器common-drain amplifier多级放大器multistage amplifier阻容耦合放大器resistance-capacitance coupled amplifier直接耦合放大器direct- coupled amplifier输入电阻input resistance输出电阻output resistance负载电阻load resistance动态电阻dynamic resistance负载电流load current旁路电容bypass capacitor耦合电容coupled capacitor直流通路direct current path交流通路alternating current path直流分量direct current component 交流分量alternating current component变阻器（电位器）rheostat电阻（器）resistor电阻（值）resistance电容（器）capacitor电容（量）capacitance电感（器，线圈）inductor电感（量），感应系数inductance正弦电压sinusoidal voltage差动放大器differential amplifier运算放大器operational amplifier(op-amp)失调电压offset voltage失调电流offset current共模信号common-mode signal差模信号different-mode signal共模抑制比common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)积分电路integrator（circuit）微分电路differentiator（circuit）有源滤波器active filter低通滤波器low-pass filter高通滤波器high-pass filter带通滤波器band-pass filter带阻滤波器band-stop filter波特沃斯滤波器Butterworth filter切比雪夫滤波器Chebyshev filter贝塞尔滤波器Bessel filter截止频率cut-off frequency上限截止频率upper cut-off frequency下限截止频率lower cut-off frequency中心频率center frequency带宽Bandwidth开环增益open-loop gain闭环增益closed-loop gain共模增益common-mode gain输入阻抗input impedance电压跟随器voltage-follower 电压源voltage source电流源current source单位增益带宽unity-gain bandwidth 频率响应frequency response频响特性（曲线）response characteristic波特图the Bode plot稳定性stability补偿compensation比较器comparator迟滞比较器hysteresis comparator阶跃输入电压step input voltage仪表放大器instrumentation amplifier隔离放大器isolation amplifier对数放大器log amplifier反对数放大器antilog amplifier反馈通道feedback path反向漏电流reverse leakage current 相位phase相移phase shift锁相环phase-locked loop(PLL)锁相环相位监测器PLL phase detector 和频sum frequency差频difference frequency振荡器oscillator RC振荡器RC oscillatorLC振荡器LC oscillator正弦波振荡器sinusoidal oscillator三角波发生器triangular wave generator方波发生器square wave generator 幅度magnitude电平level饱和输出电平（电压）saturated output level功率放大器power amplifier交越失真cross-over distortion甲类功率放大器class A power amplifier乙类推挽功率放大器class B push-pull power amplifier OTL功率放大器output transformerless power amplifier OCL功率放大器output capacitorless power amplifier半波整流full-wave rectifier全波整流half-wave rectifier电感滤波器inductor filter电容滤波器capacitor filter串联型稳压电源series (voltage) regulator开关型稳压电源switching (voltage) regulator集成稳压器IC (voltage) regulator晶闸管及可控整流电路晶闸管thyristor 单结晶体管unijunction transistor （UJT）可控整流controlled rectifier可控硅silicon-controlled rectifier峰点peak point谷点valley point控制角controlling angle导通角turn-on angle二进制binary二进制数binary number十进制decimal十六进制hexadecimal二-十进制binary coded decimal （BCD）门电路gate三态门tri-state gate与门AND gate或门OR gate非门NOT gate与非门NAND gate或非门NOR gate异或门exclusive-OR gate反相器inverter布尔代数Boolean algebra真值表truth table卡诺图the Karnaugh map逻辑函数logic function逻辑表达式logic expression组合逻辑电路combination logic circuit译码器decoder编码器coder 比较器comparator半加器half-adder全加器full-adder七段显示器seven-segment display 时序逻辑电路sequential logic circuit R-S 触发器R-S flip-flopD触发器D flip-flopJ-K触发器J-K flip-flop主从型触发器master-slave flip-flop 置位set复位reset直接置位端direct-set terminal直接复位端direct-reset terminal寄存器register移位寄存器shift register双向移位寄存器bidirectional shift register计数器counter同步计数器synchronous counter异步计数器asynchronous counter加法计数器adding counter减法计数器subtracting counter定时器timer清除（清0）clear载入load时钟脉冲clock pulse触发脉冲trigger pulse上升沿positive edge下降沿negative edge时序图timing diagram波形图waveform单稳态触发器monostable flip-flop双稳态触发器bistable flip-flop无稳态振荡器astable oscillator晶体crystal555定时器555 timer模拟信号analog signal数字信号digital signalAD转换器analog -digital converter (ADC)DA转换器digital-analog converter (DAC)半导体存储器只读存储器read-only memory（ROM）随机存取存储器random-access memory（RAM）可编程ROM programmable ROM （PROM）。
CYME电力系统分析软件模块参考指南说明书
CYME power system analysis softwareModule reference guideReliable modeling, analytics and planning tools to improve the performance of the distribution systemCYMEPower Engineering Software and Solutions2EATONCYME Power System Analysis Software Module Reference Guide – October 2020CYME power system analysis softwareBase packageCYMDIST is the distribution system analysis base package of the CYME software suite. It bundles all the modeling and analysis tools required to perform the various types of simulations involved in electric distribution system planning. The calculation engines supportbalanced or unbalanced distribution models that are built with any combination of phases and operated in radial, looped or meshed configu-rations. Reliable modeling, analytics and planning tools to improve the performance of the distribution system.3EATONCYME Power System Analysis Software Module Reference Guide – October 2020CYME power system analysis softwareAdditional module optionsEaton is a registered trademark.All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.Eaton1000 Eaton Boulevard Cleveland, OH 44122United States Eaton's Energy Automation Division CYME International T & D 1485 Roberval, Suit 104St. Bruno, QC Canada J3V 3P8P: 450.460.3655 F: 450.461.0966P: 800.361.3627 (Canada/USA)/cyme© 2020 EatonAll Rights ReservedPublication No. PA917005EN October 2020Follow us on social media to get thelatest product and support information.* Distribution Resource Integration and Value Estimation (DRIVE) is provided under license and is powered by technological research developed by the Electrical Power Research Institute, Inc. (EPRI).EPRI does not endorse or advocate for any particular measure, valuation, answer, finding, conclusion, hypothesis, assumption, or other result.CYME power system analysis softwareAdditional module options。
低压配电系统的电涌保护器(SPD)
低压配电系统的电涌保护器(SPD)第一部分：性能要求和实验方法1总则1.1使用范围GB18802的本部分使用对于间接雷电和直接雷电影响或其他瞬时过电压的电涌进行保护的电器。
这些电器被组装后连接到交流额定电压不超过1000V(有效值)、50/60HZ或直流电压不超过500V的电路和设备。
本部分规定这些电器的性能特性、标准实验方法和额定值，这些电器至少包含一用来限制电涌电压和泄放电涌电流的非线性的原件。
1.2规范性引用文件下列文件中的条款通过GB18802的本部分的引用而成为本部分的条款。
凡是注口期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单(不包括勘误的内容)或修订版均不适用于本部分，然而，鼓励根据本部分达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。
凡是不注口期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本部分。
GB2099.1—1996家用和类似用途插头插座第1部分：通用要求(eqvIEC60884-l：1994)GB/T4207-1984固体绝缘材料在潮湿条件下相比漏电器痕指数和耐漏电起痕指数的测定方法(eqvIEC60112：1979)GB4208—1993外壳防护等级(IP代码)(evqIEC60529：1989)GB5013—1997(全部)额定电压450/750V及以下橡皮绝缘电缆(idtIEC620245)GB5203—1997(全部)额定电压450/750V及以下聚氯乙烯绝缘电缆(idtIEC620227)GB/T5169.10—1997电工电子产品着火危险试验试验方法灼热丝试验方法总则(ldtIEC60695-2-1/0：1994)GB10963—1999家用及类似场所涌过电流保护断路器(idi!EC60947-l：1999)GB/T14048.1—2000低压开关设备和控制设备总则(eqvIEC60947-1：1999)GB14048.5-1993低压开关设备和控制设备控制电路电器和开关元件第1部分：机电式控制电路电器(eqvEC609947-5-1：1990)GB/T16927.1—1997高电压试验技术第一部分:一般试验要求：(eqvEEC60060-1：1989)GB/T16935.1—1997低压系统内设备的绝缘配合第一部分：原理、要求和试验(idtIEV60664-1：1992)GB/T17627.1-1998低压电气设备的高电压试验技术第一部分：定义和试验要求(eqvIEC61180-1：1992)IEC60364-4-442：1993建筑物的电气装置第4部分：安全性保护第44章：防过电压保护第442节：防高压系统对地之间故障的低压装置保护IEC60364-4-442：:1993建筑物的电气装置第5部分：电气设备的使选用第534节:过电压保护装置IEC60999(全部)连接设备与铜导线电气连接的螺钉和无螺钉夹紧器的安全要求IEC61643-12连接低压配电系统的电涌保护器第12部分：选择和使用原则2使用条件2. 1.1频率：电源的交流频率在48HZ和62HZ之间2. 1.2电压：持续施加在SPD的连接线端子之间的电压不应超过其最大持续工作的电压。
国家电网公司专业技术人员电力英语水平考试宝典补全短文
补全短文Passage 1 Functions of power transmission CEADBThe function of 1 is to send power from power plants to load center or to exchange;;;A. step-down substations and connected transmission equipmentB. power network operationC. power transmissionD. transmission at high voltageE. power networksPassage 2 Substation misoperation and its preventing CEABDThe misopemtion that can lead to 1 mainly are：①on-load switching of isolating switch；A. preventing the misoperation in substationB. the closing of grounding switch with power onC. accidents in the electrical operation of the substationD. the persons from illegal entering the lived bayE. the grounding wire closing the grounding switch with power onPassage 3A brief introduction on the development of supercritical boilers and their main advantages BDEACIn 1 such as ,Japan and European countries,the supercritical;;;A. good homogenization of distributionB. some advanced countriesC. whole process management is strengthenedD. great advantages oil economy and environmental protectionE. subcritical once-through boilerPassage 4 Steam generation and use BEADCSteam is one of man’s dependable servants More and more in the background,;;;A. first generating steamB. an electrically heated homeC. use of steam for electric power generationD. the new generating capacity being installedE. the fuel is uranium and the heat is suppliedPassage 5 Circuit breaker BDAECCircuit breakers are automatically operated high voltage or high current switches.;;;A· to perform any switching operation after long periodsB. to control electrical power networksC. of the circuit breakerD. to switch the current which can be from a few amperesE. of the highest importance for high reliabilityPassage 6 The ratio of distance to height of pumped-storage power plant BDACE For pumped-storage power plant, generally the ratio of distance to height l, ;;;A. is most economicB. is used to evaluate topographic condition of power plantC. is not desirableD. is the ratio of horizontal distance between upper and low reservoirE. is the bestPassage 7 Fuel cells BAECDFuel cells are devices that when a fuel such as hydrogen or hydrogen-rich compounds and oxygen are supplied to ;;;A . further development is under wayB. there is no storage capacity in a fuel cellC. many cells are operated in series to obtain voltagesD. supply alternating current from fuel cellsE. as they are being developed there have been some applicationsPassage 8 Substations pace into the Digital Age CAEBDSubstations constitute the main part of power transmission and distribution in a power grid. ;;;A. substation automation technology has reached a certain levelB. simulation training technology for substation operationC. composed of a large number of primary and secondary equipmentsD. a full-digital automation systemE. all of which has become an indisputable factPassage 9 Overcoming the Problem of Waste CADEBMany large cities are anything but beautiful Streets are littered with trash. In this trash, however, 1 ;;;A. there is no time to be lostB. building beautiful cities out of garbage is only a dreamC. there is still something that can be usefulD. it can be put to use againE. more and more machines are designed for this purposePassage 10 Hibernation EBDACThe weather in winter. Call be very cold. Some animals sleep during the winter, ;;;A. So they don’t need to worry about bad weather and other dangerous animalsB. We call this kind of sleep in wintertime “hibernation’’C. As it gets warmer and warmer in spring,the sleeping animals begin to wake up and look around for foodD. Hibernating animals don’t need to eat much because they don’t moveE. They can sleep for a long timePassage 11 Satellites BDACEThe body that is neatest to the Earth is the moon. 1. This satellite is ;;;A. The bigger and heavier a body is, the greater is its force of gravityB. It circles the Earth and is therefore know as a satellite of the EarthC. To get out into space we have to overcome the Earth’s gravitational pullD. A satellite stays in orbit because the planet gravitational force keeps pulling it into a circleE. Artificial satellite can be used for various purposesPassage 12 Secondary equipment in power system BDEACThe secondary equipments in power system are 1, measuring,regulating,;;;A. 5A rated current of the current transformer secondary windingB. the equipments that provide protecting,monitoringC. 50V rated voltage of PT secondary sideD. the equipments that send the command signalsE. current values in secondary systemPassage 13 Switching overvoltage EABCDA sudden change in the configuration of transmission network caused 1 or by the appearance of a fault can;;;;A. determine the insulation requirements of transmission linesB. the cost of transmission and 1ine failure rateC. at both opening and closing of circuit breakersD. by means of circuit breaker closing resistor in 500kV systemE. by the operation of a circuit breakerPassage 14 Transmission line and distribution line ADBCEThe high voltage power line through which power is 1 is called power transmission line. ;;;A. transmitted from power plant’s step-up substation to step-down substationB. the overhead transmission lineC. lightning frequently happening and heavy rainingD. the power line that transmits the power from step-down substationE. 1arge spanning line sectionPassage 15 Transformer insulation CEABDThe insulation of a transformer can be categorized into internal insulation and external insulation. ;;;A. The main insulation materials inside transformer are transformer oilB. The degradation of insulating properties of insulation materials under long period of influenceC. The internal insulation refers to the insulation of various parts inside the oil tankD．If the winding temperature is within the scope of 80～140 o CE. The main insulation refers to the insulation between windings and grounding parts and the insulation between windingsPassage 16 The electricity market BDAECThe aim of introducing market mechanism is to bring various parties more;;;A. to agree on the price and quantity to be tradedB. a wholesale marketC. to register as a market customerD. a retail marketE. to choose electricity suppliersPassage 17 Electric power CBDAEElectric power is a most convenient,clean,safe,and useful form of energy which supplies ;;;A. its growth rateB. its unavailabilityC. the lack of electricity a blackoutD. social disorder, and even national tragedyE. high electric power consumption per capitaPassage 18 Copyright piracy BDAECThere are numerous examples of what has become known as copyright piracy. ;;;A. new chemicalsB. the research and developmentC. physical propertyD. the fake and real itemsE. the intellectual propertyPassage 19 Electrical energy DEBACElectrical energy is the presence and flow of an electric charge. ;;;A. Alternating currentB. electrical energyC. Electrical potentialD. static electricityE. electrical chargePassage 20 Solar energy ADBCEMany people think of alternative solar energy as a new technology, ;;;A. sustainableB. inefficientC. the collected energy is used to heat a fluidD. the best known is photovoltaic cellsE. efficientPassage 21 Electrical energy conservation CDEABElectrical energy conservation refers to the process of reducing energy used through various means. ;;;A. turning the thermostat up in the summer and down in the winterB. looking for other opportunities for electrical energy conservation in the homeC. reducing energy consumption can be undertaken at homeD. making use of alternative clean energy sourcesE. contributing to climate change。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语词汇表
generator 发电机发电机gas insulated substation GIS 气体绝缘变电站气体绝缘变电站 turbogenerator 汽轮发电机 neutral neutral point point 中性点中性点 hydrogenerator 水轮发电机 moving moving contact contact 动触头动触头 hydraulic turbine 水轮机 fixed fixed contact contact静触头静触头 steam turbine 汽轮机 arc-extinguishing arc-extinguishing chamber chamber 灭弧室灭弧室 dynamo 直流发电机 stray stray capacitance capacitance 杂散电容杂散电容 motor 电动机 stray stray inductance inductance 杂散电感杂散电感 stator 定子 sphere sphere gap gap球隙球隙rotor转子转子 bushing tap grounding wire 套管末屏接地线套管末屏接地线 power power transformer transformer 电力变压器 electrostatic electrostatic voltmeter voltmeter 静电电压表静电电压表 variable transformer 调压变压器 ammeter电流表电流表 taped transformer多级变压器 grounding grounding capacitance capacitance 对地电容对地电容 step up (down) transformer 升(降)压变压器 voltage voltage divider divider 分压器分压器 circuit circuit breaker breaker CB 断路器 surge surge impedance impedance 波阻抗波阻抗 dead tank oil circuit breaker 多油断路器 Schering Schering bridge bridge 西林电桥西林电桥 live tank oil circuit breaker 少油断路器 Rogowski Rogowski coil coil 罗可夫斯基线圈罗可夫斯基线圈 vacuum circuit breaker 真空断路器 oscilloscope 示波器示波器 sulphur hexafluoride breaker SF 6断路器 peak peak voltmeter voltmeter 峰值电压表峰值电压表 potential potential transformer transformer PT 电压互感器 conductor导线导线 current current transformer transformer CT 电流互感器 cascade cascade transformer transformer 串级变压器串级变压器 disconnector 隔离开关 coupling coupling capacitor capacitor 耦合电容耦合电容 earthing switch 接地开关 test test object object被试品被试品 synchronous generator 同步发电机 detection detection impedance impedance 检测阻抗检测阻抗 asynchronous machine 异步电机 substation变电站变电站 Insulator 绝缘子绝缘子 hydro power station 水力发电站水力发电站 lightning arrester避雷器避雷器 thermal power station 火力发电站火力发电站 metal oxide arrester MOA 氧化锌避雷器氧化锌避雷器 nuclear power station 核电站核电站 bus bar 母线母线 oil-filled power cable 充油电力电缆充油电力电缆 overhead line 架空线 mixed mixed divider divider (阻容)混合分压器混合分压器 transmission line 传输线 XLPE XLPE cable cable 交链聚乙烯电缆交链聚乙烯电缆 (coaxial) cable (同轴)电缆 relay 继电器继电器 iron core 铁芯 tuned tuned circuit circuit 调谐电路调谐电路 winding 绕组 suspension suspension insulator insulator 悬式绝缘子悬式绝缘子 bushing套管 porcelain porcelain insulator insulator 陶瓷绝缘子陶瓷绝缘子 front(tail) resistance 波头(尾)电阻 glass glass insulator insulator 玻璃绝缘子玻璃绝缘子 inverter station换流站 flash flash counter counter雷电计数器雷电计数器 steel-reinforced aluminum conductor 钢芯铝绞线charging(damping) charging(damping) resistor resistor充电(阻尼)电阻电阻tank箱体箱体point plane gap 针板间隙针板间隙 earth(ground) wire 接地线 exciting exciting winding winding 激磁绕组激磁绕组 grading ring均压环 trigger trigger electrode electrode 触发电极触发电极 highvoltage engineering 高电压工程 glow glow discharge discharge 辉光放电辉光放电 highvoltage testing technology 高电压试验技术 harmonic 谐波谐波 Power electronics电力电子 Automatic Automatic control control 自动控制自动控制 Principles of electric circuits电路原理电路原理Digital signal processing数字信号处理数字信号处理power system 电力系统 impulse current 冲击电流冲击电流power network 电力网络 impulse flashover 冲击闪络冲击闪络 insulation 绝缘 inhomogenous field 不均匀场不均匀场 overvoltage 过电压 insulation coordination 绝缘配合绝缘配合aging 老化 internal discharge 内部放电内部放电 alternating current 交流电 lightning stroke 雷电波雷电波AC transmission system 交流输电系统 lightning overvoltage 雷电过电压雷电过电压arc discharge 电弧放电 loss angle （介质）损耗角（介质）损耗角 attachment coefficient 附着系数 magnetic field 磁场磁场 attenuation factor 衰减系数平均自由行程衰减系数 mean free path 平均自由行程anode (cathode) 阳极（阴极）平均分子速度阳极（阴极） mean molecular velocity 平均分子速度breakdown （电）击穿 negative ions 负离子负离子bubble breakdown 气泡击穿 non-destructive testing 非破坏性试验非破坏性试验 cathode ray oscilloscope 阴极射线示波器 non-uniform field 不均匀场不均匀场cavity 空穴,腔 partial discharge 局部放电局部放电corona 电晕反向峰值电压电晕 peak reverse voltage 反向峰值电压composite insulation 组合绝缘 photoelectric emission 光电发射光电发射critical breakdown voltage 临界击穿电压 photon 光子光子Discharge 放电 phase-to-phase voltage 线电压线电压 Dielectric 电介质,绝缘体 polarity effect 极性效应极性效应 dielectric constant 介质常数 power capacitor 电力电容电力电容 dielectric loss 介质损耗 quasi-uniform field 稍不均匀场稍不均匀场 direct current 直流电 radio interference 无线干扰无线干扰divider ratio 分压器分压比设备额定值分压器分压比 rating of equipment 设备额定值grounding 接地 routing testing 常规试验常规试验electric field 电场 residual capacitance 残余电容残余电容 electrochemical deterioration 电化学腐蚀 shielding 屏蔽屏蔽electron avalanche 电子崩短路试验电子崩 short circuit testing 短路试验electronegative gas 电负性气体 space charge 空间电荷空间电荷epoxy resin 环氧树脂 streamer breakdown 流注击穿流注击穿 expulsion gap 灭弧间隙 surface breakdown 表面击穿表面击穿field strength 场强 sustained discharge 自持放电自持放电field stress 电场力 switching overvoltage 操作过电压操作过电压field distortion 场畸变 thermal breakdown 热击穿热击穿field gradient 场梯度 treeing 树枝放电树枝放电field emission 场致发射 uniform field 均匀场均匀场 flashover 闪络 wave front(tail) 波头（尾）波头（尾） gaseous insulation 气体绝缘 withstand voltage 耐受电压耐受电压Prime mover 原动机 Power factor 功率因数功率因数 Torque 力矩配电网自动化系统力矩 Distribution automation system 配电网自动化系统Servomechanism 伺服系统自动抄表伺服系统 Automatic meter reading 自动抄表Boiler 锅炉 Armature 电枢电枢Internal combustion engine 内燃机 Brush 电刷电刷 Deenergize 断电 Commutator 换向器换向器 Underground cable 地下电缆 Counter emf 反电势反电势Loop system 环网系统 Demagnetization 退磁，去磁退磁，去磁 Distribution system 配电系统 Relay Relay panel panel 继电器屏继电器屏 Trip circuit 跳闸电路 Tertiary Tertiary winding winding 第三绕组第三绕组 Switchboard 配电盘，开关屏 Eddy Eddy current current 涡流涡流 Instrument transducer 测量互感器 Copper Copper loss loss 铜损铜损 Oil-impregnated paper 油浸纸绝缘 Iron Iron loss loss 铁损铁损 Bare conductor 裸导线 Leakage Leakage flux flux 漏磁通漏磁通 Reclosing重合闸 Autotransformer 自耦变压器自耦变压器 Distribution dispatch center 配电调度中心配电调度中心 Zero sequence current 零序电流零序电流 Pulverizer 磨煤机磨煤机Series (shunt) compensation 串（并）联补偿串（并）联补偿 Drum 汽包，炉筒 Restriking电弧重燃电弧重燃 Superheater 过热器 Automatic Automatic oscillograph oscillograph 自动录波仪自动录波仪 Peak-load峰荷 Tidal Tidal current current 潮流潮流 Prime grid substation 主网变电站 Trip Trip coil coil跳闸线圈跳闸线圈 Reactive power` 无功功率 Synchronous Synchronous condenser condenser 同步调相机同步调相机 Active power 有功功率有功功率 Main and transfer busbar 单母线带旁路单母线带旁路 Shunt reactor 并联电抗器 Feeder 馈电线馈电线 Blackout断电、停电 Skin Skin effect effect 集肤效应集肤效应Extra-high voltage (EHV) 超高压 Potential Potential stress stress 电位应力(电场强度) Ultra-high voltage (UHV) 特高压 Capacitor Capacitor bank bank 电容器组电容器组 Domestic load 民用电 crusher 碎煤机碎煤机 Reserve capacity 备用容量 pulverizer 磨煤机磨煤机 Fossil-fired power plant 火电厂 baghouse集尘室集尘室Combustion turbine 燃气轮机燃气轮机 Stationary (moving) blade 固定（可动）叶片固定（可动）叶片 Right-of-way 线路走廊 Shaft转轴转轴 Rectifier整流器 Kinetic(potential) Kinetic(potential) energy energy 动（势）能动（势）能 Inductive (Capacitive) 电感的(电容的) Pumped storage power station 抽水蓄能电站抽水蓄能电站 Reactance (impedance) 电抗（阻抗） Synchronous Synchronous condenser condenser 同步调相机同步调相机 Reactor 电抗器Light(boiling)-water Light(boiling)-water reactor reactor 轻（沸）水反应堆轻（沸）水反应堆 Reactive电抗的，无功的 Stator(rotor) 定（转）子定（转）子 Phase displacement (shift) 相移Armature 电枢电枢 Surge 冲击，过电压 Salient-pole 凸极凸极 Retaining ring 护环 Slip Slip ring ring滑环滑环 Carbon brush 炭刷炭刷 Arc suppression coil 消弧线圈消弧线圈 Short-circuit ratio 短路比 Primary(backup) Primary(backup) relaying relaying 主(后备)继电保护继电保护 Induction 感应 Phase Phase shifter shifter移相器移相器Autotransformer 自藕变压器自藕变压器 Power line carrier (PLC) 电力线载波（器）电力线载波（器） Bushing 套管Line Line trap trap线路限波器线路限波器 Turn (turn ratio) 匝（匝比，变比）匝（匝比，变比） Uninterruptible power supply 不间断电源不间断电源 Power factor 功率因数功率因数 Spot power price 实时电价实时电价 Tap分接头 Time-of-use(tariff) 分时（电价）分时（电价） Recovery voltage 恢复电压 XLPE(Cross XLPE(Cross Linked Linked Polyethylene )交联聚乙烯（电缆）交联聚乙烯（电缆）Arc reignition 电弧重燃电弧重燃 Rms (root mean square) 均方根值均方根值 Operation mechanism操动机构操动机构RF (radio frequency)射频射频。
WAGO 2通道电磁阀输出模块说明书
https:///750-5172-channel relay output; AC 250 V; 1 A; Potential-free; 2 changeover contactsData sheet | Item number: 750-517This digital output module transmits control signals from the automation device to the connected actuators.The internal system voltage triggers the relay.The NO contacts are electrically isolated.The state of the relay is indicated by a LED.Technical dataNumber of digital outputs2T otal number of channels (module)2Signal type DigitalActuator connection 2 x (1-wire)Output circuit design 2 changeover contactsRelayOutput characteristic potential-freeSwitching frequency (max.)0.1 Hz; Nominal loadLoad type of switching frequency Nominal loadSwitching voltage (max.)250 VAC, 300 VDCSwitching current (max.) 1 ASwitching current (note) 1 A at 250 VAC and 40 VDC; 0.15 A at 300 VDC Switching voltage (min.)12 VSwitching current (min.)100 mAPull-in time (max.)8 msDrop-out time (max.) 4 msElectrical switching operations (min.) (at max. resistive load) 1 x 10⁶ switching operationsMechanical switching operations (min.) (at max. resistive load) 5 x 10⁶ switching operationsOutput data width (internal) max. 2 bitsSupply voltage (system) 5 VDC; via data contactsCurrent consumption (5 V system supply)90 mAIsolation1500 V (system/field)Indicators LED (A, E) green: Status relay 1, relay 2Connection dataConnection technology: inputs/outputs8 x CAGE CLAMP®Connection type 1Inputs/outputsSolid conductor0.08 … 2.5 mm² / 28 … 14 AWGFine-stranded conductor0.08 … 2.5 mm² / 28 … 14 AWGStrip length8 … 9 mm / 0.31 … 0.35 inchesPhysical dataWidth12 mm / 0.472 inchesHeight100 mm / 3.937 inchesDepth67.8 mm / 2.669 inchesDepth from upper-edge of DIN-rail60.6 mm / 2.386 inchesMechanical dataMounting type DIN-35 railPluggable connector fixedMaterial dataColor light grayContact material Ag alloyHousing material Polycarbonate; polyamide 6.6Fire load 1.007 MJWeight52.4 gConformity marking CEEnvironmental requirementsAmbient temperature (operation)0 … +55 °CSurrounding air temperature (storage)-25 … +85 °CProtection type IP20Pollution degree (5) 2 per IEC 61131-2Operating altitude0 … 2000 m / 0 … 6562 ftMounting position horizontal (standing/lying); vertical Relative humidity (without condensation)95 %Vibration resistance4g per IEC 60068-2-6Shock resistance15g per IEC 60068-2-27EMC immunity to interference per EN 61000-6-2, marine applications EMC emission of interference per EN 61000-6-4, marine applications Exposure to pollutants per IEC 60068-2-42 and IEC 60068-2-43 S contaminant concentration at a relative humidity 75 %10 ppmPermissible H2contaminant concentration at a relative humidity 75 %25 ppmPermissible SO2Product Group 15 (Remote I/O)**********27-24-26-04*********27-24-26-04ETIM 8.0EC001599ETIM 7.0EC001599PU (SPU) 1 Stück Packaging typeBox Country of origin VKOrg Germany DEGTIN4045454393519Customs tariff number VKOrg Germany853********Approvals and certificatesGeneral approvalsApprovalStandardCertificate nameEACBrjansker ZertifizierungsstelleTP TC 020/2011EAC RU C-DE.AM02.B.00087/19KCNational Radio Research AgencyArticle 58-2, Clause 3MSIP-REM-W43-DOM750ULUnderwriters Laboratories Inc. (ORDINARY LOCATIONS)UL 508E175199 Sec.1Approvals for marine applicationsApprovalStandardCertificate nameABSAmerican Bureau of Shipping-22-2219060BSHBundesamt fuer Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie-1104BVBureau Veritas S.A.-13453/E0 BVDNVDNV Germany GmbH DNV-CG-0339,Aug.2021TAA0000194KRKorean Register of Shipping-KR HMB05880-AC001LRLloyds Register EMEA -LR22180952TA PRSPolski Rejestr Statków -TE/2236/880590/19RINARINA Germany GmbH-ELE343521XG001Approvals for hazardous areas ApprovalStandardCertificate nameATEXTUEV Nord Cert GmbH EN 60079-0CCC CNEXCNCA-C23-012020312310000213 (Ex ec nC IIC T4 Gc)EACBrjansker ZertifizierungsstelleTP TC 012/2011EAC RU C-DE.AM02.B.00163/19 (2Ex nA nC IIC T4 Gc X)IECExTUEV Nord Cert GmbH IEC 60079-0IECEx_TUN_14.0035_X (Ex ec IIC T4 Gc)INMETROTÜV Rheinland do Brasil Ltda.IEC 60079-0BR-Ex_TÜV 12.1297 XApprovals for hazardous areasULUnderwriters Laboratories Inc. (HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS)UL 121201E198726 Sec.1DownloadsEnvironmental Product Compliance Compliance SearchEnvironmental ProductCompliance 750-517DocumentationManualProduct Manual 2-channel, 230VAC, 1A V 1.1.2pdf2112.30 KBSystem Manual WAGO I/O System 750 / 753V 3.1.011.05.2022pdf8495.90 KBSystem Manual Series 750/753System Description750/753 Series I/O-System ‒ General Product Informationpdf953.35 KBOverview on WAGO-I/O-SYSTEM 750 approvalspdf770.48 KBUse in Hazardous EnvironmentsV 1.0.0pdf1007.06 KBBid Text750-51719.02.2019xml 4.40 KB750-51711.07.2017doc 28.00 KBCAD/CAE-DataCAD data2D/3D Models 750-517CAE dataEPLAN Data Portal 750-517WSCAD Universe 750-517ZUKEN Portal 750-517Device Files Device DriverWAGO USB Service Kabel Treiber / Serie 750 und 8576.5.3.010.09.2014zip4721.96 KBSubject to changes. Please also observe the further product documentation! Current addresses can be found at: 。
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Chapter 4Switching Overvoltage Analysis4.1 IntroductionIn the extra high voltage (EHV) transmission line, switching overvoltages are used to determine the insulation design rather than lightning overvoltages. The insulation level required to withstand the switching surge overvoltages can had a significant influence on the cost of the transmission systems. Therefore, an accurate estimation of the switching overvoltages under various conditions of the operation is important factor for the design of transmission systems. Switching overvoltages result from the operation of switching devices, either during normal conditions or as a result of fault clearings. These transients have durations from ten to thousands of microseconds. This thesis investigates the switching overvoltages occurring during the switching of line circuit breaker on each side of the 500 kV transmission line between Nam Theun 2 and Thailand network at Roi Et 2 substation as shown in Figure 4.1. The analyses to assess the switching overvoltages in cases are as following: [4], [5], [16]-Line energization-Line re-energization due to single phase to ground and three phases to ground faults.Two cases above bring to get the highest overvoltage. In case of line re-energization, more than 85-90% comes from line to ground faults and the other comes from three phases to ground faults. However, case of three phases to ground faults has more damage than single line to ground fault.4.2 Line Energization Analysis4.2.1 Cases of the studyThe 500 kV transmission line between Nam Theu 2 and Roi Et 2 had double circuits. The study of line energization is divided into three cases as following:1) Line energization from Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 circuit 1 with opencircuit at the receiving end at RE 2 substation and energizing with loadconditions.2) Line energization from Nam Theu 2 to Roi Et 2 circuit 2 with opencircuit at the receiving end at RE 2 substation.3) Line energization from Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 circuit 1 and circuit 2energizing with load.Switching overvoltages during line energization of the 500 kV transmission line between Nam Theun 2 and Thailand network at Rio Et 2 substation is analyzed with a presence of 444 kV surge arresters at both sides and 3×55 Mvar shunt reactors at Nam Theun 2 Power Plant and 2×55 Mvar at Roi Et 2 substation at both sides terminal. It was assumed that protection devices switched turning on/off during line energization. The 200 operations statistical switching are considered for finding that the maximum overvoltage occurring the transmission lines.4.2.2 MethodologyAll cases of the study, the circuit breaker at bus the sending end is operating energizing to lines. The line energization overvoltages study during no load, half load and full load are considered. In case of line energization, it brings to get the maximum overvoltages and more damage, for example, open circuit breaker at the receiving end during the energization from the sending end will get the overvoltages at the receiving end. As well known, switching overvoltage occurred on power systems due to many factors which have an effect on the value and waveform. The maximum overvoltage is found out by the statistical method. This method is random many parameters such as circuit breaker closing time, time scatter between phases, line parameters. It should be note that the closing time plays an important role on the value of energization overvoltage. First step to study switching energization, we have to find out the worst closing and the statistical closing time.4.2.3 Line Energizing from NTN 2- RE2 Circuit 1Line energization overvoltage study of circuit 1, energizing from the sending end named NTN 2 to the receiving end named RE 2 as illustrated in Figure 4.1.Figure 4.1 Single line diagram of 500 kV transmission line NTN 2 – RE 2 substation circuit 1 energizing.Before closing the circuit breaker of Nam Theun 2, the generator of power plant has to be in steady state condition. All line circuit breakers at both sides of these two circuits are opened and one set of line circuit breaker on the circuit 1 of the double circuit lines a Nam Theun 2 is operated.Since one circle of waveform has 20 ms, result in many closing times can apply for circuit breaker. To find the worst closing time ( mean closing time ), we have change the closing phase angle and find out the particular closing phase angle which can cause the highest value. Table: 4.1 shown the results for different closing time ( when the three phases closing at same time ). The highest overvoltage is 1.704 p.u occurred at the receiving end when the closing time is 15ms.Table: 4.1. The effect of different closing time on the energization overvoltage closing 3 poles of circuit breaker at the same time from NTN 2 –RE 2 with protection devices terminal.Maximum overvoltage at Roi Et 2 substation ( 1 p.u = 429 kV )Closing time ( ms ) Voltage ( kV L-N peak ) Voltage ( pu )0 711.797 1.6591 728.564 1.6982 730.517 1.7033 718.479 1.6754 724.676 1.6895 731.185 1.7046 723.486 1.6867 718.853 1.6768 730.494 1.7039 727.547 1.69610 711.932 1.66011 728.738 1.69912 730.689 1.70313 718.632 1.67514 724.818 1.69015 731.191 1.70416 723.638 1.68717 719.000 1.67618 730.643 1.70319 727.698 1.69620 712.105 1.660The switching overvoltage during line energization of the 500 kV transmissionline between Nam Theun 2 substation and Roi Et 2 substation circuit 1 are analyzedwith presence of 444 kV line surge arresters at both sides and 3x55 Mvar shunt reactor at Nam Theun 2 Power Plant and 2x55 Mvar at Roi Et 2 receiving end. For the200 operations are tested. The closing angle of main contract has normal distribution ( Gaussian normal ). The mean of main contract closing is 15 ms and standard deviation is 1 ms. It was assumed that protection devices switched on/off during line energization. The simulation results as illustrated in table 4.2 to table: 4.8. It is obvious that the highest value of line energization overvoltage could be 2.188 p.u.which case without arresters at both sides at no load condition. When the transmissionline has installed arresters, the overvoltage can be reduced from 2.188 to 1.706 p.u.The shunt reactor can be also reduced the value of overvoltage, but the effect is minorfrom 1.750 to 1.706 p.u. The maximum at receiving end waveform during changing switched on/off protection devices at both sides as illustrated in Figure 4.2 to Figure4.8.Table: 4.2 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage fromNTN 2 – RE 2 circuit 1 with protection devices.No. Voltage No. Voltage No. Voltage No. Voltage No. Voltage( p.u ) ( p.u ) ( p.u ) ( p.u ) ( p.u )1 1.688 41 1.695 81 1.693 121 1.700 161 1.7022 1.702 42 1.704 82 1.665 122 1.676 162 1.6943 1.706 43 1.697 83 1.704 123 1.681 163 1.6924 1.704 44 1.690 84 1.701 124 1.676 164 1.6995 1.699 45 1.701 85 1.703 125 1.665 165 1.7026 1.703 46 1.704 86 1.702 126 1.702 166 1.6807 1.704 47 1.697 87 1.680 127 1.703 167 1.6828 1.699 48 1.703 88 1.694 128 1.682 168 1.7049 1.686 49 1.686 89 1.704 129 1.688 169 1.70110 1.701 50 1.691 90 1.671 130 1.680 170 1.70011 1.702 51 1.703 91 1.704 131 1.698 171 1.67812 1.676 52 1.706 92 1.706 132 1.702 172 1.69413 1.695 53 1.688 93 1.672 133 1.685 173 1.70314 1.703 54 1.704 94 1.674 134 1.662 174 1.69015 1.664 55 1.703 95 1.704 135 1.703 175 1.70316 1.697 56 1.697 96 1.678 136 1.694 176 1.70217 1.691 57 1.686 97 1.706 137 1.704 177 1.70218 1.703 58 1.691 98 1.688 138 1.704 178 1.66219 1.667 59 1.703 99 1.706 139 1.690 179 1.70120 1.702 60 1.686 100 1.702 140 1.704 180 1.69721 1.704 61 1.695 101 1.703 141 1.667 181 1.70322 1.704 62 1.704 102 1.686 142 1.689 182 1.69123 1.704 63 1.697 103 1.705 143 1.678 183 1.70424 1.703 64 1.690 104 1.676 144 1.704 184 1.67125 1.678 65 1.701 105 1.686 145 1.705 185 1.70226 1.688 66 1.704 106 1.706 146 1.672 186 1.70227 1.704 67 1.697 107 1.704 147 1.693 187 1.68328 1.702 68 1.703 108 1.693 148 1.704 188 1.70529 1.696 69 1.686 109 1.697 149 1.704 189 1.70430 1.678 70 1.691 110 1.699 150 1.674 190 1.67431 1.687 71 1.703 111 1.703 151 1.704 191 1.66532 1.694 72 1.706 112 1.683 152 1.702 192 1.70233 1.680 73 1.688 113 1.706 153 1.681 193 1.67634 1.701 74 1.704 114 1.704 154 1.684 194 1.69435 1.704 75 1.703 115 1.693 155 1.703 195 1.66936 1.704 76 1.697 116 1.684 156 1.686 196 1.67837 1.676 77 1.686 117 1.671 157 1.702 197 1.70438 1.705 78 1.691 118 1.680 158 1.702 198 1.69739 1.691 79 1.703 119 1.691 159 1.703 199 1.70340 1.704 80 1.686 120 1.700 160 1.700 200 1.702From table: 4.2, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 with protection devices of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 substation. The line energization overvoltage in circuit breakers occurs at the closing time of 14.28 ms. The maximum overvoltage at the receiving end is reach 1.706 p.u. The minimum overvoltage at the receiving end is 1.662 p.u. The mean of overvoltage at the receiving end is 1.692 p.u and the standard deviation is 5.056 %. The voltage waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.2.Figure 4.2 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 with protection devices.Table: 4.3 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from NTN 2 – RE 2 circuit 1 without shunt reactor at NTN 2.No. Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )1 1.701 41 1.708 81 1.706 121 1.715 161 1.7212 1.721 42 1.722 82 1.684 122 1.697 162 1.7143 1.721 43 1.710 83 1.722 123 1.703 163 1.7054 1.722 44 1.711 84 1.720 124 1.689 164 1.7125 1.718 45 1.714 85 1.721 125 1.684 165 1.7216 1.721 46 1.722 86 1.718 126 1.721 166 1.7017 1.722 47 1.710 87 1.693 127 1.720 167 1.6958 1.712 48 1.720 88 1.707 128 1.695 168 1.7229 1.699 49 1.699 89 1.719 129 1.701 169 1.71410 1.720 50 1.712 90 1.684 130 1.693 170 1.71511 1.721 51 1.716 91 1.722 131 1.711 171 1.69112 1.689 52 1.723 92 1.722 132 1.721 172 1.70713 1.716 53 1.709 93 1.684 133 1.706 173 1.72214 1.721 54 1.719 94 1.687 134 1.681 174 1.71115 1.677 55 1.719 95 1.721 135 1.721 175 1.72116 1.712 56 1.710 96 1.691 136 1.707 176 1.72117 1.712 57 1.699 97 1.723 137 1.722 177 1.72118 1.720 58 1.712 98 1.701 138 1.720 178 1.67519 1.680 59 1.719 99 1.722 139 1.702 179 1.71720 1.715 60 1.699 100 1.721 140 1.722 180 1.71221 1.722 61 1.714 101 1.719 141 1.680 181 1.72122 1.722 62 1.691 102 1.699 142 1.702 182 1.70423 1.721 63 1.690 103 1.720 143 1.691 183 1.72224 1.716 64 1.687 104 1.689 144 1.722 184 1.68425 1.691 65 1.708 105 1.699 145 1.722 185 1.72126 1.709 66 1.678 106 1.721 146 1.684 186 1.72127 1.718 67 1.721 107 1.723 147 1.706 187 1.70528 1.721 68 1.722 108 1.706 148 1.723 188 1.72029 1.710 69 1.721 109 1.712 149 1.722 189 1.72230 1.691 70 1.716 110 1.713 150 1.687 190 1.68731 1.708 71 1.718 111 1.716 151 1.718 191 1.68432 1.707 72 1.710 112 1.705 152 1.721 192 1.71833 1.693 73 1.695 113 1.722 153 1.703 193 1.69734 1.714 74 1.721 114 1.721 154 1.697 194 1.70735 1.721 75 1.721 115 1.706 155 1.722 195 1.68236 1.722 76 1.722 116 1.697 156 1.699 196 1.69137 1.697 77 1.690 117 1.692 157 1.721 197 1.72238 1.723 78 1.722 118 1.693 158 1.721 198 1.71039 1.704 79 1.718 119 1.712 159 1.720 199 1.71640 1.722 80 1.707 120 1.716 160 1.716 200 1.721From table: 4.3, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 without shunt reactors at Nam Theun 2 of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 substation. The energization overvoltage in circuit breakers closing time is 14.31 ms. The maximum overvoltage at the receiving end is reach 1.723 p.u. The minimum overvoltage at the receiving end is 1.675 p.u. The mean of overvoltage at the receiving end is 1.709 p.u and the standard deviation is 5.582 %. The voltage waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.3.Figure 4.3 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 without shunt reactor at NTN 2.Table: 4.4 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from NTN 2 – RE 2 circuit 1 without shunt reactor at RE 2.No. Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )1 1.708 41 1.718 81 1.713 121 1.724 161 1.7292 1.729 42 1.730 82 1.691 122 1.704 162 1.7223 1.730 43 1.717 83 1.730 123 1.710 163 1.7154 1.730 44 1.718 84 1.728 124 1.696 164 1.7205 1.726 45 1.722 85 1.730 125 1.691 165 1.7296 1.730 46 1.731 86 1.727 126 1.729 166 1.7097 1.730 47 1.717 87 1.700 127 1.728 167 1.7028 1.720 48 1.728 88 1.716 128 1.702 168 1.7319 1.707 49 1.706 89 1.728 129 1.708 169 1.72210 1.728 50 1.720 90 1.691 130 1.700 170 1.72411 1.729 51 1.725 91 1.731 131 1.718 171 1.69812 1.696 52 1.731 92 1.731 132 1.729 172 1.71613 1.723 53 1.717 93 1.692 133 1.714 173 1.73014 1.730 54 1.728 94 1.694 134 1.688 174 1.71815 1.685 55 1.728 95 1.730 135 1.730 175 1.73016 1.721 56 1.717 96 1.698 136 1.716 176 1.72917 1.720 57 1.707 97 1.731 137 1.731 177 1.72918 1.728 58 1.720 98 1.709 138 1.729 178 1.68219 1.687 59 1.728 99 1.731 139 1.710 179 1.72620 1.724 60 1.706 100 1.729 140 1.731 180 1.72121 1.731 61 1.722 101 1.728 141 1.687 181 1.73022 1.730 62 1.698 102 1.706 142 1.711 182 1.71123 1.730 63 1.696 103 1.729 143 1.698 183 1.73024 1.726 64 1.694 104 1.696 144 1.731 184 1.69125 1.698 65 1.718 105 1.707 145 1.731 185 1.72926 1.717 66 1.685 106 1.730 146 1.692 186 1.72927 1.727 67 1.730 107 1.731 147 1.713 187 1.71228 1.729 68 1.731 108 1.713 148 1.731 188 1.72929 1.720 69 1.729 109 1.721 149 1.730 189 1.73030 1.698 70 1.725 110 1.722 150 1.694 190 1.69431 1.715 71 1.726 111 1.726 151 1.727 191 1.69132 1.714 72 1.720 112 1.712 152 1.729 192 1.72733 1.700 73 1.702 113 1.731 153 1.710 193 1.70434 1.722 74 1.729 114 1.730 154 1.704 194 1.71435 1.730 75 1.729 115 1.713 155 1.730 195 1.68936 1.731 76 1.730 116 1.704 156 1.706 196 1.69837 1.704 77 1.696 117 1.699 157 1.729 197 1.73038 1.731 78 1.730 118 1.700 158 1.729 198 1.71739 1.711 79 1.727 119 1.720 159 1.728 199 1.72540 1.730 80 1.716 120 1.725 160 1.725 200 1.729From table: 4.4, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 without shunt reactors at Roi Et 2 of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 substation. The energization overvoltage in circuit breakers closing time is 14.31 ms. The maximum overvoltage at the receiving end is reach 1.731 p.u. The minimum overvoltage at the receiving end is 1.682 p.u. The mean of overvoltage at the receiving end is 1.717 p.u and the standard deviation is 5.835 %. The voltage waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.4.Figure 4.4 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 without shunt reactor at RE 2.Table: 4.5 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from NTN 2 – RE 2 circuit 1 without arrester at NTN 2.No. Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )1 1.693 41 1.705 81 1.698 121 1.710 161 1.7132 1.713 42 1.716 82 1.673 122 1.685 162 1.7053 1.715 43 1.703 83 1.715 123 1.691 163 1.7024 1.714 44 1.700 84 1.711 124 1.681 164 1.7065 1.709 45 1.709 85 1.714 125 1.673 165 1.7136 1.714 46 1.715 86 1.713 126 1.713 166 1.6897 1.715 47 1.703 87 1.686 127 1.714 167 1.6888 1.706 48 1.714 88 1.703 128 1.690 168 1.7159 1.695 49 1.691 89 1.714 129 1.693 169 1.70910 1.711 50 1.702 90 1.677 130 1.686 170 1.71011 1.713 51 1.711 91 1.715 131 1.705 171 1.68612 1.681 52 1.716 92 1.716 132 1.713 172 1.70313 1.706 53 1.699 93 1.679 133 1.695 173 1.71414 1.714 54 1.714 94 1.679 134 1.670 174 1.70015 1.671 55 1.713 95 1.715 135 1.714 175 1.71416 1.708 56 1.703 96 1.684 136 1.703 176 1.71317 1.702 57 1.695 97 1.716 137 1.715 177 1.71318 1.714 58 1.702 98 1.696 138 1.715 178 1.66819 1.674 59 1.713 99 1.716 139 1.695 179 1.71220 1.710 60 1.691 100 1.713 140 1.715 180 1.70821 1.715 61 1.709 101 1.713 141 1.674 181 1.71422 1.715 62 1.684 102 1.691 142 1.698 182 1.69723 1.715 63 1.678 103 1.715 143 1.684 183 1.71424 1.712 64 1.681 104 1.684 144 1.715 184 1.67725 1.684 65 1.705 105 1.695 145 1.716 185 1.71326 1.699 66 1.667 106 1.715 146 1.679 186 1.71327 1.713 67 1.714 107 1.716 147 1.698 187 1.69328 1.713 68 1.716 108 1.698 148 1.716 188 1.71529 1.706 69 1.713 109 1.708 149 1.716 189 1.71530 1.684 70 1.711 110 1.709 150 1.681 190 1.68131 1.697 71 1.709 111 1.712 151 1.713 191 1.67332 1.700 72 1.706 112 1.693 152 1.713 192 1.71333 1.688 73 1.690 113 1.716 153 1.691 193 1.68534 1.709 74 1.713 114 1.715 154 1.692 194 1.70035 1.715 75 1.713 115 1.698 155 1.714 195 1.67636 1.715 76 1.715 116 1.690 156 1.691 196 1.68437 1.685 77 1.678 117 1.681 157 1.713 197 1.71538 1.716 78 1.715 118 1.688 158 1.713 198 1.70339 1.697 79 1.713 119 1.702 159 1.714 199 1.71140 1.714 80 1.698 120 1.711 160 1.711 200 1.713From table: 4.5, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 without arresters at Nam Theun 2 of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 substation. The line energization overvoltage closing time is 14.28 ms. The maximum overvoltage at receiving end is reach 1.716 p.u. The minimum overvoltage at receiving end is 1.667 p.u. The mean of overvoltage at receiving end is 1.702 p.u and the standard deviation is 5.787 %. The voltage waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.5.Figure 4.5 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 without Arrester at NTN 2.Table: 4.6 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from NTN 2 – RE 2 circuit 1 without arrester at RE 2.No. Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )1 1.963 41 2.009 81 1.979 121 2.015 161 2.0022 2.002 42 2.023 82 1.880 122 1.855 162 1.9573 2.020 43 1.990 83 2.012 123 1.888 163 2.0034 2.010 44 1.934 84 1.992 124 1.928 164 1.9955 1.982 45 1.999 85 2.005 125 1.880 165 2.0026 2.005 46 2.015 86 2.014 126 2.002 166 1.8787 2.014 47 1.990 87 1.940 127 2.018 167 1.9468 1.995 48 2.018 88 2.007 128 1.974 168 2.0189 1.985 49 1.958 89 2.014 129 1.963 169 1.99910 1.992 50 1.942 90 1.916 130 1.940 170 2.01511 2.002 51 2.003 91 2.018 131 1.993 171 1.96212 1.928 52 2.021 92 2.021 132 2.002 172 2.00713 1.964 53 1.926 93 1.940 133 1.908 173 2.00914 2.005 54 2.014 94 1.923 134 1.889 174 1.93415 1.916 55 2.016 95 2.021 135 2.005 175 2.00516 2.013 56 1.990 96 1.935 136 2.007 176 2.00217 1.942 57 1.985 97 2.021 137 2.015 177 2.00218 2.018 58 1.942 98 1.990 138 2.020 178 1.90719 1.925 59 2.016 99 2.021 139 1.969 179 2.01420 2.000 60 1.958 100 2.002 140 2.015 180 2.01321 2.018 61 1.999 101 2.016 141 1.925 181 2.00522 2.012 62 1.935 102 1.958 142 1.995 182 1.97323 2.021 63 1.870 103 2.017 143 1.935 183 2.01224 2.007 64 1.948 104 1.956 144 2.015 184 1.91625 1.935 65 2.009 105 1.985 145 2.022 185 2.00226 1.926 66 1.898 106 2.020 146 1.940 186 2.00227 2.011 67 2.005 107 2.019 147 1.979 187 1.89828 2.000 68 2.021 108 1.979 148 2.019 188 2.01729 2.011 69 2.002 109 2.013 149 2.023 189 2.01230 1.935 70 2.015 110 2.014 150 1.948 190 1.94831 1.917 71 1.982 111 2.007 151 2.011 191 1.88032 1.983 72 2.011 112 1.898 152 2.002 192 2.01433 1.968 73 1.974 113 2.021 153 1.888 193 1.85534 1.999 74 2.002 114 2.021 154 1.980 194 1.98335 2.021 75 2.002 115 1.979 155 2.009 195 1.93236 2.015 76 2.014 116 1.953 156 1.958 196 1.93537 1.855 77 1.870 117 1.864 157 2.002 197 2.01238 2.020 78 2.022 118 1.968 158 2.002 198 1.99039 1.973 79 2.011 119 1.942 159 2.018 199 2.00340 2.012 80 2.007 120 2.015 160 2.015 200 2.002From table: 4.6, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 without arresters at Rio Et 2 of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 substation, for energization overvoltage closing time is 17.47ms. The maximum overvoltage at receiving end is 2.023 p.u. The minimum overvoltage at receiving end is 1.855 p.u. The mean of overvoltage at receiving end is 1.980 p.u and the standard deviation is 18.524 %. The voltage waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.6.Figure 4.6 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 without Arrester at RE 2.Table 4.7 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from NTN 2 – RE 2 circuit 1 without shunt reactor at both sides.No. Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )1 1.723 41 1.736 81 1.728 121 1.742 161 1.7492 1.749 42 1.749 82 1.708 122 1.723 162 1.7463 1.748 43 1.733 83 1.750 123 1.732 163 1.7314 1.750 44 1.743 84 1.749 124 1.711 164 1.7365 1.748 45 1.740 85 1.749 125 1.708 165 1.7496 1.749 46 1.750 86 1.745 126 1.749 166 1.7297 1.750 47 1.733 87 1.716 127 1.747 167 1.7188 1.736 48 1.747 88 1.734 128 1.718 168 1.7509 1.721 49 1.722 89 1.746 129 1.723 169 1.74010 1.749 50 1.744 90 1.707 130 1.716 170 1.74211 1.749 51 1.743 91 1.750 131 1.734 171 1.71412 1.711 52 1.750 92 1.749 132 1.749 172 1.73413 1.746 53 1.741 93 1.707 133 1.737 173 1.74914 1.749 54 1.746 94 1.709 134 1.705 174 1.74315 1.701 55 1.746 95 1.748 135 1.749 175 1.74916 1.740 56 1.733 96 1.714 136 1.734 176 1.74917 1.744 57 1.721 97 1.750 137 1.750 177 1.74918 1.747 58 1.744 98 1.724 138 1.747 178 1.69819 1.703 59 1.746 99 1.749 139 1.725 179 1.74420 1.742 60 1.722 100 1.749 140 1.750 180 1.74021 1.750 61 1.740 101 1.746 141 1.703 181 1.74922 1.750 62 1.714 102 1.722 142 1.726 182 1.72723 1.748 63 1.714 103 1.747 143 1.714 183 1.75024 1.744 64 1.709 104 1.711 144 1.750 184 1.70725 1.714 65 1.736 105 1.721 145 1.749 185 1.74926 1.741 66 1.701 106 1.748 146 1.707 186 1.74927 1.745 67 1.749 107 1.750 147 1.728 187 1.73428 1.750 68 1.749 108 1.728 148 1.750 188 1.74729 1.738 69 1.749 109 1.740 149 1.749 189 1.75030 1.714 70 1.743 110 1.741 150 1.709 190 1.70931 1.739 71 1.748 111 1.744 151 1.745 191 1.70832 1.730 72 1.738 112 1.734 152 1.749 192 1.74533 1.716 73 1.718 113 1.749 153 1.732 193 1.72334 1.740 74 1.749 114 1.748 154 1.720 194 1.73035 1.748 75 1.749 115 1.728 155 1.749 195 1.70536 1.750 76 1.750 116 1.720 156 1.722 196 1.71437 1.723 77 1.714 117 1.717 157 1.749 197 1.75038 1.750 78 1.748 118 1.716 158 1.749 198 1.73339 1.727 79 1.745 119 1.744 159 1.747 199 1.74340 1.750 80 1.734 120 1.743 160 1.743 200 1.749From table: 4.7, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 without shunt reactors at both sides of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 substation, for energization overvoltage closing time is 14.31ms. The maximum overvoltage at receiving end is reach 1.750 p.u. The minimum overvoltage at receiving end is 1.698 p.u. The mean of overvoltage at receiving end is 1.736 p.u and the standard deviation is 6.430 %. The voltage waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.7.Figure 4.7 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 without Shunt reactor at both sides.Table: 4.8 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from NTN 2 – RE 2 circuit 1 without arrester at both sides.No. Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )1 2.121 41 2.183 81 2.139 121 2.188 161 2.0682 2.068 42 2.157 82 2.094 122 2.058 162 2.0163 2.151 43 2.154 83 2.099 123 2.044 163 2.1764 2.096 44 2.025 84 2.055 124 2.103 164 2.1615 2.044 45 2.165 85 2.078 125 2.094 165 2.0686 2.078 46 2.109 86 2.183 126 2.068 166 2.0477 2.114 47 2.154 87 2.106 127 2.177 167 2.1068 2.161 48 2.177 88 2.180 128 2.146 168 2.1199 2.158 49 2.115 89 2.163 129 2.121 169 2.16510 2.055 50 2.019 90 2.102 130 2.106 170 2.18811 2.068 51 2.166 91 2.119 131 2.158 171 2.13312 2.103 52 2.134 92 2.146 132 2.068 172 2.18013 2.023 53 2.030 93 2.125 133 2.037 173 2.08914 2.078 54 2.163 94 2.104 134 2.099 174 2.02515 2.114 55 2.181 95 2.169 135 2.078 175 2.07816 2.187 56 2.154 96 2.105 136 2.180 176 2.06817 2.019 57 2.158 97 2.127 137 2.109 177 2.06818 2.177 58 2.019 98 2.164 138 2.174 178 2.10919 2.117 59 2.181 99 2.146 139 2.128 179 2.18520 2.166 60 2.115 100 2.068 140 2.109 180 2.18721 2.119 61 2.165 101 2.181 141 2.117 181 2.07822 2.099 62 2.105 102 2.115 142 2.169 182 2.13323 2.169 63 2.081 103 2.160 143 2.105 183 2.10624 2.166 64 2.129 104 2.132 144 2.109 184 2.10225 2.105 65 2.183 105 2.158 145 2.150 185 2.06826 2.030 66 2.104 106 2.151 146 2.125 186 2.06827 2.165 67 2.078 107 2.129 147 2.139 187 2.04128 2.066 68 2.146 108 2.139 148 2.129 188 2.16029 2.186 69 2.068 109 2.187 149 2.157 189 2.09930 2.105 70 2.187 110 2.186 150 2.129 190 2.12931 2.033 71 2.044 111 2.166 151 2.165 191 2.09432 2.145 72 2.186 112 2.041 152 2.068 192 2.18333 2.138 73 2.146 113 2.146 153 2.044 193 2.05834 2.165 74 2.068 114 2.169 154 2.150 194 2.14535 2.169 75 2.068 115 2.139 155 2.089 195 2.12136 2.109 76 2.114 116 2.110 156 2.115 196 2.10537 2.058 77 2.081 117 2.074 157 2.068 197 2.09938 2.137 78 2.164 118 2.138 158 2.068 198 2.15439 2.133 79 2.165 119 2.019 159 2.177 199 2.16640 2.106 80 2.180 120 2.187 160 2.187 200 2.068From table: 4.8, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 without arresters at both sides of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 substation, for energization overvoltage closing time is 17.05 ms. The maximum overvoltage at receiving end is reach 2.188 p.u. The minimum overvoltage at receiving end is 2.016 p.u. The mean of overvoltage at receiving end is 2.119 p.u and the standard deviation is 20.225 %. The voltage waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.8.Figure 4.8 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 without arrester at both sides.Table: 4.9 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from NTN 2 – RE 2 circuit 1 without any protection at both sides.No. Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )No.Voltage( p.u )1 2.362 41 2.365 81 2.369 121 2.364 161 2.3202 2.320 42 2.352 82 2.262 122 2.236 162 2.2653 2.359 43 2.373 83 2.334 123 2.224 163 2.3634 2.335 44 2.237 84 2.310 124 2.334 164 2.3735 2.297 45 2.370 85 2.326 125 2.262 165 2.3206 2.326 46 2.339 86 2.357 126 2.320 166 2.2297 2.349 47 2.373 87 2.345 127 2.352 167 2.3508 2.373 48 2.352 88 2.365 128 2.345 168 2.3429 2.353 49 2.358 89 2.359 129 2.362 169 2.37010 2.310 50 2.247 90 2.321 130 2.345 170 2.36411 2.320 51 2.366 91 2.342 131 2.373 171 2.33512 2.334 52 2.355 92 2.358 132 2.320 172 2.36513 2.273 53 2.227 93 2.317 133 2.220 173 2.33014 2.326 54 2.359 94 2.327 134 2.271 174 2.23715 2.296 55 2.355 95 2.353 135 2.326 175 2.32616 2.366 56 2.373 96 2.339 136 2.365 176 2.32017 2.247 57 2.353 97 2.352 137 2.339 177 2.32018 2.352 58 2.247 98 2.356 138 2.353 178 2.28819 2.303 59 2.355 99 2.358 139 2.365 179 2.36020 2.368 60 2.358 100 2.320 140 2.339 180 2.36621 2.342 61 2.370 101 2.355 141 2.303 181 2.32622 2.334 62 2.339 102 2.358 142 2.359 182 2.36823 2.353 63 2.247 103 2.359 143 2.339 183 2.33924 2.363 64 2.324 104 2.330 144 2.339 184 2.32125 2.339 65 2.365 105 2.353 145 2.351 185 2.32026 2.227 66 2.280 106 2.359 146 2.317 186 2.32027 2.360 67 2.326 107 2.345 147 2.369 187 2.22228 2.322 68 2.358 108 2.369 148 2.345 188 2.35929 2.366 69 2.320 109 2.366 149 2.352 189 2.33430 2.339 70 2.362 110 2.365 150 2.324 190 2.32431 2.218 71 2.297 111 2.363 151 2.360 191 2.26232 2.371 72 2.366 112 2.222 152 2.320 192 2.35733 2.341 73 2.345 113 2.358 153 2.224 193 2.23634 2.370 74 2.320 114 2.353 154 2.349 194 2.37135 2.353 75 2.320 115 2.369 155 2.330 195 2.31136 2.339 76 2.349 116 2.354 156 2.358 196 2.33937 2.236 77 2.247 117 2.244 157 2.320 197 2.33438 2.347 78 2.353 118 2.341 158 2.320 198 2.37339 2.368 79 2.360 119 2.247 159 2.352 199 2.36640 2.339 80 2.365 120 2.362 160 2.362 200 2.320。