科学60秒肌肉萎缩原文翻译
学术英语(医学)Unit1~4课文翻译
Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多，最后一次 DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验，这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行 30 分钟的事。
糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。
也许留到下一次再说吧？她家里的情况怎么样呢？她现在是否有常见的生活压力？亦或她有可能有抑郁症或焦虑症？有没有时间让她做个抑郁问卷调查呢？健康保养：她最后一次乳房 X 光检查是什么时候做的？子宫颈抹片呢？ 50 岁之后是否做过结肠镜检查？过去 10 年间她是否注射过破伤风加强疫苗？她是否符合接种肺炎疫苗的条件？奥索里奥夫人打断了我的思路，告诉我过去的几个月里她一直背痛。
科技英语课文翻译1-7
参考译文Unit 1课文A石油1油，和煤一样，存在于沉积岩中，而且可能由死去很长时间的生物有机体形成。
含有石油的岩石几乎都来源于海洋，所以形成石油的有机物一定是海洋生物，而不是树木。
2 石油，并不是来自于逐渐积聚的木质物质，而可能是来自于逐渐积聚的海洋生物的脂肪物质。
比如浮游生物：大量浮游在海水表层的单细胞生物。
3 有机物的脂肪物质主要由碳氢原子组成，因此并不需要太多的化学变化就可以形成石油。
生物有机体只需在缺氧的条件下沉积到海湾浅水处的淤泥里。
其脂肪不是分解腐烂，而是逐渐积聚，并在深层的淤泥里圈闭起来，进而经过细微的原子重组，最终形成石油。
4 油比水轻，呈液态，会经由上方覆盖的孔隙性岩石向上渗透，在地球上有些地区到达表层，古人将这些表层石油称为沥青、柏油或异庚烷。
在古代和中世纪，这些石油油苗常被看作药品而不是燃料。
5 当然，表层的油苗数量很少。
而石油油藏上方有时覆盖的是非孔隙性岩石。
石油向上渗透抵达该岩石，然后在岩石下方逐渐积聚形成油层。
若在上方的岩石上钻个孔，石油就可以通过该孔向上迁移。
有时压力过大，石油会向高空喷出。
1859年在宾夕法尼亚州，由埃德温·德雷克成功打出第一口井。
6 如果可以发现一个合适的地点（勘探人员已经识别出地下可能圈闭有石油的地层结构），那么就很容易抽取这一液体燃料，这要比派人到地下把大块的固体煤炭砍成小块要容易得多。
而且一旦获得石油，可以通过地上管道运输，而不必像煤一样，由运货车经过繁重的装卸任务来运输。
7 石油便于抽取，易于运输，促进了石油的应用。
石油可以蒸馏成不同的馏分，每种馏分均由特定大小的分子组成，分子越小，该馏分就越容易蒸发。
8 到19世纪下半叶，最重要的石油馏分是由中等大小的分子构成的煤油，它不易蒸发，被用于照明。
9 然而，到19世纪末人们研制出了内燃机。
内燃机是通过在汽缸里将空气与可燃气体混合，产生爆炸来提供动力的。
最便利的可燃气体是汽油——石油的又一馏分，由小分子构成，容易蒸发。
科学美国人(原文)
Let 'Em Eat MudIt's often joked that pregnant women crave pickles and ice cream; well, it seems that pregnant Ecuadorian bats crave salty mud. The soil in the rainforests where these bats live is notoriously poor in minerals. But muddy spots called “mineral licks” are rare exceptions. A team of scientists from Boston and Berlin trapped bats throughout the Ecuadorian rainforest, including at these mineral licks. They found that bats at the licks were overwhelmingly female, and pregnant or nursing.The bats were probably there to lap up the mud. The researchers think the bats need the minerals to pass on to their young for their growing bones. Fruit-eating bats were more likely to visit the mineral licks than their insect-eating cousins, who get some minerals from their food. Other animals and indigenous people also square their diets with these minerally muds. In fact, they’re sold in Amazonian markets. Writing in the journal “Research Letters in Ecology,” the authors say their muddy discovery could help explain how rainforests can spawn such rich biodiversity with such poor soil.Physics of Traffic JamsThis holiday season, many of us will take to the roads. Which means many of us are also about to face rather unpleasant traffic jams. The most frustrating ones seem to occur for no reason at all. You’re stuck, positive something catastrophic must have happened up ahead. Then for no apparent reason, the traffic clears.Now mathematicians from England’s University of Exeter believe they have solved this mystery. They modeled the effect of various highway events, such as a truck slowly pulling out from the merge lane. If the truck’s approach causes the c ar behind to quickly drop below a certain speed, then the next driver back also hits his or her brakes. This continues in a braking chain that the authors call a backward traveling wave. It could stretch back miles.So it’s not necessarily the volume of t raffic, but rather a sudden interruption in the flow that causes delays. The authors advise drivers to pay attention, and, when necessary, brake gently and slowly. If you suddenly overreact and hit the brakes, you could be causing someone to grimace in frustration in a car many miles awayAnother Ellipse Around the SunHappy New Year! And don’t feel bad about taking today off.After all, you’ve traveled far. And I’m not talking about the trip home from the party last night. According to NASA, just by being on the planet earth in the last year, you’ve zipped about 584 million miles around the sun to getback where you were. At an average speed of about 67,000 miles per hour. Again, not talking about the drive home last night.Of course, the trip was not a perfect circle. As Kepler showed, the earth’s orbit is an ellipse, with the sun at one of the two focal points. He also figured out the planet goes faster when it’s at perihelion, nearer the sun, than when it’s at aphelion, its furthest distance. Which would explain why summer seems to zip by, except the seasons are a function of the tilt of the earth’s axis, not its different distances from the sun. And the earth rotated 365 and a quarter times during its sweep around the sun. The trip took 8,766 hours. Or 31,557,600 seconds. Or 525,960 minutes just like this one.Cat Fleas Abhor A VacuumIf you don’t subscribe to the Dutch journal Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, you might have missed the news about fleas: the best way to get rid of a house full of cat fleas is to reach for the vacuum cleaner. The old upright is not only lethal to adult bugs, but it completely wipes out their young. Scientists from Ohio State University had set out to determine what additional measures might be needed to kill a bunch of Hoovered-up fleas: burning, freezing, poisoning, maybe even a little good old fashioned stomping. But it turns out that getting sucked into a vacuum bag does the whole job.The researchers were so surprised by the results, they repeated the study several times. In each experiment, they sprinkled a kitchen carpet with 100 cat fleas, either adults or juveniles. And they found that the vacuum snuffed out pretty much all of them. What makes vacuuming so deadly is hard to say. The researchers admit that they did not conduct a postmortem on any of the deceased. But they think it was the physical trauma of being sucked through the brushes that gave fleas a one-way ticket to the chitin-yard. Now, if only scientists could come up with a safe way to vacuum the cat.Science Societies Urge EducationThe scientific community needs to be involved in promoting science education, including evolution. So says the January issue of the FASEB Journal. FASEB is the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Sixteen other organizations also signed on to the recommendation, including the National Academy of Sciences and the American Institute of Physics. The article notes that the introduction of nonscience, such as creationism and intelligent design, undermines fundamentals of science education—such as using the scientific method, understanding how to reach scientific consensus and telling scientific explanations for natural phenomena apart from nonscientific ones.The article included a survey of a thousand likely US voters. Those able to answer simple questions about plate tectonics, proper antibiotic use and prehistory were far more likely to support evolution education. Said journal editor Gerald Weissman, “The bottom line is that the world is round, humans evolved from an extinct species, and Elvis is dead. This survey is a wake-up call for anyone who supports teaching information based on evidence rather than speculation or hope; people want to hear the truth, and they want to he ar it from scientists.”Docs Make Fake Pills Real MedsBy now we’ve all heard about the placebo affect: just by thinking a pill will help cure what ails you, it often does. Well, it turns out doctors sometimes take advantage of the placebo affect. Yes, doctors at least doctors in Chicago, occasionally purposely prescribe placebos. That’s according to a study in the Journal of General Internal Medicine.Of 231 internists in Chicago who answered a survey, 45 percent say they’ve used placebos on occasion. The medicines of choice included antibiotics, vitamins, ibuprofen, and amounts of medication too small to be therapeutic. All prescribed for situations in which those pills shouldn¹t have had an effect on the patient’s particular complaint.About a t hird of the doctors told patients that the pills might help and certainly won’t hurt. About 20 percent simply tell them that it’s medicine. So even though prescribing placebos remains controversial, clearly some docs are doing it. Decades ago, physicians prescribed placebos to distinguish who had a real problem and who was faking it. Today, they recognize the reality of the mind-body connection, and that placebos can sometimes be just what the doctor ordered.Tinnitus Sufferers Should Tune OutNo one ever sits in silence these days. But if we did, many of us would experience tinnitus—that is, phantom noise. It’s normally a high ringing like this: [tone]. But it can sound like crickets [crickets sound], or buzzing [buzzer sound], or music [music clip]. Now a Brazilian study has found that people won’t hear these noises as much if they simply aren’t listening. Volunteers with normal hearing were put in soundproofed rooms. When they focused on listening, almost 70 percent heard phantom noises. But when they focused on seeing, only 45 percent heard noises. And when solving a puzzle, only 20 percent heard noises.Some people have constant, debilitating tinnitus. For them, this study suggests that therapies to divert attention from hearing could help. For everyone else, well, the best way to avoid tinnitus might be just not to listen very hard. In fact, you should probably forget about this program altogether. Oh, and don’t think about pink elephants.Kids and Adults Share NightmaresHow frequent are nightmares for toddlers, and what causes them? Those are questions researchers at the University of Montreal hoped to answer. They asked parents of about a thousand children to estimate the occurrence of their child’s nightmares from age two and a half through age six. The parents were also questioned about their child’s disposition.First, it turns out nightmares aren’t so frequent. About a third of the parents reported no nightmares at all. And then there’s the second result. Kids who were called “difficult” as early as 5 months were more likely to suffer from nightmares as toddlers. And the ones who at a year and a half were more anxious, more likely to cry, and more difficult to calm down were also more likely to have bad dreams.The study authors say this means children may be, well, like little adults. It’s already well established that adults tend to express real-live stress and emotional problems as nightmares. The researchers suggest that focusing on the kids’ day-time issues, and on parenting techniques, may help banish night-time demonsInvading Ants Go On DietIf you’re an invading, meat-eating Argentinian ant, and you run out of prey, there’s only one thing to do if you want to keep invading—become a vegetarian. And that’s just what the carnivorous Argentinian ants that have invaded California did. They switched and began to eat vegetable matter. No, these two-millimeter long critters didn’t develop moral qualms about eating meat and they aren’t trying to save the planet. They just ran out of their first choice, native ants. Researchers writing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences say that these ants gobbled up the native ants, which can be ten times their size. The newcomers then had no choice but to carbo-load, switching over to such sweet treats as honeydew nectar produced by aphids. The ants, which are believed to have arrived in California on ships carrying coffee and sugar from Argentina in the 1890s, have caused problems for big creatures as well. The coastal horned lizard, which dined on domestic ants, has declined in numbers by about half recently. Apparently because the lizard doesn’t particularly care for Argentinian foodNaps Improve Memory of New TasksIf you feel the urge to lay your head down on the desk for an a fternoon nap, here’s something to tell your boss: a 90 minute snooze will actually help you remember that new task you just learned. Researchers at the University of Haifa published the results of their nap study in the journalNature Neuroscience. They tested two groups—each was asked to learn to bring their thumb and finger together in a specific sequence. One took a 90-minute nap afterwards, the other didn’t. The group that slept had learned the sequence better by nightfall. By morning the two groups had evened out, but researchers say the nappers improved more rapidly the next day.Then the scientists took another two groups. Both learned two different thumb-to-finger sequences over a few hours. One group took a nap in between the two tasks. At night-time, there was no difference between the groups. But by the morning, the nappers had learned the first task better. Scientists say this shows siestas help engrave new tasks into our long-term memory. Turns out that if you snooze, you win.。
《渐冻人症》讲稿
渐冻人症一、什么是“渐冻人症”？“渐冻人症”医学名为肌萎缩侧索硬化症(Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 简称“ALS”)，是运动神经元病（Motor Neuron Disease，简称 M.N.D）的一种，因为患者大脑、脑干和脊髓中运动神经细胞受到侵袭，患者肌肉逐渐萎缩和无力，以至瘫痪，身体如同被逐渐冻住一样，故俗称“渐冻人”。
由于感觉神经并未受到侵犯，因此这种病并不影响患者的智力、记忆及感觉。
最具典型的患者代表就是科学巨匠霍金。
二、渐冻人症的特征：本病为全球分布，患病率为(4～6)/l0万人口，年发病率约1.5/10万人口。
在世界卫生组织罗列的五大绝症之中，ALs与癌症和艾滋病齐名，在中国有10万～20万ALS患者。
肌萎缩侧索硬化症呈全球分布，在30岁以前不常见，通常在40—60岁发病，平均发病年龄55岁，男性多见，男女比例约为3：2.发病起平均存活年限3.5年。
90%～95%为散发，5%一10%为家族性、常染色体显性遗传，20%基因突变位于21号染色体长臂。
三、引起渐冻人症的原因：肌萎缩侧索硬化的病因至今不明。
20%的病例可能与遗传及基因缺陷有关。
神经元损害的原因，目前主要理论有：1.神经毒性物质累积，谷氨酸堆积在神经细胞之间，久而久之，造成神经细胞的损伤。
2.自由基使神经细胞膜受损。
3.神经生长因子缺乏，使神经细胞无法持续生长、发育。
四、“渐冻人症”的症状：本病起病隐袭，首发症状75%的患者在四肢，25%表现为球部症状。
通常最先出现手不对称性肌无力，扣钮扣、用钥匙开门等手部动作不灵活，握力减退。
病情缓慢发展，手无力越来越明显，并出现手部小肌肉萎缩，以大小鱼际肌、骨间肌、蚓状肌为明显，并逐渐发展至前臂、上臂、肩胛带肌群，肌萎缩区有肌肉跳动感。
上肢症状出现不久，下肢也感无力，僵直，动作不协调，走路时足下垂。
随着病情发展，肌无力和肌萎缩蔓延至躯干、颈部，最后到面肌和延髓支配肌，表现为构音不清，吞咽困难，咀嚼无力等症状。
《科技英语阅读教程》陈勇版课文翻译
核电与核辐射1986年4月26日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。
在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响几乎一无所知。
这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100平方英里的区域。
1994年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。
“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。
我们对此非常着迷。
”贝克回忆说。
当Baker和Chesser对田鼠的DNA进行测序时，他们没有发现异常的突变率。
他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里是原子野生动物保护区。
2003年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。
五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。
Mousseau到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。
穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。
他们发现该地区家燕的数量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。
在过去13年发表的60多篇论文中，Mousseau和Moller指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。
包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。
贝克在2006年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。
我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。
(完整版)《科技英语阅读教程》陈勇版课文翻译
核电与核辐射1986年4月26日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。
在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响几乎一无所知。
这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100平方英里的区域。
1994年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。
“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。
我们对此非常着迷。
”贝克回忆说。
当Baker和Chesser对田鼠的DNA进行测序时，他们没有发现异常的突变率。
他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里是原子野生动物保护区。
2003年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。
五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。
Mousseau到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。
穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。
他们发现该地区家燕的数量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。
在过去13年发表的60多篇论文中，Mousseau和Moller指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。
包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。
贝克在2006年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。
我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。
大学英语第六册Unit7课文翻译
遨游宇宙立昂.贾洛夫夜幕降临，暮色笼罩着英格兰剑桥市。
在一个潮湿、寒冷的夜晚，“国王阅兵场”上到处是剑桥大学的师生。
这时，沿着拥挤的大道驶来了校园内最有特色的一部车子，上面载着该校最著名的公民。
在这辆机动轮椅上坐着的是世界上最伟大的理论物理学家之一，四十六岁的斯蒂芬.威廉.霍金。
固定在轮椅左边靠手上的是一只发光的计算机荧幕隐隐约约地照出了他那张孩子似的脸庞。
当他熟悉地驾着轮椅驶过人群时，开汽车的人都放慢车速，有的还揿揿喇叭向他致意。
人们挥着手，大声跟他打招呼。
戴着眼镜的霍金满脸闪露出笑容，但他既不能挥手，也不能回喊作答。
他刚二十岁出头时就患了肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症（ALS）。
这是一种使中枢神经系统日益退化的病症，患者一般在三四年内就会死亡。
霍金的病情发展较慢，目前看来几乎已经稳定。
然而，这病仍使他失去了几乎所有的活动能力。
他已经不能控制大部分肌肉，不能自己穿衣进食，不能开口说话。
现在他只能依靠手和手指还剩下的一点随意运动的能力操纵装在轮椅上的计算机和声音合成器来“说话”了。
虽然ALS病症使霍金成了一个活动不便的残疾人，但他的勇气和幽默仍完整无损。
他的智力仍在自由地漫游。
他的智力也的确是在漫游，从无穷小漫游到无穷大，从亚原子王国漫游到宇宙的遥远区域。
在这些智力探索的过程中，霍金已经够想出一些有关黑洞以及紧接着形成宇宙的“大爆炸”而产生的各种纷乱活动的惊人的新理论。
最近，他又提出了宇宙没有边际，它既不是创造出来的，将来也不会毁灭的看法，从而使物理学家和神学家们都大为震惊。
斯蒂芬.霍金的大部分创见是在剑桥大学形成的。
他现在是该校的卢卡斯数学教授，这是艾克萨.牛顿曾经担任过的一个教职。
在剑桥大学的数学和理论物理系，他仁慈地“统治”着相对论小组，组里有来自九个国家的十五名出类拔萃的研究生。
他的办公室门上有一块小饰板，上面大不敬的写着：请安静，老板在睡觉。
没那回事儿。
从上午九点到下午七点左右回家吃饭，霍金一直都在四壁排满书、面前摆着夫人简和三个孩子照片的办公室里工作，每日的工作量之大足以使身体最强壮的人也感到劳累不堪。
托福阅读tpo60R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
TPO60 阅读-1 Underground Life原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (3)答案 (7)背景知识 (7)原文Underground Life①Until about the late 1980s, most scientists believed that life was restricted to the top few meters of the soil or ocean sediments. The few reports of organisms being recovered from great depths within Earth were dismissed as contamination with material from the surface layers. Two technical developments changed this view. The first was the development of drilling techniques that gave confidence that samples could be retrieved from depth without contamination. Samples were recovered using a diamond-studded drill bit that headed a great length of rotating steel pipe from a drilling derrick. A concentrated tracer material was added to the lubricating fluid so that when a deep sample of rock was removed, any contaminated material could be identified and cut away to leave a pristine sample of rock from deep within Earth. The second development was the advent of techniques for identifying microorganisms without having to grow them in culture. All organisms contain DNA, and their presence can be revealed by dyes that either stain DNA directly or can be attached to nucleic acid probes. By varying the nucleic acid probe, scientists can demonstrate the presence of different types of microorganisms.②The first scientists to use these techniques were involved in the Subsurface Science Program of the United States Department of Energy (DOE). They were interested in the possibility that if organisms existed in the depths of Earth, they might degrade organic pollutants and help maintain the purity of groundwater or, rather less usefully, degrade the containers in which the DOE was proposing to deposit the radioactive waste from nuclear facilities. They demonstrated the presence of many different types of microorganisms in rocks at depths down to 500 meters beneath the surface. Since then, microbes have been discovered in many different types of rocks and deep within ocean sediments. The record depth at which life has been found is at the bottom of a South African gold mine, 3.5 kilometers below ground. Pressure and temperature increase as you go deeperinto Earth. Some scientists think that subsurface bacteria could withstand temperatures as high as 150℃. This would allow organisms to exist to depths of about 7 kilometers beneath the seafloor and to 4 kilometers below the surface of the land. Although the organisms are often sparsely distributed, this is such an enormous volume that it has been estimated that the total biomass of deep subsurface organisms exceeds that of those living on, or just below, the surface.③Bacteria are the most numerous of these subsurface organisms, but there are also fungi and protozoa. Some 10,000 strains of microorganism have been isolated from subsurface cores. Each gram of rock contains anything from 100 bacteria to 10 million bacteria(compared with more than 1 billion per gram in agricultural soils); ocean sediments contain even higher numbers. The protozoa feed on the bacteria, forming part of a simple subterranean food chain, but what do the bacteria feed on? Sedimentary rocks are formed from sands and from ocean, river, or lake sediments that have organic material trapped within them. Microbes living in pores within the sediments can utilize these ancient nutrients and grow. As sedimentary rocks are buried more deeply, they become increasingly compacted and their pores filled with minerals. The distribution of microorganisms is thus likely to become more patchy, condensed into the remaining pores and concentrations of nutrients. The bulk of Earth's crust, however, consists of igneous rocks, such as granite and basalt, which are solidified from molten magma. These rocks were too hot to support life when they were first formed; the organisms that inhabit cracks and fissures within the rocks are carried there by the groundwater flowing through them. Subsurface bacteria do not just rely on nutrients trapped within the rock or carried there by groundwater. Some are chemotrophs, deriving their energy from the oxidation of iron or sulfur compounds and building organic material directly from the carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas dissolved in the rock. These bacteria excrete organic compounds that are then utilized by other types of bacteria. These ecosystems based on chemotrophic bacteria are completely independent of material and solar energy from the surface.译文地下生活①直到大约20世纪80年代末，大多数科学家仍认为生命仅限于土壤或海洋沉积物的顶部几米。
sectionA课文翻译
UNIT1我哥哥吉米出生时遇上难产，因为缺氧导致大脑受损。
两年后，我出生了。
从此以后，我的生活便围绕我哥哥转。
伴随我成长的，是“到外面去玩，把你哥哥也带上。
”不带上他，我是哪里也去不了的。
因此，我怂恿邻居的孩子到我家来，尽情地玩孩子们玩的游戏。
我母亲教吉米学习日常自理，比如刷牙或系皮带什么的。
我父亲宅心仁厚，他的耐心和理解使一家人心贴着心。
我则负责外面的事，找到那些欺负我哥哥的孩子们的父母，告他们的状，为我哥哥讨回公道。
父亲和吉米形影不离。
他们一道吃早饭，平时每天早上一道开车去海军航运中心，他们都在那里工作，吉米在那搬卸标有彩色代号的箱子。
晚饭后，他们一道交谈，玩游戏，直到深夜。
他们甚至用口哨吹相同的曲调。
所以，父亲1991年因心脏病去世时，吉米几乎崩溃了，尽管他尽量不表现出来。
他就是不能相信父亲去世这一事实。
通常，他是一个令人愉快的人，现在却一言不发，无论说多少话都不能透过他木然的脸部表情了解他的心事。
我雇了一个人和他住在一起，开车送他去上班。
然而，不管我怎么努力地维持原状，吉米还是认为他熟悉的世界已经消失了。
有一天，我问他：“你是不是想念爸爸？”他的嘴唇颤抖了几下，然后问我：“你怎么看，玛格丽特？他是我最好的朋友。
”接着，我俩都流下了眼泪。
六个月后，母亲因肺癌去世，剩下我一人来照顾吉米。
吉米不能马上适应去上班时没有父亲陪着，因此搬来纽约和我一起住了一段时间。
我走到哪里他就跟到哪里，他好像适应得很好。
但吉米依然想住在我父母的房子里，继续干他原来的工作。
我答应把他送回去。
此事最后做成了。
如今，他在那里生活了11年，在许多人的照料下，同时依靠自己生活得有声有色。
他已成了邻里间不可或缺的人物。
如果你有邮件要收，或有狗要遛，他就是你所要的人。
当然，母亲的话没错：可以有一个家，既能容纳他的缺陷又能装下我的雄心。
事实上，关照像吉米这样一个深爱又感激我的人，更加丰富了我的生活，其他任何东西都不能与之相比。
这一点，在9·11灾难后几天更显真切。
新译林版选修三Unit2 课文翻译
新译林版选修三Unit2 课文翻译1.ReadingLife on a space station 空间站上的生活Living in space is every would-be astronaut' s dream. My six-month stay on a space station has come to an end, and it has been a challenging but magical adventure. I bet you' d love to know what daily life is like up in space and how it differs from that on the Earth-the low gravity definitely makes ordinary things strange!在太空生活是每个想成为宇航员的人的梦想。
我在空间站待了六个月已经走到了尽头，这是一次充满挑战但又充满魔力的冒险。
我敢打赌，你一定很想知道太空中的日常生活是什么样子的，以及它与地球上的生活有何不同——低重力绝对会让平凡的事情变得奇怪!The strangeness of living in space is apparent from the moment we sleep. Due to the near absence of gravity in space, we have to attach ourselves so that we don' t float around. We usually sleep in private quarters, which are more like large cupboards, or in sleeping bags attached to the walls or the ceiling. It' s strange that we try to sleep with no pressure against our back, but the unusual beds don' t bother us any more. After about eight hours of sleep, we start our day of work.从我们睡觉的那一刻起，生活在太空中的陌生感就显而易见了。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Lack of vocabulary Grammar Comprehend 3 points
When astronauts float weightless in space, their muscles don't need to work as hard as on Earth. Muscles therefore atrophy during a long mission, which can cause trouble when space travelers return home. But what happens to that most vital of muscles, the heart?
Space-life can cause astronauts’ muscles problems.question.to explain.
To find out, 12 astronauts learn ed how to do ultrasound scans of their hearts. Then they recorded the organ's shape before, during and after a stint on the International Space Station. The scans showed that while in microgravity the astronauts' hearts deformed into more spherical shapes. Back on Earth, they stretched back into their usual elongated forms. The work was presented at the annual scientific session of the American College of Cardiology. [Chris May et al, Affect of Microgravity on Cardiac Shape: Comparison of Pre- and In-Flight Data to Mathematical Modeling.
The shape-change of the astronauts’ heart.answer.explain.
Knowing how weightlessness changes the heart could help mission planners prevent long-term damage to astronauts’ cardiovascular systems due to long space voyages. Astronauts on the space station already perform specific exercises to keep their weight-bearing muscles toned. Similarly well-designed workouts might keep hearts both in shape—and in the right shape.
Work out can keep astronauts’ heart healthy.
当宇航员们失重的飘浮在宇宙中时，他们的肌肉组织就不需要像是在地球上的时候那样有力的运转了。
所以在长期飞行的任务中，肌肉会因此变得有些萎缩，这直接导致宇航员们回到地球后身体出现许多状况。
那么对于身体中最重要的一种肌肉，心脏会怎样呢?
为了找到答案，12名宇航员学会了如何用超声波扫描他们的心脏。
然后他们在国际空间站工作之前，之中，和之后，对自己的心脏的情况进行了监测记录。
扫描的结果显示当他们的心脏出于微重力环境时，宇航员的心脏弯曲变得更加偏向球形。
回到地球后，他们又伸展回原来的那种细长型。
该研究工作已在美国心脏病学院的年度科学会议上被提出。
了解心脏是如何在失重条件下改变，可以帮助任务决策者们避免宇航员的心血管系统在一些长时间的空间旅行中受到长期的损害。
空间站上的宇航员们已经有特殊训练要保持他们重力条件刺激下的肌肉更强壮。
同类型的较好的运动也许有助于保持我们的心脏的新形状——而且是正确的形状哦。