中美贸易关系的现状和发展趋势

Status quo and development trend of China-US trade relations姓名：袁泉专业：11级国际经济与贸易学号：I01114239摘要：全球金融危机爆发以来，美国更进一步采取了宽松的货币政策和财政政策来刺激国内经济，使其走出经济低谷。

目前，随着美元贬值、人民币汇率的降低、中国对美国的出口额大幅减少，中美贸易关系再次紧张。

而未来中美贸易关系的发展趋势，一方面受美国经济复苏走势的影响，另一方面也取决于中国经济结构调整的发展形势。

Abstract: Since the global financial crisis, the United States took a further easing of monetary policyPolicies and fiscal policies to stimulate the domestic economy, making it out of the economic downturn. Now, with the depreciation of the dollar, reducing the RMB exchange rate, Chinese exports to the United States decreased significantly, again tense Sino-US trade relations. The future development trend of China-US trade relations, partly affected by the trend of the U.S. economic recovery, it also depends on China's economic restructuring developments.Trade is an important means to promote bilateral economic development, but also to ensure the protection of domestic trade enterprise development and employment. Under China 's economic development is heavily dependent on trade background , Sino-US trade relations is in the development of trade and protection , increasing mutual dependence , but more and more friction , especially in the time of financial crisis . So deal with the relationship between the two is the most important issue to ensure that trade can bring benefits to both sides , because these problems only to find out that we can find solutions to problems that the two countries take the road of healthy development of trade . With economic development at the same time , the global pattern corresponding changes will occur , China 's economy will make the appropriate adjustments , Sino-US trade relations will go where it is also an important issue we want relations. In this paper, the current status and trends in the development of Sino-US trade relations brief description and analysis .First, the status of Sino-US trade relations( A ) Sino-US interdependence and complementary relationship continues to deepen Today, China is America's third largest trading partner and third largest export market, but also America's fastest growing overseas markets ; United States is China 's second largest trading partner, largest export market , as well as the second largest source of foreign investment , Trade between still increasing year by year. Bilateral trade reflects the complementary and mutually beneficial bilateral economic relationship between China's major exports to the U.S. clothing, textiles , footwear and other labor-intensive products , imported a small amount of precision machinery , aircraft, fertilizers and other capital-intensive and technology-intensive products . China to play its cheap labor cost advantage Di affordable products , the United States occupies a high level of technology advantages, complementary advantages and disadvantages of both sides so that trade relations can not be separated .( B) the Sino-US trade surplus increased frictions.2005 China textile trade quotas lifted in China have tried to control compression, China or the United States emerged as the fourth largest export market , has become an important factor driving the growth of U.S. exports , and the amount of bilateral trade also showed an increasing trend . But the Sino-US trade imbalance does exist, only China 's trade surplus in 2005 reached 114.17 billion U.S. dollars , an increase of 29.8 % over the previous year . Meanwhile China 's rising international status , known as " the world's manufacturing center ," the Chinese renminbi has appreciated slightly since 2005 . With the rapid development of Sino-US economic and trade relations continue to improve China 's international status , the Sino-US trade imbalance is a growing problem .With the expansion of trade surplus , trade friction between the two sides is also increasing , especially in the wake of the financial crisis more prominent surge in theamount of friction , friction range is expanded to a variety of industries from manufacturing , a variety of anti-dumping, anti-subsidy cases appear , in 2009-2010, about 1,000 pieces . Which is the focus of contradiction : American oppression of our appreciation of the renminbi , China's textile exports to the U.S. restrictions and intellectual property protection , etc., on the grounds that the protection of infant industries , jobs, theory, theory of national security , unfair competition theory .Second, analysis of the reasons for the Sino-US trade friction( A ) Non- US trade commodities complementaryReasons for the rapid development of Sino-US trade not only because of the complementary relationship between the two countries in all aspects of resource endowments and industrial structure , and that China 's reform and opening-up policy and the consistency of the U.S. global strategy . China 's low labor costs and no one can harvest in the United States at less than trade benefits in other countries , but the opposite accusing Chinese exports to the U.S. grew too fast , and as a reason for the Sino-US trade surplus for the first time forced RMB significant appreciation of nature . In fact China is just using the division of labor theory , play to their comparative advantage of labor resources , compared to the U.S. Congress to implement export controls on high-tech products that China needs and technology, increase trade restrictions on exports to China , making China not trade get what they want , resulting in a non- complementary Sino-US trade goods.(B ) interfere with the development of Sino-US economic and trade relations by political factorsWith the improvement of China 's international status , the gradual change in the world situation has caused many American politicians uneasy , they go around preaching the so-called China threat theory . This is mainly due to the support of the United States had this experience and lessons of history in Japan , the impact of China threat theory by , more and more Americans every move of China are particularly vigilant , they see China 's progress and development of all kinds of threats, China's trade barriers , forcing a substantial one-off appreciation of RMB , China-US trade has brought strong resistance .( C) The Chinese economy is heavily dependent on trade developmentChina 's foreign trade volume increased gradually since the reform and opening up , reaching 70 percent of GDP growth highest point in history , to the way trading nation of Japan had now gone , and history proves shift to domestic demand -based economy is a way of stabilizing the country's economic development . Due to rely heavily on foreign trade, the impact of various friction crisis can only swallow. However, because of the lack of technical content and stage their own brands in the low end of the value chain of the international division of labor , more competitive labor-intensive and low value-added mainly some of the processing industry , many products consume a lot of resources, but only a small amount in exchange foreconomic benefits , which is the inevitable result of the division of labor . But with the "1" gradually to "6" of development, changing the core technology of high-end research and development and to increase its own brand as well as the country's macroeconomic policies in the manufacturing industry chain " 6 +1 " model , China 's foreign trade gradually reduce dependence on , and to the development of domestic economy , only to withstand the effects of the global economic crisis and the various trade sanctions.( D ) making unreasonable WTO rulesDumping on the implementation and management of the WTO in terms of " anti-dumping" is defined protocols such dumping : dumping generally refers to a country's exporters to price below normal value , export to conduct another country markets. In determining the normal value of the product here , there are three ways: First, in the normal course of trade in the exporting country domestic sales price , the second is the exporting country to a third country export prices to normal trade , third is based on the structure of prices. When choosing a method of trade friction is definitely decided by countries accounting for the initiative , and because most of the content is to develop trade from developed countries , it is always favor the interests of the developed countries .( F ) Chinese dumping suspects and market mechanisms are inadequate domestic enterprises vulnerable to short-term benefits, many companies in order to expand foreign markets , the use of the product price fixed price tactic is too low, some of the goods at the price gap between foreign and domestic large it also can not help but produce a dumping suspect. But in the course of participating in international competition , the traditional concept of puerile not adapt to the current mainstream . Mutual benefit auction approach not only makes the space fell , disrupting the normal export order, it is also easy to make foreign sales behavior as anti-dumping, resulting in more trade friction .Third, the development trend of China-US trade( A ) the volume of trade is still room for development, complementary weakenOn the one hand , as China's economic development and the reduction of the population, low labor cost advantage gradually weakening , enterprises should get more profit , low-end labor-intensive industries will all even lower labor to India and Africa countries transfer. The same time as the development and upgrading of China's technology industry chain "Made in China " would be to "Created in China " further development , manufacturing and labor-intensive industries will no longer be the major industry in China , will become increasingly weak complementarity , China the United States will compete in the high-tech joint competitive world market . Meanwhile, as China 's economic development from the foreign trade gradually shift to domestic demand , will reduce dependence on foreign trade , which also makes the Sino-US trade up to a certain extent will stop growing.But this is a long way , and in this way the Sino-US relationship is still " developing protection ", " protection and development" , it is necessary to process the economy. Stage of Sino-US trade is mainly manufacturing low-end products , with Chinese technology and improve the industrial chain , trade products will gradually shift to high-end, high-end technology and China urgently needs to develop the productive forces , so at this time two-way trade will gradually increase , reaching a peak . Among the state-owned after its own technology , there will be a turning point in Sino-US trade , high- low-end is no longer merits of complementary trade relationship between the two , but to compete.(B ) trade friction still can not avoid the lessons of history we want to remember. Since China joined the WTO , with the rapid economic development, China 's international status has been improved. The United States did not want China to become the second in Japan and the United States compete for world hegemony , so the friction between the two sides will not cease . Obama took office in 2008 , announced the major economic development , to address the financial , lower employment rates , the Chinese have so much on the U.S. trade deficit , the U.S. bring China surgery, Sino-US trade growth also hit its lowest in seven years level. Although the financial crisis on China 's economic protectionism, it had a big impact , but China 's exports because of its own as well as international environmental factors also did not have to resort to tragic proportions.Future trade mainly competing high-end technology , in order to make technology since the country has a comparative advantage , trade protectionism would further reflected, and will strengthen . But this time the trade affected by the financial crisis will be reduced, due to the high competition in the industry is that it is not absorbed by the main industry of employment , so the impact of financial crisis on China-US trade has brought the two countries is limited . Friction is mainly attributable to the future of intellectual property rights , the right to determine the ownership of property , usufruct , the right treatment and other products , a 20-year interest income property protection benefits not only the product , more trade with other countries and political relations . On the protection of infant industries , jobs are no longer on the grounds of trade friction , but on the national security , unfair competition and bargaining chips on the theory of change.IV ConclusionAnything pros and cons , trade is also true that different economists have different views and corresponding reasons , which may explain why the Sino-US trade is always "developing protection ", " protection of the development ." As long as the existence of the two countries , Sino-US trade relations will be an eternal topic . The liberalization of trade in the world today, the benefits of which can be made visible , however, have different interests hinder trade between the countries in depth , it is inevitable . Sino-US trade relations with the economic development has changed , and we have to do is adapt to this change , properly handle various frictions in order toreap the benefits of trade to economic development .References:[1] Chen Xiao. Causes of Sino-US trade friction [J]. Modern commerce industry. 2010 (16).[2] Xue Ting. Current development of Sino-US trade and countermeasures [J]. Modern business. 2010 (21).[3] He Weiwen. Sino-US trade will show what direction? [N]. International Business Daily. 2010-02-23.。