英国文学上2
王守仁《英国文学选读》(第3版)课后习题详解(第2单元 威廉
第2单元威廉•莎士比亚Hamlet1.Why sleep is so frightening,according to Hamlet,since it can“end”“the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?Key:Death means the end of life.If he dies,he may go to an unknown world and can never come back.In this sense,Hamlet cannot take revenge on his uncle for his father,failing to realize his will.Though“sleep”can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks,it is a state of mind that Hamlet doesn’t know at all.He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long“dream”.He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep,may be good may be evil.2.Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them,according to Hamlet?Key:According to Hamlet,because that people don’t know what lying there waiting for them in the unknown world,maybe something more terrible than that in the mortal world.3.What,after all,makes people lose their determination to take action?Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.Key:It is the fear for the unknown world after death and the lack of confidence for the future make people loose determination to take action.Hamlet doesn’tknow what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself,so he is hesitated. However,Hamlet’s hesitation should be seen from a different point of view.The main reason lies in his concern for his nation.Hamlet is a true man.He wants to change the dark existing world,but it is beyond his ability,so he has no idea what he should do.He knows his death can’t solve the problems deeply rooted in the society.So he hesitated about what he should do as the prince of Demark.His revenge is not everything for him.And he clearly knows that the sudden death of king may cause some disorders in the country.Thus he is confused about his action.Romeo and Juliet1.What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection? Key:Romeo compares Juliet to the sun.2.What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet? Key:They think that since their family names hinder them from loving each other, they prefer that the names Montague and Capulet have nothing to do with themselves and even give them up.3.What does Romeo mean when he says“Look thou but sweet,/And I am proof against their enmity”?Key:It means that Romeo loves Juliet so much that he thinks that the love canprotect him from harm and dissolve the hatred between their families.Sonnet181.How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?Key:The poet thinks that he should not“compare thee to a summer’s day”, because“Thou art more lovely and more temperate”.And,in the following part, he gives his reasons.2.What makes the poet think that“thou”can be more beautiful(fair)than summer and immortal?Key:Because the poet thinks that“thy eternal summer shall not fade”for they will be preserved and perpetuated in the lines he writes.。
王守仁《英国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解(第2单元 威廉
第2单元威廉•莎士比亚2.1复习笔记William Shakespeare（1564-1616）（威廉·莎士比亚）1.Life（生平）Shakespeare is the most remarkable playwright and poet.He was born on April 26,1564in Stratford-upon-Avon.At the age of7,Shakespeare was sent to the local grammar school where he was taught reading,writing,Latin and Greek.He was a schoolmaster in the country and became well acquainted with theatrical performances.At18he married a farmer’s daughter who was eight years older than him.After he moved to London around1586,he once worked as an actor,a playwright,and a part owner of a theater company.In1612,he went back home and bought a house called New Palace.He died on April23,the anniversary of his birth,in1616and was buried in Stratford Church.The other famous contemporary writer Ben Jonson praised that“He is not for an age,but for all times!”,indicating the prominent position of Shakespeare in world civilization and literature history.莎士比亚是世界最著名的剧作家和诗人。
英国文学作品英汉对照
Chapter 1 文艺复兴时期I. Edmund SpenserEpithalamion 贺新婚曲The Faerie Queene 仙后选文为The Faerie QueeneII．Christopher MarloweTamburlaine 铁木耳转Dr. Faustus 浮士德悲剧The Jew of Malta 马乐他岛的犹太人Edward II 爱德华二世Hero and Leander 海洛与勒安德尔选文为Dr. Faustus ； The Passionate Shepherd to His LoveIII. William ShakespeareRape of Lucrece 鲁克斯受辱记Venus and Adonis 维纳斯与安东尼斯Titus Andronicus 泰托斯安东尼The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧The Two Gentlemen of Veroma 维洛那二绅士The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记Love’s Labour’s Lost爱的徒劳Richard II 理查二世King John 约翰王Henry IV, Parts I and II, Henry VSix Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人Much Ado About Nothing 无事无非As You Like It 皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜The Merry Wise of Windsor 温莎的风流娘儿们Two Tragedies:Romeo and Juliet 罗米欧与朱丽叶Julius Caesar 凯撒HamletOthelloKing LearMacbethAntony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克里佩特拉Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus 特洛伊勒斯与克利西达All’ Well That Ends Well (comedy) 终成成眷属Measure for Measure (comedy) 一报还一报Pericles 伯里克利Cymbeline 辛白林The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事The Tempest 暴风雨Henry VIIIThe Two Noble Kinsmen两位贵族亲戚选文为Sonnet 18; The Merchant of Venice; HamletIV. Francis BaconThe Advancement of Learning 论科学的价值与发展Novum Organum 新工具Apophthagmes New and Old 新旧格言录The History of the Reign of Henry VIIThe New Atlantis 新大西岛Maxims of Law 法律原理The Learning Reading upon the Statute of Uses法令使用读书选文Of StudiesV. John DonneThe Elegies and Satires 挽歌与十四行诗The Songs and Sonnets 歌谣与十四行诗Holy Sonnets 圣十四行诗A Hymns to God the Father 给圣父的赞美诗选文The Rising Sun; Death Be Not ProudVI. John MiltonParadise Lost 失乐园Paradise Regain 复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙Lycidas 利西达斯Areopagitica 论出版自由Chapter 2 新古典主义时期I． John BunyanThe Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners 罪人头目的赫免The Life and Death of Mr. Badman 拜德门先生生死录The Holy War 圣战选文The Vanity Fair (from the The Pilgrim’s Progress)II． Alexander PopeThe Dunciad 群愚史诗An Essay on Criticism 论批评The Rape of the Lock 夺发记选文An Essay on CriticismIII. Daniel DefoeRobinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记Captain Singleton 辛立顿船长Moll Flanders 莫尔弗兰德斯Colonel Jack 杰克上校A Journal of the Plague Year 灾疫之年的日记Roxana 罗克萨那选文Robinson CrusoeIV. Jonathan SwiftA Tale of Tub 木桶传The Battle of the Books 书籍的战斗Gulliver’s Travels 格列弗游记A Modest Proposal 一个小小的建议The Drapier’s Letters 布商的书信选文Gulliver’s TravelsV. Henry FieldingThe Coffee House Politician 咖啡屋的政治家The Tragedy of the Tragedies 悲剧中的悲剧The Historical Register for the Year 1736 1736历史年鉴The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, Written in Imitation of the Manner of CervantesThe History of Jonathan Wild the Great 大伟人江奈生翻乐德传The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 汤姆琼斯The History of Amelia 阿米亚选文为Tom JonesVI. Samuel JohnsonPoems:LondonThe Vanity of Human Wishes 人生希望多空幻The History of Rasselas, Price of Abyssinia (a romance)阿比西尼亚王子的故事Irene (a tragedy) 艾琳The Ramble and The Idler 漫游者和闲散者Lives of PoetsA Dictionary of the English Language选文To the Right Honorable the Earl of ChesterfieldVII. Richard Brinsley SheridanThe Rival 情敌The School for Scandal 造谣学校St. Patrick’s Day圣特帕里克节日Scheming Lieutenant 诡计多端的中尉The Duenna 少女的监护人The Critic 批评家Pizarro 比扎罗选文The School for ScandalVIII． Thomas GrayElegy Written in a Country Churchyard 写在教堂墓地的挽歌Ode on a Spring 春之颂Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College 伊顿远眺Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat 爱猫之死颂Hymn to Adversity 逆境颂选文Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardChapter III 浪温主义时期I． William BlakePoetic Sketches 诗歌扎记The Songs of Innocence 天真之歌The Songs of Experience 经验之歌Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天堂与地狱联姻The Book of Urizen 尤里曾的书The Book of Los 洛斯的书The Four Zoas 四个成熟的个体Milton 弥尔顿选文The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Innocence); The TygerII. William WordsworthLyrical Ballads (抒情歌谣集)The PreludeThe ExcursionWorshipper of Nature (The Sparr,w’s Nest, To a Skylark, To the Cuckoo, To a Butterfly,I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, An Evening Walking, My Heartn Leaps up, Tintern Abbey)选文：I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, Composed upon Westminster Bridge, She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways, The Solitary ReaperIII. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeLyrical BalladsThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner （古舟子咏）Kubla Khan （忽必烈汗）This Lime Free Bower My Prison （酸橙树亭------我的监牢）Frost at Midnight 午夜霜The Nightingale 夜莺Biographia Literaria 文学传记选文Kubla KhanIV． George Grodon ByronHours of Idleness 闲散的时光Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗德游记Oriented Tales 东方化的传奇The Prisoner of Chillon 锡庸的囚徒Manfred 曼弗雷德Don Juan 唐璜Cain 该隐The Island 岛屿The Vision of Judgment 审判的想象选文Song for the Luddites ; The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan)V. Percy Bysshe ShelleyThe Necessity of Atheism 无神论的必要性Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem 仙后麦布Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude 复仇者或隐居者的精神Julian and Maddalo 朱利安与麦达格The Revolt of Islam 伊斯兰的反叛The Cenci 钦契一家The Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯Adomais 阿多尼斯Hellas 海娜斯A Defense of Poetry 诗之辩护选文A Song: Men of England; Ode to the West WindVI. John KeatsOn First Looking into Chapman’s HomerEndymionLamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agens, and Other Poems (Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, Ode to Psyche)Lyric masterpiece (To Autumn, Hyperion)选文Ode on a Grecian UrnVII. Jane AustenSense and Sensibility 理智与情感Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见Northanger Abbey 诺桑觉寺Mansfield Park 曼斯菲尔德花园Emma 埃玛Persuasion 劝导The Watsons 屈陈氏一爱Fragment of a Novel 小说的片断Plan of a Novel 小说的计划选文Pride and PrejudiceChapter IV. 维多利亚时期I． Charles DickensSketches by Boz 博兹特写集The Posthumous of the Pickwick Club 皮克威克外传Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿Nicholas Nickleby 尼古拉斯尼克尔贝The Pickwick Paper 皮克威克外传David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁朱尔述维特Dombey and Son 董贝父子A Tale of Two Cities 双城记Bleak House 荒凉山庄Little Dorrit 小杜丽Hard Times 艰难时世Great Expectations 远大前程Our Mutual Friends 我们共同的朋友The Old Curiosity Shop 老古玩店选文为Oliver TwistII. The Bronte SistersPoem by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily, Anne)The Professor (Charlotte) 教师Jane Eyre (Charlotte) 简爱Wuthering Heights (Emily) 呼啸山庄Agnes Grey (Anne) 格雷The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (Anne)野岗庄园房客选文Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, Wuthering Heights by Emily BronteIII. Alfred TennysonPoems by Two Brothers 两兄弟诗集Poems, Chiefly Lyrical 诗集，主要是抒情诗Poems 诗集The Princess 公主In Memoriam 悼念Idylls of the King 国王叙事集选文Break,Break,Break, Crossing the Bar, UlyssesIV. Robert BrowningPauline 波琳 Sordello 索尔戴洛Dramatic Lyrics 戏剧抒情诗Dramatic Romances and Lyrics 戏剧罗曼史和抒情诗Bells and Pomegranates 铃铛与石榴Men and Women 男人与女人Dramatic Personae 剧中人The Ring and the Book 指环与书Dramatic Idylls 戏剧田园诗选文My Last Duchess, Meeting at Night, Parting at MorningV. George EliotScenes of Clerical Life 教区生活场景Adam Bede 亚当比德The Mill on the Floss 弗洛斯河上的磨坊Romola 罗慕拉Felix holt, the Radical 激进分子菲尼克斯霍尔特Middlemarch 米德尔马契Daniel Deronda 但尼尔狄隆达选文MiddlemarchVI. Thomas HardyTess of the D’Urbervilles苔丝Jude the Obscure 无名的裘德The Dynasts 列后The Return of the Native 还乡The Trumpet Major 号兵长The Mayor of Casterbridge 卡斯特桥市长The Woodlanders 林地居民Under the Greenwood 林间居民Far from the Madding Crowd 远离尘嚣选文Tess of the D’Urbervill esChapter 5 现代主义时期I. George Bernard ShawCashel Byron’s Profession 卡歇尔拜伦的职业Our Theaters in the Nineties 90年代的英国戏剧Widower’s Houses 鳏夫的房产 Candida 堪迪达Mrs. Warren’s Profession 沃伦夫人的职业Caesar and Cleoptra 凯撕与克利奥佩特拉 St. Joan 圣女贞德Back to Methuselah 回归玛士撒拉 Man and Superman人与超人John Bull’s Other Island 约翰布尔的另外岛屿 Pygmalion 茶花女Getting Married 结婚 Misalliance 不合适的媳妇Fanny’s First Play 范尼的第一部戏剧The Doctor’s Dilemma医生的困境Too True to be Good 难以置信选文Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionII. John GalsworthyFrom the Four Winds 来自四位吹奏者The Man of Property 财主 The Silver Box 银盒The Forsyte Saga弗尔赛特三部曲 ( The Man of Property, In Chancery 骑虎难下, To Let 出租)A Modern Comedy 现代喜剧 End of the Chapter 篇章未尾选文The Man of PropertyIII. William Butler YeatsThe Lake of Innisfree 伊尼斯岛 Sailing to Byzantium 驶向拜占庭The Countess Cathleen 女伯爵凯瑟琳 Cathleen ni Houlihan 故里痕的凯瑟琳The Land of Heart’s Desire 心里渴望的地方 The Shadowy Waters 浅水区Purgatory 炼狱选文The Lake of InnisfreeIV. T. S. EliotThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 布鲁富劳克的情歌The Waste Land 荒园 Murder in the Cathedral 教堂里的谋杀The Family Reunion 家人团聚 The Confidential Clerk 机要秘书The Statesmen 政治家 The Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会选文The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockV. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers 儿子与情人 The White Peacock白孔雀The Trespasser 过客 The Rainbow彩虹Women in Love 恋爱中的女人Aaron’s Rod亚伦神仗Kangaroo 袋鼠 The Plumed Serpent带羽毛的蛇Lady Chatterley’s Lover St. Mawr 圣摩尔The Daughter of the Vicar 主教的女儿The Horse Dealer’s Daughter贩马人的女儿The Captain’s Doll 般长的娃娃 The Prussian Officer 普鲁士军官The Virgin and the Gypsy贞女和吉普塞人Trilogy(A Collier’s Friday Night, 矿工周五的夜晚The Daughter-in-law,儿媳 The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyed 守寡的霍尔伊德夫人选文Sons and LoversVI. James JoyceDubliner 都柏林人 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的自画像Ulysses 尤利西斯 Finnegans Wake 为芬尼根守灵选文Dubliner美国文学I． Washington IrvingA History of New York form the Beginning of the World to the End of Dutch Dynasty自古至荷兰占领为止的纽约史The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent 见闻扎记Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇庄园Tales of a Travel 旅行者的故事The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说选文Rip Van WinkleII. Ralph Waldo EmersonNature 论自然 Essay 散文集 The American Scholar 论美国学者Self-Reliance 论自信 The Over-Soul 论超灵选文NatureIII. Nathaniel HawthorneMosses from an Old Manse古宅青苔The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales 雪像和其他故事新编The Scarlet Letter 红字The House of Seven Gables 七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance 福谷传说 The Marble Faun 大理石雕像选文Young Goodman BrownIV. Walt WhitmanLeaves of Grass选文There Was a Child Went Forth, Cavalry Crossing a Ford, Song of MyselfV. Herman MelvilleTypee 泰比 Omoo 奥穆 Mardi 玛迪Redburn 雷德本 White Jacket 白外衣 Pierre 皮埃尔Confidence-Man 信心人 Moby-Dick 白鲸Billy Budd 比利伯德选文Moby-DickChapter 2 现实主义时期I. Mark TwainAdventures of Huckleberry FinnLife on Mississippi The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County Innocent Abroad 傻瓜出国记 Roughing It 含莘如苦The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Gilded Age 镀金时代A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court 亚瑟王宫庭中的美国佬The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 败坏哈德莱堡的人The Mysterious Stranger 神秘的陌生人选文Adventures of Huckleberry FinnII. Henry JamesThe American 美国人 Daisy Miller 黛西米勒 The European 欧洲人The Protrait of A Lady 贵妇人的画像 The Bostonians 波士顿人Princess Casamassima 卡撒玛西公主 The Private Life 私生活The Middle Years 中年 The Turn of the Screw 螺丝的拧紧The Beast in the Jungle 丛林猛兽 What Maisie Knows 梅西所知道的The Wings of the Dove 鸽翼 The Ambassadors 大使The Golden Bowl 金碗 The Death of a Lion 狮之死选文Daisy MillerIII. Emily DickinsonIf you were coming in the fallThere came a day Summer’s fullI cannot live with You I’m ceded-I’ve stopped being theirs选文This is my letter to the World, I heard a Fly buzz-when I diedI like to see it lap the MilesBecause I could not stop for deathIV． Theodore DreisererSister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹 Nigger Jeff 黑人杰夫Old Rogaum and His Theresa 老罗格姆和他的特里萨 Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘Trilogy of Desire The Financier 金融家 The Genius 天才An American Tragedy 美国悲剧 Dreiser at Russia 德莱塞对俄罗斯的观感选文Sister CarrieChapter 3 现代主义时期I. Ezra PoundThe Cantos 诗章 Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound 庞德的诗章Personae 人物 Cantos Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 休塞尔温莫伯利Make It New 要革新 Literary Essays 文学散文 The ABC of Reading 阅读入门Polite Essays 优雅的随笔The Translations of Ezra Pound 庞德译文集Confucius 孔子 Shih-Ching 诗集选文In a Station of the Metro, The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter, A PactII. Robert Lee FrostA Boy’s Will 一个男孩儿的愿望 North of Boston 波士顿以北 Mountain IntervalNew Hampshire 新罕布什尔 Snowy Evening 雪夜停马在林边 West-Running Brook 向西流去的小溪 Collected Poems 诗选 A Winter Tree选文After Apple-Picking, The Road Not Taken, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening以III. Eugene O’NeillBound East for Cardiff 驶向东方的卡笛夫 Beyond the Horizon 天外边Straw Anna Christie The Emperor Jones 琼斯皇帝The Hairy Ape 毛猿All God’ s Chillun Got Wings 所有上帝的烟斗都有翅膀The Great God Brown 伟大之神布朗Long Day’s Journal Into Night 直到夜晚的漫长的一天 Desire Under the Elms 榆树下的欲望选文The Hairy ApeIV. F. Scott FitzgeraldThis Side of Paradise 天堂的这一边 Beautiful and Damned 美丽而遭骂的人The Great Gatsby Tender is the Night 夜色温柔The Last Tycoon 最后一个巨头 Flappers and Philosophers 吹捧者与哲学家Tales of the Jazz Age 爵士时代 All the Sad Young Men 所有悲惨的小伙子Taps at Reveille 拍打在起床鼓上 Babylon Revisited重返巴比伦选文The Great GatsbyV. Earnest HemingwayIn Our Time 在我们的时代 A Farewell to Arms 永别了，武器For Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁敲响 The Old Man and the Sea 老人与海Men Without Women 没有女人的男人 Death in the Afternoon 午后之死The Snows of Kilimanjaro 开利曼扎罗之雪 The Green Hills of Africa 非洲的青山选文Indian Camp (from In Our Time)VI. William FaulknerThe Marble Faun 玉石牧神 The Sound and the Fury 喧嚣与骚动As I Lay Dying 我弥留之际 Light in August 八月之光Absalom, Absalom 押沙龙！押沙龙！ Wild Palms 疯狂的手掌The Hamlet 哈姆雷特 The Unvanquished 不可征服的Go Down, Moses 去吧，摩西 The Fable 寓言The Town 小镇 The Mansion 大厦Soldier’s Pay 士兵的报酬。
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第2章 诺曼时期(1066～1350)【圣才出品】
第2章诺曼时期(1066～1350)2.1 复习笔记I. Historical background（历史背景）The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 accelerated the development of feudalism in England. William claimed himself William I, King of England, and regarded himself as the sole owner of the land of all England. He himself kept large tracts of land for his own use and allocated land to his relatives and his followers who had won merit in the conquest. Those people who received land from the king were made “barons” and in return they had to provide the king with knights if there should be a war. The chief class conflict of the time was that between the serfs and the peasants on the one hand, and their feudal lords, including the king, the barons, and the church on the other hand.1066年，诺曼人战胜英格兰人，加快了英国的封建化进程。
威廉任命自己为威廉一世，英国国王，自己是英国唯一的统治者。
他将大量的土地归为自己所有，将土地分给自己的亲人和在战争中立下功劳的将士们。
英国文学上
Part I the Anglo-Saxon Period（449-1066）Social background：The Teutonic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who conquered the British settled in the island and became the ancestors of the English dwelt. The language spoken by these tribes is generally called Anglo- Saxon or Saxon.Main trend of literature: The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions—pagan and Christian.The former represents the poetry which the Anglo –Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral sagas-the crude material out of which literature was slowly developed on English soil.The latter represents the writers developed under teaching of the monks.Special forms of literature:Epic(史诗)—An epic is a long narrative poem, on a grand scale, about the deeds of warriors and heroes.Master work:The Song of Beowulf .The Song of Beowulf is England's first national epic and its hero Beowulf ---one of the national heroes of the English people. The whole epic consisting of 3182 lines is to be divided into two parts with an interpolation between the two, describing the deeds of the Teutonic hero Beowulf.My understanding:It is the beginning of the English literature.Part ⅡThe Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)Social background:In the year 1066,at the battle of Hastings, the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxon.The Normans were originally a hardy race of sea rovers inhabiting Scandinavia. In the tenth century they conquered a part of northern France, which is still called Normandy, and rapidly adopted French civilization and the French language. Their conquest of Anglo-Saxon England under William, duke of Normandy, began with the battle of Hastings in 1066.Main trend of literature: English literature is a combination of French and Saxon elements. The literature which Normandy brought to England is remarkable for its bright , romantic tales of love and adventure, in marked contrast with the strength and somberness of Anglo-Saxon poetry.Special forms of literature: Romance —Sir Gawain and the Green KnightPopular Ballads—Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.(Robin Hood and Allin -a-Dale)Major writer: Geoffrey Chaucer(1340?-1400) —―father of English poetry‖Master work:Chaucer‗s masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales，one of the most famous works in all literature. In this great work，Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country. In this poem Chaucer‘s realism, trenchant irony a nd freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century.Style and language feature:His work is permeated with buoyant free-thinking，so characteristic of the age of Renaissance whose immediate forerunner Chaucer thus becomes. He believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions and a blind belief in fate. He is always keen to praise man's energy，adroitness，intellect，quick wit and the love for life.My understanding:The English literature come into being.Part III The Renaissance(the 16th century)Social background: The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism. Manufactories were developing and the wool trade was rapidly growing in bulk. The enclosure of commons drove thousands of peasants off their lands and many of them settled in towns. It was a time when, according to Thomas More, ―sheep devoured men.‖Main trend of literature:Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance.Special forms of literature: sonnet, drama, lyrical poetry and various types of novel.Major writer and master works and their style and language features: At the beginning of the 16th century the outstanding humanist Thomas More(1478-1535) wrote his Utopia(1516)in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people's sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society .In the first half of the 16th century there appeared lyrical poems by Thomas Wyatt (1503?-1542),Henry Howard, Earl of surrey(1517-1547) and others who initiated new poetical forms, borrowing freely from English popular songs and Italian and French poetry. Thus Wyatt was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.In the second half of the 16th century lyrical poetry became widespread in England. Among the outstanding lyrical and epic poets of the time were Philip Sidney (1554-1586), Thomas Campion (1567-1680), and Edmund Spenser (1552-1599). The latter was the author of the greatest epic poem of the time The Fairy Queen.John Lyly (1553?-1606) and Thomas Loge (1558?-1625) were authors of novels dealing with court life and gallantry. Realistic tendencies developed in Thomas Deloney‘s (1543-1607) and Thomas Nashe‘s (1567-1602) novels, devoted to the everyday life of craftsmen, merchants and other representatives of the lower classes.The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) who reformed that genre in England and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. It was Marlowe who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama. Robert Greene（1560?-1592）was a outstanding dramatist whose play George Green, the Pinner of Wakefield was highly appreciated.The great English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626) whose s famous Literary work is the Essays. Francis Bacon's works may be divided into three classes: the philosophical, the literary，and the professional works. The principal and best known of the philosophical works are: the Advncement of Learning，（学术的推进）publshed in English in 1605; the Novum Organum新工具，published in Latin in 1620; and the De Augmentis，published in Latin in 1623. Of Bacon's litera works，the most important are the Essays.T he greatest humanist writer of this period —William Shakespeare(1564-1616).William Shakespeare is the greatest of all English authors. He belongs to those rare geniuses of mankind who have become landmarks in the history of world culture. The works of William Shakespeare are a great landmark in the history of world literature for he was one of the first founders of realism，a master hand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations.No wonder that Shakespeare's works were so fondly cherished by the greatest minds of mankind，and among them by Karl Marx，who regarded Aeschylus and Shakespeare as "the two greatest dramatic geniuses the world has ever known.‖ It is well known in what high esteem Shakespeare was held by such giants of world literature as Milton，Goethe，Stendhal，and Pushkin.Works of Shakespeare.During the twenty-two years of his literary work he produced 38 plays，2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets. His literary work may be divided into three major periods: the first period from 1590 to 1600，the second from 1601 to 1608，and the third from 1609 to 1612.The first period:1590 The Second Part of King Henry VThe Third Part of King Henry V1591 The First Part of King Henry V1592 The Life and Death of King Richard IIIThe Comedy of Errors《错误的喜剧》1593 Titus AndronicusThe Taming of the Shrew（驯悍记）1594 The Two Gentlemen of Verona（维洛那二绅士）Love's Labor‘s Lost（爱的徒劳）Romeo and Juliet（罗密欧与朱丽叶）1595 The Life and Death of Richαrd IIA Midsummer Night's Dream（仲夏夜之梦）1596 The Life and Death of King JohnThe Merchant of Venice（威尼斯商人）1597 The First Part of King Henry IVThe Second Part of King Henry IV1598 Much Ado About Nothing（无事烦恼）The Merry Wives of Windsor（温莎的风流娘儿们）The Life of King Henry V1599 The Life and Death of Julius CaesarAs You Like It（皆大欢喜）1600 Twelfth Night, or, What You Will（第十二夜）The second period:1601 Hamlet，Prince of Denmark （哈姆莱特）1602 Troilus and CressidaAll's Well That Ends Well. （终成眷属）1604 Measure for Measure（一报还一报）Othello，the Mooe of Venice（奥赛罗）1605 King Lear（李尔王）The Tragedy of Macbeth（麦克白）1606 Antony and Cleopatra1607 The Tragedy of CriolanusTimon of Athens1608 Pericles，Prince of TyreThe third period:1609 Cymbeline, King of Britain （辛白林）1610 The Winter's Tale（冬天的故事）1612 The Tempest（暴风雨）The Life of King Henry VIIIShakespeare had also written poems: Venus an Adonis(1592)，Lucrece (1592-1593)，and Sonnets (1593-1598). Among these works, Hamlet is considered to be the summit of Shakespeare‘s art. The whole tragedy is permeated with the spirit of Shakespeare‘s own time. Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare's humanism and his criticism of contemporary life.My understanding: It is a flourishing time of English literature.Part IV The 17th Century :The period of revolution and restorationSocial background: The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. It was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the bourgeoisie could no longer bear the sway of landed nobility. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.Main trend of literature: In this period in literature also the Puritan Age was one of confusion，due to the breaking up of old ideals. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry written in the previous period. The Bible became now the one book of the people. The Puritan influence in general tended to suppress literary art.Special forms of literature:In this period in the absence of any fixed standard of literary criticism there was nothing to prevent the exaggeration of the "metaphysical" poets，who are the literary parallels to religious sects like the Anabaptists（浸礼教徒）. Poetry took new and startling forms in Donne and Herbert，and prose became as somber as Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy.Major writer and master works and their style and language features:John Donne (1572?-1631) is a more thoroughly characteristic figure of the early seventeenth century. His religious poems and his magnificent sermons reached astounding heights of subtlety and intensity. The searchings of soul andthe horrified fascination with which he contemplated the processes of dissolution and the awful event of death are rendered with amazing intellectual ingenuity and imaginative power. His prose style, involuted and ornate, cumulative and Ciceronian, is one of the more glorious monuments to the spirit of the early seventeenth century.John Milton (1608-1774) is a great English poet. John Milton was the child of the Renassance, inherited all its culture, and the most profoundly educated man of his age. His greatest work Paradise Lost presents the author‘s views in an allegoric(比喻的，寓言的) religious form. The basic idea in this poem is: the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom. The poem is on the biblical legend of imaginary progenitors of the human race—Adam and Eve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan. His another poem is Paradise Regained. John Bunyan (1628-1688) is a great prose writer. His most important work is The Pilgrim’s Progress, written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.My understanding: It is a time of revolution and restoration.Part V The 18th Century：The Age of English Enlightenment in EnglandSocial background: After the tempestuous events of the 17th century, England entered a period of a comparatively peaceful development.Main trend of literature: With the advent of the 18th century，in England，as in other European countries，there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment（启蒙运动）The Enlightenment on the whole，was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality，stagnation，prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.And the new literature current—that of Sentimentalism appeared. Sentimentalism in literature is ―emotion run wild,‖ with emphasis on feeling rather on events and circumstances which produced the feeling.Another conspicuous trend in the English literature of the later half of the 18th century was the so-called pre-romanticism. It originated among the conservative groups of men of letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the "Gothic novel"，the term arising from the fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medieval times.Special forms of literature: Neo-classicism (poetry and prose), realistic novel and the gothic novel.Major writer and master works and their style and language features:Enlighteners fell into two groups — the moderate group and the radical group. Moderate enlighteners supported the principles of the existing social order and considered that partial reforms would be sufficient. In this group may be included chiefly Alexander Pope(1688-1744), Joseph Addison(1672-1719) and Richard Steele(1672-1729), Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) and Samuel Richardson(1689-1761). They tried to work out a standard of moral conduct, which could be more suitable to the existing social conditions. Radical enlighteners struggled for more resolute democratization in the management of the government, and defended the interests of the exploited masses, the peasants and the working people in the cities. The representative writers of this group are Jonathan Swift(1667-1745), Henry Fielding(1707-1754), Tobias George Smollet(1721-1771), Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774) and Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816). They stressed the discrepancy between what they called "the proper, moral standards"and the bourgeois-aristocratic society of their age.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)①An Essay on Criticism (1711)②The Rape of the Lock (1712-14)③Essay on Man (1733-34)④The Dunciad (1728)2. Joseph Addison (1672-1719) and Richard Steele (1672-1729)①The Tatler②The SpectatorDaniel Defoe (1660-1731)①Robinson Crusoe1719②Captain Singleton—a novel of adventure, 1720③Moll Flanders—written in the form of autobiography, 1722④Colonel Jacque—a novel of adventure, 1722三、Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) The Battle of the Books (1704), and A Tale of a Tub (1704). The former is a satirical dialogue on the comparative merits of ancient and modern writers. It mainly attacks on pedantry in literary world of the time. The latter is a prose satire written in the form of a parable and a sharp attack on the disputes among the different sects of the Christian religion.Among the pamphlets he wrote about Ireland, the best-known pieces are The Drapier' s Letters and A Modest Proposal Swift‘s tragic live affairs were recorded in his poem Cadenus and Vanessa and Journal to Stella. Before his death, Swift published a poem On the Death of Dr. Swift.Henry Fielding (1707-1754)①Joseph Andrews1742②Jonathan Wild the Great1743.③The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 1749④Amelia 1751William Blake (1757-1827)①Songs of Innocence1789②Songs of Experience1794③The Marriage of Heaven and HellRobert Burns (1759-1796)Most of Burns‘s poems are lyrics on love and friendship. They have a great charm of simplicity. His best-known lyrics are A Red, Red Rose, and Auld Lang Syne.③Burns wrote some poems to express his hatred for the oppression of the ruling class and his love for freedom. A best-known poem of this kind is A Man's A Man for That.④Burns wrote some patriotic poems, in which he expresses his deep love for his motherland; such as My Heart's inthe Highlands.⑤Burns wrote some verse-tales which he based on old Scottish legends. In these poems, he sings of the heroic spirit of the Scottish people in their struggle against their oppressors. The best example of these poems is John Barleycorn.⑥Burns wrote a number of poems on the theme of revolution, such as The Tree of Liberty and A Revolutionary Lyric.⑦Burns also achieve success in the field of satire. E.g. The Toadeater.⑧Poems like The Jolly Beggars are characterized by humor and lightheartedness.Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)①The Rivals②The School for ScandalFeaturesSheridan‘s dramatic techniques are largely conventional; th ey are exploited to the best advantage. His plots are well organized; his characters, either major or minor, all sharply drawn; and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.My understanding: The age of English Enlightenment in England。
18世纪的英国文学
《汤姆·琼斯》的价值就在于用一个烂 熟的套路广泛地描绘了英国的社会生活。
（四）劳伦斯·斯泰恩
斯泰恩是英国感伤主义文学的代表作家， 他的小说对世界文学都有重要的作用，代表 作是《感伤的旅行》。
英国的感伤主义发展到斯泰恩已经形成 一个大的浪潮，感伤主义的名称即因斯泰恩 的小说《感伤的旅行》而确定下来。
很多人认为英国的感伤主义是从理查逊 开始的。
理查逊的小说里也有大量议论的部分。 有些议论被人斥为是“自满自足的中产阶级 的道德说教”。
理查逊小说中细腻的感情分析成为英国 小说中重要的倾向，他还创造了“书信体” 小说。
理查逊小说的整体格调是哀婉的。
（三）亨利·费尔丁
亨利·费尔丁是18世纪英国很有影响的 小说家，他的创作很丰富。最早的小说是 《约瑟·安德鲁斯》，是针对《帕美拉》的 感伤情调写的反讽，费尔丁把它叫做“散文 滑稽史诗”，是对当时以理查逊为代表的作 家创作的一系列感伤小说的讽刺。
（五）约拿旦·斯威夫特
约拿旦·斯威夫特（1667-1745）在文学 史上有独特的地位，代表作是《格列佛游 记》。
《格列佛游记》一共分为四部分：第一 部分叫“小人国”；第二部分叫“大人国”； 第三部分叫“飞岛”和“飞岛的地下部分”， 第四部分叫“慧马国”。
《格列佛游记》第四部分“慧马国”写 的是主人公格列佛漂流到一个孤岛，被一群 野人包围，一匹马把格列佛带到了“慧马 国”。格列佛回到人类社会后，被不相信他 的人关进疯人院。他的妻子让大夫为他做一 个诊断。结果格列佛一见到穿着严肃的医生， 就把他们称为“野人”，认为这些穿着文明 的人和岛上没穿衣服的人是一样的。
英国文学名著必读
英国文学名著必读
英国文学有着悠久的历史和丰富的遗产，包括了许多经典名著。
以下是一些必读的英国文学名著。
1. 《傲慢与偏见》–简·奥斯汀所著。
这部小说是英国文学的经典之一，讲述了女主角伊丽莎白·班纳特的爱情故事，也是一部关于社会阶层和婚姻制度的戏剧。
2. 《呼啸山庄》–勃朗特姐妹所著。
这部小说描述了两个家族之间的恶意和复仇，以及热情和爱情的力量。
它是一部关于人性和道德的故事，也是一部英国文学中的经典之作。
3. 《雾都孤儿》–查尔斯·狄更斯所著。
这部小说讲述了孤儿奥利弗的冒险故事，以及他在维多利亚时代的贫困生活和社会不公。
它是一部关于社会和人性的故事，也是一部英国文学中的经典之作。
4. 《战争与和平》–列夫·托尔斯泰所著。
这部小说虽然不是英国文学作品，但是它对英国文学有着深刻的影响。
它是一部关于俄罗斯农民战争和拯救祖国的故事，也是一部关于爱情和家庭的故事。
5. 《鲁宾逊漂流记》–丹尼尔·笛福所著。
这部小说讲述了鲁宾逊在荒岛上生存的故事，以及他如何通过自己的聪明才智和勇气克服困难。
它是一部关于人性和
适应力的故事，也是英国文学中的经典之作。
这些作品代表了英国文学的不同流派和主题，从爱情和社会阶层到冒险和人性等各种领域。
无论你是英国文学爱好者还是新手，这些经典必读作品都值得一读。
英国文学（上）
英国文学（上）Exercises:1. After the fall of the Roman Empire and the withdrawal of Roman troops from Albion , the aboriginal _Cletic____ population of the larger part of the island was soon conquered and almost totally exterminated by the Teutonic tribes of ___Angles_ , __Saxons__ , and __Jutes___ who came from the continent and settled in the island , naming its central part __Anglio___ , or England.2. For nearly __400__ years prior to the coming of the English , British had been a Roman province . In__410_, the Rome withdrew their legions from Britain to protect herself against swarms of Teutonic invaders.3. The literature of early period falls naturally into two divisions, __pagan_and __Christian__.4.__The song of Beowulf__ can be justly termed England‘s national epic and its hero _Beowulf___—one of the national heroes of the English people.5. The Song of Beowulf reflects events which took place on the _European Continent___ approximately at the beginning of the _6th___ century , when the forefathers of the Jutes lived in the southern part of the __ Scandinavian peninsula __ and maintained close relations with kindred tribes ,e.g. with the __Danes__who lived on the other side of the straits.6. Among the early Anglo-Saxon poets we may mention _Caedmon___ who lived in the half of the ___7th_ century and who wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.7. __Caedmon__ is the first know religious poet of Engla nd . He is known as the father of English song.8. The didactic poem The Christ was produced by __Cynewulf__ .9. The most important work of __a__ is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles , which is regarded as the best monument of the old English prose.a. Alfred the Greatb. Caedmonc. Cynewulfd. Venerable Bede10. Who is the monster half-human who had mingled thirty warriors in The Song of Beowulf?ca. Hrothgatb. Heorotc. Grendeld. Beowulf11. ___b_ is the first important religious poet in English literature.a. Gynewulfb. Caedmonc. Shakespeared. Adam Bede12. The epic , The Song of Beowulf ,represents the spirit of _d__.a. Monksb. romanticistsc. sentimentalistsd. pagan13. Define the literary terms listed below. 1). Alliteration 2). Epic14. Please give brief description of The Song of Beowulf.Exercise:1.In the year __1066__, at the battle of _ Hasting___, the ___Normans_ headed by William Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.2. The literature with Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright, __romantic__ tales of ___love_ and adventures, in marked contrast with the __strength__ and __somberness__ of Anglo-Saxon poetry.3. English literature of Anglo-Norman period is also a combination of __French__ and _Saxon___ elements.4. Defines the literary terms listed below.(1) Anglo-Norman Romance (2) Middle EnglishExercise:1. In the 14th century, the two most important writers are __William Langland__ and Chaucer.2. In the 15th century, there is only one important prose writer whose name is __Sir Thomas Malory__ . He wrote an important work called Morte d’Arthur.3. Geoffrey Chaucer ,the ―__father of English poetry__‖ and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London in about the year 1340.4. Chaucer‘s masterpiece is _The Canterbury Tales__,one of the most works in all literature.5.The _general prologue__ provides a frame work for the tales in The Canterbury Tales, and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.6. Chaucer created in The Canterbury Tales a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of _his time and his country___.7. The Canterbury Tales opens with a general “prologue”where we are told of a company of pilgrims that gathered at __Tabard__ Inn in Southwark ,a suburb of London.8. Chaucer believes in the right of man to __earthly__ happiness.9.The name of the ―jolly innkeeper‖ in The Canterbury Tales is __Harry Bailey__,who proposes that each pilgrim of the __30__ should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back.10.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of __St. Thomas Becket‘s __ at a place named Canterbury.11.Despite the enormous plan , The Canterbury Tales in fact contains a general ―prologue‖ and only _24__ tale , of which two are left unfinished.12.In contradistinction to the __alliterative__ verse of Anglo-Saxon poetry , Chaucer chose the metrical from which laid the foundation of the English __T onico-syllabic___ verse.13. Who is the ― father of English poetry ‖ and one of the greatest narrative poets of English?bA . Christopher Marlow B. Geoffrey ChaucerC. W. ShakespeareD. Alfred the Great14. When he died, Chaucer was buried in _a___ the Poet‘s Corner.A．Westminster Abbey B. NormandyC. CanterburyD. Southwark15. Chaucer‘s earliest work of any le ngth is his __c__ a translation of the French ―Roman de la Rose‖, which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14thcenturies throughout Europe.A. Troilus and CriseydeB. A Red Red RoseC. Romance of the RoseD. Piers the Plowman16. Chaucer composes a long narrative poem named __b___ based on Boccaccio‘s poem ―Filostrato‖.A. The Legend of Good WomenB. Troilus and CriseydeC. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightD. Beowulf17. In his literary development, Chaucer was influenced by three literatures. Which one is not true?dA. French literatureB. Italian literatureC. English literatureD. German literature18. There are various kinds of ballads _historical___, __legendary__, __fantanstical__, __lyrical__ and ___homorous__.19. In the numerous __border ballads__, the age-long strugglebetween the Scots and the English is reflected.20. Bishop __Thomas Perry__ was among the first to take a literary interest in ballads.21. Robin Hood, a __Saxon__ by birth, was an outlaw, a robber but he robbed only the rich and never molested the poor and needy.22. The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in Langland‘s ___Piers the Plowman__.23. Define the literary terms listed below. (1) Ballad (2) Heroiccouplet24. Comment on Geoffrey Chaucer and his The Canterbury Tales. Exercise:1. The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of __feudal __ relation and the establishing of the foundations of __capitalism__.2. Because the wool trade was rapidly growing in bulk , it was s time when , according to Thomas More , ―__shape devoured man__ ‖.3. __King Henry the VIII__ broke off with the Pope , dissolved all the monasteries and Abbeys in the country , confiscated their lands proclaimed himself head of __Church of England__.4. Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of __Queen Elizabeth I__.5. Together with the development of bourgeois relationships andformation of the English national state this period is marked by a Flourishing of national culture known as the __Renaissance__.6.__Thomas More_wrote his _Utopia__in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people‘s sufferings and put forwards his ideal of a future happy society.7._Thomas Wyatt__was the first to introduce the Italian sonnet into English literature.8. Edmund Spenser was the author of the greatest epic poem of _The Faire Queene___.9. Define the literary terms listed below. (1)renaissance (2)Spenserian StanzaExercise:1.Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and __Macbeth___ are generally reg arded as Shakespea re‘s four great tragedies.2. During the 22 years of his literary work, Shakespeare produced __37__ plays, __2__ narrative poems and __154___ sonnets.3. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is one of ___Christopher Marlowe__‘s best pl ays.4. __Edmund Spenser__ is often referred to as ― the poet‘s poet‖.5. ―Shall I compare thee to a summer‘s day‖ is one of _Shakespeare‘s___ best known sonnets.6. In the __Elizabethan__ Period, William Shakespeare is thegreatest writer of England.7. Define the literary terms listed below: Dramatic Irony8. Comment on William Shakespeare and The Merchant of Venice.9. Comment on William Shakespeare and Hamlet.Exercises:1.Pope described Francis Bacon as ― the _wisest__, _brightest__,__meanest_ of man kind‖.2. Ba con‘s works may be divided into three classes, the _philosophy__, the __professional_, the _literary__ works.3. The final edition of Bacon‘s essays contains __58_ essays.4. The 17th century was a period when _absolute monarchy__ impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the _bourgeoisie__ could no longer bear the sway of __landed nobility_.5. The government of James I was a __despotism_ based on the theory of the divine right of kings.6. There were religious division and confusion and a long bitter struggle between the people‘s Parliament and theThrone--- __Puritans_ fighting against the _Cavaliers__ who helped the king.7. England became a commonwealth under the leadership of __Oliver Cromwell_.8. After _Oliver Cromwell__‘s d eath, monarchy as again restored (1660). It was called the period of the Restoration____.9. The Glorious Revolution in _1688__ meant three things the supremacy of _Parliament__, the beginning of _modern England__, and the final triumph of the principle of _political liberty__.10. The Puritans believed in __simplicity_ of life.11. The Revolution Period is also called _the Puritan Age__, because the English Revolution was carried out under a religious cloak.12. Define the literary term – Blank verse.13. The first thing to strike the reader is Donne‘s extraordinary _frankness__ and penetrating _realism__. The next is the _cynicism__ which marks certain of the lighter poems and which represents a conscious reaction from the extreme __idealism__ of woman encouraged by the Petrarchan tradition.14. Donne entered the church in 1615, where he rose rapidly to be Dean of _St Paul‘s Cathedral__, and the most famous preacher of his time.15. Milton‘s father was a __Puritan_, but not so harsh as most of the _Puritans__ of his day.16. Milton opposed the __Monarchic_ party and gave all his energies to the writing of __pamphlets_ dedicated to the people‘s liberties.17. Paradise Lost tells how __Satan_ rebelled against God and how _Adam__ and __Eve_ were driven out of Eden.18. Paradise Lost presents the author‘s view in an_allegorical__, _religious__ form.19. The poem Paradise Lost consists of _12__ books.20. Paradise Lost is based on the __Bibelical__ legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race --- __Adam_ and __Eve_ , and involves God and his eternal adversary _Santan__ in its plot.21. In Revolution period __John Milton__ towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer over the Medieval period.22. During the civil war and the commonwealth, there were two leadersin England, Cromwell, the man of action, and _John Milton__ the man of thought.23. In 1637Milton wrote the finest pastoral elegy in English, ―__Lycidas_‖to memorize the tragic death of a Cam bridge friend.24. Milton wrote his masterpiece __Paradise Lost_ during his blindness.25. Comment on John Milton and his Paradise Lost.Exercise:1. Milton and Bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century. One gave us the only epic since _Beowulf___, the other gave us the only great _allegry___.2. Bunyan‘s most important work is _Pilgrim‘s Progess___, writtenin the old-fashioned medieval form of __allegory__ and ___dream_.3. In The Pilgrim‘s Progress, the story begins with a man called __Christian__setting out with a book in his hand and a great load on his back from the city of __Destuction__.4. Christian has two objects,--- to get rid of his __bureden__, which holds the sins and fears of his life, and to make his way tothe __Celestial City_.5. John Bunyan gives a vivid and satirical description of __Vanity Fair__ which is the symbol of London at the time of Restoration.6. The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of _John Milton___, in the prose writing of __John Bunyan__, and also in the plays and literary criticism of ___John Dryden_.Exercise:1. No sooner were the people in control of the government than they divided into hostile parties: the liberal _Whigs___, and the conservative __Tories__.2. Another feature of the 18th century was the rapid development of __social life__.3. The Enlighteners believed in the power of reason and therefore the 18th century is also called ―the age of _Reason___‖.4. The Enlightenment on the whole was an expression of struggle ofthe progressive class of _bourgeoisie__ against __feudalism__.5. The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the __viciousness__ of human nature, and prove that man is born ___kind_ and __honest__, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of _corrupted__ social environment.6. It is simply for convenience that we study 18th century writings in three main divisions: the reign of so-called __neo-classicism__, the revival of __romatic_poetry, and the beginnings of the ___modern novel__.7. The essays and stories of Addison and Steele devoted not only to social problems, but also to __private_ life_ and __adventures__.8. Pope was a man of extraordinary __wit__ and extensive __learning__, and his contemporaries considered him as the highest __authority__ in matters of literary art.9. The image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel__Robinson Crusoe__.10. ___Alexander Pope_ is the leading figure of neo-classicism in the early period of the 18th century.11. Robinson Crusoe is largely an _adventure__ story, rather than the study of __human character__ which Defoe probably intended it to be.12. In The Shortest Way with the Dissenters, in a vein of grim _humor__ which recalls Swift‘s Modest Proposal Defoe advocatedhanging all dissenting ministers, and sending all member of the free churches into exile.13. The full name of Robinson Crusoe is __The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe__.14. The story of Robinson Crusoe itself is real enough to have come straight from a sailor‘s __logbook__.15. Robinson named __Friday__ to the saved savage.16. Define the literary term, Picaresque Novels.Exercise:1.The 18th century in English literature is an age of __Prose___.2.Swift is born of English parents in ___Dublin Ireland___.3.Swift was the most remarkable __satirist__ in the 18th centurywho criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic society of his age with out mercy.4. Jonathan Swift‘s masterpiece is __Gulliver‘s Travels__.5. Gulliver‘s adventures begins with __Liliputians__, who are sosmall that Gulliver is a giant among them.6. The country in Gulliver‘s Travels is __Houyhnhnms__, wherehorses are the real people and human beings , __Yahoos___ are their filthy servants.7. In the country of __Brobdingnag __, Gulliver is but pygmy.8. Gulliver‘s third voyage is occupied with a visit to the flying islandof __Laputa__.9. A Modest Proposal is made to __English__ government to relievethe poverty of _Irish___ people.10. The Tale of a Tub is a satire on the various __churches__ of the day.Exercise:1.Henry Fielding is the greatest novelist of the __18th__ century.2.Fielding‘s fir st novel , _Joseph Andrews___ was inspir ed by thesuccess of Richardson‘s novel Pamela.3. Fielding‘s later novels are ___Jonathon Wild___, the story of arogue , which suggests Defoe‘s narrati ve ; __The History of _Tom Jones_, a Foundling_(1749) his best work; and__Amelia____ (1751) , the story of a good wife in contrast with an unworthy husband.4.In his works Fielding strongly criticizes __social relations__ in theContemporary England.5. Fielding hates that hypocrisy which tries to conceal itself under Amask of __morality__.6. The lack of __spirituality__ of the age finds the most ample expression in his page.7.To read Milton‘s __Il Penseroso__ and Gray‘s is to see thebeginning and the perfection of that ―literature of melancholy‖which largely Occupied English poets for more than a century.8. The author of the famous Elegy is the most scholarly andwell-balanced of all the early __romantic__ poets.9. Oliver Goldsmith was one of the most __versatile__ of author andmade distinguished contributions in several literary forms.10. Goldsmith was born in __Ireland__ , the son of an __Anglican__clergyman whose geniality he inherited and whose improvidence he imitated.11. As ___essayest_ ,Goldsmith is among the best of the century.12. As a __poet__ he makes the riming couples as natural and simple as his prose.13. The Deserted Village is a (n )__idylice__ story of the family of aclergy-man after they have lost their money and are living in poverty.14. Goldsmith‘s two comedies , The Good-natured Man and She Stoopsto Conquer met with opposition because the fashion wasthen for __sentimental__ comedy.15. The two plays by Sheridan and _Goldsmith___ are the only plays ofthe 18th century that have been kept alive upon the modem stage.16. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was, like Goldsmith ,a (n) _Irish__man.17. His famous comedy , _The Rivals__ , was written in histwenty-four year.18. Sheridan‘s famous comedy _The School of Scadal___, written in1777, is considered his masterpiece.19. Define the literary term, comedy of humors.20. Of all the romantic poets of the 18th century ,Blake is the mostindependent and the most _original___.21. For greater part of his life Blake was the poet of inspiration alone ,following no man‘ s __lead__ , obeying no voice but that which be heard in his own mystic __soul__.22. Beyond learning to __read__ and __write__, he received no education.23. His only formal education was in __art__.24. At 14, Blake apprenticed for seven years to a well-known __engraver__ , James Basire.25. After three years at Felpham ,Blake moved back to London , determined to follow his ―__Divine Vision___‖ though it meant a life of isolation , misunderstanding , and poverty.26. The underlying theme in Songs of Innocence is the all-pervading presence of divine and __sympathy__ , even in troubleand sorrow. 27.In 1790 Blake engraved his principal prose , ___The Marriage of Heaven and Hell_ , in which, with vigorous satire and telling apologue , he takes up his Revolutionary position.28. The__Songs of Experienc__ (1794) are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence.29. The brightness of the earlier work gives place to a sense of _gloom___ and mystery , and of the power of __evil__.30. In Jerusalem we have expounded Blake ?s theory of __Imagination__ .31. The greatest of __Scottish__ poets is Robert Burns.32. In 1786. when he was 27 years old ,Burns resolved to abandon the struggle and seek position in the far-off island of __Jamaica__.33.Burns wrote some __patriotic__ poems , in which he expressed his deep l ove for his motherlan d ,such as ―My Heart’s in the Highlands‖. 34. Burns‘ poetry bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the __Scottish__ common people.。
英国文学史及选读1_2册复习
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释，歌谣，民谣）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释,英雄偶句诗)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene”13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。
新编英国文学选读第二版复习资料
Chapter 8The age of Romanticism:1.From the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832, a new movement appeared on the literary arena. The essence of this new movement is the glorification of instinct and emotion, a deep veneration of nature, and a flaming zeal to remark the world.2.The political and social factors that gave rise to the romantic movement were the three revolution: American and French Revolution; national liberation movements; democratic movements.3.And Industrial Revolution: brought great wealth to the rich and worsened the living condition of the poor; Workers organized themselves andgave voice to their distress by breaking machines, which is called Machine breaking movement(Luddite movement)4.The shift in literature from emphasis on reason to instinct and emotion was intellectually prepared for by a number of thinkers in the later half of the 18h century.5.Rousseau: the father of Romanticism. He rejects the worship of reason. He maintains in the really vital problems of life, it is much safer to rely on feelings, to follow our instincts and emotions. He preachesthat civilized man should return to nature, praised the natural man as the noble savage and attacks the civilized man as the depraved animals.6.Edmund Burke: As a political philosopher he is known for his Reflection on the Revolution in France. He distinguished between two kinds of beauty- the sublime and the beautiful.7.Thomas Paine: He published The Rights of Man in 1791 to answer to Burke's Reflection. The Rights of Man asserts that man has no property in man and justifies the radical actions of French people in the revolution, claiming that it is the right of people to overthrown a government that opposes humanity.8.Characteristic features of the romantic movement:1)Subjectivism: romantic poets describe poetry as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which express the poets mind.The interest of romantic poets is not objective world or the action of men, but in the feelings, thoughts, and experience of the poets themselves.2)Spontaneity: Wordsworth defines poetry as the spontaneous overflow of feelings. Romanticism is an assertion of independence, a departure from the neo-classis rules.3)Singularity4)Worship of nature5)Simplicity6)Melancholy7)It was an age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feelings and emotions. Romantic poets loved to use a freer verse form.9.Romanticism is a term that denotes most of the writings that were written between 1798 and 1832. Wordsworth:1.From 1799 to his death he was politically very conservative and lived in retirement at Grasmere in the Lake district in the company of his sister Dorothy Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge. In 1843 after the death of Southey he was made poet laureate.2.The most representative poet of English Romanticism.3.In 1798, the publication of Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18 th century and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England. It is a declaration of romanticism and an important piece of literary criticism in English literature.Coleridge:1.3 Lake poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey.2.Married the sister of Southey s wife.3.Representative work:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, written in ballad form. The theme is about sin and its expiation.4.Kubla Khan: total imagination. Collected in Lyrical Ballads.5.His only play that was on the stage waRemorse6.His lectures on Shakespeareare still considered valuable Shakespeareancritical materials.Byron:1.The long satirical epic, Don Juan, is generally considered as his masterpiece. As a leading Romanticist, Bryon' s chief contribution is his creation of Byronic Hero.2.Childe Harold' s Pilgrimage made him famous overnight.3.Don Juan: It is about the romantic adventure of a legendary Spanish youth who has many love affairs with various woman. The real significance of this poem lies in its vivid description of the lives and manners of many lands. Byron ' s fiery passion for the liberation of the Greek people and his bitter satire on the sham and hypocrisy in love, religion and the social relationship of his time.4.The Isles of Greece: a song sung by a singer at the wedding ceremony between Don Juan and Haidee, in which the singer(Byron) contrast the past glory of the Greek people with their present state of enslavement by the Turks. Shelley:1.His first important poem is Queen Mab, an allegorical poem in which through the mouth of Queen Mab, the fairy queen, he attacks kings, priests, and statesmenand human institutions such as marriage, commerce, and religion.2.He met Godwin in 1814 and fell in love with his daughter Mary Godwin. Her mother was Mary Wollstonecraft, a champion for women s rights and the authoress of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.3.On the death of Keats, he wrote a elegiac poem Adonais.4.His lyrics are best known among the English poets.5.The most well-known is the Ode to the West Wind6.Song to the Men of England: political lyrics in protest against the government s barbarous action and calling the working people to rise up to overthrown the rule of idle class.7.An ode: In ancient time, an ode is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; In modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event. John Keats1.Unlike Byron and Shelley, Keats was born in London, of lowly origin.2.In 1817, he abandoned his profession in surgeon and published his first collection of poems.3.His best were written in the short three years from 1817 to the time of his death.4.On First Looking into Chapman' s Homer5.Ode to a Nightingale.6.Negative Capability: Firstly used by Keats to critique those who sought to categorize all experience and phenomena and turn them into a theory of knowledge. This put Keats at the front of Romantic Movement.Lamb:mb was important in English literature for his contribution to the Familiar Essay, a type of essay which dates back to those of the French essayist and was later developed by Addison and Steele.2.With his sister, they wrote Tales from Shakespeare.3.Recollection and nostalgia play an important role in his essays.4.His essays are full of long and curious words and are interrupted by frequent exclamations and parentheses.mb's most well-known literary work is Tales from Shakespeare.They were stories retold from the plays of Shakespeare.Chapter 9The Victorian Age:1.The English people were proud of the two queens: Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victorian. During their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically.2.Capitalism first took its shape during the reign of Queen E. And the small country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588.3.During the reign of Queen Victoria, England grew from an agricultural country into an industrialized one and became he workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center.4.During this period, literature flourished.5.Three period of The Victorian Age:1) a time of social unrest2)The middle period: a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy.3)The last period: a period of decay of Victorian values.6.The first period:1)The passing of the first reform bill made it possible for the industrial capitalists to gain their power in Parliament.2)The Reform of Bill of 1832 extend the right to vote to all men owning property worth ten pounds or more.3)The second accomplishment of Reform of Bill was to eliminate the rotten boroughs and gave the vacant seats to the industrial cities.4)This bill broke the monopoly in Parliament of the conservative landowners and ended the long reign of the Tory party. Whig party, which represented the interests of the industrial capitalists and businessman, came into power.5)The Chartist Movement reached its peak in 1838, 1842 and 1848.6)The most influential philosophy of this period: the philosophy of Utilitarianism.7)Corn laws:1815-1846: forbade in importing any grain from foreign countries when the price of wheat dropped to a certain price.7.The mid-Victorian period:1)In 1846, the Corn Laws was replaced and the price of labour lowered.2)By the early seventies England became the workshop of the world and the world' s banker.3)It was a period of complacency, stability and optimism.4)In the fifties and sixties even the conditions of the working people were improved.5)In Crystal Palace, the Great Exhibition was held.6)In 1857 and following years, the economy was hit by crises from time to time.7)Darwin published the origin of species in 1859. Science came to the forefront in the debate against church. Darwin s discovery conflicted the Bible and was applied in social science.8.The last period:1)England continued to grow in strength in this period. By 1890 the British Empire had comprised more than a quarter of all the territory on the surface of the earth and was called the empire on which the sun never sets2)To many Victorians this was a period of serenity and security, the age of house parties and long weekends in the country.3)In the nineties, melancholy became the spirit of the time and the intellectuals were tainted by a feeling of fin-desiecle.9.The Victorian novelists:1)1832 witnessed the end of poetry boom.2)Most of the romantic poets died, the romantic movement came to an end as a movement.10.The rise of the novel:1)The growth of urban population resulted in the appearance of a new reading public.2)The Education Acts, which came into effect in 1870, made a certain measure of education compulsory. Thus, there was a fairly large reading public in the Vic age.3)With the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of book dropped, and besides regular books, there were serial publications.4)Writing had become a profession, which made it possible for the writers to male a living by writing.5)With the ascendancy of the industrial capitalists, the majority of whom lived an idle life in interests, there was a large idle class who needed recreation and entertainment. Novels met their desires.6)The conditions of the time and the dire poverty on the one hand and the enormous wealth on the other hand needed a secular form to explore human relations rather than sermons given in the church.7)The feminist movement had much to do with the growth of the novel.mon features of Vic novel:1)The plot is unfolded against a social background which is broader than what it had been in previous novels.2)The cause-effect sequence is much more striking than in previous novels3)Most of the Vic novel were first published in serial form, that is, by installment, before they were fully published in a single book.4)Tainted by the spirit of Puritanism of the Vic age.5)Characterized by their moral purpose.6)Some Chinese scholars called them critical realistic novelists.Bronte sisters1.Charlotte/Emily/Ann2.Some critics said that the Bronte sisters inherited their strong emotion from their parents.1) A Celtic blood explains their strong emotion and their audacity in the search for spiritual integrity.2)Another factors was the moorland which was not yet corrupted by the evils of society.3)The third factor that explains their writing career was the fact that they were greatly influenced by romantic poets.3.The works of Charlotte and Emily are different from those of other Victorian writers in the aspects below:1)their works are marked by strong romantic elements.2)The role pf nature plays are significant in their work.3)Marked by a new conception of women as heroines of vital strength and passionate feelings.4.Wuthering Heights: Emily portrays the conflicts between the privileged and the hire hand.5.When they published book, they used pseudonyms, pretending they were male writers. Currer Bell for Charlotte; Ellis Bell for Emily; Acton Bell for Ann.6.In Jane Eyre, Jane s rebelliousness, her dislike for servility and her insistence o equality that make the book unique. Jane Eyre is the first ENG novel, even the most powerful and popular novel, which represents the modern view of women' s position in society.Hardy:1.Wessex novel2.The last important novelist of the Victorian Age.3.His philosophy was that everything in the universe is determined by the Immanent Will, which is present in allparts of the universe and its impartially hostile towards human beings' desire for joy and happiness.4.The dominate theme of his novel is the futility of man ' s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate. Chance and circumstance, which are all predestined by Immanent Will.5.The prevailing mood in his novel is tragic6.Wrote epic-dramaTennyson:1.Some historians even called the period from 1832 to the death of Tennyson the age of Tennyson2.1850, Tennyson published In Memoriam and succeeded Wordsworth the Poet Laureate.3.His first collection of poems was P oem by Two Brothers, on which he collaborate with his brother.4.His first important work Poems was a collection of his early poems.5.It was two volumes of Poemssecured his position as the leading poet of the time.6.Buried in Westminster Abbey.7.Break, Break, Break: elegy, Tennyson wrote in memory of his friend Arthur Hallam.Browning:1.He is noteworthy for the dramatic monologue, in which there is one imaginary speaker addressing an imaginary audience.2.His first poem: Pauline, written under the influence of Shelley.3.Was bold and unconventional in matter and style.4.Optimistic5.Look boldly at the evils in human beings without losing faith.Arnold:1. A professor of poetry at Oxford.2.Both a poet and a literary critic.3.An important figure in the intellectual field of 19 century England.4.In his poetry, he reflects on the doubt of his age, and the conflict between science and religion.5.The most important one of his literary criticism: Essays in Criticism and Culture and Anarchy. As a literary critic, he attacked the barbarians, a term used to refer to the aristocrats. He also attacked philistines, a term referring to middle class, whom he regarded as narrow-minded and self-conceited people.6.In his opinion, poetry should be a criticism of life and was destined to take the place of religion as mans principal moral guide.7.He believed culture should be antidote to anarchy and that through culture and liberal education modern man could avoid anarchy without abandoning liberty to some coercive external authority.Chapter 10The twentieth century1.~ marked by two World Wars.2.Modernism came into being between 1910 and the early years after the WWII.3.The two World War were the direct result of the conflict between rival imperialist countries and their ambition to dominate the world.4.The development of ENG literature can be divided into two stages: literature between WWs and literature after WW II.5.Three main trend of literature are worth our attention: Modernism; The Angry Young Men; and The Threat of the Absurd.6.Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism.7.Modernism means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age.8.The ENG intellectuals were very much influenced by the psychology of Freud.9.The characteristics of modernists:1)Complexity and obscurity2)The use of symbols3)Allusion4)IronyEliot:1.1921, the waste land, established Elidts status in modern literature.2.London, represented as arid, waste land. The central symbol are drought and flood, representing the death and rebirth.3.He said he was classicist in literature, royalist in politics and Anglo-Catholic in religion.4.Also wrote many essays and much literary criticism. His essays are praised for their lucidity and precision. Heaney:1.Belfast group soon came into being and played an important role in changing the previously discouraging literary atmosphere of the city.2.He was awarded the Noble Prize for literature in1995, on the occasion he made the famous Noblelecture,Crediting Poetry.3.His poetry consists of two genres: the observed and recollected facts pf his early rural experience and psychological meditation on the violence in Northern Ireland arising from religious and political conflicts.4.The public and political them as reflected in North and in particular the so-called bog poems'。
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幻灯片129 A VALEDICTION: FORBIDDING MOURNING As virtuous men pass mildly (peacefully) away, And whisper to their souls, to go, Whilst some of their sad friends doe say, The breath goes now, and some say, no: (Petrarchan conceit of a parting between lovers is like death, original: lovers as body & soul ) So let us melt (depart yet one in the other), and make no noise, No tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move (stir up), T'were prophanation (disrespect) of our joys To tell the layetie (laymen, those not consecrated as priests) our love. (regards love as holy religion, maintain their faith to love in heart in secret, don’t convey to outsiders)
幻灯片130 Moving of th‘earth (earthquakes) brings harms and fears, Men reckon (calculate) what it did and meant, But trepidation(天体抖动) of the spheres, Though greater far, is innocent (harmless). Ptolemaic(托勒密) theory envisions planets are set their spheres, moving around the earth, and as they rub against one another they produce the music of the spheres, the perfection of God's creation. Yet, as fallen humans, humans have lost ability to perceive the music of the spheres and everything beneath the moon is imperfect. Thus, the movements of the earth itself (earthquakes) are part of its fallen imperfection—but movements of the outer spheres are perfect and harmonious.
幻灯片132 The comparison: earthy lovers, when parted, feel the parting as if it were an earthquake: imperfect and violent. But this pair of lovers, spiritual and perfect, can feel their parting as though it were the "trepidation of the spheres"--part of the perfect whole. Dull sublunary (below the moon) lovers love (Whose soul [essence] is sense [physical pleasure, opposed to spirit]) cannot admit (bear) Absence (separation), because it doth remove Those things (things that are related to sense) which elemented (comprised) it (physical love). (sublunary lovers are those whose love is imperfect or fallen) 幻灯片133 But we by a love, so much refin'd (purified). That our selves know not what it is, Inter-assured (mutually assured) of the mind, Care less, eyes, lips, and hands to miss. (Only fallen lovers depend on the senses to express and experience love and are upset by the inability to see or touch the beloved. As purified spiritual lovers, we do not care much to miss eyes, lips & hands) Our two souls therefore, which are one, Though I must go, endure not yet(yet not suffer) A breach (separation), but an expansion, Like gold to airy thinnesse beat(beaten). 幻灯片134 ('breach' and 'gold':most famous metaphor in poetry, a picture of beaten gold, when a ring is heated, there is no breach, only an expansion: the dignity with which the lovers part). If they be two, they are two so (in such a way) As stiff twin compasses are two, (as stiff as the two legs of a compass) Thy soul the fixt foot, makes no show To move, but doth (moves), if the 'other do. (comparing their two souls to the feet of a drawing compass: the lovers' closeness, the mutually-understood and everlasting love)
幻灯片135 And though it in the center sit, Yet when the other far doth roam (walk), It leans, and hearkens (listening attentively) after it, And grows erect, as that comes home. Such wilt thou be to me, who must Like th'other foot, obliquely (slantingly) run; Thy firmness makes my circle just (complete), And makes me end, where I begun. (he return to his lover after he ends his journey, the perfect circle symbolizes spiritual perfection & marriage [the circle of the wedding ring].) 幻灯片136 《离别辞》（卞之琳译） 正如德高人逝世很安然， 对灵魂轻轻的说一声走， 悲伤的朋友们聚在旁边， 有的说断气了，有的说没有。
让我们化了，一声也不作， 泪浪也不翻，叹风也不兴； 那是亵渎我们的欢乐—— 要是对俗人讲我们的爱情。
地动会带来灾害和惊恐， 人们估计它干什么，要怎样 可是那些天体的震动， 虽然大得多，什么也不伤。
幻灯片137 世俗的男女彼此的相好， （ 他们的灵魂是官能）就最忌 别离，因为那就会取消 组成爱恋的那一套东西。
我们被爱情提炼得纯净， 自己都不知道存什么念头 互相在心灵上得到了保证， 再不愁碰不到眼睛、嘴和手。
两个灵魂打成了一片， 虽说我得走，却并不变成 破裂，而只是向外伸延， 像金子打到薄薄的一层。
幻灯片138 就还算两个吧，两个却这样 和一副两脚规情况相同； 你的灵魂是定脚．并不像 移动．另一脚一移，它也动。
虽然它一直是坐在中心， 可是另一个去天涯海角， 它就侧了身．倾听八垠； 那一个一回家，它马上挺腰。
你对我就会这样子，我一生 像另外那一脚，得侧身打转； 你坚定，我的圆圈才会准， 我才会终结在开始的地点。
幻灯片139 Denotation: the dictionary meaning of a word Connotation: what people associate with that word,