现代语言学资料

ined as the scientif i c study of language.

language as a whole is called general linguistics.

In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of f oreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it ref ers to the application of linguistic f indings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.

a language at some point in time. e.g. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is a synchronic study.

study of a language as it changes through time. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. e.g. a study of the changes English has undergone since Shakespeare’s time is a diachronic study.

deal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. A transf orm ational-generative grammar（转化生成语法）is a model of language competence.

perf ormance is the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules in lingui stic communication.

: Langue ref ers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to f ollow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change f requently.

langue in actual use; parole is the concret e use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies f rom person to person, and f rom situation to situation.

arbitrary vocal symbols used f or human communication.

11).Arbitrariness: It is one of the design f eatures of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.

A good example is the f act that different sounds are used to ref er to the same object in diff erent languages.

Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.

two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower or basic level, and the other of meanings at the higher level.

can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in t he past, present, or f uture, or in f ar-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed f rom the immediate situations of the speaker.

While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.

ers to the def ining properties of human language that distinguish it f rom any animal system of communication

Linguistics investigates not any particular language, but languages in general.

Linguistic study is scientif ic because it is based on the systematic investigation of authentic(可靠的，真实的) language data. No serious linguistic conclusion is reached until af ter the linguist has done the f ollowing three things: observing the way language is actually used, f ormulating some hypotheses, and testing these hypotheses against linguistic f acts to prove their validity.