Lecture 9 Affirmation and Negation
能愿动词能、会、要、想的肯定否定不对称现象研究
能愿动词“能、会、要、想”的肯定/否定不对称现象研究中文摘要汉语语法中存在着大量不对称现象，能愿动词的肯定形式与否定形式之间同样有不对称。
由于能愿动词大都不止一个义项，不同义项与否定词搭配情况也不同，就造成了能愿动词肯定式和否定式的不对称现象，这个问题已经引起了学界的注意。
遗憾的是，目前的研究甚少，而且侧重于个别能愿动词的微观研究，缺少宏观系统的研究，比较研究和理论解释也比较薄弱。
所以我们有必要去理清这些能愿动词的肯定式与否定式之间的对称和不对称关系，总结出一些规律。
本文在搜集大量语料的基础上首先梳理“能”、“会”、“要”、“想”的所有义项，以及按义项为单位所对应的否定式的用法，对其语法意义进行细致的分类。
在确定这四个能愿动词语义、用法的基础上，描写能愿动词肯定/否定的对称与不对称关系，归纳出能愿动词肯否不对称的几条规律。
并将从“自然语言的肯定和否定公理”、“否定标记理论”、认知心理学的“结构隐喻”和“肯定词的两阶段生成方式论”等四个角度去解释能愿动词肯否不对称的动因。
研究价值在于从理论角度探讨能愿动词肯否不对称问题，为汉语能愿动词本体研究和对外汉语教学提供参考。
全文一共五章。
第一章是绪论部分，首先交代论文的研究对象及研究的目的和意义，然后梳理一下前人的研究成果和存在的不足之处，最后阐述本文研究的思路和方法，并对语料的来源和选定加以说明。
第二章首先借用语料库分别归纳出“能”、“会”及其各个否定形式的语法意义，并行分类描写，找出它们的肯否不对称关系，最后辨析这两个近义能愿动词。
第三章首先借用语料库分别归纳出“要”、“想”及其各个否定形式的语法意义，并行分类描写，找出它们的肯否不对称关系，最后辨析这两个近义能愿动词。
第四章首先通过表格对前文的分析进行总结，然后归纳能愿动词肯否不对称的规律，最后从四个不同角度对能愿动词肯否不对称的原因进行尝试性解释。
第五章首先总结本文每章的研究框架和结论，然后列举在分析研究中的一些规律性结论，最后给出关于如何准确辨析、选择能愿动词否定形式的建议。
lecture翻译技巧一词义选择
• 译：可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。 • 析：do not stop here 由“不停留在这里” 转译为“并不止这些”。
Case 2
• Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend.
1. 根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 选择某个词的词义，首先要判明这个词在原句中应属哪 一种词类，然后再进一步确定其词义。例如： Like charges repel. Unlike charges attract. 同极相斥。 异极相吸。
但在下面例句中，like又分属其他几个不同词类： 1) He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词） 2) In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发光。
• 译：不管你对它的态度如何，经济全球化已成为 我们生活的一部分，这个趋势不可逆转。 • 析：若把它死译为“呆在这里”，不通顺。但引 申为“已成为我们生活的一部分”，把原文的信 息充分地传达出来，且易于读者理解。
Case 3
• Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years’ service.
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再如“take （off）这一动词：
1) To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.
翻译技巧-正反翻译
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If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active.
如果阅读不仅仅是为了消磨时间，那么阅读必须是积极主动地。
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Transactions of business mail with huge data attachments can be performed without any stress in mobile environments, which may make the word “desk-work” go out of date.
Of course, English-speaking people have their own way of
thinking in the negation and expressing negative implications. What is affirmative in form in English may be implied something negative in Chinese, and vice versa.
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英语反面表达转换为汉语正面表达
• (1) You can't be too careful. 你要特别小心 。 • (2) The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on us. 这些事件引起了我们的重 视。 • (3) Such flights couldn't long escape notice. 这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。
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6. Keep in lane! 不准换线！ 7. Keep off the lawn! 请勿践踏草地！（正说 反译） 8. I couldn’t agree more with you. 我完全同 意你的看法。 9. Just make yourself at home. 不要客气。/ 别见外 。 10. His speech leaves much to be desired. 他的讲话很不如人意。
翻译技巧--正译与反译
1.名词
1) There was a complete absence of information on the oil deposit in that area. 关于该地区的石油储藏情况，人们毫无所知。 2) Her child was in a terrible state of neglect.
4) To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account.
使我们失望的是他不顾大局。
5) Such a chance was denied to me.
我没有得到这样一个机会。
类似的动词还有:
lack（缺乏，没有） defy（不服从，不遵从，不让） differ（不同，不同意，不合） miss（未打中，未见到，未达到）
直言不讳。
7) A dog in the manger. 占着茅坑不拉屎。 8) He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. 欲加之罪，何患无辞。 9) He was utterly in the dark about what had happened in the department yesterday. 他对昨天系里发生的事全然不知。
II. Purposes of Conversion between Affirmation and Negation
1. to make the meaning clear 2. to strengthen the rhetorical effect 3. to make it conform to the idiomatic use of the target language
正译与反译
表示否定的副词或副词短语： 表示否定的副词或副词短语： little, otherwise, too…to.. etc. 1. 显然他有不同的想法。 显然他有不同的想法。 He evidently thinks otherwise. 2. 他兴奋得说不出话来了。 他兴奋得说不出话来了。 He was too excited to speak.
反说法： 反译法 / 反说法： 用英语形式上否定的英语词表达汉语肯定的意义。 用英语形式上否定的英语词表达汉语肯定的意义。 1. 他这学期全勤。 他这学期全勤。 He has never missed a class this semester. 2. 开卷有益。 开卷有益。 One cannot read a book without leaning something. Reading is always beneficial 3. 我对你感激万分。 我对你感激万分。 I couldn’t thank you enough.
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表示否定的形容词或形容词短语： 表示否定的形容词或形容词短语：few, little, free from, far from, safe from, short of etc. 1. 他的作文中几乎没有语法错误。 他的作文中几乎没有语法错误。 There are few grammatical mistakes in his composition. 2. 那家伙极不诚实。 那家伙极不诚实。 That fellow is far from being honest. 3. 欲速则不达。 欲速则不达。 More haste, less speed. Haste makes waste. Haste brings no success. 2011-12-31 5
肯定句和否定句的英文教学教案
肯定句和否定句的英文教学教案Title: English Teaching Lesson Plan - Teaching Affirmative and Negative SentencesIntroduction:This English teaching lesson plan aims to provide a comprehensive approach to teaching students the concept and usage of affirmative and negative sentences in the English language. The lesson plan is designed for intermediate-level students and incorporates various engaging activities and exercises to enhance their understanding and proficiency in forming and using these types of sentences.I. Learning Objectives- Understand the definition and characteristics of affirmative and negative sentences.- Identify the differences between affirmative and negative sentence structures.- Accurately form affirmative and negative sentences.- Apply the knowledge of affirmative and negative sentences in practical language situations.II. Warm-Up Activity: Sentence SortBegin the lesson by engaging students in a warm-up activity to activate their prior knowledge and introduce the concept of affirmative and negative sentences.- Provide a set of sentence cards, each containing either an affirmative or negative sentence.- Ask students to work individually or in pairs to categorize the sentences into two groups: affirmative and negative.- Discuss the correct categorization as a class, highlighting the key features of each sentence type.III. Explanation and ExamplesProvide a clear explanation of the characteristics and structures of affirmative and negative sentences, along with relevant examples.1. Affirmative Sentences:- Affirmative sentences state something as true or confirm a fact.- Structure: Subject + Verb + Object/Complement.- Examples: "She enjoys playing the piano." "They have completed their homework."2. Negative Sentences:- Negative sentences express the negation or denial of a fact.- Structure: Subject + Auxiliary Verb (e.g., do/does/did) + NOT + Main Verb + Object/Complement.- Examples: "He does not like spicy food." "We did not go to the cinema."IV. Guided Practice: Sentence TransformationIn this activity, students will practice transforming affirmative sentences into negative sentences and vice versa.1. Transforming Affirmative to Negative:- Provide a set of affirmative sentences, either written or projected.- Ask students to work individually to transform each sentence into its corresponding negative form.- Encourage students to pay attention to the correct placement of auxiliary verbs and 'not.'- Discuss the correct answers as a class, clarifying any doubts or difficulties encountered.2. Transforming Negative to Affirmative:- Provide a set of negative sentences.- In pairs or small groups, students should rewrite each sentence into an affirmative form.- Emphasize the need to use appropriate auxiliary verbs and adjust the sentence structure accordingly.- Review the transformed sentences together, ensuring accuracy and understanding.V. Application: Role PlayEngage the students in a role-play activity to practice the usage of affirmative and negative sentences in real-life situations.- Divide the class into pairs, assigning each pair a scenario where they must use appropriate affirmative and negative sentences.- Example scenarios could include ordering food at a restaurant, resolving a conflict, or discussing travel plans.- Encourage students to actively use the target sentence structures in their conversations.- Monitor and provide feedback on their language usage and accuracy.VI. Consolidation: Error CorrectionTo reinforce the learning, students will be presented with a series of sentences containing errors in affirmation and negation.- Provide a handout or project the sentences for the whole class to see.- In pairs or individually, students should identify and correct the errors in each sentence.- Discuss and review the corrections together, explaining the reasoning behind the changes made.VII. Wrap-up: Recap and ReflectionSummarize the key points covered in the lesson, emphasizing the usage and formation of affirmative and negative sentences. Allow students to ask any remaining questions or seek clarification.- Engage in a class discussion or reflective writing activity, where students share their thoughts on the lesson and express their confidence in using affirmative and negative sentences.- Provide constructive feedback and positive reinforcement.VIII. Homework AssignmentAssign homework tasks that involve further practice in forming and using affirmative and negative sentences. This could include completing worksheets, writing short paragraphs, or engaging in online learning platforms.Conclusion:This English teaching lesson plan offers a structured and engaging approach to teaching affirmative and negative sentences. By incorporating various activities, such as sentence sorting, sentence transformation, role-play, and error correction, students will have ample opportunities to develop their understanding and proficiency in using these important sentence types. Through targeted practice and application, students will gain the necessary skills to confidently communicate using affirmative and negative sentences in English.。
翻译技巧之正译与反译
01 形容词
02
He gave me an indefinite answer. 他给我一个含糊的答复
03
He was in an uncomfortable predicament. 他陷于困窘的艰难处境中.
04
It was inconsiderate of him to mention the matter in her hearing. 他实在轻率，竟在她在场时谈论此事。
酒吧间只有五个顾客还没走。
二．英语中的含蓄否定词\含蓄否定短语→译成汉语的否定词组。
I failed to understand your meaning.
我弄不懂你的意思。
3. All international disputes must be settled through negotiations and the avoidance of any armed conflicts.
爱因斯坦提出的“相对论”，现在还有不少人不理解。
01
类似这样的介词 还有:
02
below（与…… 不相称，不足， 不值得）
03
beneath（不 值得，与……不 相称）
04
beyond（为 ……所不及）
05
under（未满足 ，不足）
06
without（无， 不，没有，毫不 ）
07
except（不包 括）
一切国际争端应通过谈判而不是武装冲突来解决。
下面按词性列举它们的翻译方法
名词
Her child was in a terrible state of neglect. 她的孩子简直没人管。
There was a complete absence of information on the oil deposit in that area. 关于该地区的石油储藏情况，人们毫无所知。
翻译技巧之正译与反译
free from（不受。。。的影响(yǐngxiǎng)，没有。。。的） Free from anxiety 无忧无虑。 Free from arrogance and rashness 不骄不躁。 Every person has the right to be free from hunger. 人人有不挨饿的权力。 These elements are shielded so that they are free
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22
第二十二页，共37页。
7) A dog in the manger. 占着茅坑(máokēng)不拉屎。
8) He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. 欲加之罪，何患无辞。
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Negation: with no, not never, non-,un-,im-, in-, ir-,-less 不、没、无、未、别、休、莫、非、 毋、勿
Affirmation: without the words, prefixes, suffixes mentioned above.
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第十八页，共37页。
1) She said idly, “well, what does it matter?” 她漫不经心的说：“哼，这有什么关系？”
2) Slowly he pulled the letter out of the envelope, and unfolded it.
第二页，共37页。
Affirmation in English→Negation in Chinese (英语里有些从正面(zhèngmiàn)表达的词或句子，译
7正反、反正译法
【译文】凡是活在世上的人都曾有过神仙般 的几段绝好时光。（双重否定表示强烈肯定）
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例5：The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us.
【译文】这些事引起了我们的重视。
例6：He has no small chance of success.
【译文】她忍住没有笑。
例5：The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 【译文】我走在厚厚的地毯上一点儿声 音也没有。
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例6：The pursuit of science withdraws interest from external things. 【译文】科学家由于致力于科学研究， 对外界事物总是不感兴趣。 例7： My guess is as good as yours. 【译文】我的猜测并不比你的高明。
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课堂互动1： 翻译句子， 注意否定译肯定
1．Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 【译文】今天下午，学生统统要交上书面作业。 2．Styles come and go, but good taste is timeless. 【译文】文风随时在变，而文雅是永恒的。 3．All the articles are untouchable in the museum. 【译文】博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。 4． No one has nothing to offer to society. 【译文】人人对社会都有所贡献。（双重否定用 来表示强烈肯定）
lecture 6 翻译技巧五 正说与反说法
当史蒂夫被介绍给这对老年夫妇的时候，他们只是淡淡 地说：“我们看过你的文章，但没想到你这么年轻。” 3. The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him.
归国的念头始终萦绕在他的心中。
C. Affirmation--Negation 4 .That’s a thing that might happen to any man. 原译：这样的事情可能发生在任何人身上。
技巧3/4-省译和增译练习：
1. We can not see sound waves as they travel through air. 2. The dog is stretching itself. 3. It was a cold, dark day, the sky overcast. 4. I can do it, and so can you. 5. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house. 6. Where there is a will, there is a way. 7. A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainment but no virtue. 8. 他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。 9. 礼拜天我们不上学。 10. 孩子就是孩子。
8. All graduates from the Foreign Languages Institutes will not be appointed to do translation work. [Version]
技巧5-正说反译、反说正译法练习答案：
1. 我没能说服他，让他知道自己的错误。