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2018江苏会计继续教育考试题集及答案 - 高级谈判+共享服务中心

2018江苏会计继续教育考试题集及答案 - 高级谈判+共享服务中心

10. 消除不公平感的方法不包括(提高自己的付出 )。 注意公平的相对性 提高自己的付出 改变参照对象,以避开不公平 退出比较,以恢复平衡
11. 下列选项中,不属于成交迹象的是(当对方对你的介绍和商品的使用功能表示不屑 )。 对手由对一般问题的探讨延伸到对细节问题的探讨。 当对方对你的介绍和商品的使用功能表示不屑 当谈判小组成员由开始的紧张转向松弛,相互间会意地点头 以建议的形式表示他的遗憾。
2018会计继续教育--高级谈判 1. 下列选项中,属于内因的是(努力 )。 努力 任务难度 机遇 智慧
2. (认知结构 )是指人由于过去经验所形成的一整套思维规则或归纳方式。 自我认知机制 谈判 认知结构 博弈
3. 下列选项中,不属于经典博弈的是(刻舟求剑 )。 智猪博弈 刻舟求剑 田忌赛马 囚徒困境
7. 下列选项中,不属于谈判五种原则的是(把握谈判的整体节奏 )。 提出互利选择 把握谈判的整体节奏 注意区分人与问题 避免在立场上讨价还价
8. 成功谈判者的心理素质中,(耐心 )是最有效、最廉价的筹码。 信念 勇气 诚信 耐心
9. (坏苹果效应 )用于比喻群体中负面影响容易凸现。 晕轮效应(马太效应) 知觉效应 囚徒效应 坏苹果效应
12. (晕轮效应(马太效应) )用于比喻人对事物好与不好的知觉印象比实际要扩大。 晕轮效应(马太效应) 知觉效应 囚徒效应 坏苹果效应
13. 承诺的主要作用是( )。 拖延谈判周期 达成谈判目标 获取对方信任 维护自己信誉
14. 下列选项中,既属于不可控因素,又属于不稳定因素的是( )。 努力 智慧 任务难度 机遇
13. 建设财务共享服务中心可促进流程标准化、运作规范化,加强控制,降低风险。(正确 )
14. 财务共享服务降低了会计核算成本,但是增加了财务管理本身的人工成本等方面的成本。(错误

克鲁格曼第八版-国际金融下答案Chap15

克鲁格曼第八版-国际金融下答案Chap15

Chapter 15Price Levels and the Exchange Ratein the Long RunChapter OrganizationThe Law of One PricePurchasing Power ParityThe Relationship Between PPP and the Law of One PriceAbsolute PPP and Relative PPPA Long-Run Exchange-Rate Model Based on PPPThe Fundamental Equation of the Monetary ApproachOngoing Inflation, Interest Parity, and PPPThe Fisher EffectEmpirical Evidence on PPP and the Law of One PriceBox: Some Meaty Evidence on the Law of One PriceExplaining the Problems with PPPTrade Barriers and NontradablesDepartures from Free CompetitionDifferences in Consumption Patterns and Price Level MeasurementPPP in the Short Run and in the Long RunBox: Sticky Prices and the Law of One Price: Evidence From Scandinavian Duty-free ShopsCase Study: Why Price Levels are Lower in Poorer CountriesBeyond Purchasing Power Parity: A General Model of Long-Run Exchange RatesChapter 15 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run 71The Real Exchange RateDemand, Supply, and the Long-Run Real Exchange RateNominal and Real Exchange Rates in Long-Run EquilibriumInternational Interest Rate Differences and the Real Exchange RateReal Interest ParitySummaryAppendix: The Fisher Effect, the Interest Rate, and the Exchange Rate under the Flexible-PriceMonetary Approach72 Krugman/Obstfeld •International Economics: Theory and Policy, Eighth EditionChapter OverviewThe time frame of the analysis of exchange rate determination shifts to the long run in this chapter. An analysis of the determination of the long-run exchange rate is required for the completion of the short-run exchange rate model since, as demonstrated in the previous two chapters, the long-run expected exchange rate affects the current spot rate. Issues addressed here include both monetary and real-side determinants of the long-run real exchange rate. The development of the model of the long-run exchange rate touches on a number of issues, including the effect of ongoing inflation on the exchange rate, the Fisher effect, and the role of tradables and nontradables. Empirical issues, such as the breakdown of purchasing power parity in the 1970s and the correlation between price levels and per capita income, are addressed within this framework.The law of one price, which holds that the prices of goods are the same in all countries in the absence of transport costs or trade restrictions, presents an intuitively appealing introduction to long-run exchange rate determination. An extension of this law to sets of goods motivates the proposition of absolute purchasing power parity. Relative purchasing power parity, a less restrictive proposition, relates changes in exchange rates to changes in relative price levels and may be valid even when absolute PPP is not. Purchasing power parity provides a cornerstone of the monetary approach to the exchange rate, which serves as the first model of the long-run exchange rate developed in this chapter. This first model also demonstrates how ongoing inflation affects the long-run exchange rate.The monetary approach to the exchange rate uses PPP to model the exchange rate as the price level inthe home country relative to the price level in the foreign country. The money market equilibrium relationship is used to substitute money supply divided by money demand for the price level. TheFisher relationship allows us to substitute expected inflation for the nominal interest rate. The resulting relationship models the long-run exchange rate as a function of relative money supplies, the inflation differential and relative output in the two countries;E (M/M *) l(p e–p*e, (Y*/Y))The l function represents the ratio of foreign to domestic money demand; thus, both the difference in expected inflation rates and the output ratio enter the function with aChapter 15 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run 73positive sign. An increase in inflation at home means higher home interest rates (through the Fisher equation) and lower home money demand. An increase in foreign output raises foreign money demand.One result from this model that students may find initially confusing concerns the relationship between the long-run exchange rate and the nominal interest rate. The model in this chapter provides an example of an increase in the interest rate associated with exchange rate depreciation. In contrast, the short-run analysis in the previous chapter provides an example of an increase in the domestic interest rate associated with an appreciation of the currency. These different relationships between the exchange rate and the interest rate reflect different causes for the rise in the interest rate as well as different assumptions concerning price rigidity. In the analysis of the previous chapter, the interest rate rises dueto a contraction in the level of the nominal money supply. With fixed prices, this contraction of nominal balances is matched by a contraction in real balances. Excess money demand is resolved through a rise in interest rates which is associated with an appreciation of the currency to satisfy interest parity. In this chapter, the discussion of the Fisher effect demonstrates that the interest rate will rise in response to an anticipated increase in expected inflation due to an anticipated increase in the rate of growth of the money supply. There is incipient excess money supply with this rise in the interest rate. With perfectly flexible prices, the money market clears through an erosion of real balances due to an increase in the price level.This price level increase implies, through PPP, a depreciation of the exchange rate. Thus, with perfectly flexible prices (and its corollary PPP), an increase in the interest rate due to an increase in expected inflation is associated with a depreciation of the currency.74 Krugman/Obstfeld •International Economics: Theory and Policy, Eighth EditionEmpirical evidence presented in the chapter suggests that both absolute and relative PPP perform poorly for the period since 1971. Even the law of one price fails to hold across disaggregated commodity groups. The rejection of these theories is related to trade impediments (which help give rise to nontraded goods and services), to shifts in relative output prices and to imperfectly competitive markets. Since PPPserves as a cornerstone for the monetary approach, its rejection suggests that a convincing explanationof the long-run behavior of exchange rates must go beyond the doctrine of purchasing power parity. The Fisher effect is discussed in more detail and accompanied by a diagrammatic exposition in an appendix to the chapter.A more general model of the long-run behavior of exchange rates in which real-side effects are assigned a role concludes the chapter. The material in this section drops the assumption of a constant real exchange rate, an assumption that you may want to demonstrate to students is necessarily associated with the assumption of PPP. Motivating this more general approach is easily done by presenting students with a time series graph of the recent behavior of the real exchange rate of the dollar which will demonstrate large swings in its value. The real exchange rate, q, is the ratio of the foreign price index, expressed in domestic currency, to the domestic price index, or, equivalently, E q (P/P *). The chapter includes an informal discussion of the manner in which the long-run real exchange rate, q, is affected by permanent changes in the supply or demand for a country’s products.Answers to Textbook Problems1. Relative PPP predicts that inflation differentials are matched by changes in theexchange rate.Under relative PPP, the franc/ruble exchange rate would fall by 95 percent withinflation rates of 100% in Russia and 5% in Switzerland.Chapter 15 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run 752. A real currency appreciation may result from an increase in the demand fornontraded goodsrelative to tradables which would cause an appreciation of the exchange rate since the increase inthe demand for nontradables raises their price, raising the domestic price level and causing the currency to appreciate. In this case exporters are indeed hurt, as one can see by adapting the analysis in Chapter 3. Real currency appreciation may occur for different reasons, however, with different implications for exporters’ incomes. A shift in foreign demand in favor of domestic exports will both appreciate thedomestic currency in real terms and benefit exporters. Similarly, productivity growth in exports is likely to benefit exporters while causing a real currency appreciation. If we consider a ceterus paribus increase in the real exchange rate, this is typically bad for exporters as their exports are now more expensive to foreigners which mayreduce foreign export demand. In general, though, we need to know why the real exchange rate changed to interpret the impact of the change.3. a. A tilt of spending towards nontraded products causes the real exchange rate toappreciate as the price of nontraded goods relative to traded goods rises (thereal exchange rate can be expressed as the price of tradables to the price ofnontradables).b. A shift in foreign demand towards domestic exports causes an excess demandfor the domestic country’s goods which causes the relative price of these goods to rise; that is, it causes the real exchange rate of the domestic country toappreciate.4. Relative PPP implies that the pound/dollar exchange rate should be adjusted tooffset the inflation difference between the United States and Britain during the war.Thus, a central banker might compare the consumer price indices in the UnitedStates and the U.K. before and after the war. If America’s price level had risen by 10%, while that in Britain had risen by 20%, relative PPP would call for apound/dollar exchange rate 10% higher than before the war—a 10% depreciation of the pound against the dollar.76 Krugman/Obstfeld •International Economics: Theory and Policy, Eighth EditionA comparison based only on PPP would fall short of the task at hand, however, if itignoredpossible changes in productivity, productive capacity, or in relative demands for goods producedin different countries in wake of the war. In general, one would expect largestructural upheavalsas a consequence of the war. For example, Britain’s productivity might have fallen dramatically asa result of converting factories to wartime uses (and as a result of bombing). Thiswould call for a real depreciation of the pound, that is, a postwar pound/dollarexchange rate more than 10% higher than the prewar rate.5. The real effective exchange rate series for Britain shows an appreciation of thepound from 1977 to 1981, followed by a period of depreciation. Note that theappreciation is sharpest after the increasein oil prices starts in early 1979; the subsequent depreciation is steepest after oil prices soften in 1982. An increase in oil prices increases the incomes received by British oil exporters, raising their demand for goods. The supply response of labor moving into the oil sector is comparable to an increase in productivity which also causes the real exchange rate to appreciate. Of course, a fall in the price of oil has opposite effects. (Oil is not the only factor behind the behavior of the pound’s real exchange rate. Instructors may wish to mention the influence of Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcher’s stringent monetary policies.)6. A permanent shift in the real money demand function will alter the long-runequilibrium nominal exchange rate, but not the long-run equilibrium real exchange rate. Since the real exchange ratedoes not change, we can use the monetary approach equation, E (M/M *) {L(R*, Y*)/L(R, Y)}.A permanent increase in money demand at any nominal interest rate leads to aproportional appreciation of the long-run nominal exchange rate. Intuitively, the level of prices for any level of nominal balances must be lower in the long run for money market equilibrium. The reverse holdsfor a permanent decrease in money demand. The real exchange rate, however,depends upon relative prices and productivity terms which are not affected bygeneral price-level changes.Chapter 15 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run 777. The mechanism would work through expenditure effects with a permanent transferfrom Polandto the Czech Republic appreciating the koruna (Czech currency) in real terms against the zloty(Polish currency) if (as is reasonable to assume) the Czechs spent a higher proportion of theirincome on Czech goods relative to Polish goods than did the Poles.8. As discussed in the answer to Question 7, the koruna appreciates against the zloty inreal terms with the transfer from Poland to the Czech Republic if the Czechs spend a higher proportion of their income on Czech goods relative to Polish goods than did the Poles. The real appreciation would lead to a nominal appreciation as well.9. Since the tariff shifts demand away from foreign exports and toward domestic goods,there is a long-run real appreciation of the home currency. Absent changes inmonetary conditions, there is along-run nominal appreciation as well.10. The balanced expansion in domestic spending will increase the amount of importsconsumed in the country that has a tariff in place, but imports cannot rise in thecountry that has a quota in place. Thus, in the country with the quota, there would be an excess demand for imports if the real exchange rate appreciated by the same amount as in the country with tariffs. Therefore, the real exchange rate in the country with a quota must appreciate by less than in the country with the tariff.11. A permanent increase in the expected rate of real depreciation of the dollar againstthe euro leads to a permanent increase in the expected rate of depreciation of the nominal dollar/euro exchange rate, given the differential in expected inflation rates across the U.S. and Europe. This increase in the expected depreciation of the dollar causes the spot rate today to depreciate.78 Krugman/Obstfeld •International Economics: Theory and Policy, Eighth Edition12. Suppose there is a temporary fall in the real exchange rate in an economy, that is,the exchangerate appreciates today and then will depreciate back to its original level in the future.The expected depreciation of the real exchange rate, by real interest parity, causes the real interest rate to rise. If there is no change in the expected inflation rate, then the nominal interest rate rises with the rise in the real exchange rate. This event may also cause the nominal exchange rate to appreciate if the effect of a currentappreciation of the real exchange rate dominates the effect of the expecteddepreciation of the real exchange rate.13. International differences in expected real interest rates reflect expected changes inreal exchange rates. If the expected real interest rate in the United States is 9% and the expected real interest rate in Europe is 3%, then there is an expectation that the real dollar/euro exchange rate will depreciate by 6% (assuming that interest parity holds).14. The initial effect of a reduction in the money supply in a model with sticky prices isan increasein the nominal interest rate and an appreciation of the nominal exchange rate. The real interest rate, which equals the nominal interest rate minus expected inflation, rises by more than the nominal interest rate since the reduction in the money supply causes the nominal interest rate to rise, and deflation occurs during the transition to the new equilibrium. The real exchange rate depreciates during the transition to the new equilibrium (where its value is the same as in the original state).This satisfies the real interest parity relationship which states that the differencebetween the domestic and the foreign real interest rate equals the expecteddepreciation of the domestic real exchange rate—in this case, the initial effect is an increase in the real interest rate in the domestic economy coupled with an expected depreciation of the domestic real exchange rate. In any event,the real interest parity relationship must be satisfied since it is simply a restatement of the Fisher equation, which defines the real interest rate, combined with theinterest parity relationship, whichis a cornerstone of the sticky-price model of the determination of the exchange rate.Chapter 15 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run 7915. One answer to this question involves the comparison of a sticky-price with a flexible-price model.In a model with sticky prices, a reduction in the money supply causes the nominal interest rate torise and, by the interest parity relationship, the nominal exchange rate to appreciate.The real interest rate, which equals the nominal interest rate minus expectedinflation, increases both because of the increase in the nominal interest rate andbecause there is expected deflation. In a model with perfectly flexible prices, anincrease in expected inflation causes the nominal interest rate to increase (while the real interest rate remains unchanged) and the currency to depreciate since excess money supply is resolved through an increase in the price level and thus, by PPP, a depreciation of the currency.An alternative approach is to consider a model with perfectly flexible prices. Asdiscussed in the preceding paragraph, an increase in expected inflation causes the nominal interest rate to increase and the currency to depreciate, leaving theexpected real interest rate unchanged. If there is an increase in the expected real interest rate, however, this implies an expected depreciation of the real exchange rate. If this expected depreciation is due to a current, temporary appreciation, then the nominal exchange rate may appreciate if the effect of the current appreciation (which rotates the exchange rate schedule downward) dominates the effect due to the expected depreciation (which rotates the exchange rate schedule upward).16. If long term rates are higher than short term rates, it suggests that investors expectinterest rates to be higher in the future, that is why they demand a higher rate of return on a longer bond. If they expect interest rates to be higher in the future, they are either predicting higher inflation in the future or a higher real interest rate. We cannot tell which by simply looking at short and long rates.80 Krugman/Obstfeld •International Economics: Theory and Policy, Eighth Edition17. If we assume that the real exchange rate is constant, then the expected percentagechange in the exchange rate is simply the inflation differential. As the question notes, this relationship holds better over the long run. Starting from interest parity, we see that R R * %∆e E. The change in the exchange rate is π–π* when PPP holds, so if PPP holds over a horizon, we can say that R R *π–π*. This means r r*. So, real interest rate differentials at long maturities should be smaller.On the other hand, if the real exchange rate changes or is expected to change, we would say that %∆e E %∆e qπ–π*. In that case, there can be a significant wedge between r and r*. Thus, ifPPP does hold over the long run and people predict this (and consequently are not expecting large changes in the real exchange rate), we would expect to see smaller real interest rate differentials at long maturities.18. If markets are fairly segmented, then temporary moves in exchange rates may leadto wide deviations from PPP even for tradable goods. In the short run, firms may not be able to respondby opening up new trading relationships or distribution channels. On the other hand, if there are persistent deviations from PPP of tradable goods, we would expect firms to try to increase their presence in the high-price market. If they do this, it should reduce prices there and bring pricesback towards PPP.19. PPP for non-tradables would arise if technologies were similar across countries, andthus similar prices for goods in the long run would be consistent with competitive markets and similar labor costs. If the labor costs are similar, then (again assuming similar technologies) the costs of non-tradables should be similar also. Of course, as the chapter notes, differences in productivity thatvary across sector could result in Balassa Samuelson style effects where despitetradables PPP holding, non-tradables are still priced differently across countries.。

微观经济计算题

微观经济计算题

五、计算题1、某君对消费品X的需求函数为P=100 -√Q,分别计算价格P=60和P=40时的价格弹性系数。

2、某君消费商品x的数量与其收入的函数的关系是:M=1000Q²,计算当收入M=6400时的点收入弹性。

3、1986 年7月某外国城市公共汽车票价从32美分提高到40美分,1986年8月的乘客为880万人次,与1985年同期相比减少了12%,求需求的弧价格弹性。

4、已知销售商品x之总收益(R=PQ)方程为:R=100Q—2Q²,计算当边际收益(MR)为20时的点价格弹性。

5、甲公司生产皮鞋,现价每双60美元,1988年的销售量每月大约10000双。

1988年1月其竞争者乙公司把皮鞋价格从每双65美元降到55美元。

甲公司2月份销售量跌到8000双。

(a)甲公司和乙公司皮鞋的交叉弹性是多少(甲公司价格不变)?(b)若甲公司皮鞋的价格弧弹性是一2.0,乙公司把皮鞋价格保持在55美元,甲公司想把销售量恢复到每月10000双的水平,问每双要降价到多少?6、X公司和Y公司是机床行业的两个竞争者,这两家公司的主要产品的需求曲线分别为:公司X: Px=lOOO-5Qx公司Y: Py=1600-4Qy这两家公司现在的销售量分别为100单位x和250单位y。

(a)求x和y当前的价格弹性。

(b)假定y降价后,使Qy增加到300单位,同时导致x的销售量Qx下降到75单位,试问X公司产品x的交叉价格弹性是多少?(c)假定Y公司目标是谋求销售收入极大,你认为它降价在经济上是否合理?7、已知Qd=20-5P Qs=4P+5 试求:(1)均衡价格和均衡产量(2)价格为多少时,消费支出最大?8、某市场上只有两个消费者,其需求函数分别为Q1=l00-2P P≤50Q1=0 P>50Q2=160-4P P≤40Q2=0 P>40试求市场需求函数。

9、设某国家对汽车的需求函数为Q=-0.725-0.049P+0.025Y,而汽车的需求量、价格和消费者收入的变动情况如表2—1:年份需求量(千辆)价格收入1960 75.3 1000 50001961 76.6 1050 51501962 79.4 1123 54071963 79.4 1235 5623试计算需求量变化中由价格和收入的变化引起的变动量个为多少?1960-1963年各年的价格弹性和收入弹性多大?10、在英国,对新汽车需求的价格弹性Ed=-1.2,需求的收入弹性Ey=3.0计算(a)其他条件不变,价格提高3%对需求的影响;(b)其他条件不变,收入增加2%对需求的影响:(c)假设价格提高8%,收入增加10%,1980年新汽车销售量为800万辆,利用有关弹性系数的数据估计1981年新汽车的销售量。

SPIN销售巨人全136页

SPIN销售巨人全136页

9
以客户为导向 4P VS 4C
product
vs
Consumer
price
vs
Cost
place
vs
Convenience
Promotion
vs
Communication
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客户需求 有需要,必须满足 有需要,不必立即满足
有需要,没有发现
没有需要
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如何争取你的客户
SPIN 大客户销售与顾问技术
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目标
掌握大客户销售技能 了解不同的价值类型客户及客户的三个五 销售人员学会用SPIN的提问模式开发客户的
业务需求 在销售会谈中学会如何防范和处理客户异议
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知识的时代
资金
劳力
知识时代
知识
土地
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平衡计分
44
人际沟通的五种类型
五个类型层次 特征
寒暄
基本的礼仪、打招 呼、交换名片
标准
只是瞬间拉进距离的手 段,增加亲和力的方式
举例
听你口音是广东人吧
表达事实
观念认同 行为、习惯
介绍公司的资料、表 达一些客观存在的事 情
双方产生感觉、来电反 应、有共同的话题
投其所好、有共同的 兴趣、爱好等
只是互换信息、达到交流 的目的,不会产生来电的 感觉,时间越长越没有味 道
项目函数决定你要收集哪些信息
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如何在与客户的 三角恋爱中取胜?
知己-产品方案导向 知彼-客户导向 知他-竞争导向

罗森《财政学》(第8版)(课后习题 收入再分配:概念问题)【圣才出品】

罗森《财政学》(第8版)(课后习题 收入再分配:概念问题)【圣才出品】

第十二章 收入再分配:概念问题一、概念题1.贫困线(poverty line)答:贫困线是指可维持最低限度生活的收入水平,是衡量贫困程度的标准。

收入水平低于贫困线的家庭被认为处于贫困状态。

各国的贫困线的标准不相同,同一国家在不同时期贫困线的标准也不相同。

贫困线常常以家庭的人均收入水平来确定。

世界银行以平均消费水平为基础,以营养、平均寿命、婴儿死亡率以及入学率等社会福利指标作为补充,来确定衡量标准。

世界银行为衡量绝对贫困规定了两条贫困线,即人均年收入275美元(按1985年购买力平价不变价格计算)为标准的赤贫贫困线以及以人均年收入370美元为标准的穷人贫困线。

世界银行在分析世界各国绝对贫困状况时还经常采用人均日收入l美元的全球同一贫困线。

2.实物收入(in-kind income)答:实物收入是“货币收入”的对称,指以实物形式所获得的收入。

如劳动者获得的实物报酬、自给性产品、来自政府和有关机构的实物转移等。

3.实物转移(in-kind transfers)答:实物转移是指一个机构单位或个人实物形式向另一个机构单位或个人提供货物、服务或资产而同时不从后者获得任何货物、服务或资产作为回报的一种交易。

实物转移又分为实物资本转移和实物经常转移。

前者指一个机构单位或个人无偿地向另一个机构单位提供和支付用于资本形成的实物。

资本转移之外的其他以实物方式实现的所有转移称为实物经常转移。

其又分为实物社会转移和其他普通实物转移。

实物社会转移是指政府单位(包括社会保障基金)及为住户服务的非营利机构对个别住户以实物形式提供货物和服务。

实物社会转移记录在实物收入再分配账户中。

除实物社会转移外的各种经常转移,均记录在收入二次分配账户中。

4.耐用品(durable goods)答:耐用品是指能够持续使用三年及三年以上的货物。

耐用品既包括生产资料(如机器设备等)又包括消费资料(如汽车、冰箱、电视机、家具等)。

5.功利主义(utilitarian)答:功利主义又称“边沁主义”,是指一种把追求幸福、快乐、效用、利益作为道德标准和行为规范的伦理哲学,由18世纪末英国哲学家和经济学家边沁提出。

范里安-微观经济学现代观点-第8版-第八版-ch28-博弈论(含全部习题解答)-东南大学曹乾

范里安-微观经济学现代观点-第8版-第八版-ch28-博弈论(含全部习题解答)-东南大学曹乾

Intermediate Microeconomics:A Modern Approach (8th Edition)Hal R. Varian范里安中级微观经济学:现代方法(第8版)完美中文翻译版)含全部习题详细解答)第28章:博弈论(含全部习题详细解答博弈论(曹乾译(东南大学caoqianseu@)28博弈理论我们在上一章阐述的寡头理论,是企业间策略性互动的经典经济理论解释。

但这只是冰山一角。

经济行为人(agents)的策略性互动有多种方式,经济学家借助博弈理论(game theory)这个工具已研究了很多种策略性互动的行为。

博弈理论关注的是策略性互动的一般分析。

人们可使用博弈理论研究室内游戏(parlor games)、政治协商和经济行为(一)。

在本章,我们将简要分析这一迷人的学科,目的是让你感受一下它是如何运行的,以及让你初步知道如何使用博弈理论分析寡头市场中的经济行为。

28.1博弈的收益矩阵策略性互动可能涉及很多选手和很多策略,但是我们仅限于分析两个选手之间的博弈,而且限于分析策略的数量有限的情形。

这样做的好处是可以用收益矩阵(payoff matrix)描述博弈。

最好举例进行分析。

假设两人玩一种简单的游戏。

选手A在纸上写出“上”或“下”。

与此同时,选手B独立地写出“左”或“右”。

在两人写好后,经过分析,将他们的收益标记于表28.1中。

若A 选上且B选左,我们看矩阵的左上角的小方格。

在该小方格中,A的收益是第一个数,B 的收益是第二个数。

类似地,如果A选下B选右,则A得到收益为1,B得到的收益为0.表28.1:一个博弈的收益矩阵选手A有两个策略:上或下。

这些策略可以代表类似“提高价格”或“降低价格”的经济选择。

或者它们可以代表类似“宣战”或“不宣战”的政治选择。

博弈的收益矩阵表明了对于每个选定的策略组合,每个选手得到的收益。

(一)室内游戏(parlor games)是指一伙人在室内(indoors)参与的游戏。

尹伯成《西方经济学简明教程》(第8版)课后习题详解(博弈论和信息经济学)

第8章博弈论和信息经济学1.简释下列概念:(1)上策均衡答:上策均衡又称占优策略均衡,是由博弈中的所有参与者的占优策略组合所构成的均衡。

因为在一个博弈里,如果所有参与人都有占优策略存在,那么,占优策略均衡是可以预测到的唯一均衡,因为没有一个理性的参与人会选择劣策略。

应该指出的是,占优策略均衡只要求每个参与人是理性的,而并不要求每个参与人知道其他参与人是理性的(也就是说,不要求“理性”是共同知识),这是因为,不论其他参与人是否是理性的,占优策略总是理性参与人的最优选择。

(2)纳什均衡答:纳什均衡是指这样一种策略集,在这一策略集中,每一个博弈者都确信,在给定竞争对手策略决定的情况下,他选择了最好的策略。

纳什均衡是由所有参与人的最优策略所组成的一个策略组合。

也就是说,给定其他人的策略,任何个人都没有积极性去选择其他策略,从而没有人有积极性去打破这个均衡。

(3)静态博弈答:静态博弈指局中人同时决策或虽非同时决策,但后决策者不知道先决策者采取什么策略的博弈。

在静态博弈中,局中人同时选择行动,或者虽然不是同时,但后行动者并不知道先行动者采取了何种具体行动,从而不能根据先行动者的行动来选择自己的行动。

(4)动态博弈答:动态博弈指局中人决策有先有后,后决策者能观察到先决策者决策情况下的博弈。

在动态博弈中,局中人的行动有先后顺序,并且后行动者能够观察到先行动者所选择的行动,从而可以根据先行动者的行动来决定自己的行动。

相应地,先行动者知道其行动会影响后行动者的行动选择,从而在决定自己的行动时会把这种影响考虑进去。

(5)极大极小化策略答:极大极小化策略指参与者所采取的使自己能够获得的极小收入极大化的策略。

极小收入是指采取某一种策略所能获得的最小收入。

以表8-1的支付矩阵为例,A采取守的策略所能获得的最小收入是2,而采取攻的策略所能获得的最小收入是-500。

表8-1 极大极小策略就表8-1所显示的策略而言,若A、B两人都采取极大极小化策略,均衡的结果是守与退的策略,两人都分别获得2的支付。

财务管理学课后习题答案-人大版

《财务管理学》课后习题-—人大教材第二章价值观念练习题1。

解:用先付年金现值计算公式计算8年租金的现值得:V0 = A×PVIFAi,n×(1 + i) = 1500×PVIFA8%,8×(1 + 8%)= 9310.14(元)因为设备租金的现值大于设备的买价,所以企业应该购买该设备.2。

解:(1) A = PVAn/PVIFAi,n = 1151。

01(万元)所以,每年应该还1151.01万元。

(2)由PVAn = A·PVIFAi,n得:PVIFAi,n =PVAn/A则PVIFA16%,n = 3。

333查PVIFA表得:PVIFA16%,5 = 3.274,PVIFA16%,6 = 3。

685,利用插值法:年数年金现值系数5 3.274n 3。

3336 3.685由以上计算,解得:n = 5.14(年)所以,需要5。

14年才能还清贷款。

3. 解:(1)计算两家公司的预期收益率:中原公司 = K1P1 + K2P2 + K3P3= 40%×0。

30 + 20%×0。

50 + 0%×0。

20= 22%南方公司 = K1P1 + K2P2 + K3P3= 60%×0。

30 + 20%×0。

50 +(—10%)×0。

20 = 26%(2)计算两家公司的标准差:中原公司的标准差为:(40%22%)20.30(20%22%)20。

50(0%22%)20。

2014%南方公司的标准差为:(60%26%)20.30(20%26%)20.20(10% 26%)20。

2024.98%(3)计算两家公司的变异系数:中原公司的变异系数为: CV =14%/22%=0。

64南方公司的变异系数为: CV =24。

98%/26%=0。

96由于中原公司的变异系数更小,因此投资者应选择中原公司的股票进行投资。

4. 解:股票A的预期收益率=0.14×0。

第8套-PMP模拟题-答案

PMP模拟冲刺题答案1、项目中途,发起人想要改变交付进度计划,项目经理下一步应该怎么做?A. 确定这对项目关键路径的影响B. 将其添加到问题日志中C. 提出一项变更请求D. 使用进度压缩技术答案:C解析:PMBOK(6)实施整体变更控制。

确定变更对关键路径的影响是在实施整体变更控制中进行了所以不选 A。

C 包括 A,选 C2、项目经理注意到正在构建的系统存在多个质量问题,项目经理应该使用什么来跟踪这些问题的解决方案?A. 变更控制过程B. 质量分析C. 风险审查D. 问题日志答案:D解析:PMBOK(6)P96- 指导与管理项目工作-问题日志。

在整个项目生命周期中,项目经理通常会遇到问题、差距、不一致或意外冲突,项目经理需要采取某些行动加以处理,以免影响项目绩效。

问题日志是一种记录和跟进所有问题的项目文件,所需记录和跟进的内容可能包括问题类型、问题提出者和提出时间,问题描述、问题优先级、由谁负责解决问题、目标解决日期、问题状态、最终解决情况等。

3、一位之前未识别到的相关方报告说,他们的职能领域受到很大影响,但没有持续通知他们关键项目的状态,项目经理首先应该做什么?A. 审查项目的沟通方法B. 检查并更新相关方登记册C. 立即和该相关方开会确认D. 审查并更新沟通管理计划答案:B解析:PMBOK(6)监督相关方参与。

监督项目相关方关系,通过修订参与策略和计划来引导相关方合理参与项目。

该过程输出更新的相关方登记册,记录从监督相关方参与中得到的信息。

4、项目团队成员遗漏可交付成果。

若要解决这个问题,项目经理首先应该做什么?A. 收集由团队执行的活动和相关信息B. 将工作委托给高级团队成员,让其担任主管C. 将所有团队成员的工作分成相等的部分D. 提供培训,以便团队成员可以处理额外的工作答案:A解析:PMBOK(6)P169- 控制范围-工作绩效数据。

可能包括收到的变更请求的数量、接受的变更请求的数量、核实、确认和完成的可交付成果的数量等5、在项目执行阶段,批准了一项监管法律,责令立即遵守,这项法律将影响项目的范围,进度和成本,项目经理首先应该做什么?A.减轻风险B.更新项目管理计划C.将问题升级上报给高级管理层D.开始变更请求过程答案:D解析:PMBOK(6)实施整体变更控制。

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第8版笔记和课后习题详解(标准贸易模型)【圣才出品】

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第8版笔记和课后习题详解第5章标准贸易模型5.1复习笔记1.开放经济的标准模型标准贸易模型建立在四个重要关系的基础之上:生产可能性边界和相对供给曲线之间的关系;相对价格和相对需求之间的关系;贸易条件(一个国家出口产品的价格除以进口产品的价格)对国家福利的影响;确定世界均衡的世界相对供给与相对需求之间的关系。

以下将逐一进行介绍。

(1)生产可能性边界和相对供给如图5-1所示,曲线TT 为一国的生产可能性边界。

点Q 是生产点,位于生产可能性边界所能接触到的最高的一条等价值线上。

图5-1产品相对价格确定社会产出可以在图5-1上用一系列等价值线来表示市场的产出价值,离原点越远的等价值线对应的产出价值就越高。

假定/C F P P 上升,则等价值线会变陡。

如图5-2所示,当棉布的相对价格从()1/C F P P 上升到()2/C F P P (从1VV 移动到2VV )时,等价值线变陡。

这时,社会将生产更多的棉布和更少的粮食,均衡产出点将从点1Q 移动到点2Q 。

图5-2棉布相对价格的上升如何影响相对供给(2)相对价格和相对需求如图5-3所示,点Q 是生产点,点D 是消费点。

该国生产的棉布比消费的棉布多,因而出口棉布;相应的,消费的粮食比生产的粮食多,因而进口粮食。

图5-3标准模型中的生产、消费和贸易图5-4说明了相对价格/C F P P 上升所产生的影响。

当相对价格/C F P P 上升时,所有的等价值曲线变得更陡,最大价值线会从1VV 移到2VV ;生产点会从点1Q 移动到点2Q ;消费点会从点1D 移动到点2D 。

图5-4棉布相对价格上升产生的影响从点1D 到点2D 的移动反映了/C F P P 上升所产生的两个影响:①消费移动到了一条更高的无差异曲线上,社会福利改善了——收入效应。

②相对价格的变动会使得消费点随无差异曲线向靠近粮食、背离棉布的方向移动——替代效应。

(3)贸易条件改变对福利的影响贸易条件对国家福利的影响可以在图5-4中得到说明。

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第6讲 列方程解应用题2
[教学内容]
《多思动漫数学》拓展版,第15级第6讲——列方程解应用题2
[教学目标]
知识与技能
1、知道解方程应用题的一般步骤,并能根据。
2、会解释生活中“三刀切八块”和“七块西瓜八块皮”的趣味现象。

方法与过程
通过观察、操作、类比的数学过程,总结归纳出四种方法的规律,并能灵活
地选择适当方法进行分割。充分调动学生积极性和参与度。

情感态度与价值观
通过活动激发学生学习数学的兴趣和欲望,体验成功的乐趣,产生学好数学
的自信心。

[教学重点和难点]
重点:掌握解决巧切蛋糕问题的四种方法,进一步总结分法的规律。
难点:根据蛋糕的块数,综合运用四种切蛋糕的方法灵活处理。

[教学准备]
教师课堂教学平台和相关学具。

[教学过程]
教学路径 学生活动 方案说明

一、片头(人物介绍)
同学们,在今天的课正式开始之前,让我们来
认识一群新朋友,请和老师一起来看一段人物
介绍动画。(播放动画)首先大家看到的就是
充满活力的小泉,紧接着看到的是敢想敢做的
奥斑马,然后是勤奋学习的小美和记忆力超强
的欧欧,最后大家看到的就是知识渊博集才华
与一身的龙博士。
师:
这五个朋友在形状上像我们数学中的什么图片

呢?
生:
互动

师:从颜色上看,他们有怎样的区别呢?
生:互动
师:
其实呢,欧欧他们也可以像龙博士一样穿上一

身漂亮的彩色衣服,前提是他们必须要找到彩虹桥并
获取一把金钥匙。可是要找到彩虹桥必须要他们齐心
协力完成一个任务才行。那今天呢,我们就一起来帮
助黑白团队找到金钥匙,让他们也穿上彩色的衣服好
吗?
二、开心驿站:(情境导入)
(播放动画)
师:
动画片中,奥斑马和欧欧他们坐在一起做什么

呢?
生:参加小美的生日宴会,准备吃生日蛋糕。
师:
他们正准备吃蛋糕的时候,发生了什么事?

生:
小泉不小心把蛋糕弄花了。

师:
生日宴会上一共有7人,在分蛋糕的时候,他

们又遇到什么困惑呢?

观看动画。
让学生积极
参与到课堂

课前交流,融洽关
系,引发期待,铺
垫教学。

通过学生感兴趣
的动画故事导入
新课,引出所学知
识,激发学生学习
的兴趣。

生:如何用三刀切出8块蛋糕。
师:
聪明的同学们,你们知道小美是怎样切的吗?

三、龙博士导航(知识点梳理)
知识纵横:我们知道在日常生活中,我们经常会
碰到切蛋糕、切西瓜之类的问题,这类问题生动有趣,
通过动手切一切就能找到解决问题的方法,可以使我
们变得越来越聪明。
过程索引:通过操作、观察、归纳、总结掌握切
的刀数与最多切得的块数之间的规律,并运用这些规
律解决与切蛋糕相关的简单的问题。

四、切蛋糕游戏
过渡
(从动画中,我们知道小美切3刀切了8块蛋

糕,那同学们想知道知道她是如何做到的吗?那今天
呢老师也精心给同学们准备了四款蛋糕,同学们可以
选择自己喜欢的蛋糕来进行游戏,来尝试如何分蛋
糕。)
游戏规则:
首先,同学们从四个蛋糕中选一个自己

喜欢的蛋糕,然后请单击“开始”按钮,此时会出现
一道题目(例如:请把一个蛋糕用最少的刀数切成5
块),接着选择小刀直接在蛋糕上进行切就可以了。

过渡:我们知道,黑白团队是特别友爱的大家
庭,虽然小泉不小心把小美的生日蛋糕弄花
了,但是现在奥斑马、小泉和欧欧准备再给小
美买一个蛋糕为她庆祝。来到蛋糕店后,他们
发现蛋糕店的师傅切蛋糕的方法非常有意思,
于是他们决定向师傅学习切蛋糕的方法,而且
蛋糕师傅还许诺,如果他们学会了的话,就送
他们一个蛋糕作为小美的生日礼物。为了能给

学生大声诵
读,加深记
忆。

小美庆祝生日,也请同学们一起来学学切蛋糕
的方法吧!


:现在我这里有两个蛋糕,请同学们用两种不同的

方法把一个蛋糕分成4份,想想看。然后请同学把你
的分发与大家一起分享。给大家两分钟的时间思考。


:时间到了,哪位同学可以自高奋勇地上来给大家

演示一下你的分法?

:互动。


:这位同学分得非常好,我们一起来看一下他的分

法。他一共切了3刀变成了4块,从刀痕可以看出什
么?

:这3条刀痕都没有交点。


:我们把这种没有交点的分法叫做不相交切。刚刚

这位同学用这种方法切了3刀。变成了4块,那切4
刀会变成几块呢?我们就一起来分一下。

:通过这种不想交切的分法切这个蛋糕,我们会发

现:3刀切4块,4刀切5块,5刀切6块......由此我
们可以总结出什么规律呢?

:块数=刀数+1


:刚刚有一位同学给我们展示了不相交切的方法,

那还有没有其他的方法呢?

:还可以交叉切两刀。


:对,可以交叉切。我们给这种切发也起了一个名

字,叫做相交切。相交切就是不交于一点,每一次新
切的一刀都与之前的每一刀都有交点。那我们的相交
切又有怎样的规律呢?(动画演示)
师:通过演示,我们会发现:切1刀时比原来增加了
1块,一共有1+1块;切2刀时比原来增加了2块,
一共有1+1+2块:那第3刀呢?第4刀呢?

:切3刀时,有1+1+2+3块;切4刀时,有1+1+2+3+4

块。

:请同学们仔细观察这些结果,你们会得到什么规

律呢?

:块数=1+2+3+4+......刀数


:刚刚我们都是竖着切的,如果在竖着切的基础上
再横切一刀会有什么变化呢?(动画演示)

:横着切一刀是多少块?


:4x(1+1)块


:那切2刀呢?


:4x(2+1}块


:同样观察结果,同学们可以得到什么规律呢?


:块数=每层的蛋糕数x(刀数+1) 刀数+1=层数

方法总结:1、不相交切:块数=刀数+1
2、相交于一点切:块数=刀数x2
3、相交于多点切:块数=1+1+2+3+4+......
刀数
4、横切:块数=每层的蛋糕数x层数(层
数=刀数+1)

过渡:
奥斑马他们学得非常认真,也掌握了切蛋糕

的方法,所以呢,蛋糕师傅觉定给他们送一个蛋糕作
为小美的生日礼物。然后,他们高高兴兴把蛋糕提回
家送给了小美,小美十分感动,于是就请大家共进生
日大餐。吃完大餐后,伙伴们都感觉很渴,都想喝饮
料。这时候呢,我们的龙博士抱来了一个西瓜,正准
备切的时候,大白猪和灰灰赶来了,龙博士把西瓜切
了3块,黑白团队、大白猪和灰灰没人分得一块。吃
完后,发现西瓜皮比总人数多了一块,聪明的同学们,
你们知道这是怎么回事吗?

解题步骤:1、分析实际问题,抽象出数学问题。
一个西瓜怎样切3刀,把它变成七块,而吃完后有8
块西瓜皮?
2、建立数学模型,解决实际问题。(动画
演示)
我的地盘我做主
巩固练习:
请同学们用不相交切的方法完成切蛋糕

题目。
1、1块蛋糕,切一刀能切几块?
2、1块蛋糕,切5刀能切成几块?
拓展训练(针对基础好的学生):一块蛋糕,怎样切
3刀变7块?切5刀变21块?切6刀变28块?
小论文大思想
师:
同学们,在同学们的配合下我们今天的课就

要接近尾声了。那不知道同学们在今天的课堂中有没
有什么收获呢?

这节课我学到了什么?
我最擅长的是探究几?
还需要加强的是哪一道?

结束语:
在今天的课堂中,同学们帮助黑白团队为

小美又获得了一个新蛋糕,所以他们顺利地完成了任
务,获得了金钥匙,离我们的彩虹桥更近了一步。所
以,这也告诉我们一个道理,只要坚持不懈地努力,
总有一天会成功的。只要大家坚持不懈地学数学,老
师也相信你们会越来越聪明,越来越棒!

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