英汉礼貌用语对比研究-文学学士毕业论文
从礼貌原则上看中西委婉语的差异毕业论文含开题报告
本科生毕业论文（设计）题目：Comparison of English and Chinese EuphemismBased on the Politeness Principle从礼貌原则上看中西委婉语的差异系别：外国语言文学系专业：英语AbstractAlong with the continuous development of globalization, the communications between China and western countries have been increasing gradually in economy, politics and culture. More and more of us are required to understand people coming from countries and cultures different from our own, so the impact of difference between Oriental and Occidental cultures on international trade becomes increasingly exposed. In the cross-culture communication, we can not be ignorant of the differences between English and Chinese euphemism.In addition, p oliteness is the symbol of human culture and society’s universal phenomenon. However, the different cultures has different politeness principle which does not use to weigh the standard as well as the expression way. Learning the different usages of English and Chinese euphemisms based on the politeness principle aims at pointing out that people can put the euphemisms into right usage only if people understand correctly different cultures. Only in this way, we can avoid some mistakes, misunderstanding or even conflicts. Thus, we can promote the cross-cultural communication going effectively and to be in the best condition.This paper aims at discussing the differences between English and Chinese euphemisms that are faced in today's international communication and evolving appropriate measures to deal with those. It consists of four parts, with an introduction and a conclusion preceding and following them. As euphemism is a linguistic phenomenon, chapter two first states the origin and the definition of the euphemism, and the analysis of the obedience of the English and Chinese politeness principle, thus building up a better understanding of euphemism. Chapter three illustrates the differences of English and Chinese euphemism and discusses the factor forthe differences. All of these can help people to avoid pragmatic failures in communication.Key Words: Euphemism，Politeness Principle，Contrastive Analysis毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。
英汉礼貌用语对比
外国语学院语言学导论课程论文课题名称：Contrast in expressions of Politeness between English and Chinese英汉礼貌用语对比学生姓名：学号：专业：英语班级：2011级3班授课教师：AbstractIn intercultural communication, people always are faced with difficulties not only from using different languages but also from different cultural backgrounds. These language barriers often lead to unsuccessful communication. In order for favoring communication, this article will discuss the contrast between English and Chinese politeness principle as well as the communication barriers due to language differences. Key wordsPoliteness, Cultural differences, Intercultural communication1.IntroductionCommunication is the mutual contact between people, and the connection with each other's behavior. Where there are people, where there is human interaction. And at the same time, contact will occur, communicative. People can use language or non-verbal language to express ideas or share feelings. However, this communication process is very complex. People's verbal communication is always influenced by many non-linguistic factors.In the cross-cultural communication of English speakers and Chinese speakers, communication isn’t often smooth, because the two sides do not understand their cultural background. For better communication, British linguist Leach made the famous "Politeness Principle".As a universal phenomenon in all societies, politeness is what people of different cultural backgrounds all try to observe for the purpose of increasing communicative competence. Being an important element in intercultural communication, politeness helps establish, maintain or consolidate harmonious interpersonal relationships, and reduces conflicts and misunderstandings. Therefore, principles of politeness in different cultures should be realized by students. This thesis intends to discuss the exhibition of cultural differences on politeness to help Chinese learners have a better understanding of different principles of politeness in English. Besides, this paper is to explore efficient means to teach students to use English in the polite way in order tocommunicate effectively and efficiently.2.Contrast in expressions of Politeness between English andChineseCultural differences in everyday conversation refer to the differences in habits and rules in communication between different cultures (Liang Jinghong, 2005). Customs are influenced and shaped by the beliefs and values of people in a certain community. People are brought up in community and they are so accustomed to their ways of doing things that they cannot accept different actions for achieving the same goal. Therefore, in this part, differences of politeness such as addressing, greeting, complimenting between English and Chinese are to be discussed.2.1Communicating TopicsIn Chinese culture, between colleagues, between students, between friends almost all kinds of topics are reasonable in talking, such as work, health, salary, marriage, age and so on. However, in English-speaking countries, people often just talk about the weather, work, hobbies and other topics. It also can be more free and open to talk about pregnancy and even sex. But some topic on marital status, children, income, religion and others which belong to the "privacy content" should be ignored. When Chinese people express concern for the health of others, they often ask the health condition of others straightly and make some advisory recommendations. While in English-speaking countries, when people ask the health condition, the tone should be tactful and sincere. When the other does not need you to give your advice, do not put forward proposals.2.2AddressingName is the address form which communication is relied on. Different languages have different address forms. The address forms can reflect different national cultures. Chinese attaches great importance to human kinship. Respect is very essential in Chinese culture. When younger people address the elders, they should call them "grandfather", "grandmother" and other titles to replace their name, not by their name. The same situation with calling teachers, students in China must call them “teacher”, that is sir or madam. But in western countries, teachers can be called by their names. Terms of family relationshipsare only used for relatives in English. But in Chinese, they are not only used for relatives, but also for non-relatives. For example, the young in China always call the women who are elder than them “sister” or “aunt” and those men “brother” or “uncle”.2.3 Greeting and FarewellGreetings are used every day, but they are not conducted in the same way in different cultures. When westerners meet an acquaintance, they often greet each other with “Hello”, “Hi”, or “How are you?” But a Chinese will say “chi le ma?” (Have you eaten?), or “qu na li ?” (Where are you going?). When a native English speaker hears those, he or she may interpret it as an invitation to dinner or interference in his or her personal affairs. So when interacting with foreigners, Chinese should pay more attention. In English, the common ways of greeting are “Good morning”, “Hi”, “Hello”, “How are you?”, and “How is everything going?”When acquaintances part, the English speakers may say “Goodbye”, “See you”, and “Good luck”. Differently,in Chinese, when a guest leaves, the host will show the guest to th e door and say “man zou” (Walk slowly.), “zou hao” (Take care.), or “yi lu shun feng” (Have a nice trip.). But none of these can be directly translated into English.2.4Compliments and ResponsesIn cross-cultural communication, since English speakers and Chinese speakers have different politeness principle to praise or compliment, communicative disorders produce inevitably. Expressions such as “hen hao, bu cuo, hen bang” in Chinese are often used, which mean “great, good, terrific” in English. However, there d o exist some cultural differences in compliments between English and Chinese. One difference lies in who can be complimented. It is usual for an American woman to praise her husband, talking about how hard he works and how well he has done. She might do the same about a son or a daughter of hers. In the English-speaking countries, one can praise one’s family members. But we Chinese people seldom compliment our family members in front of others. The Chinese are polite rather than honest while the westerners tend to be frank and direct. The other difference lies in what can be complimented. It is quite common for a male English speaker to compliment females on her good looks. But in China, praising a man on his wife’s looks will be regarded as indecent, and ev en a taboo. When responding tocompliments, westerners tend to accept the compliments naturally by saying “Thank you!” In contrast, Chinese generally murmur something implying that he or she is not worthy of the praise in order to show modesty, because modesty is considered as a kind of traditional virtue. In China, modesty is the best policy, but to westerners, honesty is the best policy (Luo Ningxia, 2000).2.5 ApologiesBoth Chinese and English have expressions for apologies. For example, there are “dui bu qi”, “bao qian”, “hen yi han”in Chinese and “I am sorry”, and “Excuse me” in English. But generally speaking, English speakers apologize more often than the Chinese people by saying “Excuse me” preceding a request or an interruption. When they want to push their way out of the crowd, leave a dinning table to the toilet, stop a stranger to ask for direction, and even when they need to answer the phone, they would usually say this. But in China, “dui bu qi”, “hen yi han” are very often used only when they feel sympathetic or when they need to bother others. In English, “Excuse me” can also be heard when someone sneezes or hiccups. This is quite different from Chinese culture.2.6 TaboosTaboo expressions exist in nearly all cultures, and inappropriate use of taboo language will cause obstacles in communication. Expressions concerning some phenomenon are considered as taboos in both Chinese and English cultures such as human’s excreta and death. But generally speaking, there are more taboos in English than in Chinese. English-speaking people place a higher value on privacy. Therefore, some topics would be considered as privacy and it is impolite to mention these topics. For instance, asking others about age, especially a woman’s age, is regarded as impolite in western cultures. Besides age, other topics such as income, marital status, and religion are also sensitive topics which may likely cause offense. Chinese sometimes talk about health and express their concern by giving some advice such as “Have a rest.”,“Put on more clothes and drink more water.” However, English speakers will feel uncomfortable on hearing these words. According to English culture, they are independent adults and are supposed to be able to take care of themselves. Such expressions as “Put on more clothes” seem to deny their ability of taking care of themselves. On this occasion, expressions such as “Look after yourself.”, “Hopeyou will be better soon.” sound better to them.3ConclusionIn summary, politeness is a social phenomenon, and generally exist in a variety of languages. Different cultures have different standards of politeness and expression. In cross-cultural communication, the students should try to avoid misunderstanding of courtesy, make relationships closer, and promote communication between people with different cultures. Teachers in English teaching should seize the opportunity to import the culture of English-speaking countries to the students. It is hoped that English learners will attach great importance to the communicative functions of the target language so that they will realize the importance of using polite language appropriately, and then their pragmatic competence of target language will be greatly improved.This paper does not aim to cover all aspects of politeness in EFL teaching. Its ideas and arguments are far from mature. But it is our sincere hope that through a careful study of politeness in FL classroom, we can achieve a more effective teaching and improve students’ communicative competence.BibliographyBrown, P. & S, Levinson. (1978). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.Gu, Yueguo. (1990). Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, (2), 237-257.Hinkel, E. (1999). Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.Swan, M. (1980). Practical English Usage. London: Oxford University Press.。
中西礼貌用语的语用对比研究
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试论英汉礼貌用语之比较
试论英汉礼貌用语之比较摘要】本文根据Leech提出的英语文化的礼貌原则和顾曰国先生提出的汉文化的礼貌原则，进行对比研究，并就英汉语言的文化差异和礼貌语言策略进行分析，最后，阐述了这一研究对跨文化交际的重要性。
【关键词】文化差异;礼貌原则;语言策略On the English language courtesy ComparisonXu Chuying【Abstract】This article made in accordance with Leech’s Politeness Principle in English culture and to Mr. Gu Yueguo courtesy of the Chinese culture the principle of comparative studies, and cultural differences between English and Chinese language and politeness strategy analysis, and finally, on the study of the importance of cross-cultural communication.【Key words】Cultural differences Politeness Principle Language Strategy礼貌作为人类文明的体现，它不仅是一种社会现象，也是语言现象。
随着跨文化交际研究的迅速发展，不同文化中礼貌的概念与内涵在跨文化交际中如何做到礼貌得体，越来越引起人们的关注。
由于人们对什么是礼貌和怎样做才是有礼貌持有不同观点，因而常常能导致交际失误乃至失败，因此，对礼貌现象，特别是跨文化交际中英汉两种语言所体现的礼貌现象进行比较是非常必要的。
本文对英汉礼貌现象从理论基础到其表现形式进行了比较性地研究。
本文试图综述中西方言语行为中礼貌语言文化差异及语言策略差异，给跨文化研究中讲英语与讲汉语的人遵守彼此的“礼貌原则”，达到相互沟通提供一点启示。
英语专业毕业论文--从礼貌用语看中西文化差异
AbstractLanguage, as part of culture, is influenced by culture. So is courtesy. Courtesy language is the important part of the culture. All the courtesy languages are the mirrors to their cultures. Different cultures between China and West lead to different politeness principles. Courtesy language plays a very important role in the cross-cultural communication. It is the basic element to keep a good relationship. Whether the use of courtesy languages is proper or not will directly influence the communication. This article tries to analyze the cultural differences between Chinese and Western courtesy languages in their causes and effects on the cross-cultural communication, such as: addressing, greeting, compliments and responses and taboos. And, the paper deeply analyzes the causes for the differences from the histories, customs and social norms. The purpose is to know the use of the courtesy language and improve cross-cultural communication.Key words: courtesy language; cultural difference; cross-cultural communication摘要语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的一部分，语言受到文化的影响，是文化的一面镜子。
英语专业论文--中西方礼貌用语文化差异
- - -- Foreign Language DepartmentGraduation ThesisCultural Differences of Chinese and WesternCourtesy LanguagesName:Ma **Class: *-*Major: EnglishAdvisor:Zhang *Time: May15th, 2021财经学院毕业论文〔设计〕任务书系别 ** 系专业英语班级*级英本*学生马**2012年11月8日说明1、本任务书为我院各专业下达毕业论文〔设计〕任务之用。
2、本任务书由指导教师填写并签字，系主任批准签字。
批准后，由系〔部〕统一保存。
3、本任务书中阶段检查必须按时进展填写，以保证毕业论文〔设计〕按时如期完成。
4、毕业辩论完成后，本任务书与毕业论文〔设计〕一起装入学生毕业论文〔设计〕资料袋，由系〔部〕统一保存。
教务处二0一二年十一月毕业论文〔设计〕任务书毕业论文〔设计〕评语及成绩- - --摘要语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的一局部，语言受到文化的影响,是文化的一面镜子。
因此，礼貌用语作为语言的一局部与文化也是密不可分的，礼貌是文化的重要组成局部，英汉文化不同，英汉语言的礼貌原则也存在着差异。
礼貌用语在跨文化交际中起着十分重要的作用，是良好的人际关系得以维持的基石。
礼貌用语在跨文化交际中使用的是否得体，将直接关系着交际是否能顺利的进展下去，甚至能否能够到达交际目的。
根据中英礼貌用语的不同原则，对其做出了比照研究，说明了中西礼貌用语的共性和差异性，以及引起不同的根源和对策。
通过该研究，使人们在社交过程中，根据不同的场合，正确的使用适宜的礼貌语，防止不同文化下不同礼貌用语带来的各种冲突。
同时，能使英语学习者更加透彻的了解西方文化，掌握交际语言。
最后，将其应用于英语教学中，有效提高学生的综合素质和跨文化交际能力。
关键词：礼貌原则；礼貌用语；对策AbstractLanguage, as a part of culture, is influenced by culture, so is courtesy. Courtesy language is the important part of the culture. All the courtesy languages are the mirrors to their cultures. Different cultures between china and west lead to different politeness principles. Courtesy language plays a very important role in the cross-cultural munication. It is the basic element to keep a good relationship. Whether the use of courtesy language is proper or not will directly influence the munication. According to the different principles of Chinese and Western courtesy languages, the paper makes a parison study between them, and e*pounds the similarities and differences, as well as the reasons and countermeasures. Therefore, the study of this subject can conduct people to use the right polite language, avoiding the conflict that brings about the different culture courtesy and different culture according to the different occasions in the social process. At the same time, the paper can make the reader understand and master the western culture and the right way of munication. Finally, if the-politeness principles are used in the English teaching and learning, it will improve the students prehensive quality, and the ability of cross-cultural munication.Key Words: polite principle ; politeness language; countermeasure- - --1 IntroductionWith the development of science and technology, munication among people from different countries and different cultures is more frequent and important. Our world is multicultural, when we municate with people from another culture, we are not only affected by the difference of language, but also disturbed by the difference of culture, to ensure a successful understanding and munication, we should pay attention to politeness, one of the most universal phenomena in intercultural munication.As a universal phenomenon, politeness is observed in every society; its main functions are maintaining social order; maintaining friendly interpersonal relations; reducing conflicts and misunderstandings by means of polite speech acts so as to attain the aim of munication.Both English and Chinese language has much different restriction, among which the most important is the restriction of cultural factors. British linguists, Leech listed the si* politeness principles according to the English culture characteristic, while Gu Yueguo analyzed Chinese culture characteristic and had conclude five politeness principles in his research on about Politeness, Pragmatics and Culture. paring the politeness principles of Gu Yueguo and Leech we can find that there are many politeness norms of differences. It is an effective way to prevent pragmatic failures and promote the munication smoothly by analyzing and paring these differences scientifically.2 Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese andEnglishPoliteness is the mon phenomenon e*isting in social and group which is the symbol of human civilization and the tool of maintaining interpersonal harmony. In an intercultural munication, interlocutors bear the different cultural backgrounds,the manipulation of politenessstrategies is even more challenging,because it i s human natural tendency to evaluate other’s behaviourwith the reference to one’s own criteria. Therefore, the parative study of politeness principles in Chinese and English cultures bees more and more important. Meanwhileto be familiar with different cultural backgrounds and to choose the right politeness ma*ims during munication are also very important.2.1 Politeness Principles of Chinese Courtesy LanguageLike the English speaking countries, the ancient Chinese have made an important discussion on politeness. “道德仁义非礼不成。
汉英礼貌用语对比与分析
汉英礼貌用语对比与分析06秋专升本学员张先存学号z06205604001礼貌作为一种社会现象,普遍存在于各国语言中,但由于语用文化价值差异和语用习惯特点的不同,人们对礼貌的理解、处理和运用方式则各不相同.中西方由于受到不同文化、民族心理和价值观的影响,会用不同的方式来表达自己的礼貌言行.而这种差异往往会影响我们进行有效的跨文化交际,因此在英语学习中我们有必要了解汉英礼貌语用方面的差异.一。
汉英礼貌用语的对比：例1：问候语以什么样的方式与别人见面打招呼，分手告别，也因东西方文化传统和风俗习惯的不同而不同。
西方人则注重逻辑，他们讲究科学，追求准确、系统的分析和实证，西方形式逻辑中有三大定律，即同一律、矛盾律、排中律；在演绎推理中有三段论，即大前提、小前提和结论。
在语言上表现为重视语言的形式，人称要一致、单复数有讲究、时态有要求，主语和谓语要配合，介词讲究搭配等等，每个细节都不能马虎。
例如：中文说“你吃了吗？”可以表示字面意义，也可以表示问候，这里的“吃”字后面的“饭”可以省略，不论早饭、中饭、晚饭都可以这样说，也不管什么时候吃的。
而英语中可能要说三句不同的话“Have you had your lunch/super/dinner?” 而且他们并不能用来表示问候，除了字面意义，这三句话可能用来暗示一种邀请，但说话人至少要考虑到两个问题：吃的是哪一餐饭，用什么时态，这些问题不清楚，这句话就没法说。
所以，中国人见面时常用的客套话是：“吃过饭了吗？”“你去哪儿？”而与英美人打招呼，不要说“Have you had your meal?”或者“Where are you going?”他们会以为你想邀请他一起外出用餐或你在打听他的私事呢。
而当他们正等着听你的下文时，你却谈起旁的事情。
这样往往会使对方觉得莫名其妙。
他们会想，不请我吃饭，干吗问我吃过饭没有？即使你见他正在用餐，一般也不能说“Are you having meal?”（你在吃饭？）或者“You are going to the dinning room?”（你去吃饭吗？）他们认为这简直是无用的话，明知故问，你不是看见我正在吃饭吗？又如你正巧遇见一个美国人在修理他的汽车，你走过去说声“Hello. ”或者“Hi.”就行了。
英汉礼貌用语对比研究
英汉礼貌用语对比研究发布时间：2021-04-22T10:41:57.067Z 来源：《教育学文摘》2021年第3期作者：滕爱杰[导读] 语言作为人们社会交往最常用的工具，具有社会性及文化性滕爱杰 (哈尔滨石油学院，黑龙江哈尔滨150028) 摘要：语言作为人们社会交往最常用的工具，具有社会性及文化性。
这两方面的属性反映到礼貌用语方面则表现为语用习惯的不同和文化价值的差异性。
礼貌作为交际中极其重要的因素，是各种文化所共有的社会现象，任何一个社会成员都要遵守固定的礼貌原则，但每个社会和文化中的礼貌原则是不同的。
由于文化背景、价值观、信仰等方面的不同，英汉文化中的礼貌原则存在着很大的差异。
本文探讨了英汉不同文化背景下礼貌原则的差异性及其产生原因，寄希望通过阅读本文人们能够对英汉两种不同文化背景下的礼貌原则有进一步的了解，以便在日后的对外交流中尽量避免因礼貌原则认知上的欠缺而产生交流障碍，最终达到更好地进行跨文化交往的目的。
关键词：礼貌原则；跨文化交际；差异１．引言礼貌是对人们日常生活行为的一种无形的约束。
礼貌原则作为人们日常语言交际过程中最重要的一个环节，在社会交际中指导着人们的言语和行为。
礼貌原则既是构成良好人际关系的重要手段，也是对人们思想意识和文化背景的反映。
它是人们在社会交际的时候必需要用的基本原则之一，它不但是交际中的最高原则，更是社会最重要的交际基础。
有些礼貌原则是放之四海而皆准的普遍原则，有些礼貌原则是某一社会独特的原则。
文化背景的不同造成了英汉礼貌原则的差异。
对英汉礼貌用语差异的研究是跨文化交际研究中的一项重要内容，在跨文化交际中，人们常常因为缺乏对英汉礼貌差异的正确认识，而产生交流误解甚至引发冲突，最终导致交际失败。
对英汉礼貌用语差异的研究十分重要，它是实现成功跨文化交际的一个有力保障。
掌握英汉礼貌原则的异同，运用得体的表达，是跨文化交际有效进行的基础和必要条件，对于提高沟通效率、避免误解具有重要的作用。
英汉语言对比论文优秀范文
英汉语言对比论文优秀范文推荐文章关于英汉语言对比方面论文热度：英汉语言对比论文例文热度：有关英汉语言对比论文免费热度：关于英汉语言对比论文发表热度：关于英汉语言对比论文参考热度：语言是文化的载体，有民族传统习俗特色。
英汉两种语言在传统习俗、文化背景以及词汇内涵等方面都有一定差异。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英汉语言对比论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!英汉语言对比论文篇1浅谈英汉广告对比摘要：广告语作为广告的表现形式，有它独特的语言魅力。
汉语和英语的广告语言有一些共通的特点，同时也各具特色。
本文就英汉广告的词汇在其拼写、音韵、构词、功能转换等方面的创意现象做一番比较研究，从而发现英汉广告用语中词汇使用的共性及差异以及达到的不同效果。
关键词：广告用词英汉共性差异一、引言广告语言是一门浓缩起来的艺术，在用词方面结合了心理学、社会学、美学、语言学等多种学科的知识，具有多方面的研究价值。
在英汉不同的广告用语中，通过词汇的不同技巧的运用，从而达到各自的语言特色和文化煽动效果。
即用五个字母来形容英汉广告语言的特点为：A(Attention)抓住眼球/ I (Interest)引发兴趣/ D(Desire)刺激欲望/I(Impression)印象深刻/A (Action)采取行动。
二、英汉广告语词汇的共同特点无论是英语还是汉语的广告语言，都是为了劝说，达到鼓动消费者的效果。
因此在英汉的广告语言中，都有广告自身的“推销作用”，使消费者在看到或者听到广告后产生消费的愿望，故结合英汉广告语言的特点，有如下几点是共通的。
(一)名词出现频繁由于名词是关键词，不可或缺。
所以，评价一则广告是否妙，是否能达到效果，主要在于是否恰当使用名词。
英汉广告中名词的选用都达到了绝妙的程度，突出了产品的特色、特点和作用。
如：There are many forces that motivate you to run， emotional stability，mental clarity，skinny jeans. Luckily once you motivate to lace up your shoes，the running part has a way of taking care of itself.(Reebok 跑鞋)其中 force，stability，clarity，jeans等从性能、材质的角度说明了该跑鞋的优秀。
英汉语言对比方面论文参考范文
英汉语言对比方面论文参考范文语言不是静止不变的，而是会随着时间的变化，受社会因素影响产生变异的特殊符号系统。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英汉语言对比方面论文参考范文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!英汉语言对比方面论文参考范文篇1浅析语言学习中的英汉对比研究论文关键词:语言学习母语正迁移母语负迁移论文摘要：在二语学习中，学习者的母语会对二语习得产生独特的影响，因此在语言的学习中，要针对其特点，采取对应的方法。
英汉对比教学和学习能有效地降低语言学习中的母语负迁移，更好地发挥母语的正迁移作用。
1 引言二语习得过程中，母语会不可避免地对学习者产生一定的影响。
母语和二语之间的相似之处会促进语言的学习，此现象为母语正迁移;而不同之处将阻碍语言的学习，此现象被称之为母语负迁移。
学习者要有意识地发挥其有利的影响，降低其不利影响。
因此英汉对比研究对二语习得是非常必要的。
2 英汉对比学习的理论依据在二语习得过程中，母语会产生迁移作用，这是被语言学家所证实的事实。
Odlin(2001)这样定义语言迁移，它是一种跨语言的影响，这种影响是由学习者先前习得的语言和目标语之间的相似和差异引起。
语言之间的相似之处有助于二语的习得，这种影响称之为正迁移，而语言之间的差异会阻碍二语的习得，称之为负迁移。
在二语习得过程中，先前习得的语言，一般是母语，已经有了完善的知识结构和牢固的基础，这一特点给二语习得带来的既有积极的作用，同时也会产生负面的影响。
如何发挥其积极作用，减少负面影响是语言学习者有效提高语言学习效率的重要方面。
因此英汉不同之处的对比就变得尤为重要。
3 英汉对比的方面3.1 本体对比3.1.1 大小写方面在汉语中，我们不用考虑汉字的大小写，因为汉字不存在大小写的区别。
而英语的字母则不同，有大小写之分。
以汉语为母语的学习者，由于大小写概念不强，母语的不区分大小写的印象又很深，因此很容易在此方面出错。
英语中一个句子的首字母是必须要大写的，还有一些专有名词，如地名，人名，书名等。
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Abstract This paper is a comparative study on the different use of polite language between English and Chinese. As an universal phenomenon, politeness exists in all kinds of cultures，which plays a vital role not only in maintaining friendly relationship between human beings but also in creating the harmonious atmosphere conversation. As English-speaking countries and China have different cultures, they use different ways to express their own polite words and deeds, and the different nationalities’ understanding of polite language always affects the effective cross-culture communication between them. What is more, it would causes unsuccessful cross-cultural communication. A comparative study of polite language between English and Chinese, will urge English learners to reduce the faults in using cross-cultural language, and will simultaneously achieve effective human communication through using appropriately polite expressions.
Key Words: polite language; communication; comparative study; cultural differences 中文摘要 礼貌是人们在频繁的交往中彼此表示尊重与友好的行为规范。礼貌现象存在于各种不同的文化之中，对于保持人们之间的友好关系，建立和谐的谈话气氛起着重要的作用。英汉国家由于受到不同文化的影响，会用不同的方式来表达自己的礼貌言行，而不同的民族对礼貌的理解各不同，这就往往影响英汉双方进行有效的跨文化交际，甚至会导致跨文化交际的失败。通过对比研究英汉礼貌用语的差异，会促使英语学习者在跨文化交际中减少语用失误，同时达到使用恰当的礼貌用语进行有效交际的目的。
关键词：礼貌用语；交际；比较研究；文化差异 Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... i 中文摘要 ........................................................................................................................ ii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aim and objectives ............................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Organization of the paper ..................................................................................................... 1 2. Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 2 3. A comparative Study of Polite Language Between English and Chinese ............. 4 3.1 Addressing form ................................................................................................................... 4 3.2 Greetings .............................................................................................................................. 5 3.3 Polite language for inviting .................................................................................................. 6 3.4 Polite language for apologizing and thanking ...................................................................... 7 3.5 The differences of private word in English and Chinese ...................................................... 8 4. The Investigation of Dominant Cultural Influence on Politeness and Strategies for Improving Cross-cultural Communication ......................................... 9 4.1 The dominant cultural patterns which influence polite language ......................................... 9 4.2 Strategies for improving cross-cultural communication....................................................... 9 5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 11 References ...................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 Acknowledgements ........................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Studies on comparative study of polite language between English and Chinese have gain great attention at home and abroad, and thus large quantities of literature on the study of learning comparative study of polite language between English and Chinese were published. The main function of politeness expressions is to establish and maintain good interpersonal relationships. Due to the different culture between English and Chinese, the polite language is quite different. Contemporary, English has been as an important international language. As the economic developing very fast in China, it’ s international position is more and more important as well. So whether it is for English learners or foreigners, intercultural communication becomes more and more important. In order to avoid the verbal misunderstanding and failure in communication, ensure smooth communication, people should learn the differences polite language between English and Chinese. 1.2 Aim and objectives This study aims to find out the differences of polite language between English and Chinese in order to avoid verbal misunderstanding and failure in communication. This paper tries to analyze the cultural differences affect the polite language in English and Chinese, and points out that the comparative study will help us to reduce the pragmatic failure and achieve the cross-cultural communication. To be specific, this study attempts to answer the following three questions: (1)What is the purpose to analyze this study? (2) What causes the differences of polite language between English and Chinese? (3) What should we learn during this study? 1.3 Organization of the paper This paper is divided into five chapters. Chapter one serves as an overall introduction to the rationale and aim of the study. Chapter two reviews the definitions of politeness that have been proposed by scholars at home and abroad. Chapter three analyzes the differences in addressing, greeting, inviting, and apologizing and thanking by comparison. Chapter four analyzes the specific cultural assumptions, and put forward suggestions on how to improve the cross-cultural communication. Chapter five is devoted to the conclusion in which we find out the differences of polite language between English and Chinese in order to improve the cross-cultural communication.