单片机控制步进电机外文文献翻译

单片机控制步进电机外文原文 Stepping motor application and control stepper motor is an electrical pulse will be converted into angular displacement of the implementing agencies. Put it in simple language-speaking: When the stepper drive pulse signal to a receiver, it drives stepper motor rotation direction by setting a fixed point of view (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the amount of angular displacement, so as to achieve the purpose of accurate positioning; At the same time, you can by controlling the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, so as to achieve the purpose of speed. Stepper motor directly from the AC-DC power supply, and must use special equipment - stepper motor drive. Stepper motor drive system performance, in addition to their own performance with the motor on the outside, but also to a large extent depend on the drive is good or bad. A typical stepper motor drive system is operated by the stepper motor controller, stepper motor drives and stepper motor body is composed of three parts. Stepper motor controller stepper pulse and direction signal, each made of a pulse, stepper motor-driven stepper motor drives a rotor rotating step angle, that is, step-by-step further. High or low speed stepper motor, or speed, or deceleration, start or stop pulses are entirely dependent on whether the level or frequency. Decide the direction of the signal controller stepper motor clockwise or counterclockwise rotation. Typically, the stepper motor drive circuit from the logic control, power driver circuit, protection circuit and power components. Stepper motor drive controller, once received from the direction of the signal and step pulse, the control circuit on a pre-determined way of the electrical power-phase stepper motor excitation windings of the conduction or cut-off signal. Control circuit output signal power is low, can not provide the necessary stepping motor output power, the need for power amplifier, which is stepper motor driven power drive part. Power stepper motor drive circuit to control the input current winding to form a space for rotating magnetic field excitation, the rotor-driven movement. Protection circuit in the event of short circuit, overload, overheating, such as failure to stop the rapid drive and motor. Motor is usually for the permanent magnet rotor, when the current flows through the stator windings, the stator windings produce a magnetic field vector. The magnetic field will lead to a rotor angle of rotation, making a pair of rotor and stator magnetic field direction of the magnetic field direction. When the stator rotating magnetic field vector from a different angle. Also as the rotor magnetic field to a point of view. An electrical pulse for each input, the motor rotation angle step. Its output and input of the angular displacement is proportional to the pulses, with pulse frequency proportional to speed. Power to change the order of winding, the electrical will be reversed. We can, therefore, control the pulse number, frequency and electrical power windings of each phase to control the order of rotation of stepper motor. Stepper motor types: Permanent magnet (PM). Magnetic generally two-phase stepper, torque and are smaller and generally stepping angle of 7.5 degrees or 15 degrees; put more wind for air-conditioning. Reactive (VR), the domestic general called BF, have a common three-phase reaction, step angle of 1.5 degrees; also have five-phase reaction. Noise, no torque has been set at a large number of out. Hybrid (HB), common two-phase hybrid, five-phase hybrid, three-phase hybrid, four-phase hybrid, two-phase can be common with the four-phase drive, five-phase three-phase must be used with their drives; Two-phase, four-phase hybrid step angle is 1.8 degrees more than a small size, great distance, and low noise; Five-phase hybrid stepping motor is generally 0.72, the motor step angle small, high resolution, but the complexity of drive circuits, wiring problems, such as the 5-phase system of 10 lines. Three-phase hybrid stepping motor step angle of 1.2 degrees, but according to the use of 1.8 degrees, the three-phase hybrid stepping motor has a two-phase mixed than the five-phase hybrid more pole will help electric folder symmetric angle, it can be more than two-phase, five-phase high accuracy, the error even smaller, run more

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单片机外文翻译—基于MSP430F149单片机实现的步进电机通用控制器

Step of electric machine universal controller realizes which based on the MSP430F149 Single Chip Microcomputer.Abstract：With the infiltration in the social field of the computer in recent years, the application of the one-chip computer is moving towards deepening constantly, drive tradition is itmeasure crescent benefit to upgrade day to control at the same time. In measuring in real time andautomatically controlled one-chip computer application system, the one-chip computer often usesas a key part, only one-chip computer respect knowledge is not enough, should also follow thestructure of the concrete hardware , and direct against and use the software of target'scharacteristic to combine concretely, in order to do perfectly.This article mainly introduced realizes a step of machine universal controller based on the MSP430F149 monolithic integrated circuit. This controller may simultaneously control the multi-tablecloths machine according to the curve way movement, including adds and subtracts fast, the localization and the commutation function and so on. In the article discussed with emphasis step machine has risen to low the speed and the curve design proposal and its the realization method.1. a preface：based on the step of machine control system, except step machine generally also needs the special actuation power source, actuates the power source merely to complete the power actuation part, the user certainly cannot cause the entire control system according to prearrange, the expectation active status movement, must control to its actuation power source, the user needs to develop once more.In view of this, has designed a step of machine universal controller which realizes based on the MSP430F149 monolithic integrated circuit, may satisfy the majority controllingfield originally request. The controller main function is:(1) May control the multi- wraps step of machine actuation system; At present may simultaneously control 3 sets of systems.(2) work way is flexible, may according to the hypothesis curve movement, the curve most reach 8 sections; May according to the control signal movement which exterior examines; May according to the simulation adjustment test function movement;2. Systems designs2.1 systems structureThis controller has mainly realized thematic- tablecloths machine in the multistage curve operating control.2.2 microprocessors choiceThis design has selected MSP which Incorporation produces series monolithic integrated circuit MSP430F149.The goal is applies its rich connection resources and the formidable timer function, the MSP430F149 performance characteristic as follows:(1) 6 eight bit parallel connections; Definitely may realize this system all signals input, the output, does not need the hardware to expand, P1, the P2 eight bit parallel ports each mouth line all has the severance function, softly causes the keyboard, the hardware design to change is extremely simple.(2) 12 A/D switch ADC; Completes the simulation hypothesis function.(3) Formidable timer function; TIMER-A3, TIMER-B7 respectively be have3 and 7 captures/compares the register 16 timers, may satisfy the system speed the hypothesis and the curve fixed time request.(4)Liquid crystal actuation module;(5) In sets at 2KB RAM, 60KB FLASH;MSP430F149 provides the rich resources, the periphery hardware expands only must do thevery few work, not only designs changes extremely imply, and moreover this controller volume small, the reliability is high.2.3 steps of machine starting and add/decelerate the control planThe step of motive highest starting frequency (step frequency) generally is 0.1KHz arrives 3-4KHz, but the highest movement frequency may achieve N*102 KHz. Surpasses the highest starting frequency the frequency direct-on starting, will appear\" Falls out of step \" Phenomenon, even is unable to start.The more ideal starting curve should be according to the index rule starting. But the practical application to starts the section processing to be possible to use according to the fitting a straight Line method, namely \" Steps and ladders law \”. May according to two kind of situations processing, (1) known frequency press the frequency partition to start, the partition counts n=f/f q.(2) Unknown frequency, then to assigns according to the section. Uses \" Steps and ladders law \" Continuously raises the speed the speed which needs, then locking, according to pre-placed curve movement. Fitting the starting frequency, after each section of frequencies hand over the increase (to call steps and ladders frequency) △f=f/8, namely uses 8 sections of fitting. In the operating control process, (frequency) divides into the outset speed n minute achievement steps and ladders frequency, When 2.4 steps of machine commutation questions step of machine commutation, certainly must stop in the electrical machinery or fall commutates again to the frequency range in, in order to avoid has a bigger impact to damage the electrical machinery. The commutation signal certainly must last the CP pulse finish after the preceding direction as well as in front of the next direction first CP pulse sends out.2.4 steps of machine commutation questionsStep of machine commutation, certainly must stop in the electrical machinery or fall commutates again to the frequency range in, in order to avoid has a bigger impact to damage the electrical machinery. The commutation signal certainly must last the CP pulse finish after the preceding direction as well as in front of the next direction first CP pulse sent out in some highspeed under, the reverse cut essence has contained -> the commutation -> three processes2.5 speeds and the timer starting value transformationThis system speed control is the dependence fixed time produces; the hypothesis speed which the CP pulse completes with has the CP pulse timer starting value to have the certain relations. The MSP430F149 timer work way has many kinds of, this design timer work under continual way. In the continual pattern, the timer starts from its current value to count, after counts to 0FFFFH from \" 0\" Starts redo count. Under this way, compares the timer current value and comparison register CCRX, if equal has the severance, and May the time which has the next event add to in this interrupt service is on comparison register CCRX.Fixed time the starting value = must fixed time the value/count the cycle; Often assigns regarding the step of machine its speed value by the frequency form, such as movement under 20KHZ, therefore the previous type may transform is: Fixed time the starting value = counts the frequency/speed value. (Counts frequency for system clock frequency)3. ConcludingRemark this controller may realize step machine under the multistage hypothesis curve operating control, has the hardware simply, the reliable high characteristic, has used in on the electric wire production line platoon line control section it, has obtained the satisfying effect. This topic funds the project for the north industry big school scientific research foundation.译文译文基于MSP430F149单片机实现的步进电机通用控制器。

步进电机PLC控制技术中英文对照外文翻译文献

步进电机PLC控制技术中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)The shallow treads into the PLC control technique and development trend of electrical engineering1. Say all:Along with the micro-electronics technique and the calculator technical hair Exhibition, the programmable preface controller has an advance by leaps and bounds of hair Exhibition, its function has already outrun a logic control far and far, in proper order The scope of control, it has an effect to combine with calculator, can enter Go to imitate to control most, have along range correspondence function etc.. Have-The person is called it the modern D industry controls of three pay pillar greatly(namely PLC, robot, CAD/CAM)it a, currently programmable controller BE applied in metallurgy extensively, Mineral industry, machine, light Class D realm, automate for the industry Provided to there is the tool of one dint The PLC controls of tread to open the wreath servo organization into the electrical engineering should Used for combining tool machine to produce an on-line number to control a slippery pedestal to control automatically Make, can the province go to the number of that unit to control system, making that unit The cost of controlling the system lowers.2、What is a stepper motor：Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement ofthe implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor toset the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes.What kinds of stepper motor sub-：In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generallythree-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE)3、Tread into the basic characteristics of electrical engineering:（1）、tread generally into the accuracy of the electrical engineering for tread into Cape of 3-5% and don't accumulate.（2）、tallest temperatures which enter electrical engineering outward appearance and allow tread and lead into the electrical engineering temperature high can make the magnetism material of electrical engineering back first, cause the dint descend thus is as for lose a step, so the electrical engineering outward appearance allow of the tallest temperature should be decided by small back with electrical engineeringmagnetism material and order; Speak generally, the magnetism material backs to order all above have in 130 C an of even be up to 200C above, so tread completely normal into the electrical engineering outward appearance temperature in 80-90C.（3）、dints which enter electrical engineering would with turn to go up but descend soon，While treading to turn to move into the electrical engineering,electrical engineering each electricity feeling which round a set mutually will become one anti- to electromotive force; The frequency is more high, anti- to electromotive force more big ，big in its function, the electrical engineering enlarges with the frequency(or speed) but mutually the electric current let up, causing the dint descend thus.（4）、can revolve normally when 4 enter electrical engineering low speed, but if high in certain the speed can't start, and the companion have a roar the interjection tread to have a technique parameter into the electrical engineering: empty carry start frequency, then tread into electrical engineering at empty carry under circumstance can start normally of pulse frequency, if the pulse frequency is high in should be worth., The electrical engineering can't start normally, the possible occurrence throws a step or blocks up to turn. Under the situation that there is one load, the start frequency should be much lower if want to make the electrical engineering attain high speed to turn to move, the pulse frequency should have an acceleration process, then start the frequency is lower, then press certain acceleration to rise the high hoped. Tread to show the characteristics of with it into the electric motor, turn ages of manufacturing to develop important use to accompany with in the numeral small together of numeral turn technical of development and tread into the electricalengineering technical exaltation，tread will get an application in more realms into the electrical engineering.4、enter an electrical engineering control system to constitute：Tread is a kind of performance organization that will give or get an electric shock a pulse conversion to move for the Cape into the electrical engineering. When tread to receive to a pulse signal into the actuator, it drives a step to press the direction of enactment to turn to move an angle for fixing to be called "tread to be apart from Cape" into the electrical engineering, it revolves one-step circulate with the fixed angle one step. Can pass control pulse piece to control a Cape to move to attain the purpose of assurance most and thus; Can pass control pulse frequency to control electrical engineering to become dynamic speed and acceleration in the meantime, the purpose attained to adjust thus soon treads into the electrical engineering. Can be the special kind electrical engineering that a kind of control uses, make use of it didn't accumulate error margin accuracy to 100 to divide 100 of characteristics, be suffused with to apply in various open a wreath control PLC which enter electrical engineering technique.5、Stepper motor of the PLC control technology:Make the importation tread to be subjected to a homologous control into total amount and pulse frequency of the importation pulse of electrical engineering. Establish the pulse signal occurrence that a pulse total amount and pulse frequency can control a machine therefore and in control，software; Can make use of PL in fixed time a machine composing for the frequency lower control pulse, the pulse frequency can pass in fixed time machine in fixed time constant control pulse period, the pulse amounts control then can establish a the pulsecounter C10 be when the pulse number attain initial value, count machine C1.The action cuts off pulse back track, making it stop, the servo organization tread into the electrical engineering have no the pulse input then stop operation，servo performance organization fixed position be servo performance organization of when move speed to have higher request, can use PLC high-speed pulse，Different PLC it the frequency of high-speed pulse can reach to 4000-6000Hzses. The PLC is used to produce control pulse, passing PLC plait distance exportation several pulses certainly the control treads to turn Cape into the electrical engineering, programmable controller output's control the pulse enters electrical engineering to switch on electricity sequence to assign by the step homologous of round a set. The PLC controls of tread can go an allotment machine by adoption software wreath into the electrical engineering, the hardware wreath goes allotment machine to adopt the PLC resources that the soft wreath takes up more, Tread especially to round a set to count mutually into the electrical engineering big should consider adoption hardware wreath to go allotment machine well for large production line at 4, although the hardware structure is a little bit a little more complicated, can save an exportation importation of taking up the PLC point, the market has a various appropriation chips to choose to use currently. Tread to enlarge to several ten highest hundred folds into the output's control of the actuator PLC of the electrical engineering power pulse, volt, several Anne arrive several ten several Anne s drive an ability, the exportation of general PLC connects to have to certainly drive an ability, but inside usual transistor flow exportation to connect an ability only for ten several arrive several ten volts, several ten arrive several 100 million Anne but tread to then have several request into theelectrical engineering to the power ten arrive up 100 volts, several Anne arrive several ten Anne s drive an ability so should adopt an actuator to output the pulse carry on enlarging.6、Application features of PLC（1）、High reliability, strong anti-interferenceHigh reliability is the key to performance of electrical control equipment. PLC as the use of modern large scale integrated circuit technology, using the strict production process, the internal circuits to the advanced anti-jamming technology, with high reliability. Constitute a control system using PLC, and the same size compared to relay contactor system, electrical wiring and switch contacts have been reduced to hundreds or even thousands of times, fault also greatly reduced. In addition, PLC hardware failures with self-detection, failure alarm timely information. In the application software, application are also incorporated into the peripheral device fault diagnosis procedure, the system is in addition to PLC circuits and devices other than the access protection fault diagnosis. In this way, the whole system extremely high reliability.（2）、Fully furnished, fully functional, applicabilityPLC to today, has formed a series products of various sizes, can be used for occasions of all sizes of industrial control. In addition to processing other than logic, PLC data, most of computing power has improved, can be used for a variety of digital control in the field. A wide variety of functional units in large numbers, so that penetration to the position of PLC control, temperature control, CNC and other industrial control. Enhanced communication capabilities with PLC and human-machine interface technology, using the PLC control system composed of a variety of very easily.（3）、Easy to learn, well engineering and technical personnel welcome PLC is facing the industrial and mining enterprises in the industrial equipment. It interfaces easily, programming language easily acceptable for engineering and technical personnel. Ladder language, graphic symbols and expressions and relay circuit very close to are not familiar with electronic circuits, computer principles and assembly language do not understand people who engage in industrial control to open the door.（4）、System design, the workload is small, easy maintenance, easy to transformPLC logic with memory logic instead of wiring, greatly reducing the control equipment external wiring, make the control system design and construction of the much shorter period, while routine maintenance is also easier up, even more important is to change the procedures of the same equipment has been changedproduction process possible. This is particularly suitable for many varieties, small batch production situations.7、The development trend of 5 domestic and international electrical engineering: （1）、continue along small scaled direction development turned along with electric motor application the realm open widely and each kind of whole machine is continuously small scaled to turn, the electric motor which requests with its kit have to also more and more small, at 57, the electric motor of 42 machine seat numbers applies many after years, now its machine seat number to 39,35,30,25 directions get down extension.（2 ）、right nesses of electric motors carry on comprehensive design namely turn soon position to spread afeeling machine, decelerate the wheel gear etc. and electric motor essence to synthesize design together, so make it be able to constitute 1 to shut wreath system expediently, as a result have one more superior control function.（3）、to five mutually with three mutually the electric motor direction develop，Be suffused with currently applied of two mutually with four mutually the electric motor, its vibration and voice are bigger, but five mutually with three mutually the electric motor have advantage but in regard to these two kinds of electric motors, five mutually the electric motor drive electric circuit compare. 8、Conclusion:At present, the use of programmable process controller (that is, the PLC technology) can easily realize the control of motor speed and the position of the convenient, c onvenient for a variety of stepper motor operation, t o complete a variety of complex work. It represents the advanced industrial automation revolution; accelerate the realization of the electromechanical integration.浅析步进电机的PLC控制技术与发展趋势1、概述随着微电子技术和计算机技术的发展，可编程序控制器有一了突飞猛进的发展，其功能已远远超出了逻辑控制、顺序控制的范围，它与计算机有一效结合，可进行模拟最控制，具有一远程通信功能等。

步进电机中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于单片机的步进电机控制流水线设计摘要：通过采用电子化和智能化技术，本文实现了力学和电子产品流水线包装控制的有效整合。

要达到这个目的，步进电机是由一个单片微型计算机（SCM）式STC89C516RD+的控制。

一旦LJ-JT02的光电开关型检测产品合格，信号给出了以供应链管理为指导的步进电机。

此外，剪刀用于切断包装带，这是由HRS4H-S-DC5V 的继电器类型实现。

实验结果表明，上述设计的有效性。

关键词：单片机（SCM）；步进电机；驱动芯片；接力1 引言- 1 - - 1 -在20世纪50年代到70年代，随着电子和合成化学品的快速发展，对用合成材料作为包装材料的一系列新的包装技术和设备有很大的影响。

例如，有高速自动包装机的机电一体化，容易操作的多功能包装机和高生产率的自动包装机。

这些机器使包装机械行业成为被看好的机械制造行业。

虽然早在20世纪50年代中期就已经有一些包装机械厂出现在中国，然而生产率很低。

在改革开放之初，许多食品机械和包装机械被介绍到中国，极大地促进了行业发展。

20世纪80年代后期，国民经济的快速发展对包装机的需求量很大。

而与此同时，很多传统的用于生产农业机械的工厂，开始生产包装机械。

在1997年底，包装机械制造厂的数目已增至1600个左右，并有大约75个研究机构从事包装机械的研究和开发。

更重要的是，大约有21所高校引入关于包装机械的专业。

因此，该行业在中国不仅要推进，还应进一步提高。

未来具有微电脑和机电一体化的包装机械将呈现增长的趋势。

一个完整的机电一体化系统是一个系统集成multidisciplines，如机械、微电子计算机和传感器。

它带来了深刻的变化，通过设计、制造和包装机械的控制和改变industry.In来达到更快速地开发。

事情应该这样做才能提高包装机械，机电一体化，产品的可靠性和稳定性的水平，因此，现代包装产业将会进一步得到改善。

步进电机应用前景论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

步进电机应用前景论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述Introduction在现代工业和科技领域中，步进电机作为一种重要的运动控制装置得到广泛应用。

步进电机以其精准的位置控制、高效的能量转换和可靠的性能在自动化系统中发挥着关键作用。

本文综述了步进电机应用前景的最新研究成果和相关文献，旨在探讨该领域的发展趋势和未来方向。

研究成果最近的研究表明，步进电机在许多领域都有广泛的应用前景。

工业自动化步进电机在工业自动化中扮演着重要角色。

其精确的位置控制和高速运动能力使之成为自动化生产线上的理想选择。

更先进的步进电机设计可以实现更高的精度和更快的响应时间，提高自动化生产系统的效率和生产率。

机器人技术步进电机在机器人技术中的应用日益增加。

机器人的关节和运动系统通常采用步进电机来驱动，以实现精确的运动和灵活的操作。

步进电机的高分辨率和可控性使得机器人能够执行复杂的动作，提高其操作能力和适应性。

医疗器械步进电机在医疗器械领域也有广泛的应用。

例如，在精确的手术操作中，步进电机可以提供精确的手术器械控制，帮助医生实现精细的操作。

此外，步进电机还可以用于药物输送系统和实验室仪器等医疗设备中。

汽车工业步进电机在汽车工业中的应用也越来越普遍。

它们被广泛应用于车辆发动机控制、车内设备调节以及车辆导航和安全系统中。

步进电机的高速运动和精确控制使得汽车系统更加智能化和可靠。

未来发展方向虽然步进电机已经取得了显著的进展和广泛的应用，但仍然存在一些挑战和改进的空间。

提高功率密度和效能当前步进电机的功率密度相对较低，有限的功率输出限制了其应用范围。

在未来，研究人员将致力于提高步进电机的功率密度和效能，以满足更高要求的应用场景。

提高控制算法和响应时间步进电机的控制算法和响应时间也是需要改进的领域。

通过研究新的控制算法和优化步进电机的响应时间，可以进一步提高其精确性和速度控制能力。

开发更小尺寸和更轻量级的步进电机随着设备尺寸的减小和轻量化的需求增加，步进电机的尺寸和重量也成为一个考虑因素。

步进电机概述论文翻译英文版

外文文献：Knowledge of the stepper motorWhat is a stepper motor：The stepping motor as executing components, electromechanical integration is one of the key products, widely used in a variety of automatic control systems. With the development of microelectronics and computer technology, the stepper motor demand grow with each passing day, has been applied in various fields of the national economy.Stepping motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agencies. When stepping drive receives a pulse signal, it drives stepper motor rotate in the direction set by a fixed angle ( called the " step " ), it is the rotation at a fixed angle step by step operation. The number of pulses to control the amount of angular displacement through the control, so as to achieve the purpose of accurate positioning; also can control the pulse frequency to control motor rotation speed and acceleration, so as to achieve the purpose of speed. Special motor stepper motor control can be used as a, using its no accumulation of error ( accuracy of 100% ) characteristics, widely used in all kinds of open-loop control.Now more commonly used step motor comprises stepper motor ( VR ), permanent magnet stepper motor ( PM ), hybrid stepping motor ( HB ) and single-phase stepping motor.Permanent magnet stepper motor for general two-phase, torque and small volume, the step angle is 7.5 degree or 15 degree;Reaction stepping motor is generally three-phase, can achieve a high torque output, step angle is 1.5 degrees, but the noise and vibration are great. The rotor magnetic circuit made of soft magnetic material reaction stepper motor, a multi-phase excitation winding stator, using magnetic torque changes.Hybrid stepping motor is mixed the advantages of permanent magnet type andreaction type. It is divided into two phase and five phase: two-phase stepper angle is 1.8 degree and five phase stepper angle is 0.72 degrees. Application of the stepping motor is the most widely, is also this subdivision driving of stepper motor selection scheme.Some of the basic parameters of step motor:The natural step motor:It says every hair a step pulse signal control system, motor rotation angle. Motor factory is a step angle values, such as type 86BYG250A motor is given a value of 0.9°/1.8 °( said a half step of work is 0.9 °, the whole step of work is 1.8 °), this step can be called ' motor fixed step ', it doesn't have to be the actual motor work when the real step angle, angle and drive the real steps.Stepper motor phase number:Is the number of coils inside the motor, commonly used in a two-phase, three-phase, four phase, five phase stepper motor. The number of motor phase is different, the step angle is also different, the general two-phase motor step angle is 0.9°/1.8 °, three-phase 0.75 °/1.5 °, five phase of 0.36 °/0.72 °. In the absence of subdivision drive, users mainly rely on different phases of the stepper motor to meet their own requirements of step angle. If you use a subdivision driver, is ' phase ' will become meaningless, users only need to change the fine fraction in the drive, you can change the step angle.Keep the torque ( HOLDINGTORQUE ):Is the stepper motor power but there is no rotation, the stator locked rotor torque. It is one of the most important parameters of step motor, usually stepper motor in the low-speed torque to keep the torque. Because of the larger output torque stepper motor with speed and continuous decay, increases the output power with the speed of change, so keep the torque becomes one of the most important parameters of step motor. For example, when people say 2N.m stepper motor, in the absence of exceptional circumstances described in that refers to keep the torquemotor for the 2N.m step.DETENTTORQUE:DETENTTORQUE:Refers to the stepper motor is not energized condition, the stator locked rotor torque. DETENTTORQUE does not have a unified way of translation in China, easy to make people misunderstand; as the rotor reaction stepper motor is not permanent magnetic material, so it has no DETENTTORQUE.Some of the characteristic of step motor:The 1 stepper motor step angle accuracy for 3-5%, and no accumulation.2 stepper motor appearance allows the maximum temperature.Stepper motor temperature is too high will first make the motor magnetic material demagnetization, resulting in lower torque and loss, so the highest temperature of motor appearance allows should depend on the different motor demagnetization magnetic materials; generally speaking, demagnetization point magnetic material in 130 degrees Celsius above, some even as high as 200 degrees Celsius stepping motor, so the surface temperature at 80-90 degrees Celsius completely normal.3 stepper motor torque will decrease with the increase of rotational speed.When the stepper motor rotates, the electrical inductance of the winding will form a reverse electromotive force; the higher the frequency, the greater the reverse emf. Under the influence of it, the motor with frequency ( or speed ) increase and the phase current is reduced, resulting in lower torque.4 stepper motor speed can be normal operation, but if it is more than a certain speed will not start, and accompanied by howling.Stepper motor is a technical parameter: no-load start frequency, namely the stepper motor under no-load condition can pulse frequency start, if the pulsefrequency is higher than the value, the motor can not start properly, may have lost step or stall. In under the condition of the load, start frequency should be less. If you want to enable the motor to rotate at high speed, pulse frequency should accelerate the process is started, the lower frequency, and then according to certain acceleration up to high frequency desired ( motor speed from low speed to high speed ).Characteristics of stepper motor with its significant, play an important purpose in the era of digital manufacturing. With the different development of digital technology and stepper motor itself technology improves, the stepper motor will be applied in more fields.How to determine the stepper motor driver DC power supply：A. Determination of the voltageHybrid stepping motor driver power supply voltage is generally a wide range (such as the IM483 supply voltage of 12 ~ 48VDC), the supply voltage is usually based on the work of the motor speed and response to the request to choose. If the motor operating speed higher or faster response to the request, then the voltage value is high, but note that the ripple voltage can not exceed the maximum input voltage of the drive, or it may damage the drive.B. Determination of CurrentPower supply current is generally based on the output phase current drive I to determine. If a linear power supply, power supply current is generally preferable 1.1 to 1.3 times the I; if we adopt the switching power supply, power supply current is generally preferable to I, 1.5 to 2.0 times.The main characteristics of stepping motor：A stepper motor drive can be added operate pulse drive signal must be no pulse when the stepper motor at rest, such asIf adding the appropriate pulse signal, it will to a certain angle (called the step angle) rotation. Rotation speed and pulse frequency is proportional to.2 Dragon step angle stepper motor version is 7.5 degrees, 360 degrees around,takes 48 pulses to complete.3 stepper motor has instant start and rapid cessation of superior characteristics. Change the pulse of the order of 4, you can easily change the direction of rotation. Therefore, the current printers, plotters, robotics, and so devices are the core of the stepper motor as the driving force.Stepper motor control exampleWe use four-phase unipolar stepper motor as an example. The structure shown in Figure 1:Four four-phase winding leads (as opposed to phase A1 A2 B1 phase phase B2) and two public lines (to the power of positive). The windings of one phase to the power of the ground. So that the windings will be inspired. We use four-phase eight-beat control, ie, 1 phase 2 phase alternating turn, would enhance resolution.0.9 °per step can be transferred to control the motor excitation is transferred in order as follows:If the requirements of motor reversal, the transmission excitation signal can be reversed. 2 control schemeControl system block diagram is as followsThe program uses AT89S51 as the main control device. It is compatible with the AT89C51, but also increased the SPI interface and the watchdog module, which not only makes the debugging process becomes easy and also more stable. The microcontroller in the program mainly for field signal acquisition and operation of the stepper motor to calculate the direction and speed information. Then sent to the CPLD.CPLD with EPM7128SLC84-15, EPM7128 programmable logic device of large-scale, for the ALTERA company's MAX7000 family. High impedance, electrically erasable and other characteristics, can be used for the 2500 unit, the working voltage of +5 V. CPLD receives information sent from the microcontroller after converted to the corresponding control signal output to the stepper motor drive. Put the control signal drives the motor windings after the input, to achieve effective control of the motor.2.1 The hardware structure of the motor driveMotor drive using the following circuit:R1-R8 in which the resistance value of 320Ω. R9-R12 resistance value 2.2KΩ. Q1-Q4 as Darlington D401A, Q5-Q8 for the S8550. J1, J2 and the stepper motor connected to the six-lead。

步进电机PLC控制技术中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)The shallow treads into the PLC control technique and development trend of electrical engineering1. Say all:Along with the micro-electronics technique and the calculator technical hair Exhibition, the programmable preface controller has an advance by leaps and bounds of hair Exhibition, its function has already outrun a logic control far and far, in proper order The scope of control, it has an effect to combine with calculator, can enter Go to imitate to control most, have along range correspondence function etc.. Have-The person is called it the modern D industry controls of three pay pillar greatly(namely PLC, robot, CAD/CAM)it a, currently programmable controller BE applied in metallurgy extensively, Mineral industry, machine, light Class D realm, automate for the industry Provided to there is the tool of one dint The PLC controls of tread to open the wreath servo organization into the electrical engineering should Used for combining tool machine to produce an on-line number to control a slippery pedestal to control automatically Make, can the province go to the number of that unit to control system, making that unit The cost of controlling the system lowers.2、What is a stepper motor：Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement ofthe implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes.What kinds of stepper motor sub-：In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generallythree-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE)3、Tread into the basic characteristics of electrical engineering:（1）、tread generally into the accuracy of the electrical engineering for tread into Cape of 3-5% and don't accumulate.（2）、tallest temperatures which enter electrical engineering outward appearance and allow tread and lead into the electrical engineering temperature high can make the magnetism material of electrical engineering back first, cause the dint descend thus is as for lose a step, so the electrical engineering outward appearance allow of the tallest temperature should be decided by small back with electrical engineering magnetism material and order; Speak generally, the magnetism material backs to order all above have in 130 C an of even be up to 200C above, so tread completely normal into the electrical engineering outward appearance temperature in 80-90C.（3）、dints which enter electrical engineering would with turn to go up but descend soon，While treading to turn to move into the electrical engineering,electrical engineering each electricity feeling which round a set mutually will become one anti- to electromotive force; The frequency is more high, anti- to electromotive force more big ，big in its function, the electrical engineering enlarges with the frequency(or speed) but mutually the electric current let up, causing the dint descend thus.（4）、can revolve normally when 4 enter electrical engineering low speed, but if high in certain the speed can't start, and the companion have a roar the interjection tread to have a technique parameter into the electrical engineering: empty carry start frequency, then tread into electrical engineering at empty carry under circumstance can start normally of pulse frequency, if the pulse frequency is high in should be worth., The electrical engineering can't start normally, the possible occurrence throws a step or blocks up to turn. Under the situation that there is one load, the start frequency should be much lower if want to make the electrical engineering attain high speed to turn to move, the pulse frequency should have an acceleration process, then start the frequency is lower, then press certain acceleration to rise the high hoped. Tread to show the characteristics of with it into the electric motor, turn ages of manufacturing to develop important use to accompany with in the numeral small together of numeral turn technical of development and tread into the electrical engineering technical exaltation，tread will get an application in more realms into the electrical engineering.4、enter an electrical engineering control system to constitute：Tread is a kind of performance organization that will give or get an electric shock a pulse conversion to move for the Cape into the electrical engineering. When tread to receive to a pulse signal into the actuator, it drives a step to press the direction of enactment to turn to move an angle for fixing to be called "tread to be apart from Cape" into the electrical engineering, it revolves one-step circulate with the fixed angle one step. Can pass control pulse piece to control a Cape to move to attain the purpose of assurance most and thus; Can pass control pulse frequency to control electrical engineering to become dynamic speed and acceleration in the meantime, the purpose attained to adjust thus soon treads into the electrical engineering. Can be the special kind electrical engineering that a kind of control uses, make use of it didn't accumulate error margin accuracy to 100 to divide 100 of characteristics, be suffused with to apply in various open a wreath control PLC which enter electrical engineering technique.5、Stepper motor of the PLC control technology:Make the importation tread to be subjected to a homologous control into total amount and pulse frequency of the importation pulse of electrical engineering. Establish the pulse signal occurrence that a pulse total amount and pulse frequency can control a machine therefore and in control，software; Can make use of PL in fixed time a machine composing for the frequency lower control pulse, the pulse frequency can pass in fixed time machine in fixed time constant control pulse period, the pulse amounts control then can establish a the pulse counter C10 be when the pulse number attain initial value, count machine C1.The action cuts off pulse back track, making it stop, the servo organization tread into the electrical engineering have no the pulse input then stop operation，servo performance organization fixed position be servo performance organization of when move speed to have higher request, can use PLC high-speed pulse，Different PLC it the frequency of high-speed pulse can reach to 4000-6000Hzses. The PLC is used to produce control pulse, passing PLC plait distance exportation several pulses certainly the control treads to turn Cape into the electrical engineering, programmable controller output's control the pulse enters electrical engineering to switch on electricity sequence to assign by the step homologous of round a set. The PLC controls of tread can go an allotment machine by adoption software wreath into the electrical engineering, the hardware wreath goes allotment machine to adopt the PLC resources that the soft wreath takes up more, Tread especially to round a set to count mutually into the electrical engineering big should consider adoption hardware wreath to go allotment machine well for large production line at 4, although the hardware structure is a little bit a little more complicated, can save an exportation importation of taking up the PLC point, the market has a various appropriation chips to choose to use currently. Tread to enlarge to several ten highest hundred folds into the output's control of the actuator PLC of the electrical engineering power pulse, volt, several Anne arrive several ten several Anne s drive an ability, the exportation of general PLC connects to have to certainly drive an ability, but inside usual transistor flow exportation to connect an ability only for ten several arrive several ten volts, several ten arrive several 100 million Anne but tread to then have several request into the electrical engineering to the power ten arrive up 100 volts, several Anne arrive several ten Anne s drive an ability so should adopt an actuator to output the pulse carry on enlarging.6、Application features of PLC（1）、High reliability, strong anti-interferenceHigh reliability is the key to performance of electrical control equipment. PLC as the use of modern large scale integrated circuit technology, using the strict production process, the internal circuits to the advanced anti-jamming technology, with high reliability. Constitute a control system using PLC, and the same size compared to relay contactor system, electrical wiring and switch contacts have been reduced to hundreds or even thousands of times, fault also greatly reduced. In addition, PLC hardware failures with self-detection, failure alarm timely information. In the application software, application are also incorporated into the peripheral device fault diagnosis procedure, the system is in addition to PLC circuits and devices other than the access protection fault diagnosis. In this way, the whole system extremely high reliability.（2）、Fully furnished, fully functional, applicabilityPLC to today, has formed a series products of various sizes, can be used for occasions of all sizes of industrial control. In addition to processing other than logic, PLC data, most of computing power has improved, can be used for a variety of digital control in the field. A wide variety of functional units in large numbers, so that penetration to the position of PLC control, temperature control, CNC and other industrial control. Enhanced communication capabilities with PLC and human-machine interface technology, using the PLC control system composed of a variety of very easily.（3）、Easy to learn, well engineering and technical personnel welcome PLC is facing the industrial and mining enterprises in the industrial equipment. It interfaces easily, programming language easily acceptable for engineering and technical personnel. Ladder language, graphic symbols and expressions and relay circuit very close to are not familiar with electronic circuits, computer principles and assembly language do not understand people who engage in industrial control to open the door.（4）、System design, the workload is small, easy maintenance, easy to transformPLC logic with memory logic instead of wiring, greatly reducing the control equipment external wiring, make the control system design and construction of the much shorter period, while routine maintenance is also easier up, even more important is to change the procedures of the same equipment has been changedproduction process possible. This is particularly suitable for many varieties, small batch production situations.7、The development trend of 5 domestic and international electrical engineering: （1）、continue along small scaled direction development turned along with electric motor application the realm open widely and each kind of whole machine is continuously small scaled to turn, the electric motor which requests with its kit have to also more and more small, at 57, the electric motor of 42 machine seat numbers applies many after years, now its machine seat number to 39,35,30,25 directions get down extension.（2 ）、right nesses of electric motors carry on comprehensive design namely turn soon position to spread a feeling machine, decelerate the wheel gear etc. and electric motor essence to synthesize design together, so make it be able to constitute 1 to shut wreath system expediently, as a result have one more superior control function.（3）、to five mutually with three mutually the electric motor direction develop，Be suffused with currently applied of two mutually with four mutually the electric motor, its vibration and voice are bigger, but five mutually with three mutually the electric motor have advantage but in regard to these two kinds of electric motors, five mutually the electric motor drive electric circuit compare. 8、Conclusion:At present, the use of programmable process controller (that is, the PLC technology) can easily realize the control of motor speed and the position of the convenient, c onvenient for a variety of stepper motor operation, t o complete a variety of complex work. It represents the advanced industrial automation revolution; accelerate the realization of the electromechanical integration.浅析步进电机的PLC控制技术与发展趋势1、概述随着微电子技术和计算机技术的发展，可编程序控制器有一了突飞猛进的发展，其功能已远远超出了逻辑控制、顺序控制的范围，它与计算机有一效结合，可进行模拟最控制，具有一远程通信功能等。

单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机的发展与应用

单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机的发展与应用THE Application and Development ofMicrocontroller UnitMonolithic integrated circuits are a computer chip. It uses tec hnology will have a data processing ability of the microprocessor (cpu), storage in rom （program memory and data storage ram ）, the input, output interfaces circuit (I/O) integration interface i tu rned around with a chip in that small, constitutes a very good and the computer hardware system, where the application under the c ontrol of a monolithic integrated circuits can be accurate, fast and efficient procedures provided in advance to complete the task. So, a monolithic integrated circuits will have a computer chip of all t he functions.Thus, the microprocessor （monolithic integrated circuits has generally cpu ）chips are not functional, it can independently com plete modern industrial control required for intelligent control func tions, it is monolithic integrated circuits of the biggest characteristi c.Monolithic integrated circuits, however, and different from mac hines （ a microprocessor chips, the memory chip and input and o utput interfaces chip in with a piece of printed circuit board of a microcomputer ）, Monolithic integrated circuits chip in developing ago, it is only a function vlsi will have a strong, If of application development, it is a small microcomputer control system, but it m achine or a personal computer (pc is essential. the difference betw een).Monolithic integrated circuits of the application of chips at the level of application, the user （monolithic integrated circuits lear ners with users understand the structure of the chip ）monolithic integrated circuits and instruction system, and the integrated use o f technology and system design to the theory and techniques, in th is particular chip design application, thereby, the chip with a parti cular function.Different monolithic integrated circuits have different hardware and software, or the technical features are different, Character de pends on a hardware chip monolithic integrated circuits the intern al structure of the user to use some monolithic integrated circuits, we must know this type of product whether to meet the needs of the facilities and application of the indicators required. The tech nical features include functional characteristics, control and electric al attributes, These information to manufacturers in the technical manual. Software features refers to an instruction system and devel opment support of the environment, the quality of instruction or monolithic integrated circuits for reference, data processing and log ical processing, output characteristics and to the power input requi rements, etc. Development support of the environment, including th e instructions of compatible and portable. support software (contai ns can support the development and application software and hard ware resources. resources). To take advantage of the model of deve lopment of a monolithic integrated circuits application systems, lea rn its structural features and technological characteristic is require d.Monolithic integrated circuits to control system will ever use o f sophisticated electronic circuit or circuit, a control system to achi eve the software controls and enable intelligent, It is monolithic in tegrated circuits to control areas, such as communications products and household appliances, the instruments and processes to contr ol and control devices, theapplication of more monolithic integrate d circuits sector.Monolithic integrated circuits, of course, the application is not limited to the application or the category of the economic perfor mance is more important it is a fundamental change in the traditi onal methods designed to control and mind control techniques. it i s a revolution is an important milestone.Can say now is the policy, a hundred schools of thought conte nd "monolithic integrated circuits, World chip all the company unv eiled his monolithic integrated circuits, from 8, 16 to 32 bits, and,with mainstream c51 series of, and there is not compatible with e ach other, but they, as complementary to monolithic integrated circ uits, the application of the world provide a broad.Throughout monolithic integrated circuits of the development p rocess, the trend of a monolithic integrated circuits, has ：1.the low TDP COMSMcs -51 8031 a series of TDP for 630mw, and now a monolit hic integrated circuits, and generally in 100mw. As to ask for lowe r TDP monolithic integrated circuits, and now each monolithic inte grated circuits are used in the basic cmos (complementary metal o xides semiconductor technology). Like 80c51 adopt a hmos (the hig h density metal oxides semiconductor technology) and chmos (com plementary high density metal oxides semiconductor technology). C mos although TDP low, but owing to their physical characteristics to their work at a speed isn't high enough, but it has a high-spee d chmos TDP and low, these features are more appropriate to ask for lower TDP in a battery operated applications. so this process will be for a period of development. the main way to monolithic i ntegrated circuits。

单片机温度控制系统外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_中英翻译

Design of the Temperature Control System Based on AT89C51ABSTRACTThe principle and functions of the temperature control system based on micro controller AT89C51 are studied, and the temperature measurement unit consists of the 1-Wire bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20. The system can be expected to detect the preset temperature, display time and save monitoring data. An alarm will be given by system if the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature which can be set discretionarily and then automatic control is achieved, thus the temperature is achieved monitoring intelligently within a certain range. Basing on principle of the system, it is easy to make a variety of other non-linear control systems so long as the software design is reasonably changed. The system has been proved to be accurate, reliable and satisfied through field practice.KEYWORDS: AT89C51; micro controller; DS18B20; temperature1 INTRODUCTIONTemperature is a very important parameter in human life. In the modern society, temperature control (TC) is not only used in industrial production, but also widely used in other fields. With the improvement of the life quality, we can find the TC appliance in hotels, factories and home as well. And the trend that TC will better serve the whole society, so it is of great significance to measure and control the temperature. Based on the AT89C51 and temperature sensor DS18B20, this system controls the condition temperature intelligently. The temperature can be set discretionarily within a certain range. The system can show the time on LCD, and save monitoring data; and automatically control the temperature when the conditiontemperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value. By doing so it is to keep the temperature unchanged. The system is of high anti-jamming, high control precision and flexible design; it also fits the rugged environment. It is mainly used in people's life to improve the quality of the work and life. It is also versatile, so that it can be convenient to extend the use of the system. So the design is of profound importance. The general design, hardware design and software design of the system are covered.1.1 IntroductionThe 8-bit AT89C51 CHMOS microcontrollers are designed to handle high-speed calculations and fast input/output operations. MCS 51 microcontrollers are typically used for high-speed event control systems. Commercial applications include modems, motor-control systems, printers, photocopiers, air conditioner control systems, disk drives, and medical instruments. The automotive industry use MCS 51 microcontrollers in engine-control systems, airbags, suspension systems, and antilock braking systems (ABS). The AT89C51 is especially well suited to applications that benefit from its processing speed and enhanced on-chip peripheral functions set, such as automotive power-train control, vehicle dynamic suspension, antilock braking, and stability control applications. Because of these critical applications, the market requires a reliable cost-effective controller with a low interrupt latency response, ability to service the high number of time and event driven integrated peripherals needed in real time applications, and a CPU with above average processing power in a single package. The financial and legal risk of having devices that operate unpredictably is very high. Once in the market, particularly in mission critical applications such as an autopilot or anti-lock braking system, mistakes are financially prohibitive. Redesign costs can run as high as a $500K, much more if the fix means 2 back annotating it across a product family that share the same core and/or peripheral design flaw. In addition, field replacements ofcomponents is extremely expensive, as the devices are typically sealed in modules with a total value several times that of the component. To mitigate these problems, it is essential that comprehensive testing of the controllers be carried out at both the component level and system level under worst case environmental and voltage conditions. This complete and thorough validation necessitates not only a well-defined process but also a proper environment and tools to facilitate and execute the mission successfully. Intel Chandler Platform Engineering group provides post silicon system validation (SV) of various micro-controllers and processors. The system validation process can be broken into three major parts. The type of the device and its application requirements determine which types of testing are performed on the device.1.2 The AT89C51 provides the following standard features4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bittimer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duple ser-ial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt sys -tem to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscil–lator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.1.3Pin DescriptionVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, thepins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull ups are required during program verification.Port 1：Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/so -urce four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2：Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX@DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals durin Flash programming and verification.Port 3：Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/sou -rce four TTL inputs. When 1s are written toPort 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull ups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:RST：Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROG：Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped duri-ng each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN：Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When theAT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPP：External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin alsreceives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1：Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2 ：Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. Idle Mode In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.Power-down ModeIn the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRS butdoes not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize. The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-by byte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.2 Programming AlgorithmBefore programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figure 3 and Figure 4. To program the AT89C51, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached. Data Polling: The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.2.1Ready/Busy:The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.Program Verify:If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.2.2 Chip Erase:The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.2.3 Reading the Signature Bytes:The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned areas follows.(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programming2.4 Programming InterfaceEvery code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is self timed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion.A microcomputer interface converts information between two forms. Outside themicrocomputer the information handled by an electronic system exists as a physical signal, but within the program, it is represented numerically. The function of any interface can be broken down into a number of operations which modify the data in some way, so that the process of conversion between the external and internal forms is carried out in a number of steps. An analog-to-digital converter(ADC) is used to convert a continuously variable signal to a corresponding digital form which can take any one of a fixed number of possible binary values. If the output of the transducer does not vary continuously, no ADC is necessary. In this case the signal conditioning section must convert the incoming signal to a form which can be connected directly to the next part of the interface, the input/output section of the microcomputer itself. Output interfaces take a similar form, the obvious difference being that here the flow of information is in the opposite direction; it is passed from the program to the outside world. In this case the program may call an output subroutine which supervises the operation of the interface and performs the scaling numbers which may be needed for digital-to-analog converter(DAC). This subroutine passes information in turn to an output device which produces a corresponding electrical signal, which could be converted into analog form using a DAC. Finally the signal is conditioned(usually amplified) to a form suitable for operating an actuator. The signals used within microcomputer circuits are almost always too small to be connected directly to the outside world”and some kind of interface must be used to translate them to a more appropriate form. The design of section of interface circuits is one of the most important tasks facing the engineer wishing to apply microcomputers. We have seen that in microcomputers information is represented as discrete patterns of bits; this digital form is most useful when the microcomputer is to be connected to equipment which can only be switched on or off, where each bit might represent the state of a switch or actuator. To solve real-world problems, a microcontroller must have more than just a CPU, a program, and a data memory. In addition, it must contain hardware allowing the CPU to access information from the outside world. Once theCPU gathers information and processes the data, it must also be able to effect change on some portion of the outside world. These hardware devices, called peripherals, are the CPU’s window to the outside.The most basic form of peripheral available on microcontrollers is the general purpose I70 port. Each of the I/O pins can be used as either an input or an output. The function of each pin is determined by setting or clearing corresponding bits in a corresponding data direction register during the initialization stage of a program. Each output pin may be driven to either a logic one or a logic zero by using CPU instructions to pin may be viewed (or read.) by the CPU using program instructions. Some type of serial unit is included on microcontrollers to allow the CPU to communicate bit-serially with external devices. Using a bit serial format instead of bit-parallel format requires fewer I/O pins to perform the communication function, which makes it less expensive, but slower. Serial transmissions are performed either synchronously or asynchronously.3 SYSTEM GENERAL DESIGNThe hardware block diagram of the TC is shown in Fig. 1. The system hardware includes the micro controller, temperature detection circuit, keyboard control circuit, clock circuit, Display, alarm, drive circuit and external RAM. Based on the AT89C51, the DS18B20 will transfer the temperature signal detected to digital signal. And the signal is sent to the micro controller for processing. At last the temperature value is showed on the LCD 12232F. These steps are used to achieve the temperature detection. Using the keyboard interface chip HD7279 to set the temperature value, using the micro controller to keep a certain temperature, and using the LCD to show the preset value for controlling the temperature. In addition, the clock chip DS1302 is used to show time and the external RAM 6264 is used to save the monitoring data. An alarm will be given by buzzer in time if the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature.3.1 HARDWARE DESIGNA. Micro controllerThe AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit micro controller with 4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using At mel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the At mel AT89C51 is a powerful micro controller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. Minimum system of the micro controller is shown in Fig. 2. In order to save monitoring data, the 6264 is used as an external RAM. It is a static RAM chip, low-power with 8K bytes memory.B. Temperature Detection CircuitThe temperature sensor is the key part in the system. The Dallas DS18B20 is used, which supports the 1-Wire bus interface, and the ON-BOARD Patented is used internally. All the sensor parts and the converting circuit are integrated in integrated circuit like a transistor [1]. Its measure range is -55℃~125 ℃, and the precision between -10℃~85℃is ±0.5℃[2 ,3]. The temperature collected by the DS18B20 is transmitted in the 1-Wire bus way, and this highly raises the system anti-jamming and makes it fit in situ temperature measurement of the rugged environment [4]. There are two power supply ways for the DS18B20. The first is external power supply: the first pin of the DS18B20 is connected to the ground; the second pin serves as signal wire and the third is connected to the power. The second way is parasite power supply [5]. As the parasite power supply will lead to the complexity of the hardware circuit, the difficulty of the software controland the performance degradation of the chip, etc. But the DS18B20(s) can be connected to the I/O port of the micro controller in the external power supply way and it is more popular. Therefore the external power supply is used and the second pin is connected to the pin P1.3 of the AT89S51. Actually, if there are multipoint to be detected, the DS18B20(s) can be connected to the 1-Wire bus. But when the number is over 8, there is a concern to the driving and the more complex software design as well as the length of the 1-Wire bus. Normally it is no more than 50m. To achieve distant control, the system can be designed in to a wireless one to breakthe length limit of the 1-Wire bus [6].C. LCD CircuitThe LCD 12232F is used, which can be used to show characters, temperature value and time, and supply a friendly display interface. The 12232F is a LCD with 8192 128×32 pixels Chinese character database and 128 16×8 pixels A SCII character set graphics. It mainly consists of row drive/column drive and 128×32 full lattice LCD with the function of displaying graphics as well as 7.5×2 Chinese characters. It is in a parallel or serial mode to connect to external CPU [7]. In order to economize the hardware resource, the 12232F should be connected to the AT89S51 in serial mode with only 4 output ports used. The LCD grayscale can be changed by adjusting the variable resistor connected the pin Vlcd of the LCD. CLK is used to transmit serial communication clock. SID is used to transmit serial data. CS is used to enable control the LCD. L+ is used to control the LCD backlight power.D. Clock CircuitThe Dallas DS18B20 is used, which is a high performance, low-power and real-time clock chip with RAM. The DS18B20 serves in the system with calendar clock and is used to monitor the time. The time data is read and processed by the AT89C51 and then displayed by the LCD. Also the time can be adjusted by the keyboard. TheDS18B20 crystal oscillator is set at 32768Hz, and the recommended compensation capacitance is 6pF. The oscillator frequency is lower, so it might be possible not to connect the capacitor, and this would not make a big difference to the time precision. The backup power supply can be connected to a 3.6V rechargeable battery.E. Keyboard Control CircuitThe keyboard interface in the system is driven by the HD7279A which has a +5V single power supply and which is connected to the keyboard and display without using any active-device. According to the basic requirements and functions of the system, only 6 buttons are needed. The system's functions are set by the AT89C51 receiving the entered data. In order to save the external resistor, the 1×6 keyboard is used, and the keyboard codes are defined as: 07H, 0FH, 17H, 1FH, 27H, 2FH. The order can be read out by reading the code instruction. HD7279A is connected to the AT89S51 in serial mode and only 4 ports are need. As shown in Fig. 6, DIG0~DIG5 and DP are respectively the column lines and row line ports of the six keys which achieve keyboard monitoring, decoding and key codes identification.F. Alarm CircuitIn order to simplify the circuit and convenient debugging, a 5V automatic buzzer is used in the alarm circuit [8]. And this make the software programming simplified. As shown in Fig. 7, it is controlled by the PNP transistor 9012 whose base is connected to the pin P2.5 of the AT89C51. When the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value, the P2.5 output low level which makes the transistor be on and then an alarm is given by the buzzer.G. Drive CircuitA step motor is used as the drive device to control the temperature. The four-phase and eight-beat pulse distribution mode is used to drive motor and thesimple delay program is used to handle the time interval between the pulses to obtain different rotational speed. There are two output states for the step motor. One: when the temperature is over the upper value, the motor rotates reversely (to low the temperature), while when lower than the lower limit value, the motor rotates normally (to raise the temperature); besides not equals the preset value. Two: when the temperature is at somewhere between the two ends and equals the preset value, the motor stops. These steps are used to achieve the temperature control. In addition, the motor speed can also be adjusted by relative buttons. As shown in Fig. 8, the code data is input through ports A11~A8 (be P2.3~P2.0) of the AT89C51 and inverted output by the inverter 74LS04. Finally it is amplified by the power amplifier 2803A to power the motor.3.2 SOFTWARE DESIGNAccording to the general design requirement and hardware circuit principle of the system, as well as the improvement of the program readability, transferability and the convenient debugging, the software design is modularized. The system flow mainly includes the following 8 steps: POST (Power-on self-test), system initiation, temperature detection, alarm handling, temperature control, clock chip DS18B20 operation, LCD and keyboard operation. The main program flow is shown in Fig. 9. Give a little analysis to the above 8 tasks, it is easy to find out that the last five tasks require the real time operation. But to the temperature detection it can be achieved with timer0 timing 1 second, that is to say temperature detection occurs per second. The system initiation includes global variable definition, RAM initiation, special function register initiation and peripheral equipment initiation. Global variable definition mainly finishes the interface definition of external interface chip connected to the AT89C51, and special definition of some memory units. RAM initiation mainly refers to RAM processing. For example when the system is electrified the time code will be stored in theinternal unit address or the scintillation flag will be cleared. The special function register initiation includes loading the initial value of timer and opening the interrupt. For example, when the system is electrified the timer is initialized. The peripheral equipment initiation refers to set the initial value of peripheral equipment. For example, when the system is electrified, the LCD should be initialized, the start-up display should be called, the temperature conversion command should be issued firstly and the clock chip DS18B20 should also be initialized. The alarm handling is mainly the lowering and the raising of temperature to make the temperature remain with the preset range. When the temperature is between the upper and the lower limit value, it goes to temperature control handling, that is to say the temperature need to be raised or lowered according to the preset value. By doing so make the condition temperature equal to the preset value and hence to reach the temperature target.4 CONCLUSIONThe temperature control system has the advantages of friendly human-computer interaction interface, simple hardware, low cost, high temperature control precision (error in the range of ±1 ℃), convenience and versatility, etc. It c an be widely used in the occasions with -55℃to 125℃range, and there is a certain practical value.温度控制系统的设计摘要研究了基于AT89C51单片机温度控制系统的原理和功能，温度测量单元由单总线数字温度传感器DS18B20构成。

外文翻译--步进电机运动控制系统设计

密级分类号编号成绩本科生毕业设计 (论文)外文翻译原文标题Stepper Motor Motion Control System Design 译文标题步进电机运动控制系统设计作者所在系别机械工程系作者所在专业机械设计制造及其自动化作者所在班级作者姓名作者学号指导教师姓名指导教师职称完成时间2012 年 2 月的个数严格成正比，在时间上与输入脉冲同步，因此只要控制输入脉冲的数量、频率及电动机绕组通电的相序，便可获得所需的转角、转速及转动方向。

在没有脉冲输入时，在绕组电源的激励下气隙磁场能使转子保持原有位置处于定位状态。

因此非常适合于单片机控制。

步进电机还具有快速启动、精确步进和定位等特点，因而在数控机床，绘图仪，打印机以及光学仪器中得到广泛的应用。

步进电动机已成为除直流电动机和交流电动机以外的第三类电动机。

传统电动机作为机电能量转换装置，在人类的生产和生活进入电气化过程中起着关键的作用。

步进电机可以作为一种控制用的特种电机，利用其没有积累误差(精度为100%)的特点，广泛应用于各种开环控制。

现在比较常用的步进电机包括反应式步进电机（VR）、永磁式步进电机（PM）、混合式步进电机（HB）和单相式步进电机等。

一步进电机的工作原理步进电机是一种用电脉冲进行控制 ,将电脉冲信号转换成相位移的电机 ,其机械位移和转速分别与输入电机绕组的脉冲个数和脉冲频率成正比 ,每一个脉冲信号可使步进电机旋转一个固定的角度.脉冲的数量决定了旋转的总角度 ,脉冲的频率决定了电机运转的速度.当步进驱动器接收到一个脉冲信号，它就驱动步进电机按设定的方向转动一个固定的角度(称为“步距角”)，它的旋转是以固定的角度一步一步运行的。

可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移量，从而达到准确定位的目的；同时可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机转动的速度和加速度，从而达到调速的目的。

二步进电机详细调速原理步进电机的调速一般是改变输入步进电机的脉冲的频率来实现步进电机的调速，因为步进电机每给一个脉冲就转动一个固定的角度，这样就可以通过控制步进电机的一个脉冲到下一个脉冲的时间间隔来改变脉冲的频率，延时的长短来具体控制步进角来改变电机的转速，从而实现步进电的调速。

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