电动汽车充电桩设计外文文献翻译最新译文
毕业论文外文文献翻译The-design-of-the-lithium-battery-charger锂电池充电器的设计
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：锂电池充电器的设计文献、资料英文题目：The design of the lithiumbattery charger文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14The design of the lithium battery chargerIntroductionLi-Ion rechargeable batteries are finding their way into many applications due to their size, weight and energy storage advantages.These batteries are already considered the preferred battery in portable computer applications, displacing NiMH and NiCad batteries, and cellular phones are quickly becoming the second major marketplace for Li-Ion. The reason is clear. Li-Ion batteries offer many advantages to the end consumer. In portable computers,Li-Ion battery packs offer longer run times over NiCad and NiMH packs for the same form factor and size, while reducing weight. The same advantages are true for cellular phones. A phone can be made smaller and lighter using Li-Ion batteries without sacrificing run time. As Li-Ion battery costs come down, even more applications will switch to this lighter and smaller technology. Market trends show a continual growth in all rechargeable battery types as consumers continue to demand the convenience of portability. Market data for 1997 shows that approximately 200 million cells of Li-Ion will be shipped, compared to 600 million cells of NiMH. However, it is important to note that three cells of NiMH are equivalent to one Li-Ion cell when packaged into a battery pack. Thus, the actual volume is very close to the same for both. 1997 also marked the first year Li-Ion was the battery type used in the majority of portable computers, displacing NiMH for the top spot. Data for the cellular market showed a shift to Li-Ion in the majority of phones sold in 1997 in Europe and Japan.Li-Ion batteries are an exciting battery technology that must be watched. To make sense of these new batteries, this design guide explains the fundamentals, the charging requirements and the circuits to meet these requirements.Along with more and more the emergence of the handheld electric appliances, to the high performance, baby size, weight need of the light battery charger also more Come more big.The battery is technical to progress to also request continuously to refresh the calculate way more complicatedly is fast with the realization, safety of refresh.Therefore need Want to carry on the more accurate supervision towards refreshing the process, to shorten to refresh time and attain the biggest battery capacity, and prevent°from the battery Bad.The A VR has already led the one step in the competition, is prove is perfect control chip of the next generation charger. The microprocessor of Atmel A VR is current and can provide Flash, EEPROM and 10 ADCses by single slice on the market Of 8 RISC microprocessors of the tallest effect.Because the saving machine of procedure is a Flash, therefore can need not elephant MASK ROM Similar, have a few software editions a few model numbers of stock.The Flash can carry on again to weave the distance before deliver goods, or in the PCB Stick after pack carry on weaving the distance through an ISP again, thus allow to carry on the software renewal in the last one minute.The EEPROM can used for conservancy mark certainly coefficient and the battery characteristic parameter, such as the conservancy refreshes record with the battery that raise the actual usage Capacity.10 A/ Ds conversion machine can provide the enough diagraph accuracy, making the capacity of the good empress even near to its biggest capacity. And other project for attaining this purpose, possible demand the ADC of the exterior, not only take up the space of PCB, but also raised the system Cost.The A VR is thus deluxe language but 8 microprocessors of the designs of unique needleobject" C" currently.The AT90S4433 reference The design is with" C" to write, the elucidation carries on the software design's is what and simple with the deluxe language.Code of C this design is very Carry on adjust easily to suit current and future battery.But the ATtiny15 reference design then use edit collected materials the language to write of, with Acquire the biggest code density.An electric appliances of the modern consumption mainly uses as follows four kinds of batteries:1.Seal completely the sour battery of lead( SLA)2.The battery of NiCd3.The NiMHhydrogen battery( NiMH)4.Lithium battery( Li- Ion)At right choice battery and refresh the calculate way need to understand the background knowledge of these batteries. Seal completely the sour battery( SLA) of lead seals completely the sour battery of lead to mainly used for the more important situation of the cost ratio space and weights, such as the UPS and report to the police the backup battery of the system.The battery of SLA settles the electric voltage to carry on , assist limits to avoid with the electric current at refresh the process of early battery lead the heat.Want ～only the electricity .The pond unit electric voltage does not exceed the provision( the typical model is worth for the 2.2 Vs) of produce the company, the battery of SLA can refresh without limit.The battery of NiCd battery of NiCd use very widespread currently.Its advantage is an opposite cheapness, being easy to the usage;Weakness is from turn on electricity the rate higher.The battery of NiCd of the typical model can refresh 1,000 times.The expired mechanism mainly is a pole to turn over.The first in the battery pack drive over.The unit that all turn on electricity will take place the reversal.For prevent°froming damage the battery wrap, needing to supervise and control the electric voltage without a break.Once unit electric voltage Descend the 1.0 Vs must shut down.The battery of NiCd carries on refresh in settling the electric current by forever . The NiMH hydrogen battery( NiMH) holds to shoot the elephant machine 26 such as the cellular phone, hand in the hand that the importance measure hold equipments, the etc. NiMHhydrogen battery is an usage the most wide.This kind of battery permit.The quantity is bigger than NiCd's.Because lead to refresh and will result in battery of NiMH lose efficacy, carry on measuring by the square in refresh process with.Stop is count for much in fit time.Similar to battery of NiCd, the pole turn over the battery also will damage.Battery of NiMH of from turn on electricity the rate and is probably 20%/ month.Similar to battery of NiCd, the battery of NiMH also settles the electric current to refresh .Other batteries says compare in lithium battery( Li- Ion) and this texts, the lithium battery has the tallest energy/ weight to compare to compare with energy/ physical volume.Lithium battery Settle the electric voltage to carry on refresh with , want to have the electric current restrict to lead the heat in the early battery of refresh the process by avoid at the same time.When refresh the electric current.Descend to produce the minimum electric current of the enactment of company will stop refresh.Leading to refresh will result in battery damage, even exploding.The safety of the battery refreshes the fast charge machine( namely battery can at small be filled with the electricity in 3 hours, is usually a hour) demand of the modern.Can to the unit electric voltage, refresh the electric current and the battery temperatures to carry on to measure by。
电动汽车相关课题外文资料翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系（院）：电子与电气工程学院专业：电气工程及其自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：2007 HERE COME THE... CLEANER,GREENER CARS附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文2007年来了...清洁，环保汽车一个全新的领域，在柴油发动机上使用电气混合燃料电池。
这个说法是针对混合动力汽车：美国人爱他们，不过只是猜测。
一些环保人士一直在疑惑，有没有更大的混合电池组，能不能够直接插在墙上进行充电，能不能提供动力让你开车去上班，电力与小型燃气发动机使其变为可能。
这个概念最初是一个环保主义者的梦想，是来自的费利克斯克莱默，他推动了公用事业支持插件的合作。
但现在电动汽车走向市场,就像其他高科技绿色汽车当年发展的情况一样。
清洁汽车新的一天清洁和环保汽车技术正在蒸蒸日上。
可充电混合动力车,在工业发展上展现了比1900年的黄金岁月高很多的研究和开发热情。
当汽油、蒸汽、电动车在市场上进行竞争，许多公司如通用汽车、还在嘲弄像罗杰和我这样的人,是谁扼杀了电动汽车的发展?事实上,美国通用汽车公司是第一个成功制造出了可充电混合动力车的公司,他们使用了一个有趣的新方法。
他们正在研发一种全新的推进系统,在最近的底特律车展上展示,那就是雪佛兰伏特。
随着seesawing对未来石油和汽油价格的不确定性，美国人终于将注意力集中在寻找燃油经济性车辆和展望他们的下一个大型多功能运动型车。
一个由具有很大影响力的公司JD Power and Associates去年夏天对消费者的调查发现，让人吃惊的是有57%的受访者会考虑购买他们的下一个混合动力汽车，有49%的购车者会考虑E85乙醇动力汽车。
另一项由Frost＆Sullivan的调查发现约有80%的人更关注较一年前的燃油价格。
几乎有一半的人说，如果燃油价格持续上涨的话他们会考虑购买更省油的汽车或混合动力汽车。
而从居住在美国的市民的调查中发现，有五分之一的让人印象深刻的说道，他们也开始使用替代交通工具：诸如自行车，步行，公共交通和电动汽车等等。
轮毂式电动汽车驱动系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
轮毂式电动汽车驱动系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译The wheel type electric car is a type of electric car thatutilizes a driving system。
There are two main forms of this system: the direct driving type ___。
This system is installed on the wheel hub of the motor。
___。
n。
main cer。
___。
it allows for the ___。
making electric control technology possible。
As a result。
the wheel type electric car is expected to e the ___ electric cars.2.Advantages and disadvantagesThe wheel type electric car has many advantages。
First。
it has a simple and compact structure。
Second。
it has high n efficiency。
which improves the overall performance of the car。
Third。
it has good ___。
it has a low noise level。
However。
there are also some disadvantages。
First。
the cost of the wheel type electric car is relatively high。
Second。
the maintenance costis also high。
Third。
the wheel type electric car has ___.The wheel type electric car has a simple and compact structure。
关于新能源充电管理系统的外文文献
关于新能源充电管理系统的外文文献
对于新能源充电管理系统的外文文献，我们可以从多个角度来
寻找相关信息。
首先，我们可以从学术数据库如Google 学术、
IEEE Xplore、ScienceDirect等搜索相关的期刊论文和学术文章。
在搜索时，可以使用关键词如"new energy charging management system"、"renewable energy charging system"、"electric vehicle charging system"等来获取相关的外文文献。
另外，我们还可以查阅相关的国际会议论文集，例如国际清洁
能源大会（International Conference on Clean Energy）或国际
电力系统与清洁能源大会（International Conference on Power Systems and Clean Energy）等会议的论文集，这些会议通常会涵
盖新能源充电管理系统的最新研究成果。
此外，还可以寻找相关的专业书籍和技术报告，这些书籍和报
告通常会详细介绍新能源充电管理系统的原理、设计和应用。
通过
搜索国际出版的书籍和技术报告，可以获取到丰富的外文文献资料。
除了以上途径，还可以关注国际知名能源管理和电力系统领域
的学者和专家的研究成果，他们在国际期刊上发表的论文和专著都
是宝贵的外文文献资源。
总的来说，要全面了解新能源充电管理系统的外文文献，我们需要充分利用学术数据库、国际会议论文集、专业书籍和技术报告等多种渠道，从不同的角度获取相关信息，以便全面深入地了解该领域的最新研究成果和发展动态。
电动汽车英文文献
Electric patrol carElectric patrol car is a kind of for security, peacekeepers special design and development of car. The car is especially suitable for the public security patrol, pedestrian street, golf courses, tourist attractions, real estate (garden district), the large enterprises, departments and units, park, places of entertainment, sports venues, colleges and universities, hospitals, nursing homes, railway stations, airports, docks and other areas of traffic tools. Electric patrol car general can take two to eight, for four-wheel direction disc electric car, install a caution light, horn and propaganda device.This kind of car can be roughly divided into open door car, patrol cars, minibuses and other patrol.An electric patrol car is a car powered by an electric motor rather than a gasoline engine.From the outside,you would probably have no idea that a car is electric.In most cases,converting a gasoline-powered car creates electrics cars,and in that case it is impossible to tell.When you drive an electric car,often the only thing that clues you in toits true nature is the fact it is nearly silent.Under the hood,there are a lot of differences between gasoline and electric cars:The gasoline engine is replaced by an electric motor.The electric motor gets its power from a controller. The controller gets its power from an arry of echargeable batteries.The electric car battery drive, not only is the first choice of police patrol motor vehicle, and at the same time, urban management and law enforcement good helper. May many consumers hope electric car's endurance mileage as long as possible, so can more convenient, can and car comparable, if that's the case but to follow the endurance mileage long electric car "value" is also very high, and the high price is also not necessarily can buy endurance mileage longer electric car, electric endurance mileage is China the whole new energy electric car facing technical problem, so I want to have a long endurance mileage need new energy technology development.REFERENCES参考文献1.Martin W. Stockel,Martin T. Stockel. Auto Fundalmentals.Goodheart Wilcox Company,2003,12.William H. Crouse,Donald L. Anglin. Automotive Mechanics. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, 2002.13.Julian Happian Smith.An Intruduction to Moden Vehicle Design. Butterworth-Heinenmann.20024.Herbert E. Elliger. Automotive Engines. Prentic Hall, Inc. 20015.邓贤贵.汽车专业英语.北京：人民交通出版社.20016.http://auto. Howstuffworks. Com。
汽车电子毕设设计外文文献翻译(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)
Ultrasonic ranging system designPublication title: Sensor Review. Bradford: 1993.Vol.ABSTRACT: Ultrasonic ranging technology has wide using worth in many fields, such as the industrial locale, vehicle navigation and sonar engineering. Now it has been used in level measurement, self-guided autonomous vehicles, fieldwork robots automotive navigation, air and underwater target detection, identification, location and so on. So there is an important practicing meaning to learn the ranging theory and ways deeply. To improve the precision of the ultrasonic ranging system in hand, satisfy the request of the engineering personnel for the ranging precision, the bound and the usage, a portable ultrasonic ranging system based on the single chip processor was developed.Keywords: Ultrasound, Ranging System, Single Chip Processor1. IntroductiveWith the development of science and technology, the improvement of people’s standard of living, speeding up the development and construction of the city. Urban drainage system have greatly developed their situation is construction improving. However, due to historical reasons many unpredictable factors in the synthesis of her time, the city drainage system. In particular drainage system often lags behind urban construction. Therefore, there are often good building excavation has been building facilities to upgrade the drainage system phenomenon. It brought to the city sewage, and it is clear to the city sewage and drainage culvert in the sewage treatment system.Co mfort is very important to people’s lives. Mobile robots designed to clear the drainage culvert and the automatic control system Free sewage culvert clear guarantee robots, the robot is designed to clear the culvert sewage to the core. Control system is the core component of the development of ultrasonic range finder. Therefore, it is very important to design a good ultrasonic range finder.2. A principle of ultrasonic distance measurementThe application of AT89C51:SCM is a major piece of computer components are integrated into the chip micro-computer. It is a multi-interface and counting on the micro-controller integration, and intelligence products are widely used in industrial automation. and MCS-51 microcontroller is a typical and representative.Microcontrollers are used in a multitude of commercial applications such as modems, motor-control systems, air conditioner control systems, automotive engine and among others. The high processing speed and enhanced peripheral set of these microcontrollers make them suitable for such high-speed event-based applications. However, these critical application domains also require that these microcontrollers are highly reliable. The high reliability and low market risks can be ensured by a robust testing process and a proper tools environment for the validation of these microcontrollers both at the component and at the system level. Intel Plaform Engineering department developed an object-oriented multi-threaded test environment for the validation of its AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers. The goals of this environment was not only to provide a robust testing environment for the AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers, but to develop an environment which can be easily extended and reused for the validation of several other future microcontrollers. The environment was developed in conjunction with Microsoft Foundation Classes(AT89C51).1.1 Features* Compatible with MCS-51 Products* 2Kbytes of Reprogrammable Flash MemoryEndurance: 1,000Write/Erase Cycles* 2.7V to 6V Operating Range* Fully Static operation: 0Hz to 24MHz* Two-level program memory lock* 128x8-bit internal RAM* 15programmable I/O lines* Two 16-bit timer/counters* Six interrupt sources*Programmable serial UART channel* Direct LED drive output* On-chip analog comparator* Low power idle and power down modes1.2 DescriptionThe AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2Kbytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2Kbytes of flash,128bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logicfor operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power down mode saves the RAM contents but freezer the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.1.3 Pin Configuration1.4 Pin DescriptionVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Prot 1Prot 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The port 1 output buffers can sink 20mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as input and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 3Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bidirectional I/O pins with internal pullups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The port 3 output buffers can sink 20mA. When 1s are written to port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed below.1.5 Programming the FlashThe AT89C2051 is shipped with the 2 Kbytes of on-chip PEROM code memory array in the erased state (i.e., contents=FFH) and ready to be programmed. The code memory array is programmed one byte at a time. Once the array is programmed, to re-program any non-blank byte, the entire memory array needs to be erased electrically.Internal address counter: the AT89C2051 contains an internal PEROM address counter which is always reset to 000H on the rising edge of RST and is advanced applying a positive going pulse to pin XTAL1.Programming algorithm: to program the AT89C2051, the following sequence is recommended.1. power-up sequence:Apply power between VCC and GND pins Set RST and XTAL1 to GNDWith all other pins floating , wait for greater than 10 milliseconds2. Set pin RST to ‘H’ set pin P3.2 to ‘H’3. Apply the appropriate combination of ‘H’ or ‘L’ logic to pins P3.3, P3.4, P3.5,P3.7 to select one of the programming operations shown in the PEROM programming modes table.To program and Verify the Array:4. Apply data for code byte at location 000H to P1.0 to P1.7.5.Raise RST to 12V to enable programming.5. Pulse P3.2 once to program a byte in the PEROM array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes 1.2ms.6. To verify the programmed data, lower RST from 12V to logic ‘H’ level and set pins P3.3 to P3.7 to the appropriate levels. Output data can be read at the port P1 pins.7. To program a byte at the next address location, pulse XTAL1 pin once to advance the internal address counter. Apply new data to the port P1 pins.8. Repeat steps 5 through 8, changing data and advancing the address counter for the entire 2 Kbytes array or until the end of the object file is reached.9. Power-off sequence: set XTAL1 to ‘L’ set RST to ‘L’Float all other I/O pins Turn VCC power off2.1 The principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generatorPiezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectric crystal resonators to work. Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate. When it’s two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibration resonance, ultrasound is generated. Conversely, it will be for vibration suppression of piezoelectric chip, the mechanical energy is converted to electrical signals, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver.The traditional way to determine the moment of the echo’s arrival is based on thresholding the received signal with a fixed reference. The threshold is chosen well above the noise level, whereas the moment of arrival of an echo is defined as the first moment the echo signal surpasses that threshold. The intensity of an echo reflecting from an object strongly depends on the object’s nature, size and distance from the sensor. Further, the time interval from the echo’s starting point to the moment when it surpasses the threshold changes with the intensity of the echo. As a consequence, a considerable error may occur even two echoes with different intensities arriving exactly at the same time will surpass the threshold at different moments. The stronger one will surpass the threshold earlier than the weaker, so it will be considered as belonging to a nearer object.2.2 The principle of ultrasonic distance measurementUltrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstacles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave received by the receiverimmediately stop the clock. Ultrasound in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m/s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier(s), that is: s=340t / 23. Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit DesignSystem is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 875, economic-to-use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming.3.1 40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launchRanging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric ceramic sensorsUCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, which by the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate.puzel: mov 14h, # 12h; ultrasonic firing continued 200msHere: cpl p1.0; output 40kHz square wavenop;nop;nop;djnz 14h, here;retRanging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a 40kHz pulse output signal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms. Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location.3.2 Reception and processing of ultrasonicUsed to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2. IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlled oscillator center frequency of f0=1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determinetheir target bandwidth. R8-conditioning in the launch of the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing.Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit output port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gate IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, while single-chip P1.3 and P1.4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source of inquiry to deal with, interrupt priority level for the first left right after. Part of the source code is as follows:Receivel: push pswpush accclr ex1; related external interrupt 1jnb p1.1, right; P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service routine circuitjnb p1.2, left; P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit interrupt service routinereturn: SETB EX1; open external interrupt 1pop accpop pswretiright: …; right location entrance circuit interrupt service routineAjmp Returnleft: …; left ranging entrance circuit interrupt service routineAjmp Return3.3 The calculation of ultrasonic propagation timeWhen you start firing at the same time start the single-chip circuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time. When you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receiver circuit output a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance. Some of its source code is as follows:RECEIVE0: PUSH PSWPUSH ACCCLR EX0; related external interrupt 0MOV R7, TH0; read the time valueMOV R6, TL0CLR CMOV A, R6SUBB A, #0BBH; calculate the time differenceMOV 31H, A; storage resultsMOV A, R7SUBB A, # 3CHMOV 30H, ASETB EX0; open external interrupt 0\POP ACCPOP PSWRETIFor a flat target, a distance measurement consists of two phases: a coarse measurement and a fine measurement:Step 1: Transmission of one pulse train to produce a simple ultrasonic wave.Step 2: Changing the gain of both echo amplifiers according to equation, until the echo is detected.Step 3: Detection of the amplitudes and zero-crossing times of both echoes.Step 4: Setting the gains of both echo amplifiers to normalize the output at, say 3 volts. Setting the period of the next pulses according to the: period of echoes. Setting the time window according to the data of step 2.Step 5: Sending two pulse trains to produce an interfered wave. Testing the zero-crossing times and amplitudes of the echoes. If phase inversion occurs in the echo, determine to otherwise calculate to by interpolation using the amplitudes near the trough. Derive t sub m1 and t sub m2.Step 6: Calculation of the distance y using equation.4、The ultrasonic ranging system software designSoftware is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine. Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving control.Interrupt service routines from time to time to complete three of the rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to read the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so on.5、ConclusionsRequired measuring range of 30cm-200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is 0.5cm, and good reproducibility. Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error. Therefore, it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection system.Thoughts: As for why the receiver do not have the transistor amplifier circuit, because the magnification well, integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center frequency is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequency.6、Parking sensor6.1 Parking sensor introductionReversing radar, full name is "reversing the anti-collision radar, also known as" parking assist device, car parking or reversing the safety of assistive devices, ultrasonic sensors(commonly known as probes), controls and displays (or buzzer)and other components. To inform the driver around the obstacle to the sound or a moreintuitive display to lift the driver parking, reversing and start the vehicle around tovisit the distress caused by, and to help the driver to remove the vision deadends and blurred vision defects and improve driving safety.6.2 Reversing radar detection principleReversing radar, according to high-speed flight of the bats in thenight, not collided with any obstacle principles of design anddevelopment. Probe mounted on the rear bumper, according to different price and brand, the probe only ranging from two, three, four, six, eight,respectively, pipe around. The probe radiation, 45-degree angle up and downabout the search target. The greatest advantage is to explore lower than the bumper of the driver from the rear window is difficult to see obstacles, and the police, suchas flower beds, children playing in the squatting on the car.Display parking sensor installed in the rear view mirror, it constantlyremind drivers to car distance behindthe object distance to the dangerous distance, the buzzer starts singing, allow the driver to stop. When the gear lever linked into reverse gear, reversing radar, auto-start the work, the working range of 0.3 to 2.0 meters, so stop when the driver was very practical. Reversing radar is equivalent to an ultrasound probe for ultrasonic probe can be divided into two categories: First, Electrical, ultrasonic, the second is to use mechanical means to produce ultrasound, in view of the more commonly used piezoelectric ultrasonic generator, it has two power chips and a soundingboard, plus apulse signal when the poles, its frequency equal to the intrinsic oscillation frequency of the piezoelectric pressure chip will be resonant and drivenby the vibration of the sounding board, the mechanical energy into electrical signal, which became the ultrasonic probe works. In order to better study Ultrasonic and use up, people have to design and manufacture of ultrasonic sound, the ultrasonic probe tobe used in the use of car parking sensor. With this principle in a non-contactdetection technology for distance measurement is simple, convenient and rapid, easyto do real-time control, distance accuracy of practical industrial requirements. Parking sensor for ranging send out ultrasonic signal at a givenmoment, and shot in the face of the measured object back to the signal wave, reversing radar receiver to use statistics in the ultrasonic signal from the transmitter to receive echo signals calculate the propagation velocity in the medium, which can calculate the distance of the probe and to detect objects.6.3 Reversing radar functionality and performanceParking sensor can be divided into the LCD distance display, audible alarm, and azimuth directions, voice prompts, automatic probe detection function is complete, reversing radar distance, audible alarm, position-indicating function. A good performance reversing radar, its main properties include: (1) sensitivity, whether theresponse fast enough when there is an obstacle. (2) the existence of blind spots. (3) detection distance range.6.4 Each part of the roleReversing radar has the following effects: (1) ultrasonic sensor: used tolaunch and receive ultrasonic signals, ultrasonic sensors canmeasure distance. (2) host: after the launch of the sine wave pulse to the ultrasonic sensors, and process the received signal, to calculate the distance value, the data and monitor communication. (3) display or abuzzer: the receivinghost from the data, and display the distance value and provide differentlevels according to the distance from the alarm sound.6.5 Cautions1, the installation height: general ground: car before the installation of 45 ~55: 50 ~ 65cmcar after installation. 2, regular cleaningof the probe to prevent the fill. 3, do not use the hardstuff the probe surface cover will produce false positives or ranging allowed toprobe surface coverage, such as mud. 4, winter to avoid freezing. 5, 6 / 8 probe reversing radar before and after the probe is not free to swap may cause the ChangMing false positive problem. 6, note that the probe mounting orientation, in accordance with UP installation upward. 7, the probe is not recommended to install sheetmetal, sheet metal vibration will cause the probe resonance, resulting in false positives.超声测距系统设计原文出处：传感器文摘布拉福德：1993年超声测距技术在工业现场、车辆导航、水声工程等领域具有广泛的应用价值，目前已应用于物位测量、机器人自动导航以及空气中与水下的目标探测、识别、定位等场合。
混合动力汽车外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处：Pohl G. The research of hybrid car development [J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2016, 15(3):57-67.原文The research of hybrid car developmentPohl G.AbstractIncreasingly scarce oil resources and environmental pollution, the problem such as global warming becoming more serious, as a major source of carbon emissions car become focus of research and development of automobile manufacturers, low emissions, zero emissions of choice for new energy vehicles has become the next generation of cars, more and more car manufacturers focus on low emission, low fuel consumption on the development of the car. Therefore, Hybrid Electric Vehicle (Hybrid Electric Vehicle), hereinafter referred to as HEV, as a transition to a zero discharge development models, is starting to get attention. The characteristics of a hybrid car is can make the engine keep in the region of the optimum condition, and good dynamic performance, the hybrid cars have the advantage of low emissions, low pollution.Keywords: Hybrid cars, Control strategy of power matching, Forward simulation1 IntroductionHumans are faced with more and more serious energy shortage crisis; Countries have established their own energy saving strategy. As the national income boost national economy rapid development. Traditional fuel cars used widely in petroleum refining traditional fuels such as gasoline, diesel is belongs to the non-renewable energy, traditional fuel oil reserves and production are in danger of drying up. And car holdings increased year after year, had had a serious of urban traffic congestion, further intensify the energy crisis, and also received a national energy supply security threat. Automobile exhaust gas caused by the environment problem is increasingly serious, such as the tiny particles in urban PM2.5 mainly from automobile exhaust emissions, car exhaust and has become a primary sources of air quality and people's health. Hybrid is refers to the vehicle using conventional fuel (diesel, gasoline, etc.)power and the two methods in electric power, the advantage is in the car at the time of starting, can only rely on motor drive the car, when reaching a certain speed to start the engine. In this way, can make the engine keep the best working state, to obtain good dynamic performance, and power source is battery, do not need to consume fuel alone. The key technology of hybrid car is a hybrid control system assembly, it will affect the performance of hybrid vehicle power performance. Through technology unceasing development, the hybrid control system has been from the traditional motor and engine dispersion structure gradually into the engine, motor and variable speed mechanism of integration. The current hybrid system generally in power transmission lines to distinguish, can be divided into three categories of parallel, series, and mixed type.2 Summary of three hybrid system2.1 series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV)SHEV type hybrid vehicle, powered by batteries, control module and module DengZi modules, which is in series connection way between them constitute the SHEV powertrain. At work, engine driven generator to generate electricity, directly by the controller to transfer power to the battery or direct drive motor, by variable speed motor to drive a car again. In a small load, the battery to the motor power and drive wheel, when large load, motor direct drive motor power, and thus drive motor. Just started in the car, the battery capacity in a saturated state, the kinetic energy of the battery at this time can achieve auto start demand, when the battery power value is lower than the set value, dynamic auxiliary system starting; When the vehicle's energy demand grows, the battery pack and power module for traction system to transmit power at the same time; When the vehicle energy demand decreases, the auxiliary power system in the guarantee of energy demand driven system at the same time, to the battery. Since the role of the battery, the engine can work in relatively constant work environment, improved their emissions. Series system is widely used in urban area of idle run and repeatedly in the environment, can make the engine area in optimal conditions constant, at the same time, through the deployment of the output of the motor and battery energy to adjust the speed of the car. So you can make theengine to avoid and idle running at low speed, improve the efficiency of the engine, thus reduce exhaust emissions. But its drawback is that a lot of energy conversion, the mechanical efficiency also decreases. Such as Honda's "energy" SHEV is using a fuel battery pack, in the city, under the condition of motor powered by fuel cells, electric motor through a transmission driving car, meet the requirements of the "zero pollution" can effectively improve air quality. When faster and uphill to jointly by the engine, fuel cell and motor vehicle power supply, driving wheel, in order to meet the demand for power vehicle.2.2 Parallel power (PHEV)Parallel hybrid electric vehicle, is composed of motor and motor traction motors at the same time, the motor and engine points belong to two sets of power module, can transmission torque, independent of each other to the automobile transmission system under various conditions can either individual drive and driven vehicle when the vehicle needs to accelerate or is uphill, engine and motor can be transmitted to the drive system of traction at the same time, when the vehicle needs to accelerate or is uphill, engine and motor can be transmitted to the drive system of traction at the same time, when the speed reached cruising speed, car will only to maintain the engine speed. The motor can be used as a generator can directly drive the car. The system with separate no generators, and can drive transmission module to drive the car engine, this system is more similar to the average vehicle driver module, mechanical efficiency loss and almost like a regular car, get more extensive application.Such as V olkswagen golf PHEV vehicles that the engine through the transmission of regulating motor, export torque to the clutch to drive the car forward. When the car starts, battery power supply to the motor, the motor into the engine driving mechanism. After the engine side became the only power source to drive cars, car and driving motor power to the battery at the same time, this time with the traditional cars. In urban conditions, the engine stops, the transmission from, batteries as the only energy supply power to motor wheel driven by a motor to replace the engine. When the vehicle needs to speed up or high load, engine starting transmission gear at the same time, the engine and motor system composition of hybrid models,with maximum torque traction vehicles.2.3 Mixed type power systems (SPHEV)SPHEV usually is in the structure of a PHEV and add a motor, so the engine to provide energy to mechanical transmission output Power Bridge on one hand, can drive the generator to the battery charging at the same time. The engine through a generator which can adjust the speed, the engine can run as far as possible in the working area to high efficiency and low emissions. Distribution of electricity by the controller and motor, transmission to the battery or motor, motor driving force of transmitted power composite structure to the drive axle. Mixed type driving mechanism and structure of control of the parallel and serial mechanism of advantage, can make the motor, engine, generator and other components to better cooperate, under the complicated working conditions on the structure ensures that the car work freedom, so are more likely to achieve control target of low emissions and lower fuel consumption. Composite group compared with tandem type, mixed type less dependence on battery, between energy transfers in less, also more fuel efficient; mixed type compared with parallel connection, the engine operation is affected by the condition of smaller. Three kinds of hybrid electric vehicle, the compound type is based on energy distribution is optimal. Hybrid vehicle technology has been gradually perfected. But because the structure is complex, high cost, during the period of the electric car, before the arrival of hybrid car is a kind of transitional product3 The development of hybrid carsJapan's Toyota and America's big three carmakers to world each big car manufacturers such as turning the hybrids of development and research. Through the development of recent years, hybrid cars in the popularization, the more rapid development in the process of marketization. The world's largest car manufacturers focus on the development of clean energy vehicles, hybrid vehicles become the strategic focus of each big car company, gradually break through the scope of small cars and application in medium and large car slowly, technology is more and more competitive. The world car market in 2009, production of hybrid vehicles already broke through 700000, according to the forecast, to 2016 hybrid cars accounted for15% of the share in the global market. In 1997, Toyota has developed the world's first mass-produced hybrid car, and then in 2001, have developed a hybrid minivans and vans, they have a leading comprehensive control system and electric four-wheel drive hybrid system control unit (TSH), the universal hybrid low fuel consumption, low emissions and improve driving performance, etc., in the forefront of the world. Represented by Toyota's Japanese automakers, is due to the precision of 10 years ago, finally to hybrids such transition of clean energy vehicle technology leading the global auto market now. The Toyota Prius hybrid cars off sales amounted to 208900 cars in 2009, increased by 290% than in 2008, became the first new car sales list.The Obama administration in the United States began to implement the new policy, 2015, 1 million hybrid car gained popularity. The United States is the implementation of tax preferential treatment, the hybrid electric vehicle subsidies is between $2500 to $15000 and at the same time. giving subsidies on lending to the electric car companies. In addition, the United States introduced new vehicle carbon dioxide emissions and car fuel economy law, significantly increase to the requirement of vehicle technology, if not the green energy car technology, auto makers will be difficult to meet the requirements of the new regulations.09 on June 1, tesla, nissan North America, and the ford motor company received $8 billion in loans, mainly used in the r&d and production of pure electric and hybrid cars. Daimlerchrysler, gm and ford motor company in 2003 set up the production of hybrid cars and the fuel cell car batteries used in the development company, they injected $4.6 million to develop the next generation of environmentally friendly vehicles need polymer battery. In August 2005, general motors, such as Daimler signed on to form the world alliance cooperation, development of hybrid system with the letter of intent, Shared their hybrids system with regard to the rich resources of science and technology and advanced technology, and will develop dual-mode hybrid car as the primary target.2010 hybrid cars sold 290300 vehicles in the United States, are 2.8% of the proportion of the U.S. auto market, the proportion is not big, but starting from 1.3% in 2005 to present the trend of rising gradually. Forecast that the yield of hybrids will amount to 873000 vehicles in 2016, its market share will reach 5%.译文混合动力汽车发展研究Pohl G.摘要石油资源日渐匮乏和环境污染、全球变暖等问题的日益严重，作为碳排放主要来源的汽车成为汽车厂商研发的重点，低排放、零排放的新能源汽车成为了下一代汽车的首选，越来越多的汽车生产商把目光放在了低排放、低油耗汽车的研制上。
电池电动车外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Battery electric vehicleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor electric vehicles other than battery powered vehicles, see electric vehicle. For passenger electric vehicles, see electric car. For the batteries themselves, see electric vehicle battery.A battery electric vehicle (BEV), battery-only electric vehicle (BOEV) or all-electricvehicle is a type ofelectric vehicle (EV) that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. They derive all power from battery packs and thus have no internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank. BEVs include bicycles, scooters,skateboards, rail cars, watercraft, forklifts, buses, trucks and cars.Cumulative global sales of highway-capable light-duty pure electric vehicles passed the one million unit milestone in September 2016. As of December 2016, the world's top selling highway legal all-electric car in history is the Nissan Leafwith global sales of over 250,000 units, followed by the Tesla Model S with more than 158,000 units delivered worldwide.[1][2]Contents∙1Terminology∙2Vehicles by type∙ 2.1Rail∙ 2.2Electric bus∙ 2.2.1Thunder Sky∙ 2.2.2Free Tindo∙ 2.2.3First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus ∙ 2.3Electric trucks∙ 2.4Electric vans∙ 2.5Electric cars∙ 2.6Special-purpose vehicles∙ 2.7Two- and three-wheeled vehicles∙ 2.8Electric boats∙3Technology∙ 3.1Motors∙ 3.2Motor controllers∙4See also∙5References∙6Further reading∙7External linksTerminologySee also: Hybrid electric vehicle, Plug-in hybrid, and Plug-in electric vehicleVehicles using both electric motors and internal combustion engines are examples of hybrid electric vehicles[3], and are not considered pure or all-electric vehicles because they cannot be externally charged (operate in charge-sustaining mode) and instead they are continually recharged with power from the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking.[4]Hybrid vehicles with batteries that can be charged externally to displace some or all of their internal combustion engine power and gasoline fuel are calledplug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and run as BEVs during their charge-depleting mode. PHEVs witha series powertrain are also called range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such asthe Chevrolet Volt and Fisker Karma.Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles, (PHEVs), andelectric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustionengine vehicles.[4][5]In China, plug-in electric vehicles, together with hybrid electric vehicles are called new energy vehicles (NEVs).[6] However, in the United States, neighborhood electricvehicles (NEVs) are battery electric vehicles that are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits no higher than 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), are usually built to have a top speed of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), and have a maximum loaded weight of 3,000 lbs.[7]Vehicles by typeThe concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged batteries on board vehicles for propulsion. Battery electric cars are becoming more and more attractive with the advancement of new battery technology (Lithium Ion) that have higher power and energy density (i.e., greater possible acceleration and more range with fewer batteries) and higher oil prices.[8] BEVs include automobiles, light trucks, and neighborhood electric vehicles.Rail∙Battery electric railcars:Main article: Battery electric multiple unit∙Locomotives:Main article: Battery-electric locomotive∙Electric rail trolley:Main article: Cater MetroTrolleyElectric busMain article: Battery electric busChattanooga, Tennessee operates nine zero-fare electric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered a distance of 3,100,000 kilometres (1,900,000 mi), They were made locally by Advanced Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were used for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.[9][10]Beginning in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong Airport began operating a16-passenger Mitsubishi Rosa electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-powered school bus, an all-electric version of theBlue Bird TC/2000.[11] A similar bus was operated in Napa Valley, California for 14 months ending in April, 2004.[12]The 2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of 130 km (81 mi) with the air conditioning on. They use Lithium-ion batteries, and consume about1 kW·h/mi (0.62 kW·h/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by the Jinghua Coach Co. Ltd.[13] The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the recharging station to allow 24-hour operation of the buses.[14]In France, the bus electric phenomenon is in development, but some buses are already operating in numerous cities.[15] PVI, a medium company located in the Paris region, is one of the leader of the market with its brand Gepebus (offering Oreos 2X and Oreos 4X).[16]In the United States, the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in Pomona, California since September 2010 at Foothill Transit. TheProterra EcoRide BE35uses lithium-titanate batteries and is able to fast-charge in less than 10 minutes.[17]In 2014, the first production model all-electric school bus was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California’s San Joaquin Valley. The bus was one of four the district ordered. This battery electric school bus, which has 4 sodium nickel batteries, is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.[18]The same technology is used to power the Mountain View Community Shuttles. This technology was supported by the California Energy Commission, and the shuttle program is being supported by Google.[19]Thunder SkyThunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds lithium-ion batteries used in submarines and has three models of electric buses, the 10/21 passenger EV-6700 with a range of 280 km (170 mi) under 20 mins quick-charge, the EV-2009 city buses, and the 43 passenger EV-2008 highway bus, which has a range of 300 km (190 mi) under quick-charge (20 mins to 80 percent), and 350 km (220 mi) under full charge (25 mins). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland.[20]Free TindoTindo is an all-electric bus from Adelaide, Australia. The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made by Designline International[21] in New Zealand and gets its electricity from a solarPV system on Adelaide's central bus station. Rides arezero-fare as part of Adelaide's public transport system.[22]First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit BusProterra's EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is a heavy duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90 percent of the available energy and returns it to the TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31–35 percent. It can travel 30–40 miles on a single charge, is up to 600 percent more fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44 percent less carbon than CNG.[23]Electric trucksMain article: Electric truckFor most of the 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.[24]Electric vansIn March 2012, Smith Electric Vehicles announced the release of the Newton Step-Van, an all-electric, zero-emission vehicle built on the versatile Newton platform that features a walk-in body produced by Indiana-based Utilimaster.[25]Electric carsMain article: Electric carSee also: List of production battery electric vehicles and electric car use by countryAn electric car is a plug-in battery powered automobile which is propelled by electric motor(s). Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed, the lower specific energy of production batteries available in 2015 comparedwith carbon-based fuels means that electric cars need batteries that are fairly large fraction of the vehicle mass but still often give relatively low range between charges. Recharging can also take significant lengths of time. For journeys within a single battery charge, rather than long journeys, electric cars are practical forms of transportation and can be recharged overnight.Electric cars have the potential of significantly reducing city pollution by having zero tail pipe emissions.[28][29][30] Vehicle greenhouse gas savings depend on how the electricity is generated.[31][32] With the current US energy mix, using an electric car would result in a 30 percent reduction in carbon dioxideemissions.[33][34][35][36] Given the current energy mixes in other countries, it has been predicted that such emissions would decrease by 40 percent in the UK,[37] 19 percent in China,[38] and as little as 1 percent in Germany.[39][40][not in citation given]Electric cars are expected to have a major impact in the auto industry[41][42] given advantages in city pollution, less dependence on oil, and expected rise in gasolineprices.[43][44][45] World governments are pledging billions to fund development of electric vehicles and their components. The US has pledged US$2.4 billion in federal grants for electric cars and batteries.[46] China has announced it will provide US$15 billion to initiate an electric car industry.[47]Cumulative global sales of highway-capable battery electric cars and vans passed the1 million unit milestone in September 2016.[3] The Renault-Nissan Alliance is the leadingall-electric vehicle manufacturer. The Alliance achieved the sales milestone of 350,000all-electric vehicles delivered globally in August 2016.[48] Ranking second is TeslaMotors with over 139,000 electric cars sold between 2008 and June 2016.[49][50]MotorsMain article: Traction motorElectric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form ofbrushed DC electric motor. Separately excited and permanent magnet are just two of the types of DC motors available. More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motor types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out. These are usually induction motors orbrushless AC electric motors which use permanent magnets. There are several variations of the permanent magnet motor which offer simpler drive schemes and/or lower cost including the brushless DC electric motor.Motor controllersMain article: Motor controllerThe motor controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type, DC or AC.1. Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-09). "Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's TheBest-Selling Plug-in Car In History". . Retrieved 2017-01-10. As of December 2016, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales, the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500 vehicles sold, and the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units sold through November 2016. These are the only plug-in electric cars so far with over 100,000 global sales.2.^ Jump up to:a b c Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-31). "Tesla Model S Is World's Best-SellingPlug-in Car For Second Year In A Row". . Retrieved2017-01-31. See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs.3.^ Jump up to:a b Shahan, Zachary (2016-11-22). "1 Million Pure EVs Worldwide: EVRevolution Begins!". Clean Technica. Retrieved 2016-11-23.4.^ Jump up to:a b David B. Sandalow, ed. (2009). Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Rolefor Washington? (1st. ed.). The Brookings Institution.pp. 2–5.ISBN 978-0-8157-0305-1.See definition on pp. 2.5.Jump up^ "Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs)". Center for Sustainable Energy,California. Retrieved 2010-03-31.6.Jump up^ PRTM Management Consultants, Inc (April 2011). "The China NewEnergy Vehicles Program - Challenges and Opportunities" (PDF). World Bank.Retrieved 2012-02-29. See Acronyms and Key Terms, pp. v7.Jump up^ "What is a neighborhood electric vehicle (NEV)?". AutoblogGreen.2009-02-06. Retrieved 2010-06-09.8.Jump up^ "-". Retrieved 30 May 2015.9.Jump up^ Downtown Electric Shuttle. Retrieved 18 August 2008.10.Jump up^ Success Stories. Retrieved 18 August 2008.11.Jump up^ Solectria Develops an All Electric Version of the Blue Bird TC2000.Retrieved 18 August 2008.12.Jump up^ Electric School Bus. Retrieved 18 August 2008.13.Jump up^ UNDP donates electric buses to Beijing Olympic Games. Retrieved 15August 2008.14.Jump up^ BIT Attends the Delivery Ceremony of the 2008 Olympic GamesAlternative Fuel Vehicles with its Pure Electric Bus. Retrieved 15 August 2008.15.Jump up^(French) http://avem.fr/index.php?page=bus16.Jump up^ "PVI, leader de la traction électrique pour véhicules industriels.".Retrieved 30 May 2015.17.Jump up^ Proterra Launches First Deployment of All-Electric, Zero-Emission Busesby Major Transit Agency. Retrieved October 2011.18.Jump up^ "New All-Electric School Bus Saves California District $10,000+ PerYear". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2016-03-01.19.Jump up^ "Electric shuttle buses come to Mountain View, thanks to Motiv andGoogle". Silicon Valley Business Journal. 13 January 2015. Retrieved30 May 2015.20.Jump up^ "雷天温斯顿电池有限公司". Retrieved 30 May 2015.21.Jump up^ Andrew Posner (December 19, 2007). "When The Sun Shines DownUnder. . .It Powers a Bus". TreeHugger. Retrieved March 11, 2012.22.Jump up^ All-Electric, Solar-Powered, Free Bus!!! Archived 8 September 2009 atthe Wayback Machine.23.Jumpup^/index.php/mediacenter/companynews/proterra_launches_ first_deployment_of_all-electric_zero-emission_buses/24.Jump up^ "Escaping Lock-in: the Case of the Electric Vehicle". Cgl.uwaterloo.ca.Retrieved 2010-11-27.25.Jump up^ (2012-03-05). "Smith Electric Vehicle LaunchesProduction of All-Electric Newton™ Step Van". .Retrieved 2012-03-05.26.Jump up^ Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, U.S. Department ofEnergy and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and (2017-03-24). "Find a car - Years: 2016–2017 - Vehicle Type: Electric". . Retrieved2017-03-26.27.Jump up^ Baker, David R. (2016-04-01). "Tesla Model 3 reservations top232,000". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2016-09-14.28.Jump up^ "Should Pollution Factor Into Electric Car Rollout Plans?".. 2010-03-17. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010.Retrieved 2010-04-18.29.Jump up^ "Electro Automotive: FAQ on Electric Car Efficiency & Pollution".. Retrieved 2010-04-18.30.Jump up^ "Clean Air Initiative". Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.Retrieved 30 May 2015.31.Jump up^ Notter, Dominic A.; Kouravelou, Katerina; Karachalios, Theodoros;Daletou, Maria K.; Haberland, Nara Tudela. "Life cycle assessment of PEM FC applications: electric mobility and μ-CHP". Energy Environ. Sci. 8(7): 1969–1985. doi:10.1039/c5ee01082a.32.Jump up^ Notter, Dominic A.; Gauch, Marcel; Widmer, Rolf; Wäger, Patrick; Stamp,Anna; Zah, Rainer; Althaus, Hans-Jörg (2010-09-01). "Contribution of Li-Ion Batteries to the Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles".Environmental Science & Technology. 44 (17): 6550–6556.doi:10.1021/es903729a. ISSN 0013-936X.33.Jump up^ "Plug-in Hybrid Cars: Chart of CO2 Emis电池电动车电池电动车辆（BEV），仅电池电动车辆（BOEV）或全电动车辆是使用存储在可再充电电池组中的化学能的一种电动车辆（EV）。
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电动汽车充电桩设计外文文献翻译最新译文With the world facing a shortage of oil resources and the challenge of global warming。
the development of low carbon vehicles has XXX in the 21st century。
As such。
the development of electric XXX。
the study of the design of electric vehicle charging piles and their control methods is of great importance.2 XXX InfrastructureThe XXX part of the electric car industry chain。
Without a well-designed charging infrastructure。
the development of electric vehicles will be XXX。
it is XXX on the design of electric vehicle charging piles and their control methods。
Equilibrium control and puter XXX.3 Design of Electric Vehicle Charging PileThe design of the electric XXX。
efficiency。
and convenience。
The charging pile should be designed to be user-friendly and easy to operate。
It should also be equipped with safety features to XXX do not occur during the charging process.4 Equilibrium Control of XXX Charging PileEquilibrium control XXX of the design of electric XXX is operating at an optimal level。
without XXX。
This can be achieved through the use of advanced control algorithms。
which can monitor the XXX.5 Human-Computer XXXputer XXX of the design of electric XXX charging pile should be designed to be easy to use。
with clear XXX。
It should also be equipped with features such as remote monitoring and control。
which can XXX.In n。
the design of electric vehicle charging piles and their control methods are crucial for the development of the electricXXX part of the electric car industry chain and cannot be ignored。
Equilibrium control and puter XXX in the design of electric XXX.Countries around the world are XXX。
with the term "low carbon" being well-known。
Carbon XXX issue。
and the XXX。
the industry's carbon XXX rise。
and in order to balance industry development and environmental concerns。
XXX.Given the shortage of global oil resources and the XXX global warming。
the global auto industry must adopt uniform standards for carbon XXX。
This will lead to better development of the industry as a whole。
Electric cars have many advantages over nal petrol-powered cars。
XXX。
are more efficient。
produce less noise。
and have lower running costs。
These XXX.XXX: power batteries and charging infrastructure。
The power system is composed of a drive motor and drive system。
while a coordinated control system ensures safe。
efficient。
XXX power grid。
XXX。
The development of electric XXX sufficient charging ns。
drivers may be deterred from purchasing an electric vehicle due to concerns about running out of power on long trips。
Therefore。
itis XXX ork to support the growing number of electric vehicles on the road。
There are several types of electric vehicle charging infrastructure。
including home charging。
public charging。
and fast charging。
Home charging is XXX for electric vehicle owners。
as it allows them to XXX shopping centers and parking lots。
providing a convenient n for drivers on the go。
Fast chargingXXX of minutes。
making them ideal for long-distance travel。
XXX charging infrastructure。
the development of smartXXX is also essential for the XXX charging systems XXX XXX and peak demand。
as well as XXX carbon XXX。
the development of smart XXX will play a critical role in XXX system。
XXX。
the development of electric vehicle charging infrastructure is essential for the XXX。
along with the development of smart XXX。
will support the growing number of electric vehicles on the road and help to ce carbon XXX.Charging infrastructure consists of charging XXX infrastructure have advantages and disadvantages。
and the XXX charging ns producing 600V/300A charging piles are suitable for high-speed service areas and other places with high power XXX。
charging XXX and manage than charging piles。
and their size should be XXX。
quick charging XXX。
charging XXX charging a small amount of public transport services。
Charging piles are XXX supermarkets。
parking lots。
and XXX。
XXX。
charging piles may not be XXX charging piles provide service charge for private cars with a power of about 3-5 kW。
and charging time ranges from 5-10 hours.XXX。
there is a lack of n in charging infrastructure。
XXX makes it difficult for electric vehicle (EV) drivers to find charging ns and slows down the n of EVs.Secondly。
the cost of installing charging infrastructure is high。
XXX is lower and the cost of infrastructure is higher.Thirdly。
the charging time for EVs is still longer than that of nal vehicles。
which can be XXX for drivers who are used to XXXof minutes。