胡壮麟 第十章 课件 PPT 语言学教程
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胡壮麟语言学总复习课件
句子成分
句子由主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状 语等不同的成分组成，各成分在句子 中起到不同的作用。Biblioteka 句法结构与句型句法结构
句法结构是指句子的内部构造和组织方 式，包括简单句、复合句、并列句等。
VS
句型
句型是根据句子的结构特点和语义功能划 分的句子类型，如陈述句、疑问句、祈使 句等。
语法的层级体系
01
层级体系
语言学的研究对象与范围
总结词
语言学的研究对象是语言，包括语音、语法、词汇、语义等方面。
详细描述
语音学研究语言的发音和音系规则，语法学研究词法和句法规则，词汇学研究词汇的构成和意义，语义学研究词 汇和句子的意义。此外，社会语言学、心理语言学、计算机语言学等分支学科也丰富了语言学的研究范围。
语言学与其他学科的关系
详细描述
该领域关注第二语言学习的过程、影响因素、学 习策略等，旨在揭示第二语言学习的本质和规律 ，为外语教学提供理论支持和实践指导。
语言教学理论与实践
总结词
语言教学理论与实践主要研究如何有 效地教授和学习语言。
详细描述
该领域关注语言教学方法、教材设计 、课程设置等方面，旨在提高语言教 学的效果和质量，培养学习者的语言 运用能力。
语言接触与变异
语言接触是指不同语言或方言之间的接触和交流 01 ，这种接触会导致语言的变异和融合。
语言变异是指在一个语言的内部，由于地域、社 02 会、年龄等因素的影响，导致语音、词汇、语法
等方面的差异。
社会语言学研究语言接触与变异，旨在揭示语言 03 变化的原因和规律，以及变异对语言的生存和发
展的影响。
音变现象
音变定义
音变是指语音在连续发出时发生的音素变化， 包括同化、异化、弱化等。
句子由主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状 语等不同的成分组成，各成分在句子 中起到不同的作用。Biblioteka 句法结构与句型句法结构
句法结构是指句子的内部构造和组织方 式，包括简单句、复合句、并列句等。
VS
句型
句型是根据句子的结构特点和语义功能划 分的句子类型，如陈述句、疑问句、祈使 句等。
语法的层级体系
01
层级体系
语言学的研究对象与范围
总结词
语言学的研究对象是语言，包括语音、语法、词汇、语义等方面。
详细描述
语音学研究语言的发音和音系规则，语法学研究词法和句法规则，词汇学研究词汇的构成和意义，语义学研究词 汇和句子的意义。此外，社会语言学、心理语言学、计算机语言学等分支学科也丰富了语言学的研究范围。
语言学与其他学科的关系
详细描述
该领域关注第二语言学习的过程、影响因素、学 习策略等，旨在揭示第二语言学习的本质和规律 ，为外语教学提供理论支持和实践指导。
语言教学理论与实践
总结词
语言教学理论与实践主要研究如何有 效地教授和学习语言。
详细描述
该领域关注语言教学方法、教材设计 、课程设置等方面，旨在提高语言教 学的效果和质量，培养学习者的语言 运用能力。
语言接触与变异
语言接触是指不同语言或方言之间的接触和交流 01 ，这种接触会导致语言的变异和融合。
语言变异是指在一个语言的内部，由于地域、社 02 会、年龄等因素的影响，导致语音、词汇、语法
等方面的差异。
社会语言学研究语言接触与变异，旨在揭示语言 03 变化的原因和规律，以及变异对语言的生存和发
展的影响。
音变现象
音变定义
音变是指语音在连续发出时发生的音素变化， 包括同化、异化、弱化等。
英语语言学及应用课件PPT胡壮麟史上最全面
举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 所以too 和 tea 中的 /t/两个不同的音子
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
语言学精品课胡壮麟版ppt课件
language.
2. Scopes of linguistics
☺General linguistics—studies linguistics as a whole.
☺ Phonetics—study of sounds ☺ Phonology--study of the system of
sounds, how they are combined ☺ Morphology—study of the structure and
language development, more practical than written form, hard to record • writing : • permanent, can be recorded
• ngue and parole • —by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure
• descriptive –describes and analyzes the language people are currently speaking. It deals with “what people actually say”
• 3.2 synchronic vs. diachronic • synchronic—description of a language at
• 2.1.4. Language is symbolic. • 2.1.5. Language is human –specific. • 2.1.6. Language is used for
communication
2.2. Design features of language
• 2.2.1. arbitrariness • 2.2.2. productivity • 2.2.3. duality • 2.2.4. displacement • 2.2.5. cultural transmission
2. Scopes of linguistics
☺General linguistics—studies linguistics as a whole.
☺ Phonetics—study of sounds ☺ Phonology--study of the system of
sounds, how they are combined ☺ Morphology—study of the structure and
language development, more practical than written form, hard to record • writing : • permanent, can be recorded
• ngue and parole • —by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure
• descriptive –describes and analyzes the language people are currently speaking. It deals with “what people actually say”
• 3.2 synchronic vs. diachronic • synchronic—description of a language at
• 2.1.4. Language is symbolic. • 2.1.5. Language is human –specific. • 2.1.6. Language is used for
communication
2.2. Design features of language
• 2.2.1. arbitrariness • 2.2.2. productivity • 2.2.3. duality • 2.2.4. displacement • 2.2.5. cultural transmission
胡壮麟《语言学教程》第三版语音学Phonetics课件.ppt
Table of IPA (on Page 38 of the textbook)
2021/4/15
Linguistics: A Coursebook
8
4.3 Coarticulation
Coarticulation: the influence on a sound by its
neighbors e.g. cap [kap]
f v θ ð s z ∫3
h
Approxi w mant
r
j
Lateral
l
Affricate
t∫ d3
Table 1 A chart of English consonants
2021/4/15
Linguistics: A Coursebook
11
5.3 Classification of vowels
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Linguistics: A Coursebook
9
5. Phonetic Classification
Vowels and consonants Classification of consonants Classification of vowels
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Linguistics: A Coursebook
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Linguistics: A Coursebook
6
4.1 Segment and divergence
Segment: any linguistic unit in a sequence which may be isolated from the rest of the sequence, e.g. a sound in an utterance or a letter in a written text. (Feasibility)
2021/4/15
Linguistics: A Coursebook
8
4.3 Coarticulation
Coarticulation: the influence on a sound by its
neighbors e.g. cap [kap]
f v θ ð s z ∫3
h
Approxi w mant
r
j
Lateral
l
Affricate
t∫ d3
Table 1 A chart of English consonants
2021/4/15
Linguistics: A Coursebook
11
5.3 Classification of vowels
2021/4/15
Linguistics: A Coursebook
9
5. Phonetic Classification
Vowels and consonants Classification of consonants Classification of vowels
2021/4/15
Linguistics: A Coursebook
2021/4/15
Linguistics: A Coursebook
6
4.1 Segment and divergence
Segment: any linguistic unit in a sequence which may be isolated from the rest of the sequence, e.g. a sound in an utterance or a letter in a written text. (Feasibility)
胡壮麟 第十章 语言学教程ppt课件
语料库语言学：研究任何这样的语料中的数据。
Criticisms and the revival of corpus linguistics
Chomsky changed the direction of linguistics away from empiricism to rationalism.
(c) He lends Tony books.
(d) He owes Tony books.
How can ungrammatical utterances be distinguished from ones that haven’t occurred? If the corpus does not contain sentence (a), how do we conclude that it is ungrammatical while the rest of the sentences are grammatical?
1. the corpus could never be a useful tool for the linguist, as the linguist must seek to model language competence rather than performance.
2. the only way to account for a grammar of a language is y description of its rules, rather than by enumeration of its sentences. It is the syntactic rules that are finite.
There are also problems of practicality with corpus linguistics.
Criticisms and the revival of corpus linguistics
Chomsky changed the direction of linguistics away from empiricism to rationalism.
(c) He lends Tony books.
(d) He owes Tony books.
How can ungrammatical utterances be distinguished from ones that haven’t occurred? If the corpus does not contain sentence (a), how do we conclude that it is ungrammatical while the rest of the sentences are grammatical?
1. the corpus could never be a useful tool for the linguist, as the linguist must seek to model language competence rather than performance.
2. the only way to account for a grammar of a language is y description of its rules, rather than by enumeration of its sentences. It is the syntactic rules that are finite.
There are also problems of practicality with corpus linguistics.
胡壮麟 第十章 语言学教程ppt课件
语料（corpus，复数形式corpora）：一个语言数据 的存储，可以是被编辑为书面文本，也可以是被作 为录音言语的誊本。语料的主要目的是鉴定一个语 言的假说--例如，确定一个特定的语音、单词，或 句法结构的使用如何变化。
3.1 Corpus Linguistics
Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using corpora in language study.
Leech（1993）描写了适用于文本语料的注解的7条 准则。
1. 为了恢复到自然的语料，从有注解的语料里删去 注解是可能的。 2. 从文本里单独摘录注解是可能的。 3. 注解方案应该以终端用户可利用的指导方针为基 础。 4. 应该弄清楚，注解是如何并且由谁来完成。 5. 终端用户应该知道语料注解不是没有错误的，而 只是一种潜在的有用的工具。 6. 注解方案应尽可能地立足于普遍接受的和中性的 理论原则。 7. 任何注解方案都无优先权被视为是标准的注解。
Semantics语义学
Corpus linguistics contributes to semantics by helping to establish an approach which is objective, because semantic distinctions are associated in texts with characteristic observable contexts—syntactic, morphological and prosodic—and by considering he environment of the linguistic entities an empirical objective indicator for a particular semantic distinction can be arrived. Another role of corpora in semantics has been in establishing more firmly the notions of fuzzy categories and gradience. In looking empirically at natural language in corpora, clearcut boundaries do not exist; instead there are gradients of membership which are connected with frequency of inclusion.
3.1 Corpus Linguistics
Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using corpora in language study.
Leech（1993）描写了适用于文本语料的注解的7条 准则。
1. 为了恢复到自然的语料，从有注解的语料里删去 注解是可能的。 2. 从文本里单独摘录注解是可能的。 3. 注解方案应该以终端用户可利用的指导方针为基 础。 4. 应该弄清楚，注解是如何并且由谁来完成。 5. 终端用户应该知道语料注解不是没有错误的，而 只是一种潜在的有用的工具。 6. 注解方案应尽可能地立足于普遍接受的和中性的 理论原则。 7. 任何注解方案都无优先权被视为是标准的注解。
Semantics语义学
Corpus linguistics contributes to semantics by helping to establish an approach which is objective, because semantic distinctions are associated in texts with characteristic observable contexts—syntactic, morphological and prosodic—and by considering he environment of the linguistic entities an empirical objective indicator for a particular semantic distinction can be arrived. Another role of corpora in semantics has been in establishing more firmly the notions of fuzzy categories and gradience. In looking empirically at natural language in corpora, clearcut boundaries do not exist; instead there are gradients of membership which are connected with frequency of inclusion.
英语语言学胡壮麟10Chapter 10_computer
4.MT and human translation
At the beginning of the new century, it is apparent that MT and human translation can and will co-exist in relative harmony. (1) When translation has to be of “publishable” quality, both human translation and MT have their roles. MT plays an important part in large scale and rapid translation of boring technical documentation, highly repetitive software localization manuals. By contrast, the human translators are and will remain unrivalled for non-repetitive linguistically sophisticated texts (e.g. in literature and law), and even for one-off texts in specific highly-specialized technical subjects.
world knowledge Common sense/real world knowledge (non-linguistic knowledge). It is the lack of real world language on the part of computers that baffles the researchers. Computers do not understand the relationships things have with each other or how things fit together. For example a computer cannot tell the difference between an edible apple and the brand name “Apple” of a personal computer.
《胡壮麟《语言学教程》(第5版)笔记和考研真题详解》读书笔记PPT模板思维导图下载
08 第8章 语言的使用
09 第9章 语言与文学
010
第10章 语言和计算 机
011
第11章 第二语言和与流派
作为《语言学教程》（第5版）（胡壮麟主编，北京大学出版社）的学习辅导书，全书完全遵循该教材的章 目编排，共分12章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分 是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。本书具有以下几个方 面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识 进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。 2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。 3．精选考研真题，补充难点习题。本书精选名校考研真题及相关习题，并提供答案和详解。所选真题和习题基本 体现了各个章节的考点和难点，但又不完全局限于教材内容，是对教材内容极好的补充。另外，在笔记部分，对 于在《语言学教程》第三版或第四版提到而第五版删减的知识点我们也予以保留，并用“＊”标明，部分院校考 研真题依旧会涉及这些知识点的考查。相对于第三版或第四版，对于在第五版新增加的知识点用“▼”标明，以 便于使用不同版本教材的读者使用。
《 胡 壮 麟 《 语 言 学 最新版读书笔记，下载可以直接修改 教程》（第5版） 笔记和考研真题详 解》
思维导图PPT模板
目录
01 第1章 语言学导论
02 第2章 语 音
03 第3章 词和形态学
04
第4章 句法：从语词 到篇章
05 第5章 意 义
06 第6章 语言与认知
目录
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Corpus Linguistics
Corpus (plural corpora): a collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech. The main purpose of a corpus is to verify a hypothesis about language-for example, to determine how the usage of a particular sound, word, or syntactic construction varies. 语料（corpus，复数形式corpora）：一个语言数据 的存储，可以是被编辑为书面文本，也可以是被作 为录音言语的誊本。语料的主要目的是鉴定一个语 言的假说--例如，确定一个特定的语音、单词，或 句法结构的使用如何变化。
There are also problems of practicality with corpus linguistics. How can one imagine searching through an 11-million-word corpus using nothing more than one’s eyes? Despite the criticisms, corpus linguistics continues to develop, especially after the computer slowly starts to become the mainstay of corpus linguistics.
3.1 Corpus Linguistics
Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using corpora in language study. A computer corpus is a large body of machine-readable texts. 语料库语言学：论述语言研究中使用语料的 原理和实践。一个计算机语料库是机器可读 文本的重要躯干。
Chapter Ten Language and the Computer
Corpus Linguistics 语料库语言学
Definition定义 Criticisms and the revival of corpus linguistics语 料库语言学受到的批判及其复兴 Concordance共现索引 Text encoding and annotation语篇编码和注解 The roles of corpus data语料库数据的作用
Criticisms and the revival of corpus linguistics
Chomsky changed the direction of linguistics away from empiricism to rationalism. 1. the corpus could never be a useful tool for the linguist, as the linguist must seek to model language competence rather than performance.
The roles of corpus data
Speech research Lexical studies Semantics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics
Speech research言语研究
A spoken corpus provides a broad sample of speech, extending over a wide selection of variables such as speaker gender, speaker age, speech class, genre, etc. This allows generalizations to be made about spoken language as the corpus is as wide and as representative as possible. It also provides for variation with a given spoken language to be studied. It also provides a sample of naturalistic speech rather than speech elicited under artificial conditions.
Concordance
计算机有能力搜索一个特定的词，词汇的顺序，甚至 一个文本里的某一个词类。计算机也能检索一个词所 有的实例，它还能计算一个词出现的次数，从而收集 到有关这个词的频率的信息。然后以某种方式对数据 进行分类。
poor in Tale of Two Cities, Book 1
Text encoding and annotation
"gives"包含词类的隐含部分的信息"第三人 称单数现在时动词"，在正常阅读里，我们 仅能通过求助于预先存在的英语语法知识 来检索它。然而，在一个已经注解过的语 料里，形式"gives"可能以"gives－VVZ"的形 式出现，代码"VVZ"表示它是一个词汇中动 词（VV）的第三人称单数现在时（Z）形 式。诸如这样的注解，使检索和分析包含 在语料里的语言的信息变得更快、更容易。
Leech（1993）描写了适用于文本语料的注解的7条 准则。 1. 为了恢复到自然的语料，从有注解的语料里删去 注解是可能的。 2. 从文本里单独摘录注解是可能的。 3. 注解方案应该以终端用户可利用的指导方针为基 础。 4. 应该弄清楚，注解是如何并且由谁来完成。 5. 终端用户应该知道语料注解不是没有错误的，而 只是一种潜在的有用的工具。 6. 注解方案应尽可能地立足于普遍接受的和中性的 理论原则。 7. 任何注解方案都无优先权被视为是标准的注解。
(a) * He shines Tony books. (b) He gives Tony books. (c) He lends Tony books. (d) He owes Tony books. How can ungrammatical utterances be distinguished from ones that haven’t occurred? If the corpus does not contain sentence (a), how do we conclude that it is ungrammatical while the rest of the sentences are grammatical?
Sociolinguistics社会语言学
Although sociolinguistics is an empirical field of research it is not often rigorously sampled. Sometimes the data are also elicited rather than naturalistic data. A corpus can provide a representative sample of naturalistic data which can be quantified.
2. the only way to account for a grammar of a language is y description of its rules, rather than by enumeration of its sentences. It is the syntactic rules that are finite. 3. Even if language is a finite construct, corpus methodology is not the best method to study language.
Lexical studies词汇研究
A linguist who has access to a corpus can call up all the examples of a word or phrase from many millions of words of texts in a few seconds. Dictionaries can be produced and revised much more quickly than before, thus providing up-to-date information about language. Also, definitions can be more complete and precise since a large number of natural examples are examined.
Psycholinguistics心理语言学
In the field of psycholinguistics, sampled corpora can provide psycholinguistics with more concrete and reliable information about frequency, including the frequencies of different senses and parts of speech of ambiguous words. Next, corpora data can be used to examine the occurrence of speech errors in natural conversation. A third role for corpora lied in the analysis of language pathologies, where an accurate picture of abnormal data must be constructed before it is possible to hypothesize and test what may be wrong with the human language processing system.