fish 鱼的蛋白质含量
过年吃鱼的含义英语作文
过年吃鱼的含义英语作文English Answer：The Chinese New Year, also known as the Spring Festival, is the most important holiday in the Chinese calendar. Itis a time for families to reunite and celebrate the arrival of the new year. Food plays a central role in the celebration, and the fish is one of the most important dishes.There are many different reasons why fish is eaten at Chinese New Year. One reason is that the word for fish (鱼) in Chinese sounds like the word for "abundance" (余). Therefore, eating fish is said to bring good luck andwealth in the coming year.Another reason why fish is eaten at Chinese New Year is because it is a symbol of fertility. The Chinese believethat eating fish will help to increase their chances of having children.Fish is also a symbol of prosperity and success. The Chinese believe that eating fish will help them to achieve their goals and aspirations in the coming year.Finally, fish is simply a delicious and nutritious food. It is a good source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and other nutrients. Eating fish can help to improve yourhealth and well-being.中文回答：春节是中国最重要的节日，也是家人团聚、庆祝新年来临的时候。
f头的单词
f头的单词单词：fish1.1词性：名词、动词1.2中文释义：作为名词时，指鱼这种生物；作为动词时，意为捕鱼、钓鱼。
1.3英文释义：As a noun, it refers to an aquatic animal. As a verb, it means to catch or try to catch fish.1.4同义词：fishery（渔业相关，与fish有一定关联）；angling （钓鱼的动作，是fish作为动词时的近义词）；piscine（形容词，鱼的，与fish名词相关）。
2.1词源：源自古英语“fisc”，最初来自原始日耳曼语。
2.2趣闻：在一些文化中，鱼有着特殊的象征意义。
比如在中国文化里，“鱼”和“余”同音，象征着富裕和富足，过年的时候餐桌上往往会有鱼这道菜，寓意年年有余。
3.1短语：(1) fish out：掏出、捞出。
例句：He fished out a coin from his pocket. 翻译：他从口袋里掏出一枚硬币。
(2) fish for：摸索着找；间接打听。
例句：She was fishing for compliments. 翻译：她在设法让别人夸她。
(3) a big fish：大人物。
例句：He is a big fish in the company. 翻译：他在公司里是个大人物。
4.1 "I went to the lake to fish this morning. I brought my fishing rod and some bait. But I didn't catch any fish. Maybe the fish were not hungry today." 翻译：“今天早上我去湖边钓鱼了。
我带了鱼竿和一些鱼饵。
但是我一条鱼也没钓到。
也许今天鱼不饿吧。
”4.2 "There are so many colorful fish in the aquarium. My daughter likes to watch them swim around. It's very relaxing." 翻译：“水族馆里有很多五颜六色的鱼。
鱼精蛋白的多种用途
鱼精蛋白的多种用途鱼精蛋白（Fish Protein Hydrolysate，FPH）是一种从鱼类经过酶解过程提取得到的蛋白质产品。
它具有多种用途，包括农业、食品、医药等领域。
在本文中，我将详细介绍鱼精蛋白的多种用途，并分享一些我对这个产品的观点和理解。
一、农业领域中的应用1. 植物生长促进剂：鱼精蛋白中含有丰富的氨基酸、多肽和微量元素，这些物质对植物的生长和发育具有促进作用。
将鱼精蛋白应用于农作物的生长环境中，可以提高植物的抗病能力、增强养分吸收能力，促进植物的生长和产量的提高。
2. 生物有机肥料：鱼精蛋白中的氨基酸和多肽是植物的重要营养来源，尤其是对于一些特殊或难以寻找的氮源。
将鱼精蛋白作为有机肥料施于土壤中，不仅可以提供植物所需的氮源，还可以改善土壤结构，增加土壤保水性和保肥性，改善土壤生态环境。
3. 鱼精蛋白作为饲料添加剂：由于鱼精蛋白中富含优质蛋白质，以及氨基酸和多肽等营养物质，因此它可以作为饲料中的重要添加剂。
添加适量的鱼精蛋白可以提高饲料的蛋白质含量，增强饲料的营养价值，促进动物的生长发育，提高饲料的利用率，降低养殖成本。
二、食品领域中的应用1. 调味品：鱼精蛋白中的氨基酸和多肽赋予其独特的鲜味和香气。
鱼精蛋白可以作为一种天然的食品调味品，用于增强食物的风味和口感。
在鱼类制品、肉类制品、方便食品、调味料等食品加工过程中，添加适量的鱼精蛋白可以增加食品的鲜美度，提高食欲和口感。
2. 功能性食品：鱼精蛋白中的氨基酸和多肽具有一定的生理活性，可以对人体健康产生积极影响。
将鱼精蛋白应用于功能性食品的研发中，可以开发出具有降血压、改善血脂、增强免疫力等功效的食品产品。
三、医药领域中的应用1. 药物载体：鱼精蛋白具有较好的生物可降解性和生物相容性，可以作为药物的载体用于控释药物。
通过调控鱼精蛋白的结构和性质，可以实现对药物的缓释、靶向输送和保护作用，增加药物的疗效和减轻副作用。
2. 人工血浆：鱼精蛋白具有较好的胶体浓缩性和生理相容性，可以模拟人体血浆，用于临床医学中的输血治疗。
鱼粉的加工工艺
鱼粉的加工工艺目前国内外鱼粉的加工方法多根据鱼脂肪含量的多少进行加工，分为“高脂鱼”和“低脂鱼”2种加工工艺。
①高脂鱼的加工工艺是对脂肪含量较高的鱼粉先进行脱脂然后再干燥制粉的加工过程。
首先，用蒸煮或干热风加热的方法，使鱼体组织蛋白质发生热变性而凝固，促使体脂分离溶出。
然后对固形物进行螺旋压榨法压榨，固体部分烘干制鱼粉。
干燥的方法分为干热风和蒸汽法2种。
前者吹入干热风的温度因热源形式不同，可从100～400℃不等；后者使用蒸汽间接加热，虽然干燥速度慢，但鱼粉质量好。
整鱼经过去油、去浸汁、干燥、粉碎后的产品，蛋白质含量在50%～60%不等。
榨出的汁液经酸化、喷雾干燥或加热浓缩成鱼膏（fishsoluble）。
鱼膏的原料还可以用鱼类内脏，经加酶水解、离心分离、去油，再将水解液浓缩制成鱼膏；制成后的鱼膏可直接桶装出售，也可用淀粉或糠麸做为吸附剂再经干燥、粉碎后出售，后者称为鱼汁吸附饲料或混合鱼溶粉（compoundfishsalubleprowder），其营养价值因载体而异。
②低脂鱼的加工工艺是对体脂肪相对含量低的鱼及其它海产品的加工过程。
根据原料的种类一般分为全鱼粉和杂鱼粉2类。
全鱼粉是对脂肪含量少的鱼进行整体直接加热干燥，失去部分水分后再进行脱脂，固形物经第2次干燥至水分含量达18%，粉碎制成鱼粉。
通常每100kg全鱼约可出全鱼粉22kg。
蛋白质含量在60%左右。
杂鱼粉：是将小杂鱼、虾、蟹以及鱼头、尾、鳍、内脏等直接干燥粉碎后的产品又称鱼干粉，含粗蛋白质45％～55%不等。
或在鱼产旺季，先采用盐腌原料，再经脱盐，然后干燥粉碎制得。
这种鱼粉往往因脱盐不彻底（含盐10%以上），使用不当易造成畜禽食盐中毒。
罗非鱼肉分离蛋白的营养成分分析
世界低值鱼及鱼品加工下脚料资源丰富，蛋白质含 量高，且其蛋白质组成氨基酸种类齐全、比例合理、赖 氨酸含量高，是一种有待开发的优质蛋白资源。鱼蛋白 要应用到食品工业中最有效的方法就是酶法水解，因此 国内外对鱼蛋白水解的研究很多[1,2]。水解鱼蛋白是小分 子蛋白、蛋白肽、氨基酸以及呈味核苷酸等组成的混合 物，具有突出的营养价值，但功能特性较差且风味不好， 特别是分散性差、吸湿性强以及腥味等问题突出，无法 满足食品加工工艺的需求。因此，为了使鱼蛋白进入实 际的食品应用领域，必须寻找新的提取和改性方法。
pH 2.7~6.1 和 pH 11.2~5.4）。当溶解 pH 值为 2.0 和 12.0
现代食品科技
Modern Food Science and Technology
2011, Vol.27, No.7
罗非鱼肉分离蛋白的营养成分分析
刘诗长，周春霞，洪鹏志，唐小丹 （广东海洋大学食品科技学院，水产品深加工广东普通高校重点实验室，广东湛江 524088）
摘要：以罗非鱼鱼肉为原料，采用 pH 值调节法（pH-shifting），制备鱼分离蛋白，主要探讨提取条件和沉淀条件对提取蛋白得率 及其应用特性的影响。结果表明：在极端酸性（pH<3）和极端碱性（pH>10）条件下，鱼肉蛋白的溶解性较好，而在 pH 值 5~6 时溶解 性较差，由此选择 pH 值 2、3、11 和 12 条件下溶解，pH 值 5.5 条件下沉淀，提取蛋白得率为 56.06~64.95%。冷冻干燥得到的罗非鱼肉 分离蛋白粉，其干基蛋白含量在 95%以上，脂肪含量在 1%左右，灰分含量低于 2.03%；必须氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的 49%左右。从 AAS 分值分析，分离蛋白完全符合成人的氨基酸需求；对于婴儿水平模式，第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸，第二限制性氨基酸为组氨酸， 但赖氨酸评分较高，产品可用作蛋白食品添加剂。
认识章鱼
药用价值：乌贼的墨囊是一种贵重的药材，墨汁 经加工后不仅可制成印刷用的油墨，还可制成止 血药，可治功能性出血。并可以当调味品使用； 1990年，日本青森县的科学家发现乌贼墨汁中含 有抗癌成分，纯化后可使60%的患癌小鼠恢复健 康，原因是乌贼墨激活了肿瘤附近的巨噬细胞。
乌贼墨食品热：墨鱼汁西班牙海鲜饭 、墨鱼汁 炒意大利、 墨鱼汁面包 等。
2、乌贼（cuttloefish ）
• 别 称：乌鲗，花枝，墨斗鱼，墨鱼 • 特 点：有一厚石灰质内壳，10腕（8条短腕
+2条长触须）
技 能：四肢发达，海天得意 ① 在海洋生物中，乌贼的游泳速度最快，它 之所以游泳速度非常快，是因为与一般鱼靠 鳍游泳不同，它是靠肚皮上的漏斗管喷水的 反作用力飞速前进。
认识章鱼
章鱼科（Octopodidae）是软体动 物门、头足纲、八腕目的一科，
也是头足纲中最大1科。通称章鱼
一、常见头足纲动物
水域海洋生物，分布在所有海域的所有深度， 没有发现适应淡水的种类，但有些能够适应不 同盐度的水。
章鱼、乌贼、鱿鱼等血液含血蓝蛋白，故血液 为蓝色。 （血蓝蛋白又称血蓝素，是一种多功能蛋白，过去被
称为呼吸蛋白，但最新研究表明，该蛋白与能量的贮
存、渗透压的维持及蜕皮过程的调节有关。 ）
血蓝蛋白是虾血淋巴中的含铜呼吸蛋白，每个 氧结合位点有2个铜原子。血蓝蛋白分子由 Cu2+和1个约200个以上氨基酸的肽链结合而 成，和血红蛋白一样，该呼吸色素的颜色也与 其状态有关，在氧和状态下为蓝色，在非氧和 状态下则为无色或白色。
鱿鱼的营养价值非常高，其富含蛋白质、钙、牛 磺酸、磷、维生素B1等多种人体所需的营养成分 。此外，脂肪含量极低。 胆固醇含量较高。每 100克枪乌贼鲜肉含蛋白质约15克，维生素A的含 量为230国际单位，约为乌贼的2倍。
鱼类营养(全英文版fish nutrition)
EditorialJ E HalverSchool of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences,University of Washington,Seattle,WA,USA Correspondence:J E Halver,School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences,University of Washington,Seattle,WA98195,USA.In the second half of the twentieth century there was enormous progress in the fundamental under-standing of®sh nutrition.This contributed to the great increase in aquaculture production all over the world.This development was initiated by research carried out mainly with salmonids in the USA.About50years ago,basic research into the vitamin and amino acid requirements of®sh started at the Salmon Nutrition Laboratory built by the US Fish and Wildlife Service at Cook,Washington, USA.Qualitative and quantitative vitamin and amino acid requirements for juvenile salmon were developed and diets for salmon aquaculture were tested and improved.Many additional contributions in the following decades by research teams in the USA,Europe,Canada,the Middle East and Japan enabled the feed industry to produce complete dry diets for different®sh species.Currently,aquacul-ture in many parts of the world is characterized by using balanced dry feeds not only for rearing marketable®sh,but also for raising fry and ®ngerlings and for feeding market size®sh and brood stock.It was my privilege to design,equip and staff the laboratory,which was later renamed the Western Fish Nutrition Laboratory as research efforts were extended to other species of®sh.This research in the ®eld of®sh nutrition resulted in acceptance of®sh as important agriculture animals by the International Union of Nutritional Sciences(IUNS)in1971,and a special committee on Nutrition and Production of Fish was organized at Tunis,Tunisia in1972. Representatives from several countries in Europe and Asia joined in efforts to compile the nutrient requirements of several species of®sh,and aqua-culture research¯ourished as new laboratories were built to solve speci®c problems in the®eld.Symposia were organized at each IUNS congress,and at least one international symposium was planned by IUNS Committee III.6in the interim between congresses. Many colleagues throughout the world have con-tributed to the current understanding of nutrient requirements and metabolism of nutrients in various species of®shes,and any listing of names would be incomplete.To celebrate the results attained worldwide in®sh nutrition from1949 until now,and to provide recommendations for future research in®sh nutrition,a Golden Jubilee Fishery Research Conference was organized by Dr Laszlo Varadi and staff of the Fishery Research Institute(HAKI),and this was held on28and29 September1999at Szarvas,Hungary.Werner Steffens of Germany chaired the scienti®c sessions, and I chaired the recommendations and priorities for future research needs generated by the50interna-tional scientists szlo Varadi chaired the second-day sessions commemorating the25-year history of HAKI in research and technology transfer. These reports are expected to be published in a local or regional publication in the near future.After a synopsis of®sh nutrition research during the past 50years,Nikola Fijan brie¯y reviewed the history and developments of the IUNS committee.Clarence Johnson,formerly the US Fish and Wildlife labora-tories coordinator,discussed how effective research teams are built with emphasis on the`60/40rule'for allocation of research funds:60%for directed research and40%for scientist-generated projects. This division of available funds stimulates innovative research by the individual,recognizes the intellect of the scientist and generates seminal contributions in the®eld by the research team(Fig.1).Aquaculture Research,2001,32,611±614Some of the presentations of history and advances in ®sh nutrition research are assembled for this special publication of Aquaculture Research .Several others were more general or focused on local problems and were not included in the space available.Reports on aquaculture developments by Hemre and Lie in Scandinavia,on diet developments for marine ®sh by Hossu in Turkey and on nutrition and reproduction in major carps by Nanda in India were moved to other journals.Aquaculture research reports from Hungary and South-East Asia were also reassigned.During the meetings,requests for input from the scientists on future research needs were circulated and,after studied deliberations,a prioritized list of areas of aquaculture research was tabulated by Janet Fix.She should be acknowledged for under-taking this dif®cult and demanding job.The list was distributed to everyone present,with copies for-warded to the IUNS committee and to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.In addition,the outstanding arrangements for transport to and from Budapest,accommodation,banquets and other logistics made by Agnes Varadi must be acknowledged.The Golden Jubilee Celebration could not have been taken place with-out her skilful and hospitable help.Registration fees for the speakers were provided by the Halver Corporation,Underwood,Washington,and by Bioresearch Laboratories,Redmond,Washington,USA.In addition,major contributions of equipment by the Hungarian Ministry of Agriculture and also of time by its staff were appreciated and should be acknowledged.I am particularly grateful for the time and expense contributed by the many scientists who travelled long distances to attend this celebration of my 50years in ®sh nutrition research and to discuss advances in the ®eld leading up to our present knowledge of `what we know'and `what we do not know'in aquaculture research.I hope that the recommendations for new and needed research efforts will be carefully considered and implemented by the national and international agencies involved with aquaculture research and ®sh production (Table1).Figure 1The scienti®c research team at the Western Fish Nutrition Laboratory.Editorial J E Halver Aquaculture Research,2001,32,611±614Aquaculture Research,2001,32,611±614Editorial J E Halver Table1Priorities for needed®shery research,compiled at the Jubilee Fishery Conference,Szarvas,Hungary,September 1999101Nutrition and®sh health Reproduction69Nutrition and®sh health Reproduction66Nutrition and®sh health Immunology65Nutrition and®sh health Stress54Nutrition and®sh health Viral43Nutrition and®sh health Bacterial34Nutrition and®sh health Parasites432Nutrition and®sh health Total weighted points81Alternative protein sources All aspects67Alternative protein sources Agricultural sources60Alternative protein sources Waste product utilization44Alternative protein sources Environmental sources20Alternative protein sources Other sources272Alternative protein sources Total weighted points99Water quality Effect of aquaculture methods on water 94Water quality All aspects72Water quality Effect of water quality on production 265Water quality Total weighted points79Economy All aspects72Economy Market considerations39Economy Manufacturing practices39Economy Protein evaluation35Economy In feed technology264Economy Total weighted points99Product quality All aspects63Product quality Ecology friendly46Product quality Health focus in Mankind41Product quality Stocking249Product quality Total weighted points88Alternative®sh diet sources All aspects49Alternative®sh diet sources Agricultural sources46Alternative®sh diet sources Waste product utilization26Alternative®sh diet sources Environmental sources23Alternative®sh diet sources Other sources232Alternative®sh diet sources Total weighted points68Food safety All aspects61Food safety Environment54Food safety Products43Food safety Ingredients226Food SAFETY Total weighted points65Diets All aspects65Diets Polyculture19Diets Larval8Diets Evaluating feedstuff quality7Diets Anti nutrient factors1Diets For market driven species165Diets Total weighted points51Indigenous species needs Identifying needs of target species39Indigenous species needs Wild species37Indigenous species Needs all aspects37Indigenous species Needs identifying targets for aquaculture 164Indigenous species Needs total weighted points60Genetic engineering requirements Egg,larvae,®ngerlings,adults56Genetic engineering requirements All aspectsEditorial J E Halver Aquaculture Research,2001,32,611±614 101Nutrition and®sh health Reproduction38Genetic engineering requirements Broodstock154Genetic engineering Total weighted points65Requirements extended±research to practice62Why?Basic research on the role of a nutrient in life57Aquaculture practices integrated with life41Developing effective research grant proposals24Fish as experimental animals20Standard methods for nutrition and feed technology269Other Total weighted pointsMajor topics were suggested by the60international scientists attending,and all graded the lists ranked in order of priority for future research:from10(highest)to1(lowest).。
常见江河鱼
常见江河鱼品种首先大方向是江河鱼鳞片薄白，湖水、池塘鱼鳞片厚黑。
1、青波鱼主要分布在长江及其附属水体。
称中华倒刺鲃，俗称乌鳞、青板，分类上隶属鲤形目、鲤科、鲃亚科、倒刺鲃属鱼类，该鱼在产区是名优鱼类之一，其具有个体大、生长快、食性杂、肉质鲜嫩、适应性较强等优良性状。
中华倒刺鲃为一种底栖性鱼类，性活泼，喜欢成群栖息于底层多为乱石的流水中。
冬季在干流和支流的深坑岩穴中越冬，3月份开始游向支流生长。
3龄性成熟，亲鱼于4-6月间水位上涨时，即到水大而湍急的江段产卵，卵随水漂浮孵化。
它是以水生高等植物为主要食物的杂食性鱼类；丝状藻类、昆虫幼虫、淡水壳菜等均为其摄食对象。
2、白甲鱼是长江上游及珠江流域的主要经济鱼类之一。
白甲鱼Varicorhinus (Onychostoma) simus (Sauvage et Dabry)，又称瓜溜、圆头鱼，体较高，头短阔，吻圆钝。
口颇宽，下位，横裂，下颌具角质边缘。
成负无须。
侧线鳞46～49。
背鳍硬刺具锯齿。
栖息于水流较急、底质多砾石的江段，冬季在岩穴深处或深坑中越冬。
常以下颌刮取藻类为食。
雌鱼体重约l市斤开始性成熟。
3～5月，在多砂石的急流滩上产卵。
肉细嫩、富脂肪。
生长较快，3年鱼体重2中斤以上。
个体较大，最大能长至7市斤。
为地区性经济鱼类。
分布于长江中上游。
分布白甲鱼大多栖息于水流较湍急、底质多砾石的江段中，喜游弋于水的底层。
每年雨水节前后成群溯河上游，立秋前后则顺水而下，冬季在江河干流的深水处乱石堆中越冬。
常以锋利的角质下颌铲食岩石上的着生藻类，兼食少量的摇蚊幼虫、寡毛类和高等植物的碎片。
摄食强度最大是在3-4月份，冬季和生殖季节一般都很少或停止摄食。
3冬龄达到性成熟，产卵期较长，长江流域为4-6月，珠江流域为2-3月。
产卵场多为砾石及沙滩的急流处，卵附着在水底砾石上进行孵化。
白甲鱼分布于长江中、上游干支流和珠江、元江水系。
白甲鱼是长江上游及珠江流域的主要经济鱼类之一。