乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献
旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic RelationshipNowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment.The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects:1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment;2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment;3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce.The negative impact of tourism on the environmentNegative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources.1,Tourism causes the environmental pollution.When tourism products are manufactured during the production, it`s adverse to environmental impacts. At first, the development of tourism resources, improper planning of tourist construction, such as opening the way in mountains and destroying the wild plants freely; it will break the completeness of the coordination of ecological environment. The second is in the process of construction of tourist accommodation, the supply of water, electricity and other energy is in disorder. Waste water, waste gas and rubbish are not be cleaned timely, so these will be forming the ecological environment pollution.2,Tourism products affected adversely in consumption process.The most obvious phenomenon is that tourism products in consumption process impacts on the ecological environment pollution and destruction of ecosystems. Tourism products have direct contamination and indirect contamination for the environment of the tourist area.Direct contamination means the tourist’s pollution is generated by tourism activities, such as the sewage left by tourists, feces, garbage, waste bottles, waste paper, cans and other pollution on the ecological environment.Indirect contamination means the pollution of the atmosphere. Tourism can`t be separated from traffic. Transporting tourists from the residence to the scenic is necessary, and a variety of vehicles pour in, the air is full of automobile exhaust. The automobile exhaust is not only polluting the air, but also extremely is harmful to the human body. In addition, the acid rain has already leaded lots of trees to die in some areas. The decline in the quality of the environment embarrassed our environment.3,Historical and cultural heritage have been to damage to varying degrees.Driven by the economic interests, some notable tourist resorts are overload of tourists or made unauthorized construction, it will make a number of precious historical and cultural heritages, such as the unique monuments, natural environment and human landscape suffered destruction. Carving, graffiti, touching artifacts freely and discarding the litter arbitrarily will directly or indirectly lead to the destruction of the heritage. The example is too numerous, like on the walls of the palace in the Forbidden City, some flagstone walkways, the walls of theancient Great Wall and the tower also have tourists uncivilized blot.4,Traditional culture is simple.Rough business culture makes the connotation disappear and the degradation of the art form. In order to obtain economic benefits and cater to the need of tourists adventures, lots of tourist areas have to be given up traditional social, spiritual significance and artistic meaning. Changing the traditional forms of art and design freely lead the traditional culture to rough and simple commercialization. Traditional folk celebrations will not be held at specific time and specific place with specific manner, and it just be held by tourism demand anytime at anywhere, just like these celebrations` existence is based on the tourists demand rather than local social life. Local hand-making products with characteristics of local culture are turning to meet the need of public markets. Mass production and gradually moving towards the shoddy make the loss of traditional art and value.5,Directly or indirectly lead the moral standards in the tourist resort to decline.Tourists around the world have different moral values and way of life. Negative tourists` decadent consciousness and lifestyle can easily make some tourist area residents to lose the virtue of simplicity. It induces desire for venality and worship of money, which ruins the local social climate and affects the stability of the social order. Tourism makes environmental pollution and destruction, which almost is occurred in the process of tourism development, construction and tour operation. Tourism, as a source of pollution and industrial pollution, has "three wastes" in facilities` emissions, which is waste gas, waste water, and waste ballast. The inappropriate layout also causes environmental pollution.6,The pollution on the environment has two aspects of tourism: tourism supply-side and tourism consumers.The environmental pollution of tourism consumers is occurred in the flow of tourists, such as the large population bring crowded and confusion, destructive behavior on the environment, trampling by a large number of the population makes the soil changing, temporary stay of too many people bring exceeded production and living materials consumption and energy use, the atmospheric pollution, noise pollution and visual pollution. Analysis form the tourist point to view environmental pollution, it can be seen that tourism, as a source of pollution, has its own particularity unlike other pollution sources.People who come to enjoy the scenic beauty often litter the places with polythene and left over food without thinking about its adverse impact on the environment. The Dal Lake which was once pristine has lost its nature due to tourist pressure and is now covered with animal carcasses, sewage and weeds. The lake has shrunk as it was unable to handle the pollution caused by constant tourist influx.Tourism industry often involves construction of hotel and lodges. These lodges are created near or on the banks of a lake or a river. The sewage water flows into lake water or sea, polluting its marine ecosystem. Hotel owners who have vested commercial interests does not even take into account the unfavourable consequences on environment. Construction of jetties alters the wave pattern of the lake depositing silt in it. Introduction of mechanized boards to cash in on tourists damages the flora and fauna of ecosystem as the both leave tresses of oil, petrol and diesel in the water. (Roy, 2010)“EDUCA TION - tourists provide an endless supply of people from around the world that can be targeted and educated on everything from forest stewardship to local history and plans for the future.FUNDRAISING - a tourist provides an easy target for fundraising. Tourists pay fees for everything from camping sites and park entry fees, to licenses for fishing and hunting. The more tourists in a controlled area, means the more money that can be collected for things like education, policing and maintenance of national wilderness areas.ACTION - tourists visiting an area do so for many reasons. Maybe they are looking for someplace quiet where they can commune with nature or perhaps they want to see a piece of history. Whatever the reason, when that tourist returns home, s/he will remember the experience and may feel compelled to do something positive for the environment to help save that area.” (Stushnoff, 2009)For example: Physical Environment impact on tourism.Tourism has effects beyond the fuel burnt simply getting on holiday in the first place and many of them are much more immediately visible than the more sinister and intangible threat of emissions. In many places, the physical environment can be heavily affected by the passage of tourists, especially for popular destinations, where the sheer weight of numbers of people visiting can simply prove too much. Often as a tourist venue becomes better known, a round of building work follows the accompanying expansion of the original settlement, usually to the detriment of the local environment – which can often have been the reason for its popularity in the first place. More hotels and more restaurants inevitably mean more strain on the local infrastructure, but they also mean more light pollution too. This is not simply about no longer being able to see the stars so easily. In some parts of the world – the Greek Islands being a well-known case – restaurants along the beaches are very popular tourist draws, but their light-spillage confuses hatching sea-turtles. The young hatchlings are programmed to head for the brightest thing they can see head for the brightest thing they can see –– in nature, the water’s edge –in nature, the water’s edge – and safety. When they and safety. When they follow their age-old instinct today, they are as likely to be heading in exactly the opposite direction direction –– and Tavernas offer no refuge from cats or predatory gulls. (Evans, 2012)The positive impact of tourism on the environment:In order to survive and develop, people always need to exploit natural resources. Lots of development activities on the environment is damaging the environment`s health, but orderly tourism activities can be part of the sustainable use of natural resources, and reduce the ecological damage of resource development. The healthy development of the tourism industry to promote environmental protection mainly has following aspects.“The International Ecotourism Society has defined Ecotourism as the “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people”. The Australian Commission on National Ecotourism Strategy defines ecotourism as”nature as”nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment -based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable”.In modern times, eco tourism has been expected to help in achieving the following also: involve travel to natural destinations, minimize impact on natural resources, build up environmental awareness, provide impetus and financial support for conservation, financially benefit and empower local people and inculcate respect for local culture.” (Parameswaran, 2012)1,The healthy development of the tourism industry can promote the launching of the environmental protection.Optimizing the industrial structure and protecting of the ecological environment.Rational plan for the healthy development of the tourism industry can replace resource consumption and heavy pollution of traditional industries to achieve the purpose of reducing pollution emissions. Some agricultural regions return farmland to forests, wood to grass and field to lake. On the one hand, local farmers receive more income; on the other hand, these measures can protect the environment and maintain the ecological balance.2, Improve the Environmental Quality.Obviously, one of the foundations for the development of the tourism industry is to have a beautiful and high-quality environment, no tourist wants to go to a place with very bad ecological environment. Tourists want the pure air and water quality, beautiful environment and ecology, green forest and earth. All of these will supervise the tourism management regulate the tourism development mode and improve the quality of green tourism products and development projects of the environment, such as planting more trees in the tourist area, closing forest and raising flowers. All these measures means the rise of the of tourism ecological environment quality.3,Improve the infrastructure and service facilitiesTourism development can improve the local infrastructure, such as airports, railwaystations, bus stations, roads, communications, water systems and sewage treatment systems. It also can contribute to the building of local entertainment, scenic attractions, accommodation and catering services, so as to improve the standards of the local economy and the living environment for local people.4,Protect the environment, natural landscapes and historical monuments.Good environment, natural resources and precious cultural relics are important factors to attract tourists. In order to attract more tourists and increase their level of satisfaction, many scenic areas, wildlife areas, and historical and cultural monuments are developing, we also concern about the issue of environment protection. Lucrative tourism can raise funds through appropriate tourism development; and these funds can be put into the construction of tourism environment, so as to make the Scenic environment and wildlife areas receive better protection, the maintenance and restoration of historical and cultural monuments.5,Beautify the living habitat environment.The development of tourism promotes to green the land and environmental cleanup, and to get the efficacy of beautification of the living environment. During the tourism development process, promoting afforestation, developing the horticultural projects or the design and construction of ecological building and expanding green area, air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, garbage pollution and other environmental problems can be controlled forcibly, like the Nanjing Confucius Temple, the majority cultural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, reflects the history and culture of China. For many years, the water quality in Qinhuai River is poor and serious pollution, almost everyone know the dilapidated houses by the river`s two sides. In recent years, this region emphasis on the natural environment restoration and improvement of the river ecosystem in the tourism development process, Nanjing citizens take some action, such as river regulation and waste collection, through the implementation of renovation projects, seek the greening of the Qinhuai River, purify and beautify the riverbanks to re-experience the the Qinhuai clean water and better living environment.6,Strengthen people's awareness of environmental protection.Tourism environmental protection, as a systems engineering, requires government tourism management department, department of tourism operators, residents and tourists to participate. Good tourism promotion of government travel management department can improve the tour operator, environmental protection consciousness of destination residents and tourists.A good environment is an important requirement for tourism development. Tourism development can bring good economic benefits, and help local people out of poverty andbackwardness. After appreciating the good environmental benefits to produce their life, people's environmental awareness will be enhanced unprecedented.For tourists, the travel is a short-term way of life. It`s a kind of longing of escaping their day-to-day working and living environment to the unfamiliar environment. Good tourism activities are impressed, and the beautiful environment let them to beautify our environment and feel the close relationship between the environments and improving the quality of life, finally we should to promote environmental awareness and focus on environmental protection. In fact, in recent years, understanding the nature, observing the nature and the opportunity to experience the nature is popular. These activities will let them realize that the natural environment is the source of beauty and the basic conditions of human beings to create a better life; they can feel aesthetic pleasure during the natural process. The tourists will feel grateful of plants and trees of nature and bound their travel behavior, and to raise awareness of environmental protection.Environmental management departments and the tour operator sector also constantly aware of the importance of the environment during the process of planning and development of tourism projects. It is the basis for the survival of the tourism industry and an important factor for sustainable development of tourism. Government should take all the measures to protect the natural environment, advance environmental protection planning in tourism planning, and take measures in accordance with the importance of the different levels of management with graded protection. The positive interaction between tourism development and environmental protection concept is gradually able to establish and implement.Tourism to Local DevelopmentTourism could have a tremendous beneficial impact on local economies, but many hotels source their food and cleaning products from abroad rather than purchasing them from local producers. An Oxfam study found that hotels in St. Lucia imported more than 70 percent of their produce every year. Local farmers cannot compete internationally and have suffered from a decline in the banana trade, but Oxfam and other organizations are encouraging hotels to source food from local farmers, and by doing so keeping the tourist income within the community and supporting farmer's efforts to diversify their crops. For some hotels and restaurants, shopping locally adds a more authentic flavor to the products that they offer tourism and is a selling point in itself. For example, the Ocean Terrace Inn in St. Kitts prides itself on serving food made using locally sourced ingredients.Tourism to the environmentTourism can be harmful to the environment in a variety of ways. Cruise ships sailing through the Caribbean dump waste into the sea; one 2002 study found that a ship carrying2,000 passengers and 1,000 crew generated the same amount of waste as a small city. This waste, including oil residues, harms marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. Groups such as the Caribbean Tourism Organization are promoting more sustainable tourism projects that attempt to reduce the impact of tourism on the local environment, while the United Nations' Caribbean Environment Program supports this effort with the Cartagena Convention. The Convention aims to protect the Caribbean's delicate marine environment by establishing a series of protocols on combating oil spills, creating protected areas and dealing with pollution from the land. (Media, 2002)The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.1,Cleaning the contaminated tourism ecological environment.It is necessary to clean the contaminated tourism ecological environment; regardless of t he reason for the pollution is tourism and non-tourism. There must be effective control measur es for the development of tourism in the tourist area in order to fundamentally clean up the are a. For instance, relocating the polluting factories in the tourist area and prohibiting the develo pment of industrial pollution.2,Reconstruction of the ecological environment has been destroyed.In the existing tourist areas and developing tourist area, if a part of tourism ecological en vironment has been damaged, it is affecting the entire aesthetic characteristics of the ecologic al environment. It should be doing construction in the region corresponding ecological enviro nmental. For example, if the tourist area water is contaminated, it should be cleaned up; if the area is lack of green plants, it should be planted. During the reconstruction of the ecological e nvironment, the environmental characteristics of the area should be noticed. It is important to maintain stable ecosystem. So the green plants should be selected to the benefit of the tourist area.3,Application of the tourism ecological environment capacity theory.The destruction and pollution of tourism activities should be avoided. In tourism plannin g and management, tourism overload is the fundamental reason to the tourism pollution of eco logical environment. Tourism activities undermine the development of the tourism industry. S o the tourist ecological capacity should be appropriately controlled during the tourism develop ment and management.4,To take the necessary measures to slow the ecological environment destruction.The sudden natural destruction of tourism ecological environment can be forecasted, but cannot be avoided. But the destruction of nature can be mitigated by certain measures, such as offsite migration of rare and endangered flora and fauna protection, artificial reforestation an d so on.So if one wants to enjoy nature one must preserve it, otherwise all the exotic destinations will become extinct and the world will not be a beautiful place to live in. Eco friendly tourism should be promoted all over the world and if marvels of nature should be preserved, tourism should take into account the principle and process of sustainable consumption.旅游和环境:一个共生关系如今如今,,随着人民生活水平的提高随着人民生活水平的提高,,追求更高的精神生活追求更高的精神生活,,旅游业发展迅速旅游业发展迅速,,在国民经济比例不断上升。
乡村旅游振兴方法英语作文
乡村旅游振兴方法英语作文Rural tourism has been an important part of cultural and economic development in many countries. There are several methods to revitalize rural tourism in order to promote economic growth and preserve local culture.Firstly, it is crucial to invest in infrastructure and facilities in rural areas to improve accessibility and accommodation. This includes building or renovating roads, public transportation, and lodging options. By making it easier for tourists to visit and stay in rural areas, the number of visitors is likely to increase, benefiting the local economy.Secondly, promoting unique cultural experiences andlocal products can also attract tourists to rural areas. This can be achieved through organizing cultural events, traditional festivals, and showcasing local crafts and cuisine. By highlighting the distinct characteristics of rural regions, tourists are more likely to be drawn to these areas for an authentic and immersive experience.Additionally, collaboration with travel agencies and online platforms can help promote rural tourism and reach a wider audience. By partnering with tour operators and utilizing social media and online booking platforms, rural destinations can increase their visibility and attract more tourists.Furthermore, sustainable and responsible tourism practices are essential to ensure the long-term success of rural tourism. This includes preserving natural resources, supporting local communities, and minimizing negative impacts on the environment. By practicing sustainable tourism, rural areas can maintain their appeal to tourists while safeguarding their natural and cultural heritage for future generations.In conclusion, the revitalization of rural tourism requires a multi-faceted approach that involves investment in infrastructure, promotion of local culture and products, collaboration with travel agencies, and a commitment to sustainable practices. By implementing these methods, rural areas can revitalize their tourism industry and contributeto the overall economic and cultural development of the region.乡村旅游的振兴对于许多国家的文化和经济发展来说至关重要。
乡村旅游简介--英译中
INTRODUCTIONRural tourism is a segment of the total tourist industry which is particularly important in Hungary, in a country with no spectacular natural attractions, without seaside, high mountains, rainforest or herds of exotic animals. However, its attractive cultural landscapes with small villages, thermal springs, rivers and lakes, combined with the traditional hospitality, are able to offer pleasant experiences to the kind of tourist who is looking for relaxation and recreation in a calm setting.简介乡村旅游是整个旅游业的一部分，尤其是在匈牙利，这类国家没有引人入胜的自然景观，没有海边，高山，雨林或者海外引进的动物。
然而，匈牙利小乡村，温泉，河流湖泊所具有的吸引人的文化风格与传统食宿相结合的产物为在安静的环境中寻求娱乐的游客提供了令人愉悦的体验。
On one hand, rural tourism development can play an important role in the diversification of the Hungarian tourist supply and in the creation of a more complex and colourful country image. On the other hand, rural tourism is not only the end, but the means to stimulate economic growth, to increase the viability of underdeveloped regions, and to improve the living standards of local populations.在一方面，乡村旅游业的发展在匈牙利旅游产品的多元化以及在创建更复杂多彩的乡村形象中占据着重要的作用。
民宿外文参考文献
民宿外文参考文献1. Wang, Y., & Ma, Q. (2017). An empirical study on the development of rural tourism based on homestay. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (Social Science Edition), 19(3), 111-115.2. Lin, W., Liu, Y., & Chen, M. (2018). What drives consumers' willingness to book homestay accommodations? An investigation of trust and perceived value. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 70, 46-55.3. Zhang, H., Xiong, W., & Wu, X. (2019). The impact of online reviews on customer booking intentions: Evidence from homestay accommodations. Tourism Management, 73, 97-107.4. Leung, D., Law, R., & van Hoof, H. (2013). How social media affects hotel and restaurant business performance: A study of restaurants in Hong Kong. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 147-153.5. Ramkissoon, H., Uysal, M., & Brown, S. (2011). Investigating the relationship between place attachment and tourism behavior. Journal of Travel Research, 50(4), 383-395.6. Park, S., & Yoon, Y. (2009). Segmentation by motivation in rural tourism: A Korean case study. Tourism Management, 30(1), 99-108.7. Huang, Y., & Xia, W. (2018). Research on the impact of home-based hotel accommodation on urban tourism development. Journal of Coastal Research, 83(sp1), 192-196.8. Liu, J., Huang, S., & Zhang, J. (2018). Evaluating the tourist experience of rural homestays in China: A case study in Yunnan Province. Journal of Destination Marketingand Management, 9, 225-234.9. Ma, X., & Lu, L. (2014). Residents' attitudes towards rural tourism development: A case study of Taishi Village, China. Tourism Management, 42, 14-21.10. Uysal, M., & Hagan, L. (1993). Motivation of rural tourists: A study of Nebraska visitors. Journal of Travel Research, 31(2), 29-34.。
乡村生态旅游发展英文作文
乡村生态旅游发展英文作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Rural Ecotourism Development。
Rural ecotourism is a growing trend that offers travelers a chance to escape the hustle and bustle of city life and immerse themselves in the beauty of nature. It provides a unique opportunity to experience the tranquility and simplicity of rural areas while also supporting local communities and preserving the environment.One of the main attractions of rural ecotourism is the chance to stay in traditional, rustic accommodations. Whether it's a charming farmhouse or a cozy cottage, these accommodations offer a glimpse into the local way of life. Visitors can wake up to the sounds of birds chirping, breathe in the fresh country air, and enjoy a hearty homemade breakfast made with locally sourced ingredients.Exploring the surrounding nature is another highlight of rural ecotourism. Travelers can go on guided hikesthrough lush forests, kayak along pristine rivers, or cycle through picturesque countryside. These activities not only provide a chance to appreciate the beauty of nature but also promote physical fitness and well-being.In addition to enjoying the natural beauty, rural ecotourism also allows visitors to learn about local traditions and customs. They can participate in traditional craft workshops, such as pottery or weaving, and even try their hand at traditional cooking. By engaging with the local community, travelers gain a deeper understanding of the culture and heritage of the area they are visiting.Moreover, rural ecotourism plays a crucial role in supporting local economies. By staying in local accommodations, dining at local restaurants, and purchasing locally made products, travelers contribute directly to the livelihoods of the people living in rural areas. This economic boost helps to create jobs and improve the overall standard of living in these communities.Furthermore, rural ecotourism promotes environmentalconservation. Many rural areas are home to diverse ecosystems and endangered species. By promoting responsible tourism practices, such as minimizing waste and respecting wildlife habitats, rural ecotourism helps to preserve these fragile environments for future generations to enjoy.In conclusion, rural ecotourism offers a unique and enriching travel experience. It allows travelers to reconnect with nature, learn about local cultures, and support sustainable development. By choosing rural ecotourism, we can contribute to the preservation of our natural heritage and make a positive impact on the communities we visit.。
古村落乡村文化旅游古镇旅游外文文献翻译2014年
文献出处：Roberta M, Jolliffe L. Cultural rural tourism: Evidence from Canada [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2014, 30(2): 307-322.原文Cultural rural tourism: Evidence from CanadaRoberta ; JolliffeAbstractTourism has become a development tool for many rural and more isolated areas to supplement traditional industries that are often in decline. In this paper, development of cultural rural tourism is examined in a case study of a French Acadian region on an island in eastern Canada. The roles of culture and community-based partnerships are considered in a proposed framework with four evolving development stages. The findings suggest that the framework is useful for rural tourism development; that culture, which is often well preserved in rural areas, is a valuable resource to include; and that community-based partnerships such as cooperatives may be very effective.Keywords: cultural tourism; rural development; community-based partnership IntroductionRural communities and peripheral areas such as islands face the challenge of continuous economic development. Where primary traditional industries such as fishing and farming are in decline, tourism often becomes another tool to help create jobs and to raise the standards of living. These areas realize this potential through development of local resources, culture, and heritage. The integration of such alternative sources may help to sustain local economies and to encourage local development. Actually many tourists seek rural destinations which offer pleasant experiences related to the natural environment, historic heritage, and cultural patterns. It is this culture and heritage that are often well preserved between generations in rural areas and it is in periods of economic decline that their residents seem to cling more to a distinct heritage. Culture and tourism then become resources for socioeconomic development in rural and peripheral communities. This has beenobserved in studying cultural tourism in many of the small islands of the North Atlantic.The rural tourism concept has many interpretations (Page and Getz, 1997 and Sharpley et al., 1997).Bramwell and Lane (1994) propose that rural tourism can include activities and interests in farms, nature, adventure, sport, health, education, arts, and heritage. In 1996, Pedford expands the concept into living history such as rural customs and folklore, local and family traditions, values, beliefs, and common heritage.Turnock (1999) further broadens the view of rural tourism to embrace all aspects of leisure appropriate in the countryside. Given these various findings, the concepts for this particular study are integrated as cultural rural tourism. This is defined as referring to a distinct rural community with its own traditions, heritage, arts, lifestyles, places, and values as preserved between generations. Tourists visit these areas to be informed about the culture and to experience folklore, customs, natural landscapes, and historical landmarks. They might also enjoy other activities in a rural setting such as nature, adventure, sports, festivals, crafts, and general sightseeing. This concept fits the WTO (1994) finding that environmental and cultural heritage are major themes that can be conserved for future use while benefiting the present. Cultural rural tourism developmentTo help understand the cultural rural tourism process, a framework is proposed for analysis of the development activities that occur in the case study. The framework is based on a variety of sources that indicate a niche for providing tourists an educational, adventuresome, and enriching experience. The sources include the model by Lewis (1998), the tourism product lifecycle findings of Butler (1980) and Hill (1993), and the findings by Prohaska (1995) for the development of cultural tourism in island destinations, which are often rural areas. Also considered are Pedford’s findings (1996) that local residents need to become involved as part of an area’s living history to aide local cultural tourism. The host provides the knowledge of traditions and folklore which contribute to tourists’authentic experiences without endangering the resource concerned. This fits with the US National Trust Heritage Tourism program that promotes heritage development by balancing short-term gainand long-term preservation. The framework as shown inTable 2 incorporates the findings of these studies.Stage one is the initial evolution when a rural region employs the tourism concept in its economic development process. This involves the integration of cultural and rural resources into the socioeconomic planning for a community. The process seems to begin slowly when a few tourists arrive in the community and some residents see an opportunity. This stage includes more of individual offerings. The second stage evolves from this simple start. It is the stage to plan and to implement strategies that start to benefit the whole region. This will develop into more formal plans based on cooperation among the community’s residents, organizations, and businesses. In rural areas, this might involve partnerships between local and regional groups as well as national organizations and various levels of government. Page and Getz (1997)discuss the importance of community cooperation and partnerships in rural tourism. Prohaska (1995) also notes that local hosts tend to seek government assistance for heritage areas with unique or distinct identities that have been developed over generations. At this stage, examples may include festivals and special cultural events to attract more tourists into an area.The third stage is developing the plans into more advanced and formal cultural rural tourism offerings that benefit the community in the short-term and conserve the resources for the long-term. At this stage, there are increased efficiency and effective development of more permanent attractions, activities, and educational programs of the natural environment, historical sites, and cultural experiences. A tourism organization for the region also takes control of the process to ensure more coherent and integrated marketing of the area. The final stage is the fully centralized planning and implementing of tourism in the rural region. At this point, the planning should be responsible, appropriate, and enduring for short and long-term community benefits while also preserving its resources. It is at this fourth stage that five principles proposed by the US National Trust play a role to help guide the preservation of long-term cultural rural tourism. These principles include authenticity and quality, education and interpretation, preservation and protection, local priorities and capacity,and partnerships (Prohaska 1995). In general, this framework is like a pyramid with a few people at the top in stage one starting the process slowly. By stage four, the base is broad and includes many people and organizations working in team efforts in the process for the benefit of the whole region.译文古村落和乡村文化旅游:来自加拿大的案例研究作者：罗伯塔; 乔利夫摘要旅游业已经成为许多农村和偏远地区的重点开发产业，用以补充当地的传统产业。
《文旅融合背景下的乡村旅游发展对策研究国内外文献综述3400字》
文旅融合背景下的乡村旅游发展对策研究国内外文献综述1国外研究现状乡村旅游一直以来都是我国乡村振兴的重要内容，近几年随着文旅融合的开展和深入，学术界对于文旅融合以及乡村旅游的发展十分关注，对于此部分内容的研究成果不断增加。
目前学术界关于乡村文旅的研究，主要有两种研究范式：从概念界定的角度展开对于乡村文旅的研究，进而论述乡村文旅发展在推动乡村经济发展中的作用。
乡村旅游是一种可以实现持续发展的文化经济，乡村旅游地能够将当地的文化特征、文化属性以特定的文化符号表达出来，并能够借此作为当地文化保护工作的推动力1（Kneafsey M，2001）。
乡村旅游的概念是可以从多个角度进行界定和探讨的，并且根据其旅游对象、科技含量不同角度可以对乡村旅游进行分类2（肖佑兴，明庆忠等，2001）。
从乡村旅游的概念和内涵的角度展开思考和分析，则可以将乡村旅游定义为乡村旅游是在乡村产生，满足游客需求，实现经济效益的活动3（郭丽，章家恩，2010）。
从乡村文旅可持续发展的角度展开探讨，将乡村文旅作为农村旅游资源的一个重要部分，探索其与乡村协调发展方式。
如基于当地乡村旅游的开发的基础上，探讨该地的社区和文化是否因为乡村旅游的发展而产生了变动4（Nielsen NC，2010）。
从乡村旅游开发的角度出发，乡村旅游是伴随社会和历史的发展所产生的，能够很好地承载当地军民的生活习俗，但是随着乡村旅游的进一步开发，可能导致其本土文化的缺失5（Thompson CS，2004）。
2国内研究现状以玉溪市为个例，研究该地在乡村文化旅游的发展中所面临的问题，并给出了相关的建议，为我国乡村文旅的发展转型提供参考思路6（倪爱兰，2020）。
1Kneafsey M . Rural cultural economy: Tourism and Social Relations[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2001, 28( 3):762-783.2肖佑兴,明庆忠,李松志.论乡村旅游的概念和类型[J].旅游科学,2001(03):8-10.3郭丽,章家恩.关于乡村旅游概念及其内涵的再思考[J].科技和产业,2010,10(05):58-61.4Nielsen N C . Rural Tourism Development – Localism and Cultural Change[J]. Tourism Management, 2010, 31(5):693-695.5Thompson C S . Host produced rural tourism: Towa's Tokyo Antenna Shop[J]. annals of tourism research, 2004, 31(3):580-600.6倪艾兰. 文旅融合背景下玉溪市通海县乡村旅游发展研究[D].华中师范大学,2020.乡村文旅发展模式主要有三种，分别是政府主导型模式、社区居民主导参与型模式和多利益主体参与型模式7。
西班牙乡村旅游外文翻译(可编辑)
外文翻译rural tourism in SpainMaterial Source:Annals of Tourism Research, 2002Author:ElsevierRural tourism is to some rural villages to understand the people, customs and etiquette, etc There are some villages at the time of planting products rice, maize, sorghum, wheat, etc., fruit trees, streams, small bridges viewing and their understanding of the storyTourists in the countryside usually in remote areas of the traditional village and nearby to stay, learn and experience the rural lifestyle activities. The village can also be as a tourist base to explore the surrounding areasFirst, an overview of rural tourism1. The origin of rural tourismSpain scholars Rosa Mary'a Yagu ¨ e Perales 2001 will be divd d into the traditional rural tourism rural tourism Homecoming or Traditional Rural Tourism and modern rural tourism Modern Rural Tourism two Traditional rural tourism in the industrial revolution, mainly due to a number of urban residents from rural areas in order to "go home" inthe form of vacation. Although the traditional rural tourism will have on the local economic impact of some valuable,and to increase opportunities for exchanges among the urban and rural areas, but it and the modern rural tourism there was a great difference mainly reflected in: the traditional rural tourism activities are mainly carried out during the holidays; not effective in promoting local economic development; not to increase local employment opportunities and improve the financial environment. In fact, the traditional rural tourism in many parts of the world developed and developing countries are widespread in China, this tradition often classified as rural tourism travel to visit relatives Tourism is a modern village in the 20th century, the 80's in the rural areas a new type of tourism, especially in the 90's after the 20th century, the rapid development of tourism tourists obvious motive from the traditional tourists go home. The characteristics of modern rural tourism mainly as follows: time travel is not limited to holidays; modern rural tourists take full advantage of the beautiful landscape of rural areas, the natural environment and architecture, and cultural resources; modern rural tourism's contribution to the rural economy is not only the performance of increase in local revenue, but also in creating local employment opportunities,but also the tradition of local economic weakness has injected new vitality Modern village of tourism on economic development in rural areas have a positive role in promoting, with thecharacteristics of modern people with the rapid increase of tourists, the modern development of rural tourism has become an effective means of the rural economy. Therefore it is necessary to distinguish this kind of "go home" of the tourism or rural tourism traditional and modern distinction between rural tourism. At present, we are talking about refers to the modern rural tourism rural tourism 2. The definition of rural tourism Academic circles both at home and abroad on the rural tourism has not completely uniform definition of the following views:Spain scholar Gilbert and Tung 1990 that: Rural Tourism Rural tourism is the farmers to provide accommodation for tourists and other conditions, to the farm, ranch, such as a typical rural environment, a variety of leisure activities to engage in a form of tourism World Commission for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD, 1994, P.15 is defined as: carried out in rural tourism, rural-style rurality is the center of rural tourism and the unique selling point Arie Reichel and Israel Oded Lowengart and the United States Ady Milman 1999 that clear and concise: rural tourism region is located in rural tourism. Rural areas with special offerings, such as small-scale tourism enterprises, regional to open and the characteristics of sustainable development British Bramwell and Lane 1994 that: rural tourism is not only the agriculture-based tourism activities, but more than one level of tourism activities, which in addition to agriculture-based holiday tourism, butalso include special interest in nature-based tourism, ecotourism, walk during the holidays,mountain climbing and horse riding and other activities, adventure, sports and health tourism, hunting and angling, educational travel, cultural and traditional tourism, as well as some regional folk tourism The relevant definition of rural tourism more,Li-Hua Li Jing-ming and the narrow sense that refers to rural tourism in rural areas, in a rural natural and cultural objects for the tourist attraction of tourism. The concept of rural tourism includes two aspects: first, took place in ruralareas, the village is as a tourist attraction of the two are indispensable Second,analysis of rural tourism development1. Status of the development of rural tourismSince the 70's since the 19th century, rural tourism in rural areas in developed countries has grown rapidly. This is the promotion of the economic downturn, the development of rural areas has played a very important role Blaine and Golan 1993; Dernoi 1991. Rural tourism to the local economy and the significance has been fully proved Fleischer & Pizam, 1997; Page & Getz,1997; OECD, 1994. In many countries, rural tourism is considered to be a recession and to prevent the increase of agricultural income in rural areas an effective means Arie Reichel, Oded Lowengart, Ady Milman, 1998 The development of rural tourism development in the world very quickly, in 2001, more than 10,000 villages in the Italiantourism enterprises received a total of 2,100 million visitors, turnoverof 900 billion liras about430 million U.S. dollars, compared to2000 an increase of 12.5% Xinhuanet, 2001.12.30. In the United States has 30 states for a clear policy on the tourism industry in rural areas, 14 of which states the overall development of tourism in their planning includes rural tourism Luloff et al, 1994. In Israel, the development of rural tourism as a revenue decline in the rural areas as an effective complement the increase in the number of rural tourism enterprises Fleischer & Pizam, 1997. At the same time, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the former Eastern Europe and the Pacific region, including in many countries are of the viewthat the tourism industry inrural areas, rural economic development and the driving force for economic diversification Hall, & Jenkins, 1998 United Kingdom Richard Sharpley 2001 that the rural tourism enterprises are facing major challenges: lack of support; the lackof training; tourism facilities and the lack of attraction; short season obviously,the utilization rate is not high;marketing aspects inefficient In the late 20th century, Spain, through its nearly 20-year study of rural tourism concluding that the modern rural tourism is very conducive to promoting the development of rural areas of Spain, in Spain and more modern village at the age of tourists between the ages of 25-45 for the community high level of education, strong purchasing power of urban residents,rural activities on the enjoyment of them adopt apositive attitude, the main rural tourism activities, including sports, and agriculture-related areas such as labor and tourism, rural tourists, these modern multi-use of existing facilities, including The village is full of vigor and the farmhouse and other small hotels Bardo'n1987, 1990; Bote 1987,1988; Candela 1992; Fuentes 1995 China's rural tourism development around the major tourist and leisure agriculture mainly agricultural, are currently being marketed to tourism, study, learning, participation, eating rice farming, dry farming of living, enjoy the music farm" for customs the content of tourism; to harvest a variety of farm products as the main contents of the picking of tourism and agriculture to traditional folk festivals for the content of the rural areas, tourism and other festivals 译文西班牙乡村旅游资料来源:旅游研究纪事,2002 作者:爱思唯尔乡村旅游被人们理解为理解人们的习俗和礼仪等等。
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乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献 乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
外文: Rural Tourism and Economic Development
Tourism is a popular economic development strategy. The author reviews three diverse books that study tourism from various social science perspectives——economic, sociological, - １ -
psychological, and anthropological. Ryan’s book is multidisciplinary in approach and covers all major topics of tourism; tourist experience; and marketing. Michal Smith details the negative affects of tourism development in rural areas of the southeastern United States. Finally, Valene Smith’s book presents international case studies that document cultural changes caused by tourism development. Despite their different focuses, all three books agree that tourism development has its benefits and costs and that changes to the destination areas are inevitable. Careful planning and marketing can lessen the harmful effects of tourism development. Tourism is an increasingly popular elixir to economic rural and urban underdevelopment. Its current prominence in the array of local economic development strategies can be traced to several features of the tourism industry. Tourism jobs are mostly low-skill jobs, which are a good fit with the job skills of many rural residents. Also, tourism has a potential for creating an export base that builds on favorable local advantages such as a pleasant climate or sites of historic or natural interest. More important, tourism strategies mesh with the current political philosophy and budget realities of - ２ -
minimizing government involvement and investment. The accommodations, restaurants, and entertainment activities that necessarily accompany tourism are assumed to be provided by the private sector. Critics of tourism as a development strategy cite its low-paying and dead-end jobs, its degradation of the local natural environment, and its potential corruption of local culture and customs. Further, not every jurisdiction in need of jobs and a tax base has tourism potential. The study of tourism, like much of the economic development literature, draws from a wide range of disciplines. The forte of economists is in addressing the affects of tourism on the local economy; however, economists fail to describe who tourists are or why they travel. Anthropologists’ major contribution to defining and studying tourism is in examining the impacts of tourism on local culture. Psychologists are more likely to dwell on the motives for tourism, but they ignore the impacts. Clearly, the complete definition of tourism includes the economic, social, anthropological, and psychological viewpoints. One strength of Recreational Tourism: A social Science Perspective by Chris Ryan is its multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. In contrast, the case studies from around the world found in Hosts and Guests: The - ３ -
Anthropology of Tourism, edited by Valene Smith, dwell on tourism from the perspectives of history and anthropology, with its focus on the culture affects of tourism and tourism’s role in the acculturation process. Behind the Glitter: The Impact of Tourism on Rural Women in the Southeast, by Michal Smith, focuses on the economic and cultural effects of tourism in the rural Southeast. Benefits of tourism Perhaps chief among the advantages of tourism is that it is seen as obtainable, even for communities with minimal public resources. Most communities envision negligible public investments such as new roads, history markers, town cleanup, storefront rehabilitation, and marketing. The private sector is expected to provide hotels, motels, restaurants, entertainment, and other tourist accommodations. Second, tourism is a relatively easy-to-understand concept for the lay public and can, therefore, generate local support. Community pride leads residents to conclude that their home town has something to offer tourists. Tourism builds on perceived and existing local advantages or amenities, such as sites of historical interest, mountains and other places of natural beauty, pleasant climates, or clean air. Tourism