现在分词短语作状语与状语从句之间的转换

现在分词短语做状语

现在分词作状语 一、现在分词短语在句中可以作条件状语， 其逻辑主语须为句中的主语，该短语相当于一个条件状语从句。 Working hard, you'll succeed. = If you work hard, you'll succeed. 如果你努力工作，你会成功的。 Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the park. = If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the park.如果转向左边，你将找到通向公园的小道。 二、分词短语在句中作让步状语 分词短语在句中作让步状语时，相当于一个让步状语从句，有时分词前可以带有连接词although, whether, even if, even though。 现在分词短语作让步状语，分词的逻辑主语是句中的主语，变成状语从句时，需用主动语态。 Weighing almost one hundred jin the stone was moved by him alone. = Although the stone weighted almost one hundred jin, it was moved by him alone. 虽然那块石头重将近一百斤，他一个人就把它挪动了。 三、分词短语在句中作结果状语 现在分词短语在句中可以作结果状语，它的逻辑主语便是句中的主语，该短语相当于一个结果状语从句，且用主动语态。分词短语在句中作结果状语时，通常位于句末，中间有逗号。有时为了加强语气，就在分词前加thus。 Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. = Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus it caused the delay.他们的车遇上交通阻塞，因而耽误了。 四、分词短语在句中表示方式或伴随情况 分词短语表示方式或伴随情况是比较常见的。它用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。一般情况下，现在分词所表示的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，它的逻辑主语就是句中的主语，谓语动词作为主要动作，而现在分词表示一个陪衬动作，它没有相应的状语从句可以转换，但可以用并列句来转换。过去分词可以说明谓语动作的背景。过去分词与其逻辑主语之间有动宾关系。如： The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. The children laughed and talked merrily, and they ran out of the room. 那些孩子们跑出房间，愉快地笑着、说着。 Helped by their teacher, the students finished the task successfully. 在老师的帮助下，学生们成功地完成了任务。 五、现在分词短语作时间状语有以下三种情况： 1．分词动作一发生，谓语动作紧跟着发生，这时用现在分词的一般式作时间状语，其逻辑主语为句中的主语。常用的动词，如：hear, see, arrive, return, get to, look, open, close, leave, turn around, walk等，表示一个极短暂动作。 此种情况可以换作on+动名词，表示相同的意思。译作"一（刚）……就……"。 此种情况也可以换作是when引导的时间状语从句，该从句的动词多用一般过去时表示。Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.

现在分词作状语详解

教学目标：讲解现在分词作状语及区分不定式、现在分词作状语的异同 重点难点： 1.现在分词和不定式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 2.分词作状语时，要看它同句子主语之间的关系，以确定是现在分词还是过去分词。 3.注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系，以确定分词的时态形式 4、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，以确定非谓语动词的语态形式. 5. 连词+分词形式（分词作状语的省略问题） 6.不定式作结果状语和现在分词作结果状语的区别。 7. 现在分词的独立主格结构和评价性状语 Step 1 lead in 朗读下面一首唐诗，找出其中的现在分词形式 Thinking in the Silent Night 静夜思 Before my bed there is bright moonlight 床前明月光 So that it seems that frost on the ground. 疑是地上霜 Lifting my head, I watch the bright moonlight. 举头望明月 Lowering my head, I dream tha t I’m home. 低头思故乡 Step2 现在分词作状语的意义 动词的现在分词作状语，修饰动词，相当于状语从句，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况及独立成分等，作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。 一. -ing分词短语作时间状语，代替一个时间状语从句(引导词有when ,while ) 温馨提示： 1．现在分词所表示的动作与主句的动作一般是同时发生，有时可由连词when, while引出。 2．现在分词所表示的动作一发生，主句的动作就立即发生时。如： When she saw those pictures，she remembered her childhood. =Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，她想起了自己的童年。 As soon as he heard the good news, he jumped with joy. =（0n）Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. 他一听到这个好消息，就高兴地跳起来。 二．-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。(引导词有because ,as ,since) 如：As he was ill, he didn't go to school yesterday =Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天没有上学。 三．-ing分词也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个条件状语从句。(引导词有if,unless,once) If you work hard, you will succeed. =Working hard, you will succeed. 如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。 If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the school.

分词作状语+状语从句+倒装句

非谓语动词分词作状语

1 Adverb Clause of time时间状语从句 1 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏 As the day went on, the weather got worse. 从句表示"随时间推移"连词用as，不用when 或while. 2 恰恰在交通灯变红时，我停住了车。 Just as / When the traffic light turned red, I stopped my car. ?不同时发生 1 我陪你直到你妈妈回家。 I will stay with you until your mother comes home. I won’t leave you until your mother comes home. 2 在拿到钱后，他迅速地离开了银行。 After he had got the money, he left the bank immediately. After having got the money, he left the bank immediately. Before he had got the money, he didn’t leave the bank. Before having got the money, he didn’t leave the bank. 3 自从我生病以来，他就屡次给我写信。 He has written to me frequently since I was ill. 4 我到家后就给你打电话。 I’ll phone you when I get home. As soon as I get home, I’ll phone you. as soon as表示立即发生。

状语从句与分词作状语的转换

[非谓语动词和从句转换]状语从句与分词作 状语的转换 篇一: 状语从句与分词作状语的转换 状语从句与分词作状语的转换 时间、原因等状语从句可以转换成分词作状语，但这种转换是有条件的，也有一定的规律可循。[] 一、基本规则，也是最重要的规则是：从句的主语与主句的主语必须一致，变从句而主句不变。如： They did not go to the Summer Palace because they had a lot of work to do． 由于从句的主语与主句的主语都是they，可以把从句中because 和they去掉，把had变成having，即成现在分词短语作原因状语：Having a lot of work to do，they did not go to the Summer Palace． 二、从句如果表示主动、完成，进行的动作，则转换成现在分词；如果表示被动，则转换成过去分词。 1．When he heard a cry for help，he rushed out． 从句中，he was与heard是主动关系，表示“他听见”。则可变成现在分词作时间状语。 Hearing a cry for help，he rushed out． 2．The boy Cater went up to his teacher and said“sorry”because he

was great-ly touched by his words．从句中，he was touched是被动关系，是“孩子被深深地触动了”，则变成过去分词作原因状语。Greatly touched by his teache r’s words，the boy laterwent up to him and said“sorry”． 三、如果从句的主语与主句的主语不一致，该怎么办？请看下例： 1．As the heroes’ deeds moved them deeply，they decided to study even harder． 句中，主句的主语是they，而从句主语是the heroes’deeds，主语不一致，这时可以把从句变换一下句型，变成被动语态。即成As they w ere deeplymoved by the heroes’deeds．从句的主语与主句的主语都是they，就可转换成： Deeply moved by the heroes’deeds，they decided to study even harder． 下列的句子中主语也是不同的。 2．The professor came into the lab；a group of students followed him． 这是两个简单句，如果中间加个and也可看成并列句。但主语不同，可以先把第二句变成：He was followed by a group of students．全句就转换成： Followed by a group of students，the professor came into the lab． 四、如果看不出有从句，该怎么办？请看下例： He recognized the man who had been his classmate ten years

分词短语作状语的时态和语态

分词短语作状语的时态和语态 1. 分词的时态及其判断 * 过去分词没有时态形式的变化，因此been done 和had done 任何时候都不会出现。 * 现在分词有两种时态形式： 一般形式：doing 完成形式：having done * 判断分词用什么形式主要是要与句子中的主要动词行为发生时间进行对比，如果同时或相继发生，用一般式；如果分词的行为的发生时间早于主要动词的发生时间，则用完成式。例如：--Working there, we learned a lot from them. (劳动的同时学到了许多) --Looking out of the window, I saw groups of children play games. (先望出去，接着就看到，视线没有断开) -- Having finished his work, he went to help his classmates.(完成工作在前，帮助他人在后，中间有停顿) -- Not having done it right, I tried again. (没做好在前，明显停顿后再次尝试) * 伴随状语是与主要动词的行为同时发生的动作，如果有前有后就不成其为伴随，所引不能用完成形式having done 表示，否则就是逻辑错误。 2. 分词的语态及其判断

* 过去分词本身就表示被动 * 现在分词的被动语态同样有两种形式 一般式：being done 完成式：having been done * 主动与被动的判断主要是要找到分词的逻辑主语，一般说来，用作状语的分词，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，它们之间有两种关系：逻辑主语是分词行为的支配者，即主谓关系——用现在分词主动形式表示； 逻辑主语是分词的行为对象，即动宾关系——用过去分词或现在分词的被动形式,分别表示： 过去分词——与主要动词先后发生，如： -- Inspired him, we decided to work harder. (被鼓励接下来决定更加努力) 现在分词一般式——与主要动词同时发生，如： -- Being surrounded, the enemy was forced to surrender.（被包围的同时被迫投降） 现在分词完成式——先于主要动词的动作，如： -- Having been asked to stay, I couldn't very well leave. (先被要求留下，（考虑后)觉得不好离开。 * 独立主格结构：

现在分词作状语的用法

现在分词作状语的用法 现在分词作状语： ①现在分词doing所代表的动作或状态与谓语动词是同时 或几乎是同时发生的，可以作时间、原因、方式、条件、结 果、目的、让步、伴随等状语。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主 语。如： Rushing out of the house, he was knocked down by a car. 他一冲出屋子就被一辆车撞倒了。 My cousin went to Shenzhen, hoping to find a job there. 我表兄去深圳了，希望在那儿找份工作。 The child fell，striking his head against the door. 小孩摔了一跤，头在门上碰了一下。 In the last few years, the country has had a hard time, suffering several killer quakes. 过去几年里，这 个国家经历了艰难的时期，遭受了几次致命的地震。 Being spring, the flowers are in full bloom. 因为是春天，所以花都盛开着。

②有些分词作状语，没有逻辑上的主语，已成为习惯用法：considering, judging from, talking of, allowing for(考虑到), generally/frankly/honestly/roughly/strictly speaking, assuming that(假设)等。如： Talking of this film, its wonderful. 说到这部电影，好极了。 Assuming that it is true, what should we do now 假定那是真的, 我们现在该怎麽办 Judging by the direction of the wind, it wont rain today. 根据风向测度, 今天不会下雨。 Social psychology, strictly speaking, deals with the behavior of people in groups. 严格地说, 社会心理学研究人们的群体行为。

分词作状语转换

1、状语从句中的谓语动词是系动词be时: 1.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的连接词与主语并把be改为being. 即可。 As he is a tailor, he knows what to do with this material. →Being a tailor, he knows what to do with this material. 1.2、从句的主句主语与从句主语不同时，只要保留从句的主语，其它变化同以上1.1。 As he is still a child, you shouldn't be too hard on him. →He being still a child, you shouldn't be too hard on him. 1.3、当从句是否定句时，只要在being 前加否定词not ，其它变化同以上1.2。 As he was no tall enough, he couldn't reach for the apple. →No being tall enough, he couldn't reach for the apple. 2、当从句的谓语动词是进行时态（现在进行时态或过去进行时态）时: 2.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的引导词与主语并去掉助动词be保留现在分词即可。有时为了强调进行状态,亦在分词前保留being. While he was reading the book, he nodded from time to time. →While reading the book, he nodded from time to time 2.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，除保留从句主语外，其他变化同以上2.1 When he was giving a telephone call, his wife was reading a novel. →He giving a telephone call, his wife was reading a novel 2.3、当从句是含not的否定句时，只要在being 前加否定词not ，其它变化同以上1.1与2.2 As Tom is not working in his office, No one receives the telephone. →Tom not working i n his office, no one receives the telephone. 3、当从句中的谓语动词为一般时态(一般现在时与一般过去时)的实义动词时： 3.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句主语并将实义动词改为现在分词即可Look round when you cross the street. →Look round when crossing the street. 3.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，只要保留主语，其他变化同以上3.1 When they left the airport, we waved again and again to them. →They leaving the airport, we waved again and again to them. 3.3、当从句是含not的否定句时，只要在现在分词前加not，其他变化同以上3.1与3.2 As he didn't know anything about the accident, he went to work as usual. →.Not knowing anything about the acc ident, he went to work as usual. 4、当从句的谓语动词是一般时态(一般现在时与一般过去时)的被动态时： 4.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的连词与主语并去掉be保留过去分词即可。 As the teacher was surrounded tightly by a group of students, he couldn't get away. →Surrounded tightly by a group of students the teacher cou ldn't get away. 4.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，只要保留主语，其他变化同以上4.1 A. As the car was trapped in the sand, we had to go for help. →The car trapped in the sand, we had to go for help. 4.3、当从句是含not的否定句时，只要在过去分词前加not外，其他变化同以上4.1与4.2 As he was not killed dead in the field, he escaped at the very night. →Not killed dead in the field, he escaped at the very night. 5、当从句的谓语动词是完成时态(现在完成时与过去完成时)时：

现在分词作状语的用法

现在分词作状语的用法 现在分词作状语的用法 现在分词作状语： ①现在分词doing所代表的动作或状态与谓语动词是同时或几乎是同时发生的，可以作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步、伴随等状语。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如：Rushing out of the house, he was knocked down by a car. 他一冲出屋子就被一辆车撞倒了。 My cousin went to Shenzhen, hoping to find a job there. 我表兄去深圳了，希望在那儿找份工作。 The child fell，striking his head against the door. 小孩摔了一跤，头在门上碰了一下。 In the last few years, the country has had a hard time, suffering several killer quakes. 过去几年里，这个国家经历了艰难的时期，遭受了几次致命的地震。 Being spring, the flowers are in full bloom. 因为是春天，所以花都盛开着。 ②有些分词作状语，没有逻辑上的主语，已成为习惯用法：considering, judging from, talking of, allowing for(考虑到), generally/frankly/honestly/roughly/strictly speaking, assuming that(假设)等。如：

Talking of this film, its wonderful. 说到这部电影，好极了。 Assuming that it is true, what should we do now? 假定那是真的, 我们现在该怎麽办? Judging by the direction of the wind, it wont rain today. 根据风向测度, 今天不会下雨。 Social psychology, strictly speaking, deals with the behavior of people in groups. 严格地说, 社会心理学研究人们的群体行为。

状语从句与分词作状语的转换

状语从句与分词作状语的转换 时间、原因等状语从句可以转换成分词作状语，但这种转换是有条件的，也有一定的规律可循。 一、基本规则，也是最重要的规则是：从句的主语与主句的主语必须一致，变从句而主句不变。如： They did not go to the Summer Palace because they had a lot of work to do． 由于从句的主语与主句的主语都是they，可以把从句中because和they去掉，把had变成having，即成现在分词短语作原因状语： Having a lot of work to do，they did not go to the Summer Palace． 二、从句如果表示主动、完成，进行的动作，则转换成现在分词；如果表示被动，则转换成过去分词。 1．When he heard a cry for help，he rushed out． 从句中，he was与heard是主动关系，表示“他听见”。则可变成现在分词作时间状语。 Hearing a cry for help，he rushed out． 2．The boy Cater went up to his teacher and said“sorry”because he was great-ly touched by his words． 从句中，he was touched是被动关系，是“孩子被深深地触动了”，则变成过去分词作原因状语。Greatly touched by his teacher's words，the boy laterwent up to him and said“sorry”． 三、如果从句的主语与主句的主语不一致，该怎么办？请看下例： 1．As the heroes' deeds moved them deeply，they decided to study even harder． 句中，主句的主语是they，而从句主语是the heroes'deeds，主语不一致，这时可以把从句变换一下句型，变成被动语态。即成As they were deeplymoved by the heroes'deeds．从句的主语与主句的主语都是they，就可转换成：Deeply moved by the heroes'deeds，they decided to study even harder． 下列的句子中主语也是不同的。 2．The professor came into the lab；a group of students followed him． 这是两个简单句，如果中间加个and也可看成并列句。但主语不同，可以先把第二句变成：He was followed by a group of students．全句就转换成： Followed by a group of students，the professor came into the lab． 四、如果看不出有从句，该怎么办？请看下例： He recognized the man who had been his classmate ten years before，so he wentover to say hello to him． 这句中，看不出有从句。so是并列连词，表示“因此，于是”等意思。这样一来，前面那一句就有表示原因的意味。这一句可以改写为： Because he recognized the man who had been his classmate ten years before，he went over to say hello to him．变成一个原因状语从句，即可转换成现在分词作原因状语。 Recognizing the man… 许多有and或没有and的并列句，只要主语一致，往往可能换成分词作伴随状语。如： The students went home from school；they talked and laughed．可转换成： Talking and laughing，the students went home from school． 五、如何判断要不要有一个Being？如： As he was very old，he had to give up his teaching． 可转换成：Being very old，he had to give up his teaching．再看下例： As he was moved by the story，he decided to learn from the heroes． 则转换成：Moved by the story，he decided to learn from the heroes．而不是Being moved… 为什么呢？原来前面的那一句的was是系动词（link verb），后面跟的是表语（形容词或名词）。又如：As he was an engineer，he knew exactly what to do． an engineer．是名词作表语，即可转换成：

分词作状语用法

分词作状语用法是所有分词用法中最重要的，也是最难掌握的。 分词在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。 一、现在分词作状语 一、现在分词作状语，表主动、进行，相当于一个状语从句，根据需要可以使用被动式或完成式。 Studying at the hometown, I enjoyed the happiest time during my life. Being ill, she can't go to work today. The children ran out of the room, laughing and jumping. 1. He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information. A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope 2. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ________ the girl and took her away, ________ into the woods. A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing 二、现在分词的时态语态 1. 现在分词的一般式由“动词+ing”构成，其被动式为“being+动词过去分词”。 例如：The students standing there are from Class Three. The English novel being translated by the editor now will be completed in October. 2. 现在分词的完成式由“having +动词过去分词”构成，其被动式为“having +been+动词过去分词”。 例如：Having finished all the work, they had a good rest. Having been given the right answer, the teacher asked me to sit down. Given more time, we will finish the work in time. 3. 现在分词的否定式为“not +动词-ing”，被动式的否定式为“not+being+动词过去分词”，其完成式的否定式为“not + having +动词过去分词”。 例如：Not knowing what to do, he sat there crying. Not being noticed by the public, the young writer felt a little pity. 1. _______ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having suffered D. Being suffered 2. Finding her car stolen, _______. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help 二、过去分词作状语 过去分词只有一种形式，即done，表被动。 The mother came in, followed by her son. When heated，water will be turned into steam. Deeply moved by the film, we all cried. Born into a poor family, he had no more than two years of schooling. 1．_____ from the top of the TV tower, and we can get a beautiful sight of most of the city. A. To see B. Seen C. Seeing D. See 2. _____ in 1613, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United Stated. A. being founded B. Founded C. It was founded D. Founding 三、过去分词与V-ing作状语的区别

过去分词作状语和短语动词

V-ed分词作状语和短语动词 一．V-ed分词作状语 及物动词的过去分词作状语，表示被动和完成的意义，功能上相当于一个表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步和方式等的状语从句，其逻辑主语一般与句子主语一致。 1. V-ed分词作时间状语（相当于时间状语从句） ①Born at the beginning of the century, he became president in the early 1940’s. 他出生于世纪之初，到了20世纪40年代初期成为了总统。 ②Seen from the hill, the village looks more beautiful.从山上看去，这个村庄更加漂亮了。可以转换为When it is seen from the hill, the village looks more beautiful. 2. V-ed分词作原因状语（相当于原因状语从句） ①Confused by the stones flying at them from all sides, the boys ran into the building. 孩子们被从四面八方朝他们飞来的石头弄糊涂了，于是他们跑进了那幢大楼里。可以转换为They were confused by the stones flying at them from all sides, so the boys ran into the building. ②Tired and hungry, the little girl sat at the wall corner. 又累又饿，小女孩坐到了墙角处。 ③Discouraged, she decided to leave the city of Beijing. 心灰意冷，她决定离开北京城。 3. V-ed分词作条件状语(相当于条件状语从句) ①Given more time and support, we could have done it better. 如果当时给我们更多的时间和支持，我们会做得更好。可以转换为If we were given more time and support, we could have done it better. ②Put into use as soon as possible, the hotline will do us a great favour. 如果被尽快地投入使用，这条热线将会给我们很大的帮助。 ③Watered once a week, the vegetables will grow better. 一周浇一次水，这些蔬菜会长得更好。 4. V-ed分词作让步状语(相当于although / though引导的让步状语从句) ①Attacked many times, the residents in London didn’t give in. 尽管被攻击了很多次，但伦敦居民并没有屈服。可以转换为Although they were attacked many times, the residents in London didn’t give in. ②Laughed at by other boys, he still continued to complete the task. 尽管遭到其他男孩的嘲笑，他仍然坚持完成了这项任务。 ③Tried again, the experiment still couldn’t give us a satisfying answer. 又尝试了一次，这个实验仍然不能给我们一个满意的结果。 5. V-ed分词作方式或伴随状语（相当于方式状语从句，当表示伴随时，相当于一个并列句） ①Followed by his wolf dog, the hunter walked slowly in the forest. 猎人在树林里慢慢行走，狼狗跟在后面。可以转换为The hunter walked slowly in the forest and his wolf dog Followed him. ②The hero sat there telling stories, surrounded by a lot of students. 英雄坐在那儿讲故事，许多孩子围着他。 6. V-ed分词作结果状语（相当于结果状语从句） ①He failed in the competition, blamed by his companions.

现在分词短语作伴随状语

其实分词做伴随状语就是分词做方式状语的一种，伴随是一种方式。大多情况下其实方式状语从句都等于伴随状语从句。只有在just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体 分词短语作伴随状语 伴随状语的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的 1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。 现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 ）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 比如 The teacher came in the classroom with handing a book in his hand. with handing就是个例子 过去分词，现在分词都可以做伴随状语,即在某件事情发生的时候相伴发生的事情这个句子老师进入了教室，他是拿着本书进入教室的，在他进入教室的时候他的手中有一本书（相伴）知道意思了吧。 做题的时候要注意区分什么时候使用过去分词和什么时候使用现在分词做伴随状语。一般的无非又几种情况： 1，过去分词表示一种完成了的或者是被动意义的动作 分词作状语（关键找逻辑主语） a)放在句首的分词往往看作时间状语1以及原因状语2 1. Looking (when I looked) at the picture, I couldn't help missing my middle school days. 2.Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital. =As he was seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital. b)放在句中或句末常常看作为伴随状态(并列句) The girl was left alone in the room，weeping（crying ）bitterly. (但注意特殊：Generally/frankly speaking... / taken as a whole(总的来讲）不考虑逻辑主语，看作为独立成分)

现在分词短语作状语

现在分词短语作状语 一、时间状语 1.分词动作一发生，谓语动作紧跟着发生，这时用现在分词的一般式作时间状语，其逻辑主语为句中的主语。常用的动词，如：hear, see, arrive, return, get to, look, open, close, leave, turn around, walk等，表示一个极短暂动作。 此种情况可以换作on+动名词，表示相同的意思。译作"一（刚）……就……"。 此种情况也可以换作是when引导的时间状语从句，该从句的动词多用一般过去时表 示。如：Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.（= On hearing their teacher's voice… = When they heard their teacher's voice, the pupils…）一听到教师的声音，学生们立即停止讲话。 2.谓语动作发生在分词所表示的动作过程之中，则用when /while+现在分词的一般式，分词的逻辑主语为句中的主语。此种情况可以用in+动名词的一般式代替。也可以换作when、while引导的时间状语从句，该从句的谓语动词用进行时态。如： Don't be careless when /while having an exam. = Don't be careless in having an exam. = Don't be careless when / while you are having an exam. 考试时不要粗心。 注：此结构中，不能用其他连接词替换when或while。 3.分词所表示的动作完成之后，谓语动作才发生，则要现在分词的完成式，即having done 的形式。分词的逻辑主语应是句中的主语。 这种情况可以用after+动名词的一般式表示。 这种情况也可以用after /when引导的时间状语从句来替换，该从句的谓语动词用过去完成式。如：Having finished his homework the boy was allowed to watch TV play. After having finished his homework, the boy… After /when he had finished his homework, the boy… 二、原因状语 1．分词短语在句中作原因状语时，相当于一个原因状语从句。与时间状语一样，也要注意分词所表示的动作与谓语动作的先后关系。当分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生时，用分词的一般形式。此时分词的逻辑主语须是句中的主语。这样的原因状语可以换成because, as引导的原因状语，该从句谓语动词用一般过去时。 Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help. 因为不知道如何解这道物理难题，他求助老师。 = Because he didn't know how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked…help. 2．当分词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，可以用现在分词的完成式在句中作原因状语，其逻辑主语须为句中的主语，该短语的作用相当于一个原因状语从句。该从句的谓语动词须用完成时。如： Having lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well.