Abdominal MRI
核磁共振成像的英文缩写
核磁共振成像的英文缩写Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)。
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that produces detailed images of the internal structures of the body using a combination of large magnets, radiofrequency waves, and a computer to process the information. It is widely used in medical diagnostics to assess a wide range of conditions and diseases affecting various organs and tissues.The principle of MRI is based on the interaction of nuclear spins with magnetic fields. Nuclear spins refer to the spin of the protons within atoms, which have a magnetic moment. When placed within a strong static magnetic field, these protons align either parallel or antiparallel to the field, resulting in a net magnetization. This magnetization can be perturbed by applying radiofrequency (RF) waves, which cause the protons to flip their alignment and produce a signal that can be detected and processed.The MRI scanner consists of a large magnet, typically either superconducting or permanent, that generates astrong static magnetic field. The patient lies on a movable table that is inserted into the scanner's bore. The scanner also includes RF coils that transmit and receive RF signals, gradient coils that produce varying magnetic fields to spatially encode the MR signal, and a computer system for controlling the scanner and processing the acquired data.During an MRI scan, the patient lies still within the scanner while the RF coils transmit RF waves at a specific frequency, causing the protons within the body to resonate. As the protons return to their original alignment, theyemit a signal that is detected by the RF coils. Thegradient coils are used to encode this signal spatially, allowing the computer system to reconstruct a 2D or 3Dimage of the scanned area.MRI has several advantages over other imaging modalities. It is non-invasive, meaning it does not involve the insertion of probes or dyes into the body. It provideshigh-resolution images with excellent contrast between soft tissues, making it particularly useful for imaging the brain, muscles, joints, and other soft tissue structures. Additionally, MRI can be used to assess both anatomic and functional information, such as blood flow and metabolite concentrations.MRI is used in a wide range of clinical applications, including but not limited to:1. Brain imaging: MRI is widely used to assess brain structure and function, including the detection of tumors, strokes, aneurysms, and other neurologic conditions. Functional MRI (fMRI) can be used to map brain activity and study cognitive processes.2. Musculoskeletal imaging: MRI is excellent for evaluating joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other musculoskeletal structures. It can detect tears, inflammation, and other pathologies that may not be visible on other imaging modalities.3. Abdominal imaging: MRI can be used to assess organs within the abdomen, such as the liver, spleen, kidneys, and pancreas. It can detect tumors, cysts, and other abnormalities.4. Vascular imaging: MRI can be used to image blood vessels, assessing for aneurysms, stenoses, and other vascular conditions.5. Oncology: MRI is frequently used in the diagnosis and staging of various cancers, including breast, prostate, liver, and brain cancers.However, MRI also has some limitations. It is not suitable for patients with certain implanted devices, such as pacemakers or defibrillators, as the magnetic field can interfere with their function. Additionally, MRI scanning can take longer than other imaging modalities and may not be well-suited for patients who have difficulty remaining motionless for extended periods.In conclusion, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is apowerful non-invasive medical imaging technique that provides detailed images of the internal structures of the body. It has a wide range of clinical applications and is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and management of various medical conditions.。
腹部侵袭性纤维瘤病的CT与MRI诊断
Clinical Journal of Chinese Medicine 2018 V ol.(10) No.12 -102- 中华医学·肿瘤诊断中的临床意义[D].福州:福建医科大学,2014.作者简介：黄远生（1981－），广东梅州人，主治医师，本科，主要从事普通外科方面的研究。
陆峻逵（1964－），通讯作者，男，甘肃白银人，主任医师，本科，主要从事普通外科方面的研究。
编辑：段苏婷编号：EB-18022703F（修回：2018-04-21）腹部侵袭性纤维瘤病的CT与MRI诊断The diagnosis of aggressive fibromatosis by CT and MRI汤培荣（惠东县人民医院，广东惠州，516300）中图分类号：R73文献标识码：A文章编号：1674-7860（2018）12-0102-证型：ID【摘要】目的：总结腹部侵袭性纤维瘤病的影像学特征，并对比CT和MRI对病变征象的检出率，提高对其影像学征象的认识水平，提高诊断准确率。
方法：收集我医院在2011年8月－2017年8月行腹部CT及MR检查且经病理证实为腹部侵袭性纤维瘤病的患者52例，采用飞利浦 64排螺旋CT机行腹部CT动脉期、静脉期及延迟增强扫描，扫描范围为膈顶至盆底。
对其进行系统性影像学分析。
结果：52例病例中病灶位于腹壁39例，腹腔8例，腹膜后9例，腹壁病例中5例位于左上腹壁，6例右上腹壁，11例左下腹壁，14例右下腹壁，脐周3例。
腹部侵袭性纤维瘤病大部分（69.2%）直径大于5cm，大部分（57.7%）形态不规则，绝大多数单发（90.4%）。
腹部侵袭性纤维瘤病CT表现为绝大多数为等或低密度肿块（93.1%），大部分（76.9%）呈浸润性生长，边界不清楚，可见“尖角”及“晕日”征，增强扫描病灶大部分为均匀中度-显著渐进性强化。
腹部侵袭性纤维瘤病MRI表现为肿块大部分信号均匀（93.1%），T1WI呈等或低信号，T2WI呈等或高信号，DWI呈高信号，大部分（76.9%）呈浸润性生长，边界大部分模糊，可见“尖角”及“晕日”征，增强大部分呈均匀明显强化，强化过程与CT一致，绝大部分呈渐进性强化。
基于PIRADSv2应用DTIFA参数诊断外周带前列腺癌
Peripheral Prostate Cancer Diagnosed by DTI Based on PI-RADS v2
CHEN Zhi-qiang*1, JI Guang-hai2, ZHENG Yi2, Zhao Ying-ying2, LI Peng1, CAI Lei1
[Abstract ] Purpose: To explore the diagnostic values of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) based on prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2 (PI-RADS v2) in peripheral prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: Thirty cases of prostatic peripheral zone cancer (malignant group) and 48 cases of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and/or chronic prostatitis (CP) (benignant group) were enrolied. They were undergone conventional MRI, diffusion-weighted Imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and were all proven with biopsy results. The images of DTI and FA were evaluated by the criteria reference to that of DWI in PI-RADS v2. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the diagnostic efficiency with T2WI, DWI, DTI, DCE-MRI and DWI+DCE-MRI, DTI+DCE-MRI based on PI-RADS v2. Results: The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were drawn, and then the areas under the curve (AUC) were obtained. The AUC of T2WI, DWI, DTI, DCE-MRI and DW1+DCE-MRI, DTI+DCE-MRI were 0.849, 0.867, 0.845, 0.758 ,0.884, 0.851; 95%CI were 0.7500.920, 0.771-0.933, 0.745-0.917, 0.648-0.848, 0.792-0.946, 0.752-0.922, respectively. Conclusion: Both DWI and
普外科英文词汇总结版
普外科常用英语单词（一）1.Appendicitis 阑尾炎 /pendi`saitis/2.intestinal obstruction 肠梗阻/in`testinl/ /b`strΛk∫n/3.gastric cancer 胃癌/`gæstrik/ /`kæns (r)/4.liver cancer 肝癌/liv (r)/ /`kæns (r)/5.cholelithiasis 胆石病/,klili`θaisis/6.cholecystolithiasis 胆囊结石病7.choledocholith 胆总管结石8.pancreatitis 胰腺炎/,pæηkri`taitis/9.carcinoma of stomach 胃癌/ka:si`num/ /`stΛmk/10、carcinoma of colon 结肠癌/ka:si`num/ /`kuln/11、carcinoma of rectum 直肠癌/ka:si`num/ /`rektm/12、peptic ulcer 消化性溃疡/`peptik/ /`Λls/13、appendiceal abcess 阑尾脓肿14、thyroid tumor 甲状腺肿瘤/`θairid/ /`tju:m/15、nodular goiter 结节性甲状腺肿 /`nduil/16、hyperthyroidism 甲状腺功能亢进 /haip`θairidzm/17、injury of abdomen 腹部损伤/`indri/ /`æbdmn/18、injury of skin and soft tissue皮肤软组织损伤/`indri//skin/ /sft/ /`ti∫u:/19、liver injury 肝损伤/`liv (r)/ /`indri/20、rupture of spleen 脾破裂/`rΛpt∫/ /spli:n/21、rupture of the bowel 肠破裂/`rΛpt∫/ /`bul/22、portal hypertension 门脉高压症/`p:tl/ /,haip`ten∫n/23、gastrointestinal tract bleeding胃肠道出血/,gæstruin`testinl/ /trækt/ /`bli:di/24、suppurative peritonitis 化脓性腹膜炎 /sΛpjurtiv/ /`perit`naitis/25、gastric perforation 胃穿孔/`gæstrik/ /p:f`rei∫()n/26、cholecystitis 胆囊炎/,klisis`taitis/27、obstructive jaundice 阻塞性黄疸/b`strΛktiv/ /`d:ndis/28、breast mass 乳房肿块/brest/ /ma:s/29、breast cancer 乳癌/brest/ /`kæns (r)/30、mammary cancer 乳癌/`mæmri/ /`kæns (r)/普外科常用英语单词（二）1.polyp of rectum 直肠胆囊息肉/`plip/ /`rektm/2.adhesive ileus(mechanical)粘连性(机械性)肠梗阻/d`hi:siv//ilis//mi`kænik()l/3.closed injury of abdomen腹部闭和性损伤/kluzd/ /`indri/ /`æbdmn/4.contusion 挫伤/kn`tju: n/ceration 裂伤/,læs`rei∫n/6.abdominal visceral injury腹腔脏器损伤/`æb`dminl/ /`indri/7.gastric ulcer 胃溃疡/`gæstrik/ /`Λls (r)/8.duodenal bulbar ulcer十二指肠球部溃疡/,dju: u`di:nl/ /bΛlb (r)//`Λls (r)/9.metastatic carcinoma 转移性癌10.ascariasis of biliary tract胆道蛔虫症/,æsk`raisis//`biljri//trækt/11.hapatic cyst 肝囊肿/sist/12.hapatolithiasis 肝胆管结石13.liver abscess 肝脓肿/`liv (r)//`æbsis/14.traumatic shock 创伤性休克 /tr:`mætik//∫k/15.hemorrhagic shock 出血性休克 /∫k/16.septic shock 感染性休克/septik/ /∫k/17.choledochocele 胆总管囊肿18.hyperplasia of mammary glands乳腺增生/,haip`pleizj/ /`mæmri//`glændz/ 19.septicemia 败血症/septi`si:mi/20.sarcoma 肉瘤/sa:`kum/21.primary carcinoma of liver原发性肝癌/`praimri/ /ka:si`num/ /`liv (r)/22.adenocarcinoma of bile duct胆管腺癌/`ædnu, ka:si`num //bail//dΛkt/23.cholangitis 胆管炎/,kln` daitis/24.acute diffuse peritonitis急性弥漫性腹膜炎/`kju:t/ /di:fju:s//perit`naitis/25.abscess of peritoneum 腹腔脓肿/`æbsis/ /peritu`ni: m/26.pyloric obstruction 幽门梗阻/pai`l:rik//b`strΛk∫n/27.infection of incisional wound切口感染/in`fek∫()n /28.fat liquefaction 脂肪液化/fæt/ /,likwi`fæk∫n /29.chronic cholecystitis 慢性胆囊炎/`krnik/ /,klisis`taitis/30.gallstone 胆石/`g:lstun/普外科英语常用单词（三）1.stoma ulcer 吻合口溃疡/stum//Λls(r)/2. intussusception 肠套叠/,intss`sep∫n /2.reduction of intussusception 肠套叠复位术 /ri`dΛk∫()n/ /,intss`sep∫n /4. post gastrectomy 胃切除术后/pust/ /gæs`trektmi/5. anastomotic leakage 吻合口漏6. duodenal fistula 十二指肠残端瘘/,dju: u`di:nl/ /fistjul/7. stess ulcer 应激性溃疡/Λls(r)/8. hemangioma 血管瘤/hi,mændi`um/9. laceration of scalp 头皮裂伤/,læs`rei∫n / /skælp/10 .incarcerated hernia 嵌顿性疝/,in`ka:sreitid/ /`hз:ni/11. urinary tract infection 泌尿道感染 /jurinri/ /trækt/ /in`fek∫()n /12. gangrenous appendicitis 坏疽性阑尾炎 /`gæηgrins / /pendi`saitis/13. appendix mass 阑尾包块/`pendiks/ /ma:s/14. cirrhosis 肝硬化/si`rusis/15. diabetes 糖尿病/dai`bi:ti:z/16. epigastrium 上腹部/,epi`gæstrim/17. epigastralgia 上腹部痛18. inferior belly 下腹/in`firi(r)/ /`beli/19. hypogastralgia 下腹痛20. ascending colon 升结肠/`sendiη/ /`kuln/21. descending colon 降结肠/di` sendiη/ /`kuln/22. sigmoid colon 乙状结肠/`sigmid/ /`kuln/23. emergency operation 急诊手术 /i`mз: dnsi/ /p`rein/24. selective operation 择期手术/si`lektiv/ /p`rein/25.chemotherapy 化疗/ki:mu`θerpi/26.non operative treatment 非手术疗法 /nΛη/ /prtiv/ /`tri:tmnt/27.palliative treatment 姑息疗法/`pælitiv/ /`tri:tmnt/28.palliative operation 姑息性手术/`pælitiv/ /p`rei∫()n/29.conservative treatment 保守疗法 /kn`sз:vtiv/ /`tri:tmnt/30.cholangiography 胆管造影术/k,læn dI`grfi/31.cholangiectasis 胆管扩张32.stenosis of biliary tract 胆道狭窄 /`biljri/ /trækt/33.cholecystostomy 胆囊造瘘术普外科常用英语单词（四）1.appendetomy 阑尾切除术2.gastrectomy 胃切除术/gæs`trektmi/3.enterectomy 肠切除术/,ent`rektmi/4.cholecystetomy 胆囊切除术5.resection of small intestine小肠切除术/ri`sek∫n/ /in`testin/6.colectomy /k`lektmi/ 结肠切除术7.left（right）hemicolectomy左（右）半结肠切除术8.sigmoidectomy 乙状结肠切除术/,sigmi`dektmi/9.hepatectomy 肝切除术/,hep`tektmi/10.left（right）hemihepatectomy左（右）半肝切除术11.lobectomy of liver 肝叶切除术/lu`bektmi/ /`liv()r/12.thyroidectomy 甲状腺切除术/,θairi`dektmi/13.partial（subtotal/total）thyroidectomy 部分（次全/全）甲状腺切除术/`pa:∫()l/ (/sΛb,tutl/ /`tut()/)/,θairi`dektmi/14.mastectomy 乳房（腺）切除术/mæ`stektmi /15.simple mastectomy单纯乳房（腺）切除术/`simp()l//mæ`stektmi /16.radical operation of mastocarcinoma乳癌根治术/`rædik()l//p`rei∫()n//mæstu,ka:si`num/17.modified radical operation 改良根治术/`m difai/ /`rædik()l/ / p`rei∫()n/18.splenectomy 脾切除术/spli`nektmi/19.pancreatoduodenectomy 胰十二指肠切除术paroscopic cholecystetomy腹腔镜胆囊切除术21.intestinal anastomosis 肠吻合术/in`testinl/ /,ænst`musis/22.gastrojejunostomy 胃肠吻合术/gæstrudidu:`nstmi/23.enterotomy 肠切开术/,ent`rtmi/24.exploratory laparotomy 剖腹探查术/eks`pl:rt()ri/ /,læp`rtmi/25.exploratory of biliary tract 胆道探查术/eks`pl:rt()ri/ /`biljri/ /trækt/26.repair of hernia 疝修补术/`hз:ni/27.hernial reposition 疝复位术/`hз:nil/ /ri:p`zi∫()n/28.exclusion of ulcer 溃疡旷置术/ik`sklu:()n/ /`Λls(r)/29.porta-azygous devascularization门-奇静脉阻断术/pit-æzigs/30.spleen-renal venous anastomosis脾-肾静脉吻合术/spli:n-`ri:n()l//`vi:ns//,ænst`musis /31.abdominal paracentesis 腹腔穿刺术/æb`dminl/ /,pærsen`ti:sis/32.incision and drainage of abscess脓肿切开引流术/in`si()n/ /`dreinid/ /`æbsis/33.cholelithotomy 胆石切除术普外科英语常用单词（五）1.subcutaneous injection 皮下注射/sΛbkju:`teinis//in`dek∫()n/2.intramuscular injection 肌肉注射/intr`mΛskjul()r//in`dek∫()n/3.venous injection 静脉注射/`vi:ns//in`dek∫()n/4.venous transfusion 静脉输液/`vi:ns/ /træns`fju:z()n/5.blood transfusion 输血/blΛd/ /træns`fju:z()n/6.sterilization 消毒7.sterilized cotton ball 消毒棉球/sterilaiz/ /`kt()n//b:l/8.cotton stick 棉花签/`kt()n//stik/9.gauze /g:z/ 纱布10.gauze bandage 纱布绷带/g:z//`bændid/11.adhesive plaster 胶布/d`hi:siv//`pla:st(r)/12.dressing change 换药/dresiη/ /t∫eind/13.immobilization with adhesive plaster胶布固定/d`hi:siv//`pla:st(r)/14.alcohol 酒精 /`ælkhl/15.iodine tincture 碘酊（酒）/`aidi:n//`tiηkt∫(r)/16.physical cooling 物理降温/`fizik()l/17.preoperative care 术前护理/pri:`prtiv/ /ke(r)/18.preoperative preparation 术前准备/pri:`prtiv//prep`rei∫()n/19.postoperative care 术后护理/pust:`prtiv//ke(r)/20.nursing care 护理/n:siη//ke(r)/21.enema /`enim/ 灌肠22.retention（cleaning）enema 保留（清洁）灌肠 /ri`ten∫()n/ /`enim/23.oxygen inhalation 吸氧/`ksid()n//,inh`lei∫n/24.gastric tube 胃管/`gæstrik/ /tju:b/25.gastric juice 胃液/`gæstrik/ /du:s/26.gastrointestinal decompression 胃肠减压/,gæstruin`testinl//di:km`pre∫()n/27.intake and output volume 出入量/`inteik/ /`autput//`vlju:m/28.amount of bleeding 出血量/`maunt/ /`bli:diη/29.amount of urine 尿量/`maunt/ /`jurin/30.hemospasia 抽血普外科常用英语单词（六）200303271.scalp injury 头皮损伤ceration of scalp 头皮裂伤3.facial injury 面部损伤4.cervical mass 颈部肿块5.thoracic injury 胸部损伤6.carcinoma of cecum 盲肠癌7.carcinoma of transverse colon 横结肠癌8.leiomyoma 平滑肌瘤9.leiomyosarcoma 平滑肌肉瘤10.fibroma 纤维瘤11.fibrosarcoma 纤维肉瘤12.lipoma 脂肪瘤13.liposarcoma 脂肪肉瘤14.mastadenitis 乳腺炎15.mastadenoma 乳腺瘤16.mastocarcinoma 乳癌17.accessory breats 副乳腺18.adenoma/adenocarcinoma 腺瘤/腺癌19.thyroglossal cyst 甲状舌管囊肿20.phlegmon 蜂窝织炎21.phlegmonous abscess 蜂窝织炎性脓肿22.abdominal pain 腹痛23.foreign body in gastrointestinal tract 胃肠道异物24.hemorrhage of upper digestive tract 上消化道出血25.intraperitoneal hemorrhage 腹腔内出血26.retroperitoneal tumor/hematoma 腹膜后肿瘤/血肿27.massive hepatocarcinoma 巨块型肝癌28.exploratory laparotomy 剖腹探查术29.exploratory of biliary tract 胆道探查术30.costatectomy 肋骨切除术31.choledocholithotomy 胆总管切开取石术32.choledochostomy with T tube drainage 胆总管造口并T管引流术33.paparoscopic cholecystectomy 腹腔镜胆囊切除术34.intraperitoneal drainage 腹腔内引流术35.abdominal paracentesis 腹腔穿刺术36.resection of transvers colon 横结肠切除术37.transvers colostomy 横结肠造瘘术38.sigmoidectomy 乙状结肠切除术39.sigmoidostomy 乙状结肠造瘘术40.excision and drainage of abscess 脓肿切开引流术。
核磁共振成像MRI的一些小知识（AlittleknowledgeofMRIinMRI）
核磁共振成像MRI的一些小知识（A little knowledge of MRI in MRI）1. What is MRI?MRI is an abbreviation of the English Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI. It is a new method of high-tech imaging examination in recent years, which was applied to the clinical medical imaging diagnosis of new technology in the early 1980s. It has no ionizing radiation (radiation) damage; Non-skeletal pseudo shadow; Multi-parameter imaging with multiple directions (transverse, coronal, sagittal plane, etc.); Height of soft tissue resolution; There is no need to use contrast agents to show the unique advantages of vascular structure. Therefore, it is regarded as another important development in the field of medical imaging.What is T1 and T2?T1 and 12 is organized in a certain time interval after a series of pulses to accept physical change in the characteristics of different groups have different T1 and T2, it depends on the rf pulse of the hydrogen protons on magnetic field in the organization of the reaction. By setting the MRI imaging parameters (TR and TE), TR is repeated time namely rf pulse interval, TE is applying rf pulse echo time namely from to accept to ask the time signal, TR and TE units are milliseconds (ms), can make organization Tl or T2 characteristics respectively from the images (T1 - or T2 - weighted images; t2-weighted through imaging parameters setting can also make both Tl and T2 characteristic image, called proton density weighted.3. What is the signal strength change characteristic of hematoma?The signal strength of hematoma varies with time as a result of the change in the nature of hemoglobin (e.g., oxyhemoglobin transformation into deoxyhemoglobin and orthopaemia). These characteristics help to determine the period of hemorrhage, acute hemorrhage (oxygen or deoxyhemoglobin) T1 weighted image is low signal or other signal, and subacute hematoma is high signal; Chronic hematoma is a low signal in all sequences due to the deposition of hemosiderin.4. What are the clinical applications of MRI?Mri images are very similar to CT images, both of which are "digital images" and show the anatomical and pathological cross-sectional images of different structures with different grayscale. Like CT, magnetic resonance imaging can also be applied to various systemic diseases, such as tumors, inflammation, trauma, degenerative diseases, and various congenital diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) without bony artifact, can make more direct direction (transection, coronal, sagittal, or any Angle) layer, the brain, spinal cord and spinal anatomical and pathological changes of display, especially superior to CT, magnetic resonance imaging by its "empty effect", but without vascular contrast, showed that the vascular structures, therefore, in the "no damage" to show blood vessel (except for tiny blood vessels), as well as to the tumor, lymph node and differentiate between vascular structures, are unique. Magnetic resonance imaging (mri) has a soft tissue resolution capability that is higher than thatof CT, and it can sensitively detect changes in water content in the composition of tissues, so it can be more effective and early detection of lesions than CT. In recent years, the research of magnetic resonance blood imaging technology has made it possible to measure blood flow and blood flow rate in living organisms. Heart switch control the use of magnetic resonance imaging can clearly, fully display the heart, myocardial, pericardium, and other fine structure of the heart, for nondestructive inspection and diagnosis of acquired and congenital heart diseases, including coronary heart disease, etc.), and heart function examination, provides a reliable way. With a variety of rapid scanning sampling sequence and 3 d scanning technology research and successfully applied to clinical, magnetic resonance angiography and new technology has entered clinical film photography, and perfected. Recently, to realize the combination of the magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) and local spectroscopy (i.e., the combination of MRI and MRS), as well as other nuclei, such as fluorine except hydrogen proton magnetic resonance imaging (fmri), sodium, phosphorous, etc, these achievements will be able to more effectively improve the magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of specificity, also broadened its clinical use. Main disadvantages of magnetic resonance imaging technique is needed for it to scan for a long time, so for some checkill-matched patients often difficult, organ in the sport, such as gastrointestinal tract due to lack of proper contrast agent, often show is not clear;For the lungs, the imaging effects are not satisfactory due to the low concentration of hydrogen protons in the breathing exercise and the alveolar. Mri imaging of calcification andbone lesions is not as accurate and sensitive as CT. The spatial resolution room of magnetic resonance imaging is still to be improved.1, the brain and spinal cord MRI of brain lesions, encephalitis, brain white matter lesions, cerebral infarction, cerebral CT is more sensitive than the diagnosis of congenital anomaly, etc, can be found early pathological changes, and more accurate positioning. The lesions on the base of the skull and the brain stem were more clearly visible without the artifact. MRI does not show cerebral blood vessels by contrast agent, and it is found that there are aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. MRI can also directly display cranial nerves, which can be found in the early lesions that occur in these nerves. MRI can directly show the full appearance of the spinal cord, and therefore has important diagnostic value for spinal tumor or internal tumor of the spinal cord, leukodystrophy, spinal cord injury, spinal cord injury, etc. For disc lesions, MRI can show its denaturation, prominence, expansion or removal. It shows that the spinal canal stenosis is also better. For cervical and thoracic vertebra, CT often showed dissatisfaction, while MRI showed clearly. In addition, MRI is also very sensitive to the presentation of vertebral metastatic tumors.2. The neoplastic lesions of the head and neck MRI in the eye and ear nose and throat were shown to be good, such as the invasion of the skull base and cranial nerve by nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and the MRI showed more clearly and more accurately than the CT. MRI can also do angiography on the neck, showing abnormal blood vessels. In the neck mass, MRI can also show its range and features to help characterize it.3. Chest MRI can directly show myocardial and left ventricular cavity (heart gate control) to understand the condition of myocardial damage and determine cardiac function. The condition of the large blood vessels in the mediastinum can be clearly shown. The positioning of mediastinal tumor is also very helpful. The condition of pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism and lung tumor can also be shown. Can distinguish the property of pleural effusion, distinguish the blood vessel section or the lymph node.4. The diagnosis of abdominal MRI on the liver, kidney, pancreas, spleen, adrenal and other substantive organ diseases can provide valuable information and help to confirm the diagnosis. Small lesions are also more likely to be shown, so early lesions can be found. MR pancreatic cholangiography (MRCP) can show biliary and pancreatic duct, which can be replaced by ERCP. MR urography (MRU) can show dilated ureteral and renal pelvis, especially for patients with renal dysfunction and IVU.5. Pelvic MRI can show the pathological changes of uterus, ovary, bladder, prostate and seminal vesicle. The endometrium and muscle layer can be seen directly, which can be helpful for early diagnosis of uterine tumor. The diagnosis of ovarian, bladder, prostate and other lesions is also very valuable.6. Posterior peritoneal MRI has great value for the tumor of the retroperitoneal membrane and the relationship with the surrounding organs. The abdominal aorta or other large vascular lesions can also be shown, such as abdominal aortic aneurysm, bu-cha syndrome, renal artery stenosis, etc.7. MRI of musculoskeletal system injury to cartilage disk, tendon and ligament in the joint, showing a higher rate than CT. Due to the sensitivity of bone marrow changes, bone metastasis, osteomyelitis, aseptic necrosis and leukemic bone marrow infiltration were detected early. The soft tissue block of bone tumor was shown clearly. There is also some diagnostic value for soft tissue injury.5. What are the advantages of MRI over CT?1. No ionizing radiation;2. Multi-azimuth imaging(cross-section, coronal plane, sagittal plane and inclined plane); The details of the anatomical structure are better; 4. More sensitive to subtle pathological changes of organizational structure (such as infiltration of bone marrow and cerebral edema); The type of the tissue (such as fat, blood and water) is determined by signal strength. 6. Organization comparison is better than CT.6. What are the types and indications of MRI contrast agent?1. Paramagnetic positive contrast agent. Commonly used Gd - DTPA (ma genevin), Mn - DPDP, etc. Its function mainly causes T1 to be shortened, and the T1 weighted image is high signal.2. Super paramagnetic substance. The most commonly used are super - paramagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO), AMI - 25 and Resovist. Its function mainly causes T2 to be shortened,The T2 weighted image is the low signal. (2) indications: 1. Differential diagnosis of certain tumors. 2. Determine whetherthe blood-brain barrier is damaged. 3. Improve the detection rate of pathological changes.7. How to distinguish T1 weighted image from T2 weighted image?The TE and TR values of the image can be distinguished, the short can be 20ms, the length can be 80ms, the TR can be 600ms, and the length can be 3000 + ms. Short TE short TR for T1 weighted image, and TE. TR - length T2 - weighted image, short TE long TR - weighted image of proton density. Understanding the signal characteristics of water and fat helps to distinguish between a T1 weighted image and a T2 weighted image, especially if the image does not show characteristic TE and TR values. Look at liquid structures such as ventricles, arms or cerebrospinal fluid. If the liquid is bright, it is likely to be a t2-weighted image. If the liquid is dark, it may be a T1 weighted image. If the liquid is bright, and other structures are not like the t2-weighted image, and both TR and TE are short, it may be a gradient echo image.8. What are the common imaging sequences and methods used for magnetic resonance imaging?Magnetic resonance imaging is obtained by using specific imaging sequence scanning. At present, the most commonly used in clinic is the spin - echo sequence (SE sequence). Repeatedly time by changing the sequence of the TR (radio frequency) and TE (echo time) two parameters, respectively for proton density beta, T1 and T2 weighted images, three different imaging parameters of weighted images, each representing the three different kinds of magnetic resonance characteristic of theorganization, so as to distinguish the normal tissues and identify lesions. In addition, there is a reverse response sequence (IR sequence), which is obtained in this sequence, which can be heavily embodied in the T1 feature of the organization (heavy T1 weighting). The saturation response sequence (SR sequence) is the proton density plus only sequence; Partial saturation sequence (PS sequence) is a T1 - weighted sequence. None of these sequences are more popular than the SE sequence, and the applications are not widely available. The rapid imaging sequence effectively promotes the clinical application of magnetic resonance imaging. The RARE sequence introduced from west Germany, for example, is a severelyt2-weighted imaging sequence that has high sensitivity to the display of lesions. FLASH, FISH is also fast imaging sequences and their scanning imaging time in milliseconds (conventional scanning imaging time sequence, usually in seconds), therefore, to a great extent, overcome the magnetic resonance imaging (mri) scan time long Achilles' heel, for dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) film photography, create the necessary conditions. For patients with magnetic resonance imaging, to avoid a paramagnetic material such as iron, such as watches, metal necklace, false teeth, metal buttons, metal ring into the examination room, because these items with a paramagnetic material, can affect the uniformity of the magnetic field, produce large no signal in the image artifacts, unfavorable to lesions of the display. Patients with pacemakers are not allowed to perform magnetic resonance imaging. The body has reserved metal shrapnel, postoperative with silver clip residues (silver clip composition may contain a small amount of paramagnetic substance), gold property in patients with fixed plate, suchas pseudarthrosis, magnetic resonance imaging to be treated cautiously, check to closely observe when necessary, the patient if there are any local discomfort, should immediately stop check, prevent the shrapnel, silver clip mobile in the high magnetic field, so that damage to nearby large blood vessels and important organization. During the mri scan, the patient must maintain a balanced breathing, reduce swallowing, and avoid autonomous or involuntary body and limb movements. For children or delirious patients who are unable to cooperate with the examination, some sedatives may be used as appropriate. During magnetic resonance imaging, still need to correctly choose layer cutting direction and different weighted imaging parameters of pulse sequence, so that as far as possible in a short time, the disease location and qualitative diagnosis of conventional for in addition to the examination of spinal column and spinal cord, most first as fast T2 weightedcross-sectional imaging, so that preliminary judge lesions and the length of the T2 values. Then, a t1-weighted coronary or sagittal plane image was further developed to determine the anatomical relationship between the lesion and its adjacent structure, and the length of T1 value of the lesion.If the above examination has not solved the problem, it can also be used as a long TR SE multiecho sequence as appropriate. The first echo of this sequence is a weighted image of proton density, and the anatomical resolution of soft tissue is higher. The fourth echo image is a T2 weighted image, which is beneficial to the comparison of tissues. The longer scan time of the multi-echo imaging sequence is its deficiency. Spine and spinal cord has walked up and down the anatomical features, appropriate to check for T2 weighted fast and SE sequencet1-weighted sagittal section imaging scans, finally can depend on is shown in suspicious lesion site, further for T2 and/or SE sequence T1 weighted imaging scans cross sectional tangent plane, to determine the characteristics of lesions and their relationship with the spinal cord, etc. An mri examination of the upper abdomen (liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal, etc.) is suitable for an empty stomach, and the water that is drunk before the examination can make the boundary of the stomach and the left lobe of the liver and the spleen be more clearly displayed.9. What should patients prepare before an MRI exam?1. Before entering the examination room, the patient must take out all the metal objects, such as watches, keys, pens, COINS, glasses and various magnetic CARDS.2. Give moderate sedatives to infants, fidgety and melancholic patients. The abdomen examination is best empty abdomen, can serve the gastrointestinal contrast agent, also can not use. Abdominal straps may be used to reduce the pseudo shadow caused by respiratory movement.10. Which patients are not suitable for MRI scan?1. With cardiac pacemaker.2. Aneurysm after aneurysm surgery.3. Eyeball metal foreign body.4. Critically ill patients with various rescue equipment.5. Patients with various metal implants should be careful when checking.Are there any contraindications for MRI examination?The contraindication is that the patient is equipped with a magnetic susceptibility substance or device, and the loss of movement or function of these structures can cause adverse consequences. 1. Cardiac pacemaker; 2. Cochlear implant; Some artificial heart valves; 4. Skeletal growth stimulator and nerve stimulator (TENs); 5. Arterial clamp or ring; 6. Metal structure (box week); 7. Some prostheses. Prior to any MRI examination, the examination of the above contraindications is necessary for all patients. Some manufacturers have now produced non-ferromagnetic surgical clips and other devices and must consult radiologists if there is any safety problem.What is the signal strength?Signal strength according to the brightness of the signal generated by a certain organization, organization for high signal light (white), and dark organization for low signal, such as between signals, often used to judge the relationship between diseased tissue signals and its surrounding structures (such as a lump is high signal than the surrounding tissue). Note that MRI USES strength rather than density, and the concept of density is used on CT and X-ray plates。
核磁各部位扫描方法
核磁各部位扫描方法MRI scanning is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the structures inside the body. 核磁共振扫描是一种无创伤的影像技术，利用强磁场和无线电波来产生身体内部结构的详细图像。
It is commonly used to investigate various parts of the body, including the brain, spine, joints, and organs. 它常用于研究身体的各个部位，包括大脑、脊柱、关节和器官。
MRI scans are valuable tools for diagnosing and monitoring a wide range of conditions, from tumors and strokes to joint injuries and internal bleeding. MRI扫描是诊断和监测各种疾病的有价值工具，从肿瘤和中风到关节损伤和内部出血。
When it comes to MRI scanning of different body parts, there are specific protocols and techniques that need to be followed for each area. 在进行不同部位的MRI扫描时，需要遵循特定的协议和技术。
For example, when scanning the brain, special attention is paid to capturing high-resolution images of the various structures within the skull. 例如，扫描大脑时，需要特别注意捕获颅骨内各种结构的高分辨率图像。
MRI 增强T1梯度回波容积插值屏息扫描序列与TSE T1W 序列检出腹股沟淋
MRI 增强T1梯度回波容积插值屏息扫描序列与TSE T1W 序列检出腹股沟淋巴结转移的对比分析研究发表时间：2019-07-16T11:31:17.400Z 来源：《航空军医》2019年第05期作者：张帆黎继昕[导读] 比较增强MRI T1梯度回波容积插值屏息扫描序列（VIBE）与 TSE T1W 序列检出腹股沟淋巴结转移瘤的价值。
中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院放射科广东广州 510120摘要：目的比较增强MRI T1梯度回波容积插值屏息扫描序列（VIBE）与 TSE T1W 序列检出腹股沟淋巴结转移瘤的价值。
方法对31例经穿刺活检病理证实的腹股沟淋巴结转移瘤患者行MR增强检查，增强后先后使用轴位TSE T1W序列和轴位VIBE序列。
比较2个序列显示转移瘤病灶的数目，SNR，CNR和病灶边缘清晰度，运动伪影评分。
结果 TSE序列和VIBE序列扫描时间分别为3min23s和16秒。
增强后VIBE序列显示病灶的数量与TSE T1W序列差异无统计学意义（Z＝－0.816，P＝0.414）。
增强后VIBE序列的SNR（432.54±271.60），CNR （233.27±197.65）均低于TSE T1W序列的SNR（674.32±375.79），CNR（312.38±207.49），差异均有统计学意义（t＝－4.366，－2.660，P<0.001,0.012）.TSE T1W序列显示病灶边缘较VIBE序列清晰（Z＝－4.082，P<0.001），但运动伪影较VIBE序列明现（Z＝2.291.P＝0.022）。
结论增强扫描VIBE序列扫描时间段，运动伪影少，腹股沟淋巴结转移瘤的检出数目与TSE T1W序列相当，在腹股沟淋巴结转移瘤的检查中取代TSE T1W序列具有可行性。
关键词：盆腔淋巴结转移、Vibe、TSE 腹股沟淋巴结为体部恶性肿瘤转移的常见部位。
MRI是目前检测淋巴结转移的常见手段，并符合经济原则。
脂肪肝及肝硬化再生结节演变的MRI研究
ｆａｔｔｙ ｌｉｖｅｒ．Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ（１）Ｎｏｎ—ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ－ｅｎｈａｎｃｅｄ ＩＰ ａｎｄ ＯＰ Ｔ１．Ｗ ＧＲＥ
ｂｒｅａｔｈ—ｈｏｌｄ ｉｍａｇｅｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄ ｉｎ ７６ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｓｕｓｐｅｃｔｅｄ ｌｉｖｅｒ
鉴别，但无法与退变结节分别。退变结节在ＭＲ Ｔ２ＷＩ不呈高信号，而 肝细胞癌呈高信号，以此区别。此外，良性退变结节菲立磁强化Ｔ２ＷＩ
磁共畔 呈低信号。 ［关键词】：肝硬化再生结节
Ｐａｒｔ ｏｎｅ Ｆａｔｔｙ ｌｉｖｅｒ：Ｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅ ｃｈｏｉｃｅ ａｎｄ ａｐｐｅａｒａｎｃｅｓ ｏｆ ＭＲＩ
Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ
Ｍ砒。临床化验检查中，除了８例合并有肝癌的病人甲胎蛋白显著增高
异常外，其余１８例甲胎蛋白均正常。结果２６例中１２例结节灶小于ｌｃｍ， ８例结节灶在ｌ～３ｃｍ，６例结节灶大干３ｃｍ。ＭＲＩ表现：１２例小于ｌｃｍ 的结节灶在Ｔ１ＷＩ呈等信号和Ｔ２ＷＩ低信号，Ｇｄ．ＤＴＰＡ和菲立磁增强与 正常肝实质呈同步强化，在ＣＴ上呈高密度改变。结节灶ｌ～３ｃｍ的８例 中：５例结节在ＴＩＷＩ呈高信号和Ｔ２ＷＩ低信号，强化同前；另３例结 节病灶在Ｔ１Ｗ１呈低信号，在Ｔ２Ｗ１呈高信号，其强化与正常肝实质不 同步，在菲立磁增强Ｔ２ＷＩ上呈高信号；在平扫ＣＴ上均呈等密度。６例
号。而正常肝组织或肝岛在ＴＩＷＩ同相位呈等信号，在反相位或压脂序 列呈稍高信号（相对脂肪肝信号）；在Ｔ２ＷＩ呈等或低信号。Ｇｄ．ＤＴＰＡ
增强的Ｔ１Ｗ１上显示肝脏脂肪变性区与正常肝岛同步强化，并可见正常
小血管显影、穿越，无扭曲或移位征象。结论ＭＲ同相和反相位ＴＩＷＩ 对脂肪成份的诊断和显示是有价值的。两者互补，缺一不可。为避免肝 病变在ＴｌＷＩ上的误诊或漏诊，建议常规行同与反相位ＴｌＷＩ扫描。并且 脂肪肝在ＭＲＩ上具有特征性的表现，能准确地诊断。尤其对于局灶性脂
肺癌患者应做哪些检查？
肺癌患者应做哪些检查？1. 胸部X射线检查（Chest X-ray）胸部X射线是最常用的肺癌筛查方法之一。
它可以帮助医生检测是否存在肺部肿块或异常阴影。
然而，胸部X射线并不能确定肿块是良性还是恶性，因此需要进一步的检查来确定。
2. 胸部CT扫描（Chest CT Scan）胸部CT扫描是一种更详细的肺部影像学检查方法，可以提供更准确的图像。
它可以帮助医生确定肿块的大小、位置和形状，并评估肿瘤扩散的可能性。
胸部CT扫描还可以用于评估肿瘤对周围组织和淋巴结的侵犯程度。
3. 磁共振成像（MRI）磁共振成像是一种非常详细的影像学检查方法，可以提供更准确的图像，特别适用于评估肺部肿瘤的大小、形状和位置，以及评估肿瘤是否侵犯周围组织和淋巴结。
4. PET-CT扫描（Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography）PET-CT扫描结合了正电子发射断层扫描（PET）和计算机断层扫描（CT）技术，可以提供更准确的肺癌筛查和诊断信息。
PET-CT扫描可以帮助医生评估肿瘤的代谢活性，区分恶性肿瘤和良性病变，并评估肿瘤的扩散程度。
5. 细胞学检查（Cytology）通过细胞学检查，医生可以通过取样痰液或其他呼吸道分泌物，观察细胞形态学的变化来诊断肺癌。
细胞学检查通常是在其他影像学检查结果异常时进行，用于确定肿瘤是否恶性。
6. 支气管镜检查（Bronchoscopy）支气管镜检查是一种内窥镜检查技术，可以通过支气管进入肺部，直接观察肺部病变，并进行活检或刷子取样以获取更准确的诊断信息。
支气管镜检查对于排除其他肺部疾病和确诊肺癌非常重要。
7. 胸腔镜检查（Thoracoscopy）胸腔镜检查是一种手术过程，在局部麻醉下通过小切口插入胸腔内，使用胸腔镜观察肺部病变并取得活检样本。
胸腔镜检查对于评估肺部肿瘤的分期和确定治疗方案非常有价值。
8. 骨扫描（Bone Scan）骨扫描是一种用于评估肺癌扩散到骨骼的影像学检查方法。
影像学诊断-消化影像胃肠疾病：腹部结核(Abdominal Tuberculosis)
X线表现
（一）溃疡型肠结核 部位： 好发于回盲部，常累及盲、结肠，也
可发生于空、回肠。 表现： （1）激惹征（跳跃征）：常发生在
回盲瓣区域，钡剂通过迅速而不易充盈，末端 回肠可呈细线状。（2）变形：病变肠管呈轻 度不规则狭窄，结肠袋变浅甚至消失。（3） 龛影：溃疡较深时，病变段肠管呈不规则锯齿 状，常与正常段肠管相间。
肠结核。肠钡剂检查 粘膜相示肠粘膜破坏， 肠腔变形
正常升结肠 肠结核（增殖型）
小肠结核。小肠低张钡剂检查（A、B）示小 肠粘膜破坏，小肠边缘不规则，呈锯齿状
肠结核（溃疡型）
Intestinal tuberculosis
X线表现
结核性腹膜炎 （1）小肠分节舒张、胀气和动力减退。 （2）平片示大量腹水时腹部密度增高。 （3）钡餐见肠曲间距分开，或者肠管
增殖型：大量结核性肉芽组织和纤维增生，使 粘膜隆起呈大小不等的结节、肠壁增厚、肠腔 变硬狭窄。
病理
腹膜结核： 不同程度的腹腔渗液，腹膜粟粒结节
形成并增厚，肠系膜、肠管和肠系膜淋 巴结粘连成团，其间有较多的干酪样坏 死病灶。 肠系膜结核：
主要为肠系膜淋巴结肿大及干酪样变 并相互融合。
临床概况
临床表现
异常集中，异常分布排列，异常充盈， 外压性改变。
X线表现
肠系膜结核 一般很少有直接征象，淋巴结钙化为病愈
后标志
间接征象： 常表现为肠功能紊乱，肠曲不 规则舒张，分节和胀气。激惹征象及外 压性改变
诊断、鉴别诊断及比较影像学
诊断 有肺结核病史者，出现慢性腹痛、
低热、腹水，X线钡餐及钡灌肠检查发现 回盲部肠管有典型的激惹（跳跃）征， 肠管狭窄、僵硬，尤其侵犯回盲瓣区， 使回盲瓣增厚时应考虑肠结核。
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Devices preparation
Patient preparation
- TORSO coil - respiratory triggering strap - communication head-phones (noise reduction) - power injector
Fast Gradient Echo 2D GE in/out of phase (dual echo) TE in phase alone 2D GE fat saturation (FSPGR Fat Sat) 3D GE fat saturation (3D FAME) 2D GE sequential (FIRM)
Fast Spin Echo
Mห้องสมุดไป่ตู้y
echo 1 echo 2
Useful psd pannel available
16 echos for extreme lines = resolution
8 echos for middle lines = contrast
ETL 24
echo space = 9ms
Spatial resolution = time
Fundamentals needs
Contrast Resolution
- many image contrast needed - optimal contrast for each psd - T2 W
Medium contrast for parecnhyma High contrast for fluid - T1 W
Very precised coil positionning (coil boundary)
Useful psd pannel available
T2 WEIGHTED
Fast Spin Echo (FSE) with/without fat saturation (Fat Sat) respiratory triggering breath-hold (FRFSEOPT)
Physical preparation
Patient preparation
- fully undressed patient (surgery shirt) - CI warning, no watch, no jewels - not to eat anything for 6 hours
especially for cholangio (pineapple or BB juice) - injection line before scanning (except MRCP) - explanation of breath-hold time
p
p
p
p
p
p
p/2
Gphase
TE ?
Fast Spin Echo
Gphase
TE eff 90
Useful psd pannel available Mxy
echo 1 echo 2
echo 6
Gphase
TE eff 15
15 ms
90 ms
Time
Teeff is time for echo sample at low phase gradient amplitude
Fast Spin Echo
Useful psd pannel available
K space datas
Image datas
Fast Spin Echo symmetry
Useful psd pannel available
Kphase
Extreme lines
Kfrequency
Middle lines
MRI of Liver Biliary Ducts Pancreas
Fundamentals needs Patient preparation Usefull psd pannel Recommended Protocols
Fundamentals needs
3 CONDITIONS REQUIRED
Fast Spin Echo
Useful psd pannel available
Middle lines of k space
Low phase gradient amplitude
Middle lines of k space manage the image contrast
Fast Spin Echo
Useful psd pannel available
NOTE
T1 Weighted Spin Echo : too long, many artifacts, no temporal informations
T2 Weighted Spin Echo : same as below with bad SNR and low spatial resolution
Fast Spin Echo
phase
Useful psd pannel available
TR 1 TR 1 TR 1 TR 1
TR 32 freq
TR 33
Scan Time = 1 min
180° 180° 180° 180° 90°
TR 64 Gp
TR 64 TR 64
TR 64
Fast Spin Echo k space sampling (matrix 256)
Spatial resolution
Contrast Resolution
Fast Scanning
Spatial Resolution
Fundamentals needs
- small sized voxel required High matrix size, thin slices
- small lesion must be depicted - small biliary duct (Wirsung) - vascular connection - surrounding tissue connection
Fast Spin Echo
Mxy
ETL 10
echo 1 echo 2
Useful psd pannel available
Mxy
ETL 5
echo 1 echo 2
echo 10
echo 5
TE 30
Time
TE 30
Time
The higher ETL, the higher T2 weighting
symmetry
Extreme lines
Fast Spin Echo
phase
Useful psd pannel available
TR 1 TR 2 TR 3
TR 128 fréq
TR 129
Scan time = 4 min
90°
180°
Gp
TR 255 TR 256
Conventionnal SE k space sampling (matrix 256)
fat/water quantification enhancement signal - major diagnosis contribution
Contrast resolution = time
Speed Scanning
Fundamentals needs
- short time scanning - without compensation for spatial resolution - avoid respiratory motion artifacts
p/2
Echo
train
3 slices for TR
Fast Spin Echo
x
Useful psd pannel available
Fast Spin Echo
FRFSE-XL
Useful psd pannel available
RF refocusing of Z magnetization non fully relaxed (long T1)
Useful psd pannel available
Extreme lines of k space
High phase gradient amplitude
Extreme lines of k space manage the image resolution
Fast Spin Echo
Useful psd pannel available
Real time breathing control unit -> triggering on breath-out phases -> supervision of breath-hold (stable)
Head Phones
Patient preparation
Many usages -> noise reduction for patient -> audio communication between patient and
Single Shot Fast Spin Echo (SSFSE) thin slices (3-7 mm) thick slices (>10 mm) TE short < 200 ms TE long > 1000 ms
Useful psd pannel available