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新视野大学英语4第三版读写教程课文翻译

新视野大学英语4第三版读写教程课文翻译

Unit1 爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事1 在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会。

那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克,而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的,他一想到这个就受不了,于是他和我达成了一项协议,用他的女友换取我的夹克。

他可不那么聪明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明。

2 但她漂亮而且富有,也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。

她拥有合适的家庭背景,足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。

如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半,我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。

3 “光彩照人”,她已经是了。

而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”,让她变得“谈吐优雅”。

4 在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后,我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。

我的想法有些怪异。

而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区,我觉得它会使人的心情变轻松。

我们呆在车子里,我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。

“我们要谈些什么?”她问道。

5 “逻辑学。

”6 “好酷啊,”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。

7 “逻辑学的原理,”我说道,“即清晰思考的主要原则。

逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实,其中有些还很普遍。

我们先来看看一种叫做‘绝对判断’的逻辑谬误。

”8 “好啊,”她表示同意。

9 “‘绝对判断’是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。

比方说:运动是有益的,所以每个人都应该运动。

”10 她点头表示赞同。

11 我看得出她没弄明白。

“波莉,”我解释说,“这个推断太过简单化了。

如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么的,运动就变得有害而不是有益。

所以你应该说,运动对大多数人来说是有益的。

”12 “接下来是‘草率结论’。

这似乎不言自明,对吧?仔细听好了:你不会说法语,罗伯也不会说法语,那么这所学校里好像是没有人会说法语。

”13 “是吗?”波莉吃惊地说。

“没有人吗?”14 “这也是一种逻辑谬误,”我说,“这一结论太草率了,因为能够支持这一结论的例证太少了。

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册课文翻译 (3)

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册课文翻译 (3)

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册课文翻译第一课 A Happy FamilyText APre-reading Questions1.Do you think family is important? Why?2.What makes a happy family? Vocabulary•intact: 完整无缺的•bond: 纽带•counseling: 咨询•harmonious: 和谐的•prioritize: 优先考虑•burdensome: 繁重的TranslationA Happy Family A happy family is one which is intact and bonded by love and support. It is a place where individuals feel safe, loved, and valued. A functional family is built on the foundation of trust and open communication. Members of a happy family are supportive of one another and can rely on each other in times of need.In today’s stressful society, maintaining a happy family can be challenging. Various factors like work pressures, financial constraints, and health issues can create tension and strain in a family. However, by prioritizing family time, nurturing relationships, and seeking professional counseling when needed, a family can overcome these challenges and continue to thrive.Open communication plays a crucial role in the harmony of a family. Family members should be encouraged to express themselves freely, without fear of judgment or criticism. Listening attentively to each other’s concerns and finding a middle ground for conflicts contributes to a harmonious atmosphere at home.In a happy family, ea ch individual’s needs and aspirations are respected. By understanding and embracing each other’s differences, family members can create an environment where everyone feels valued and loved. Shared family activities, such as outings and meals together, help strengthen the bond among family members.To maintain a happy family, it is essential to prioritize quality time spent together. This means setting asidedistractions such as work commitments and electronic devices. By dedicating uninterrupted time to each other, family members can cultivate emotional connections and create lasting memories.In conclusion, a happy family is not devoid of challenges, but it is one that faces them together as a unit. By prioritizing open communication, mutual respect, and quality time, a family can overcome any obstacles and bask in the warmth and love that comes with being part of a truly happy family.Text BPre-reading Questions1.Do you believe that traditional gender roles shouldstill exist in families?2.What are your expectations of a spouse or partner?Vocabulary•breadwinner: 养家糊口的人•domestic: 家庭的•stereotype: 成见•empathy: 同理心•adapt: 适应•sacrifice: 牺牲TranslationTraditional Gender Roles in Families Traditional gender roles have long been ingrained in many societies, defining specific roles and responsibilities for men and women within families. While some argue that these roles are necessary for harmony and stability, others believe that they promote inequality and limit individual potential.Historically, men have been seen as the breadwinners, responsible for providing for the family’s financial needs. Women, on the other hand, have been expected to take care of the domestic responsibilities, such as cooking, cleaning, and raising children. These traditional gender roles have often perpetuated stereotypes and hindered individuals from pursuing their true passions and talents.In recent years, there has been a shift towards more flexible gender roles as societies become more progressive and inclusive. Many couples now choose to divide household chores and childcare responsibilities based on their personal preferences and strengths, rather than adhering to traditional norms.Emphasizing empathy and mutual understanding in relationships is crucial to adapt to changing gender roles. Both partners should have open discussions and express their expectations and desires. By understanding each other’s needs,couples can create a more equitable and balanced partnership, where both individuals can thrive personally and professionally.It is important to recognize that breaking away from traditional gender roles may require sacrifices from both partners. For example, a woman pursuing a career may have to juggle work and family responsibilities, while a man may have to take on more domestic tasks. By sharing the load and supporting each other, couples can navigate through these challenges and build a stronger and happier family.In conclusion, traditional gender roles in families are gradually evolving as societies progress. It is essential for couples to communicate and adapt to each other’s expectations, allowing for a more equal and fulfilling partnership. By challenging stereotypes and embracing individual potential, families can break free from traditional gender roles and create a more harmonious and empowering environment.第二课 Getting to the TopText APre-reading Questions1.What does success mean to you?2.How do you define ambition?Vocabulary•prestigious: 声望高的•attain: 达到•sacrifice: 牺牲•determined: 坚决的•persistence: 坚持不懈•resilience: 恢复力TranslationGetting to the Top Many people strive for success and aim to reach the top in their chosen fields. Whether it be in business, academia, or the arts, the road to success is often paved with challenges and obstacles. However, with the right mindset and qualities, individuals can attain their goals and achieve greatness.Success is often associated with prestigious positions and recognition. It often requires sacrifice and a relentless drive to overcome setbacks and failures. Determination, persistence, and resilience are key qualities that successful individuals possess. They do not give up easily and are willing to put in the necessary effort to achieve their dreams.Ambition is a driving force that propels individuals towards success. It is the desire to accomplish something meaningful and make a difference. Ambition often pushes individuals out of their comfort zones, encouraging them to take risks and pursue opportunities with enthusiasm and determination.In order to succeed, it is essential to set realistic goals and develop a clear plan of action. A step-by-step approach allows individuals to break down their ambitions into manageable tasks and monitor their progress. By staying focused and dedicated, individuals can overcome challenges and move closer towards their desired outcome.Success is not always measured by external factors such as wealth or fame. Personal growth, fulfillment, and making a positive impact can also be indicators of success. It is important for individuals to define success based on their own values and aspirations, rather than societal expectations.In conclusion, getting to the top requires dedication, perseverance, and a clear vision of success. By staying true to one’s passions and goals, individuals can pave their ow n paths and achieve greatness in their chosen fields. With the right mindset and qualities, anyone can strive for success and make their dreams a reality.。

新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程4课文翻译

新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程4课文翻译

Unit1 爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事1 在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会。

那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克,而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的,他一想到这个就受不了,于是他和我达成了一项协议,用他的女友换取我的夹克。

他可不那么聪明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明。

2 但她漂亮而且富有,也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。

她拥有合适的家庭背景,足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。

如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半,我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。

3 “光彩照人”,她已经是了。

而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”,让她变得“谈吐优雅”。

4 在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后,我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。

我的想法有些怪异。

而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区,我觉得它会使人的心情变轻松。

我们呆在车子里,我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。

“我们要谈些什么?”她问道。

5 “逻辑学。

”6 “好酷啊,”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。

7 “逻辑学的原理,”我说道,“即清晰思考的主要原则。

逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实,其中有些还很普遍。

我们先来看看一种叫做‘绝对判断’的逻辑谬误。

”8 “好啊,”她表示同意。

9 “‘绝对判断’是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。

比方说:运动是有益的,所以每个人都应该运动。

”10 她点头表示赞同。

11 我看得出她没弄明白。

“波莉,”我解释说,“这个推断太过简单化了。

如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么的,运动就变得有害而不是有益。

所以你应该说,运动对大多数人来说是有益的。

”12 “接下来是‘草率结论’。

这似乎不言自明,对吧?仔细听好了:你不会说法语,罗伯也不会说法语,那么这所学校里好像是没有人会说法语。

”13 “是吗?”波莉吃惊地说。

“没有人吗?”14 “这也是一种逻辑谬误,”我说,“这一结论太草率了,因为能够支持这一结论的例证太少了。

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册课文翻译(1~5单元)

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册课文翻译(1~5单元)

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册课文翻译a他出生在伦敦南部的一个贫困地区。

他穿的短袜是从妈妈的红色长袜上剪下来的。

他的妈妈一度被诊断为精神失常。

狄更斯或许能创作出查理·卓别林的童年故事,但只有查理·卓别林才能塑造出了不起的喜剧角色“流浪汉”,这个使其创作者声名永驻的衣衫褴褛的小人物。

就卓别林而言,其他国家,如法国、意大利、西班牙,甚至日本,都比他的出生地给予了他更多的掌声(和更多的收益)。

在1913年,卓别林永久地离开了英国,与一些演员一起启程到美国进行舞台喜剧表演。

在那里,他被星探招募到好莱坞喜剧片之王麦克·塞纳特的旗下工作。

令人遗憾的是,20世纪二、三十年代的很多英国人认为卓别林的“流浪汉”多少有点“粗俗”。

中产阶级当然这样认为。

劳动阶层反倒更有可能为这样一个反抗权势的角色拍手喝彩:他以顽皮的小拐杖使绊子,或用皮靴后跟对准权势者肥大的臀部踢一下。

尽管如此,卓别林的滑稽乞丐形象并不那么像英国人,甚至也不像劳动阶级的人。

英国流浪者并不留小胡子,也不穿肥大的裤子或燕尾服:欧洲的领导人和意大利的侍者才那样穿戴。

另外,“流浪汉”瞟着漂亮女孩的眼神也有些粗俗,被英国观众认为不太正派──只有外国人才那样,不是吗?而在卓别林大半的银幕生涯中,银幕上的他是不出声的,也就无从证明他是英国人。

事实上,当卓别林再也无法抵制有声电影,不得不为他的“流浪汉”寻找“合适的声音”时,他确实很头疼。

他尽可能地推迟那一天的到来:在 1936 的《摩登时代》里,他第一次在影片里发声唱歌。

在片中,他扮演一名侍者,满口胡言乱语,听起来不像任何国家的语言。

后来他说,他想象中的“流浪汉”是一位受过大学教育,但已经没落的绅士。

但假如他在早期那些短小的喜剧电影中能操一口受教育人的口音,那么他是否会闻名世界就难说了,而英国人也肯定会觉得这很“古怪”。

没有人知道卓别林这么干是不是有意的,但这促使他获得了巨大的成功。

他是一个才能非凡的人,他的决心之大甚至在好莱坞明星中也十分少见。

新视野大学英语读写四册book4课文和译文

新视野大学英语读写四册book4课文和译文

1ALove and logic: The story of a fallacy爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事1 I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.1 在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会。

那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克,而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的,他一想到这个就受不了,于是他和我达成了一项协议,用他的女友换取我的夹克。

他可不那么聪明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明。

2 But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spokencounterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.2 但她漂亮而且富有,也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。

新视野大学英语读写教程【第三版】第四册课文原文与翻译

新视野大学英语读写教程【第三版】第四册课文原文与翻译

Unit 1Text A Love and logic: The story of a fallacy爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事1 I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campushad a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会。

那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克,而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的,他一想到这个就受不了,于是他和我达成了一项协议,用他的女友换取我的夹克。

他可不那么聪明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明。

2 But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.但她漂亮而且富有,也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。

新视野大学英语第4册课文翻译

新视野大学英语课文翻译第四册UNIT1 名气之尾1 艺术家追求成名,如同狗自逐其尾,一旦追到手,除了继续追逐,不知道还能做些什么。

成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。

2 对于一名正努力追求并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家,其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢!”他们的担心不无道理。

追求出人头地,最乐观的说也困难重重,许多人到最后不是穷困潦倒,也是几近精神崩溃。

尽管如此,希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞美之类的不太纯洁的纯洁的动机却在激励着他们前进。

享受成功的无上光荣,这种诱惑不是能轻易抵挡的。

3 成名者之所以成名,大多是因为发挥了自己在唱歌、舞蹈、绘画或写作方面的特长,并能形成自己的风格。

为了能迅速走红,经纪人会极力吹捧他们的这种风格。

他们青云直上的过程让人看不清楚。

他们究竟是怎样成功的,大多数人也都说不上来。

尽管如此,艺术家仍然不能闲下来。

若表演者,画家或作家感到厌烦,他们的作品就难以继续保持以前的吸引力,也就难以保持公众的注意力。

公众的热情消磨以后,就回去追捧下一个走红的人。

有些艺术家为了不落伍,会对他们的写作、跳舞或唱歌的风格稍加变动,但这将冒极大的失宠的危险。

公众对于他们借以成名的艺术风格以外的任何形式都将不屑一顾。

4 知名作家的文风一眼就能看出来,如田纳西.威廉斯的喜剧、欧内斯特.海明威的情节安排、罗伯特弗罗斯特或T.S艾略特的诗歌等。

同样,像莫奈。

雷诺阿、达利这样的画家、希区柯克、费里尼、斯皮尔伯格、陈凯歌或张艺谋这样的电影制作人也是如此。

他们鲜明独特的艺术风格标志着与别人不同的艺术形式上的重大变革,这让他们名利双收,但也让他们付出了代价,那就是失去了用其他风格或形式表现自我的自由。

5 名气这盏聚光灯可比热带丛林还要炙热。

骗局很快会被揭穿,过多的关注带来的压力会让大多数人难以承受。

它让你失去自我。

你必须是公众认可的那个你,而不是真实的你,或是可能的你。

艺人,就像政客一样,必须常常说些违心或连自己都不完全相信的话来取悦听众。

新视野大学英语第三版第四册课文及翻译新整理

12456Love and logic: The story of fallacy爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会;那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克,而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的,他一想到这个就受不了,于是他和我达成了一项协议,用他的女友换取我的夹克;他可不那么聪明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明;But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.但她漂亮而且富有,也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆;她拥有合适的家庭背景,足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友;如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半,我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜;"Radiant" she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her "well-spoken".“光彩照人”,她已经是了;而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”,让她变得“谈吐优雅”;After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. "What are we going to talk about"she asked.在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后,我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡树下;我的想法有些怪异;而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区,我觉得它会使人的心情变轻松;我们呆在车子里,我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开;“我们要谈些什么”她问道;"Logic."“逻辑学;”"Cool," she said over her gum.“好酷啊,”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说;"The doctrine of logic,” I said, "is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known. First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter."“逻辑学的原理,”我说道,“即清晰思考的主要原则;逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实,其中有些还很普遍;我们先来看看一种叫做‘绝对判断’的逻辑谬误;”"Great,” she agreed.“好啊,”她表示同意;"Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody should exercise."“‘绝对判断’是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断;比方说:运动是有益的,所以每个人都应该运动;She nodded in agreement.她点头表示赞同;I could see she was stumped. "Polly," I explained, "it's too simple a generalization. If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people."我看得出她没弄明白;“波莉,”我解释说,“这个推断太过简单化了;如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么的,运动就变得有害而不是有益;所以你应该说,运动对大多数人来说是有益的;”"Next is Hasty Generalization. Self-explanatory, right Listen carefully: You can't speak French. Rob can't speak French. Looks like nobody at this school can speak French."“接下来是‘草率结论’;这似乎不言自明,对吧仔细听好了:你不会说法语,罗伯也不会说法语,那么这所学校里好像是没有人会说法语;”"Really" said Polly, amazed. "Nobody"“是吗”波莉吃惊地说;“没有人吗”"This is also a fallacy," I said. "The generalization is reached too hastily. Too few instances support such a conclusion."“这也是一种逻辑谬误,”我说,“这一结论太草率了,因为能够支持这一结论的例证太少了;”She seemed to have a good time. I could safely say my plan was underway. I took her home and set a date for another conversation.她似乎学得很开心,而我也可以放心地说我的计划正在稳步推进中;我把她送回家,并且定下了下一次约会交谈的日子;Seated under the oak the next evening I said, "Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam."第二天晚上,坐在那棵橡树下,我说:“今天晚上我们要谈的第一个逻辑谬误叫‘文不对题’;”She nodded with delight.她高兴地点了点头;"Listen closely," I said. "A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he says he has six children to feed."“听好了,”我说,“有个人去申请工作,当老板问他有什么应聘资格时,他说他有六个孩子要抚养;”"Oh, this is awful, awful," she whispered in a choked voice.“哇,这太可怕了,太可怕了,”她哽咽着轻声说到;"Ye s, it’s awful," I agreed, "but it's no argument. The man never answered the boss's question. Instead he appealed to the boss's sympathy - Ad Misericordiam."“对,是挺可怕的,”我表示赞同地说,“但这不是理由;这个人根本没有回答老板的问题,而只是在博取老板的同情,这就是‘文不对题’;”She blinked, still trying hard to keep back her tears."她眨着眼睛,仍在竭力地忍住眼泪;Next," I said carefully, "we will discuss False Analogy. An example, students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery.“接下来”,我小心地说,“我们来讨论‘错误类比’;举个例子:学生考试时应该允许看课本,因为外科医生在做手术时可以看 X 光片;”"I like that idea," she said.“我喜欢这个主意,”她说;"Polly," I groaned, "don't derail the discussion. The inference is wrong. Doctors aren't taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations are altogether different. You can't make an analogy between them."“波莉,”我抱怨道,“别打岔,这一推论是错误的;医生们不是在参加考试以检查他们学到了多少,而学生却是;他们的情况完全不同,你不能将他们作类比;”"I still think it’s a good idea," said Polly.“我仍然认为这是一个好主意,”波莉说;With five nights of diligent work, I actually made a logician out of Polly. She was an analytical thinker at last. The time had come for the conversion of our relationship from academic to romantic.经过五个夜晚的辛勤努力,我竟然真的将波莉打造成了一个逻辑行家,她总算能够分析思考了;现在应该是时候让我们的关系从学术向浪漫发展了;"Polly," I said when next we sat under our oak, "tonight we won't discuss fallacies."“波莉,”当我们又一次坐在那棵橡树下的时候我对她说,“今晚我们不讨论逻辑谬误了;”"Oh" she said, a little disappointed.“哦”她回答说,有一点失望;Favoring her with a grin, I said, "We have now spent five evenings together. We get along pretty well. We make a pretty good couple."我赞许地对她笑了笑,说:“我们在一起已经度过了五个晚上,相互之间挺合得来,我们是蛮相配的一对;”"Hasty Generalization," said Polly brightly. "Or as a normal person might say, that's a little premature, don't you think"“草率结论,”波莉伶俐地说,“或者是按一般人的说法,这个结论有些不成熟,你不这样认为吗”'I laughed with amusement. She'd learned her lessons well, far surpassing my expectations. "Sweetheart," I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner, "five dates is plenty. After all, you don't have to eat a whole cake to know it's good."我被逗得笑了起来,她功课还真学得不错,大大超过了我的预期;“亲爱的,”我开口说,同时宽容地拍了拍她的手,“五次约会已经够多了,毕竟你不需要吃掉整个蛋糕才知道它是不是好吃;”"False Analogy," said Polly promptly."Your premise is that dating is like eating. But you're not a cake. You're a boy."“错误类比,”波莉立即回应;“你的前提是约会就如同吃东西;可你不是蛋糕,你是个男孩;”I laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that she'd learned her lessons too few more false steps would be my doom. I decided to change tactics and try flattery instead.我又笑了笑,不过不觉得那么有趣了,同时还不能表露出我害怕她学得太好了;再错几步我可就无法挽回了;我决定改变策略,转而尝试奉承她的办法;"Polly, I love you. Please say you'll go out with me. I'm nothing without you."“波莉,我爱你;请答应做我的女朋友,没有你我什么也不是;”"Ad Misericordiam," she said.“文不对题,”她说;"You certainly can discern a fallacy when you see it," I said, my hopes starting to crumble."But don't take them so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with real life."“你还真是能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了,”我说,心里的希望已经开始动摇;“不过不要对它们太死板,我是说这都是些学术的东西;你知道,学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没有什么联系;”"Dicto Simpliciter," she said. "Besides, you really should practice what you preach."“绝对判断,”她说道,“而且,你自己教的东西应该自己身体力行;”I leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. "Will you or will you not go out with me"我一下跳了起来,怒火中烧,“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友”"No to your proposition," she replied.“我不愿意,”她答道;"Why" I demanded.“为什么”我追问道."I'm more interested in a different petitioner - Rob and I are back together.“我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣――罗伯和我重归于好了;”With great effort, I said calmly, "How could you give me the axe over Rob Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured at Rob,a muscular idiot,a guy who’ll never where his next meal is coming you give me one good reason why you should be with him ”我极力地保持着平静,说道:“你怎么会甩了我而选择罗伯看看我,一个聪明过人的学生,一个不同凡响的学者,一个前途无量的人;再看看罗伯,一个肌肉发达的蠢材,一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙;你是否能给我一个充足的理由,为什么要选择跟他””Wow, what presumption I’ll put it in a way someone as brilliant as you can understand,”retorted Polly,her voice dripping with sarcasm.””Full disclosure -I like Rob in told him to say yes to you so he should have your jacket”“喔,这是什么假设啊为了让像你这样聪明的人能够明白,我这么说吧,”波莉反驳道,声音里充满了讽刺,“事情的真相是——我喜欢罗伯穿皮衣;是我让他同意你们的协议的,这样他就能拥有你的夹克”Unit 2The confusing pursuit of beauty令人困惑的对美的追求If you're a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.如果你是一位男士,肯定在某个时候会有女士问你她看起来怎么样;You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive response, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of emergency. Trust me, this is the easiest way out. No amount of rehearsal will help you come up with the right answer.对于如何应对这个问题,你一定得小心;最好的对策就是给一个诚实但又谨慎的回答,然后借口有急事马上脱身;相信我,这是最简单的方法;对于她的这一问题,无论你事先练习多少次,都不会找到正确答案;The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do. Most men form an opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives. Some men think they're irresistibly desirable, and they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.其原因是,男性和女性对外表的看法截然不同;大多数男性对自己外表的评价在七年级时就形成了,而且终生不变;有些男性认为自己有不可抗拒的魅力,即使随着年龄的增长,他们头发掉光了,脸上布满皱纹,他们仍然拒绝改变这种看法;Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks. If the transient thought passes through their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as average-looking. Being average doesn't bother them; average is fine. They don't affix much value to their looks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at the end of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair and isn't bleeding too badly, he feels he's done all he can.我相信,大多数男性都不会对自己的相貌感到过分自傲;如果他们偶尔想到自己外表的话,他们愿意认为自己样貌中等;长相普通不会使他们有任何烦恼,因为普通就已经是很好了;男性不是特别注重自己的外貌,也不会从美学的角度去审视自己;他们的打扮方式主要就是刮刮胡子,就像打理自家草坪一样;对于一位男性来说,如果能花四分钟刮刮胡子,结束之后再把粘到头发上的剃须膏擦净,又没有出血太厉害,他就觉得自己已经尽心尽力了; Women do not look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it would be: "Not good enough." No matter how attractive a woman may be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry. She has trouble thinking I'm beautiful, She magnifies the smallest imperfections in her body and imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.女性可不是这样看待自己的;如果非要我猜测大多数女性对自己的相貌是如何评价的话,那肯定是:“还不够好;”一位女士,无论她看起来多么吸引人,她对自己的看法总是由于受美容业的影响而蒙着一层阴影;要她认为“我很漂亮”是一件难事;她把身体上的极小的不完美之处加以放大,并且幻想这些缺点十分明显,以至于全世界的人都会注意到并且嘲笑她;Why do women consider their looks so deficient This chronic insecurity isn't inborn, but created through the interaction of many complex psychological and societal factors, beginning with the dolls we give them as children. Girls grow up playing with dolls proportioned so that, if they were human, they would be seven feet tall and weigh 61 pounds, with tiny thighs and a large upper body. This is an absurd standard to live up to, especially when you consider the size of the doll's waist, a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve. Contrast this absurd standard with that presented to little boys with their "action figures". Most of the toys that young boys have played with were weird-looking, like the one called Buzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect. This guy was not a looker, but he was still extremely self-confident. You could not imagine him saying to the others, "Is this accessory the right shade of violet for this outfit"为什么女性会把自己的外貌想得这么差呢这种长期的不安全感并不是与生倶来的,而是由许多复杂的心理和社会因素的相互作用造成的,从小时候大人们给她们买洋娃娃时就开始了;女孩成长过程中摆弄的洋娃娃,如果按照身材比例还原为真人大小的话,就会是 7 英尺高,61 英磅重,大腿纤细,上身丰满;要达到这样的标准是很荒唐的,尤其是当我们想想那种洋娃娃的腰围尺寸,就知道其相对尺寸对任何一个活人来说都是不可企及的;与女孩玩具的这种荒唐标准相比,小男孩们得到的“动作玩偶”却是完全不同的模样;大多数男孩的玩具都样貌古怪,例如那个叫作“蜜蜂侠”的玩偶,一半像人,一半像会飞的昆虫;这个玩偶尽管样子不好看,但仍然非常自信;你肯定无法想象他会问别人说:“这个配饰的紫罗兰色和这件外套配不配呢”But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers, which for most women is impossible. Nonetheless, the multibillion-dollar beauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the grocery store, is devoted to constant warfare on female self-esteem, convincing women that they must buy all the newest moisturizing creams, bronzing powders and appliances that promise to "stimulate and restore" their skin. I once saw an Oprah Show in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio audience. Cindy had all these middle-aged women apply clay masks and other "wrinkle-removing" products to their faces; she stressed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying products via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity. All the women dutifully did this, even though it was obvious to any rational observer that, no matter how carefully they applied these products, they would never have Cindy Crawford's face or complexion.然而,女性在成长过程中却认为自己应该长得像芭比娃娃或杂志的封面女郎那样,这对大多数女性来说是不可能的;尽管如此,产值达几十亿美元的美容业,在超市化妆品销售专区的配合下,总是在不停地攻击着女性的自尊,使其相信自己只有购买最新的保湿面霜、古铜散粉,以及各种美容器具,才能“激发和恢复”肌肤活力;我曾经看过一期奥普拉脱口秀,在节目中,超级名模辛迪克劳馥和演播室里的观众分享了自己的化妆秘诀;辛迪要求这些中年妇女在脸上敷上黏土面膜和其他去皱产品;她还强调一定要遵守这些方法,例如:往脸上涂抹这些产品时,要用指尖,这样可以保护皮肤的弹性;所有这些妇女都非常忠实地按照辛迪说的做了;可是对任何一个理智的旁观者来说,无论她们如何认真地使用这些产品,她们都不可能拥有辛迪那样的面容或肤色;I'm not saying that men are superior. I'm just saying that you're not going to get a group of middle-aged men to plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instruction of Brad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him. Men don't face the same societal focus purely on physical beauty, and they're encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote their self-esteem. They might say to Brad: "Oh yeah Well, what do you know about lawn care, pretty boy"我并不是说男性优于女性;我的意思是你不可能让一群中年男子在布拉德皮特的指导下把化妆品敷到自己脸上,期望自己能看起来更像布拉德;与女性不同,男性的外貌美不是社会所关注的唯一焦点;人们会鼓励男性借助其他特征来提升自尊;他们也许会对布拉德说:“是吗那么帅哥,你对草坪维护又知道多少”Of course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction to pressure from men. The truth is that most men think beauty is more than just lipstick and perfume and take no notice of these extra details. I have never once, in more than 40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, "She had gorgeous fingernails" To most men, little things like fingernails are all homogeneous anyway, and one woman's flawless pink polish is exactly as invisible as another's bare nails.当然,女性会争辩说她们对外表的热衷追求是出于对来自男性的压力的一种反应;而事实是,大多数男性认为美丽不仅仅来自于口红和香水,而且他们也不会去注意这些额外的细节;四十多年来,我在听男性谈论女性时,从来没有一次听到过哪位男性这样说:“她的指甲真漂亮啊”对大多数男性来说,像指甲这样小的东西看起来都一样,无论一个女士的指甲是用粉色指甲油涂得完美无瑕,还是光光的毫无修饰,男性都一概视而不见;By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualified to judge their efforts. What is the real benefit of working this hard to appease men who don't notice when it only exposes women to prosecution from other women女性参与这种极端的从众行为,实际上是把自己置于其他女性的审视之下,因为只有那些女性才有资格评价她们所付出的努力;但是,如此费力地去取悦男性而他们却根本不会注意,同时又只是招致其他女性的指责,这样做究竟有什么好处呢Anyway, to get back to my original point: If you're a man, and a woman asks you how she looks, you can't say she looks bad without receiving immediate and well-deserved outrage. But you also can't shower her with empty compliments about how her shoes complement her dress nicely because she'll know you're lying. She has spent countless hours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawford's. Also,she suspects that you're not qualified to voice a subjective opinion on anybody's appearance. This may be because you have shaving cream in your hair and inside the folds of your ears.不管怎样,言归正传:如果你是一位男性,当有女士问你她看起来怎么样时,你千万不能说她看起来很糟糕,那样肯定会使她立刻迁怒于你,这也是你咎由自取;但是,你也不能慷慨地大放空洞之词,赞美她的鞋子和裙子是多么相配,因为她知道你是在说谎;她已经花费了无数个小时发愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪克劳馥的一样;而且,也许因为你的头发和耳廓上粘着剃须膏,她会怀疑你根本没有资格对任何人的外表给出主观评价;Unit 4Achieving sustainable environmentalism实现可持续性发展的环保主义Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or disapproval of plastic surgery. But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George H. W. Bush has claimed love for Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, regulations and laws advanced by congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment Clearly, not everything with an environmental claim is worth doing. How do we segregate the best options and consolidate our varying interests into a single, sound policy在上流社会,对环境的敏感就如同信仰民主、反对整容一样,是一种不可或缺的态度;然而,既然从泰德特纳到乔治.布什,每个人都声称自己热爱地球母亲,那么,在由议员、选民之类的人以环境名义而提出的众多的相互矛盾的提案、规章和法规中,我们又该如何做出选择呢显而易见,并不是每一项冠以环境保护名义的事情都值得去做;我们怎样才能分离出最佳选择,并且把我们各自不同的兴趣统一在同一个合理的政策当中呢There is a simple way. First, differentiate between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities. Luxuries are those things that would be nice to have if costless. Necessities are those things we must have regardless. Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that combating ecological change that directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necessity. All else is luxury.有一种简便的方法;首先要区分什么是环境奢侈品,什么是环境必需品;奢侈品是指那些无需人类付出代价就能拥有的给人美好感受的东西;必需品则是指那些无论付出什么代价,都一定要去拥有的东西;这一区分原则可以被称为理性环保主义的至高原则;它规定,对那些直接威胁人类健康与安全的生态变化采取应对措施是环境保护的必需品,而其他则都属于奢侈品;For example, preserving the atmosphere - stopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect - is an environmental necessity. Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought. Ozone depletion has a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the ocean's ecology, the beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit.例如,保护大气层——阻止臭氧损耗及控制温室效应——是环境保护的必需品;近来,科学家报告说臭氧层遭受破坏的程度远比我们先前认为的要严重得多;臭氧损耗不仅与皮肤癌及眼疾有关,而且它还会破坏海洋生态;而海洋生态是食物链的起点,人类则位于该食物链的顶端;The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets. The American Midwest feeds people at all corners of the atlas. With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take on New Mexico's desert climate, or Siberia take on Iowa's moderate climate温室效应所可能引发的热效应是非常具有毁灭性的:冰川融化、海岸线被淹没、气候遭受破坏、平原干涸,最终食物消失殆尽;美国中西部地区的粮食供养着全世界;随着全球气候的变化,我们难道准备看到衣阿华州变成新墨西哥州的沙漠气候,而西伯利亚变成衣阿华州的温和气候吗Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they are urgent because they directly threaten humanity and are not easily reversible. A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will strike a chord with the general public, begins by openly declaring that nature is here to serve human beings. A sane environmentalism is entirely a human focused regime: It calls upon humanity to preserve nature, but merely within the parameters of self-survival.臭氧损耗和温室效应是人类的灾难,而且是需要紧急处理的灾难,因为它们直接威胁到人类,且后果很难扭转;理性环保主义——唯一能够引起公众共鸣的环保主张——首先公开声明,自然是服务于人类的;理性环保主义是一种完全以人类为中心的思想;它号召人类保护自然,但是是在人类自我生存得到保证的前提之下;Of course, this human focus runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in overt earth worship. Some people even allege that the earth is a living organism. This kind of environmentalism likes to consider itself spiritual. It is nothing more than sentimental. It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindness of nature, one that is incompatible with the reality of natural disasters. My nature worship stops with the twister that came through Kansas or the dreadful rains in Bangladesh that eradicated whole villages and left millions homeless.当然,这种以人类为中心的主张与当下盛行的环保主义是格格不入的,后者已经沉溺于对地球的公然崇拜;有的人甚至声称地球是一个活的生物体;这种环保主义喜欢把自己看作是神圣的,其实它只是感情用事而已;比如,在自然是否友善的问题上,当下的环保主义采取了高度选择性的片面的观点,而这种观点与自然造成的灾难这一现实是不相协调的;当龙卷风肆虐堪萨斯州,当瓢泼大雨袭击孟加拉国,毁灭了整座整座的村庄,使几百万人失去家园的时候,我对自然的崇拜便停止了;A non-sentimental environmentalism is one founded on Protagoras's idea that "Man is the measure of all things." In establishing the sovereignty of man, such a principle helps us through the dense forest of environmental arguments. Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ANWR. Environmentalist coalitions, mobilizing against a legislative action working its way through the US Congress for the legalization of such exploration, propagate that Americans should be preserving and economizing energy instead of drilling for it. This is a false either-or proposition. The US does need a sizable energy tax to reduce consumption. But it needs more production too. Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR rests one of the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America. It seems illogical that we are not finding safe ways to drill for oil in the ANWR.非感情用事的环保主义是建立在普罗泰哥拉的格言“人是万物的尺度”的基础上的;在建立人类权威的过程中,这条原则会帮助我们梳理各种错综复杂的关于环境保护的争议;就以当前关于是否在北极国家野生动物保护区的某一角落开采石油的激烈争论为例吧;环保主义者联盟动员人们反对目前正在试图通过美国国会审议、使这一开采行为变得合法化的一项立法行动;他们散布说美国应该保护并且节约能源而不是开采能源;这其实是一个错误的非此即彼的主张;美国确实需要征收高额的能源税以减少能源消耗,但同时也需要生产更多的能源;政府的估测表明,在北极国家野生动物保护区的地下蕴藏着美国五大油田之一的可能性几乎到达 50%;我们没有寻找安全的方法开采北极国家野生动物保护区地下的石油,这看上去是不符合情理的;The US has just come through a war fought in part over oil. Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives. It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the birthing grounds of Arctic caribou.美国刚刚经历了一场战争,其部分原因就是为了获取石油;对能源的依赖使美国不但付出了金钱的代价,而且也付出了生命的代价;就因为可能破坏北美驯鹿的繁衍地而放弃能够以和平手段获得的石油,这是一种十分怪异的感情用事;I like the caribou as much as the next person. And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns were disturbed. But you can't have your cake and eat it too. And in the standoff of the welfare of caribou versus reducing an oil reliance that gets people killed in wars, I choose people over caribou every time.我像别人一样喜欢驯鹿;如果他们的交配模式受到干扰,我会感到非常遗憾;但是,鱼和熊掌不能兼得;是要保护驯鹿,还是要为了避免人们在战争中丧生而减少对石油的依赖,面对这一僵局,我每次都会选择人类而不是驯鹿;I feel similarly about the spotted owl in Oregon. I am no enemy of the owl. If it could be preserved at a negligible cost, I would agree that it should be - biodiversity is after all necessary to the ecosystem. But we must remember that not every species is needed to keep that diversity. Sometimes aesthetic aspects of life have to be sacrificed to more fundamental ones. If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose the families with their saws and chopped timber over the owl.我对俄勒冈州的斑点猫头鹰的态度也是一样;我绝不是仇视猫头鹰;如果花很少的代价就可以保护猫头鹰,我会赞同它应受保护——毕竟,生物多样性对生态系统是非常必要的;但是,我们必须记住,保持生物多样性并不意味着要留住每一种物种;有时候,为了更加根本的利益,我们不得不牺牲一部分生活中美的东西;如果为了保护斑点猫头鹰而让三万伐木工家庭失去生计,我会选择伐木工家庭包括他们的锯子和砍伐的木材,而不是猫头鹰;The important distinction is between those environmental goods that are fundamental and those that are not. Nature is our ward, not our master. It is to be respected and even cultivated. But when humans have to choose between their own well-being and that of nature, nature will have to accommodate.重要的是,我们要区分哪些东西对环境保护是根本性的,哪些是非根本性的;自然受我们的监护,而不是我们的主人;我们应该尊重自然,也可以开发利用自然;但是,如果人类必须在自身的福利和自然的福利之间作出选择,自然则必须作出让步;Humanity should accommodate only when its fate and that of nature are inseparably bound up. The most urgent maneuver must be undertaken when the very integrity of humanity's habitat, ., the atmosphere or the essential geology that sustains the core of the earth, is threatened. When the threat to humanity is lower in the hierarchy of necessity, a more modest accommodation that balances economic against health concerns is in order. But in either case the principle is the same: protect the environment - because it is humanity's environment.只有当人类的命运与自然的命运密不可分时,人类才应该作出让步;当人类栖息地的完整性比如大气层或维持地球核心的基本地质状况受到威胁时,人类就必须立即调整自己的行为;而当人类受到的威胁不大,不太需要对自己的行为进行调整时,恰当的做法是平衡考虑经济方面和与之相对的健康方面的因素,以便作出适度的调整;但是,无论是哪种情况,其遵循的原则是一致的:保护环境,因为这是我们人类的环境;。

新视野大学英语第四册第三版课文及翻译

—-可编辑修改,可打印——别找了你想要的都有!精品教育资料——全册教案,,试卷,教学课件,教学设计等一站式服务——全力满足教学需求,真实规划教学环节最新全面教学资源,打造完美教学模式Unit 8A turning point of my life我人生的转折点I wasn't yet 30 years old and was working as a firefighter in New York City, in a firehouse completely swamped with calls. In the rare moments when we weren't busy, I would make calls on our cordless phone handset or rush to our office to read Captain Gray's subscription of the Sunday New York Times. Late one afternoon when I finally read the Book Review section, my blood began to boil. An article stated a thesis I took to be an offensive insult: William Butler Yeats, the Nobel Prize-winning light of the Irish Literary Renaissance, had risen above his Irishness and was now a universal poet. I grew indignant suddenly, and a deep-seated passion within me was activated.我那时还不到30 岁,是纽约市的一名消防员,我工作的消防站总是不断有求助电话进来。

新视野大学英语读写教程(第二版)第四册课文及翻译

The Temptation of a Respectable WomanMrs.Baroda was a little annoyed to learn that her husband expected his friend, Gouvernail, up to spend a week or two on the plantation.Gouvernail's quiet personality puzzled Mrs.Baroda. After a few days with him, she could understand him no better than at first. She left her husband and his guest, for the most part, alone together, only to find that Gouvernail hardly noticed her absence. Then she imposed her company upon him, accompanying him in his idle walks to the mill to press her attempt to penetrate the silence in which he had unconsciously covered himself. But it hardly worked."When is he going — your friend?" she one day asked her husband. "For my part, I find him a terrible nuisance.""Not for a week yet, dear. I can't understand; he gives you no trouble.""No. I should like him better if he did — if he were more like others, and I had to plan somewhat for his comfort and enjoyment."Gaston pulled the sleeve of his wife's dress, gathered his arms around her waist and looked merrily into her troubled eyes."You are full of surprises," he said to her. "Even I can never count upon how you are going to act under given conditions. Here you are," he went on, "taking poor Gouvernail seriously and making a fuss about him, the last thing he would desire or expect.""Fuss!" she hotly replied. "Nonsense! How can you say such a thing! Fuss, indeed! But, you know, you said he was clever.""So he is. But the poor fellow is run down by too much work now. That's why I asked him here to take a rest.""You used to say he was a man of wit," she said, still annoyed. "I expected him to be interesting, at least. I'm going to the city in the morning to have my spring dresses fitted. Let me know when Mr.Gouvernail is gone; until that time I shall be at my aunt's house."That night she went and sat alone upon a bench that stood beneath an oak tree at the edge of the walk. She had never known her thoughts to be so confused; like the bats now above her, her thoughts quickly flew this way and that. She could gather nothing from them but the feeling of a distinct necessity to leave her home in the next morning.Mrs.Baroda heard footsteps coming from the direction of the barn; she knew it was Gouvernail. She hoped to remain unnoticed, but her white gown revealed her to him. He seated himself upon the bench beside her, without a suspicion that she might object to his presence."Your husband told me to bring this to you, Mrs.Baroda," he said, handing her a length of sheer white fabric with which she sometimes covered her head and shoulders. She accepted it from him and let it lie in her lap.He made some routine observations upon the unhealthy effect of the night breeze at that season. Then as his gaze reached out into the darkness, hebegan to talk.Gouvernail was in no sense a shy man. His periods of silence were not his basic nature, but the result of moods. When he was sitting there beside Mrs.Baroda, his silence melted for the time.He talked freely and intimately in a low, hesitating voice that was not unpleasant to hear. He talked of the old college days when he and Gaston had been best friends, of the days of keen ambitions and large intentions. Now, all there was left with him was a desire to be permitted to exist, with now and then a little breath of genuine life, such as he was breathing now.Her mind only vaguely grasped what he was saying. His words became a meaningless succession of verbs, nouns, adverbs, and adjectives; she only drank in the tones of his voice. She wanted to reach out her hand in the darkness and touch him — which she might have done if she had not been a respectable woman.The stronger the desire grew to bring herself near him, the further, in fact, did she move away from him. As soon as she could do so without an appearance of being rude, she pretended to yawn, rose, and left him there alone.Mrs.Baroda was greatly tempted that night to tell her husband — who was also her friend — of this foolishness that had seized her. But she did not yield to the temptation. Besides being an upright and respectable woman she was also a very sensible one.When Gaston arose the next morning, his wife had already departed, without even saying farewell. A porter had carried her trunk to the station and she had taken an early morning train to the city. She did not return until Gouvernail was gone from under her roof.There was some talk of having him back during the summer that followed. That is, Gaston greatly desired it; but this desire yielded to his honorable wife's vigorous opposition.However, before the year ended, she proposed, wholly from herself, to have Gouvernail visit them again. Her husband was surprised and delighted with the suggestion coming from her."I am glad, my dear, to know that you have finally overcome your dislike for him; truly he did not deserve it.""Oh," she told him, laughingly, after pressing a long, tender kiss upon his lips, "I have overcome everything! You will see. This time I shall be very nice to him."一个正派女人受到的诱惑得知丈夫请了他的朋友古韦内尔来种植园小住一两周,巴罗达太太有点不快。

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UNIT 3 人人都觉得福利救济对象是在骗人。 当我认识的许多坐轮椅的人面临与宠物猫分吃生猫食的窘境时,都会向福利机构多骗取几美元。 为了能领到一点额外的福利款,他们告诉政府说他们实际上少拿了200美元的养老金,或告诉社会工作者,说房东又将房租涨了100 美元。 我选择了过一种完全诚实的生活,因此我不会那样做,而是四处找活,揽些画漫画的活。 我甚至还告诉福利机构我赚了多少钱!哦,私下里领一笔钱当然对我挺有吸引力,但即使我挡不住这种诱惑,我投稿的那些大杂志也不会去给自己惹麻烦。 他们会保留我的记录,而这些记录会直接进入政府的电脑。真是态度鲜明,毫不含糊。 作为一名福利救济对象,我必须在社会工作者面前卑躬屈膝。 社会工作者心里知道,许多救济对象在欺骗他们,因此他们觉得,作为补偿,他们有权让救济对象向他们点头哈腰。 我并不是故意感到忿忿不平。 大多数社会工作者刚开始时都是些大学毕业生,有理想,而且思想开明。 可是,在这个实际上是要人撒谎的体制里干了几年后,他们就变得与那个叫‚苏珊娜‛的人一样了──一个穿运动短裤的侦探。 去年圣诞节过后不久,苏珊娜到我家来了解情况,看到墙上贴着新的宣传画,便想知道:‚你从哪儿弄到钱来买这些?‛‚从朋友和家人那儿。‛ ‚那么,你最好要张收据,真的,你接受任何捐献或礼物都要报告。‛她这是在暗示我:得哀求她了。但是我却将她顶了回去。 ‚那天在马路上有人给我一根烟,我也得报告吗?‛‚对不起,卡拉汉先生,可是规定不是我制订的。‛ 苏珊娜试图就修理轮椅的问题训斥我。由于福利部门不愿意花钱好好地修理,所以它总是坏。 ‚您是知道的,卡拉汉先生,我听说您的那辆轮椅比一般人用得多得多。‛ 我当然用得多,我是个工作很积极的人,又不是植物人。 我住在闹市区附近,可以坐着轮椅到处走走。我真想知道如果她突然摔坏臀部,不得不爬着去上班时,会是什么感受。 政府削减福利开支已经导致许多人挨饿受苦,我只是其中之一。但它对脊柱伤残的人的影响更为突出:政府已经不管我们的轮椅了。 每次我的轮椅出问题,掉了螺丝,需要换个新轴承,或刹车不灵时,我都打电话给苏珊娜,但每次都要挨训。 她最后总会说:‚好吧,如果今天我能抽出时间的话,我会找医务人员的。‛ 她该通知医务人员,由医务人员来确认问题确实存在,然后打电话给各家轮椅维修公司,拿到最低的报价。 接着医务人员就通知州政府的福利总部,他们再花几天时间考虑这件事。而这期间我只能躺在床上,动弹不得。 最后,如果我幸运的话,他们会给我回电话,同意维修。 当福利部门获悉我画漫画赚钱时,苏珊娜就开始每两个星期‚拜访‛我一次,而不再是每两个月一次了。 她寻遍每个角落,想找出我未上报的电器,或者是女仆、烤炉里的烤猪、停在房后新买的直升飞机什么的。 她从来都是一无所获,但最后我总要填厚厚的一叠表格,说明每一分钱的来历。 如何逐渐脱离福利照顾,这在法律条款中没有明确规定。我是一个独立的生意人,正在慢慢建立起自己的市场。 要脱离福利救济,一下子每月挣2, 000美元是不可能的。但我很想自己负担部分生活费用,不必在每次需要为轮椅买点配件时都去尴尬地求人。 真需要有一位律师来捍卫福利救济对象的权利,因为这一福利体制不仅容易使福利提供者滥用权力,也很容易使救济对象滥用权力。 前几天,由于药剂师说我使用的医疗用品超出常量,于是福利部门派苏珊娜到我的住所调查。 我确实多用了,因为外科手术中切的排尿孔的大小改变了,尿袋的连接处发生渗漏。 她正做着记录,我家的电话铃响了。苏珊娜接听了电话,是一位州议员打来的,这使她慌了一下。 数以千计像我这样的福利救济对象,如果允许的话,可以慢慢地负担自己的一部分甚至全部生活费用,对此,我要不要在州政府的委员会里尝试着做点儿什么呢? 还用说吗?我当然要!总有一天,像我这样的福利救济对象将在一种新的福利制度下过上好日子,这种制度不会千方百计证明福利救济对象在欺骗,而是要鼓励他们自立。 他们将能自由地、毫无愧疚、毫不担忧地发挥他们的才干,或拥有一份稳定的好工作。

UNIT 5 事实如此,我们孤独无依地生活着。据最近的统计,共有2,200万人独自生活在自己的住所里。其中有些人喜欢这种生活,有些却不喜欢。 有些离了婚,有些鳏寡无伴,也有些从未结过婚。

孤独或许是这里的一种民族弊病,我们羞于承认它,甚于其他任何罪恶。 而另一方面,故意选择独处,拒绝别人的陪伴而非为同伴所弃,却是美国式英雄的一个特点。 孤独的猎人或探险者去鹿群和狼群中冒险,征服广袤的荒野时,并不需要有人陪伴。 梭罗独居在湖畔的小屋,有意疏离了城市生活。现在,这成了你的个性。

独处的灵感是诗人和哲学家最有用的东西。 他们都赞成独处, 都因能够独处而自视甚高,至少在他们匆忙赶回家喝茶之前的一两个小时之内是这样。

就拿多萝西〃华兹华斯来说吧,她帮哥哥威廉穿上外衣,为他找到笔记本和铅笔,向他挥手告别,目送他走进早春的阳光去独自对花沉思。 他写道:‚独处多么优雅,惬意。‛

毫无疑问,如果自愿独处,感觉要好得多。 看看弥尔顿的女儿们:她们为他准备好垫子和毯子,然后蹑手蹑脚地走开,以便他能创作诗歌。 然而他并不自己费神将诗歌写下来,而是唤回女儿们,向她们口述,由她们记下来。

也许你已经注意到,这些艺术家类型的人,大多是到户外独处, 而家里则自有亲人备好了热茶,等着他们回家。 美国的独处代表人物是梭罗。 我们钦佩他,并非因为他能自力更生,而是因为他孤身一人在瓦尔登湖畔生活,他喜欢这样──独居在湖畔的树林中。

实际上,他最近的邻居离他只有一英里,走路也就20分钟;铁路离他半英里;交通繁忙的大路距他300码。 整天都有人进出他的小屋,请教他何以能够如此高洁。 显然,他的高洁之处主要在于:他既没有妻子也没有仆人,自己动手用斧头砍柴,自己洗杯洗碟。 我不知道谁为他洗衣服,他没说,但他也肯定没提是他自己洗。 听听他是怎么说的:‚我从未发现比独处更好的伙伴。‛

梭罗以自尊自重为伴。 也许这里的启示是:自我意识越强,就越不需要其他的人在周围。 我们越是感觉谦卑,就越受孤独的折磨,感到仅与自己相处远远不够。

若与别人同住,他们的小别会使你感到耳目一新。 孤独将会于星期四结束。 如果今天我提到自己时使用的是单数人称代词,那么下星期我就会使用复数形式。 其他人不在的时候,你可以放飞自己的灵魂,让它充满整个房间。你可以充分享受自由,随意来去而无需道歉。你可以熬夜读书、大泡浴缸、一口气吃掉整整一品脱的冰淇淋。你可以按自己的节奏行动。 暂别的人会回来。 他们的冬季防水大衣还放在衣橱里,狗也在窗边密切留意他们归来的身影。 但如果你单独居住,那么朋友或熟人的暂时离别会使你感到空虚,也许他们永远也不会回来了。

孤独的感觉时起时落,但我们却永远需要与人交谈。 这比需要倾听更重要。 噢,我们都有朋友,可以把大事要事向他们倾诉。我们可以打电话对朋友说我们丢了工作,或者说我们在湿滑的地板上摔倒了,跌断了胳膊。 每日不断的琐碎抱怨,对各种事情的看法和意见,积在那儿,塞满了我们的心。 我们不会真打电话给一位朋友,说我们收到了姐姐的一个包裹,或者说现在天黑得比较早,或者说我们不信任最高法院新来的法官。

科学调查表明,独居的人会对着自己、对着宠物、对着电视机唠叨不休。 我们问猫儿今天该穿蓝色套装还是黄色裙装, 问鹦鹉今天晚餐该做牛排还是面条。 我们跟自己争论那个花样滑冰选手和这个滑雪运动员到底谁更了不起。 这没什么不妥, 也对我们有好处,而且不像有些人那么令人尴尬:在超市付款处,排在前面的女人告诉收银员,她的侄女梅利莎星期六可能会来看她。梅莉莎非常喜欢热巧克力,所以她买了速溶热巧克力粉,虽然她自己从来不喝这东西。 重要的是保持理性。 重要的是不再等待,而是安顿下来,使自己过得舒服,至少暂时要这样。要在我们自身的条件下发现一些优雅和乐趣,不要做一个以自我为中心的英国诗人,而要像一个被关在塔楼里的公主,耐心地等待着我们的童话故事迎来快乐的结局。

毕竟,事已至此, 这或许不是我们所期望的局面,但眼下我们不妨称之为家吧。 不管怎么说,没有什么地方比家更好。

UNIT 6 商科学生有时对课程里包含商业道德课略感吃惊。他们通常没意识到在很多国家,形形色色的贿赂行为正日益增多。在某些国家,这已成为人们几百年来的一种生活方式。假定在一场与政府官员的谈判中,贸易部长向你明确表示如能给他一大笔贿赂,那么你的商品拿到进口许可证就会容易得多,还可能避免他所说的‚程序上的延误‛。 现在的问题是:你是被迫掏钱呢,还是坚持原则?

高尚的道德标准说起来容易,但实际上人们在这种情况下究竟会怎么做呢? 早些时候,一家英国汽车制造商被指控利用一笔基金行贿,并进行其他一些可疑运作,如给代理商和客户高额回扣、提供额外折扣、向一些在瑞士银行开的匿名账户汇款等。 这家汽车公司否认了这些指控,后来指控也被撤销了。 然而,当时英国汽车业里就有人准备私下里说:‚瞧,我们这一行竞争激烈, 每年我们汽车的海外销售额超过10亿英镑。 如果花几百万英镑能让一些客户高兴,谁会有损失呢? 我们不这样干,别人也会这样干的。‛

很容易产生这样的印象:贿赂以及其他可疑开支正日渐增多。 的确,这似乎已成为商界的一个事实。 仅举一例:美国第三大汽车制造企业克莱斯勒汽车公司透露,它在1971至1976年间共发生了250万美元的可疑开支。 这一事实的披露,使克莱斯勒与其他300多家美国公司一样,向美国证券交易委员会承认自己近年曾有过某种形式的支出,像贿赂、额外打折等。 为方便讨论起见,我们可将这些支出分为三大类。

第一大类是那些为政治目的或为获得大宗合同所付出的大笔款项。 比如,有一家美国企业曾因可能违反美国商业法规而受调查,当时它捐出一大笔款项支持一位总统候选人。 后来发现,这家公司也打算资助美国推翻智利政府的秘密行动。

这一大类也包括为得到武器销售或重大的石油、建筑等项目的合同而向权势家族及其身边的顾问所付出的大笔款项。 在一桩涉及对伊朗武器销售的案子中,一位证人声称一家英国公司曾付给某‚洽谈人‛100万英镑。此人帮忙做成了一笔向伊朗提供坦克和其他军事装备的交易。

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