厦门大学英语专业考研真题英汉、汉英翻译1998
考研英语一真题手译阅读1998-Text3
5- A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
3- Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.
The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
2- Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics - but no longer.
1998年历年考研英语真题
1998年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently l most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. ［A］admitted ［B］believed ［C］claimed ［D］predicted2. ［A］plain ［B］average ［C］mean ［D］normal3. ［A］momentary ［B］prompt ［C］instant ［D］immediate4. ［A］bulk ［B］host ［C］gross ［D］magnitude5. ［A］On ［B］With ［C］For ［D］By6. ［A］broadly ［B］thoroughly ［C］generally ［D］completely7. ［A］however ［B］meanwhile ［C］therefore ［D］moreover8. ［A］at ［B］in ［C］about ［D］for9. ［A］manifested ［B］approved ［C］shown ［D］speculated10. ［A］noted ［B］impressed ［C］labeled ［D］markedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technol ogy capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Eg ypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks andHungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality [B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things [D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In Para graph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity [B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India [D] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil. [B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties. [D] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of busines s anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering”has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has beengreater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”15.According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems [B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems [D] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle [B] fa ll short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people [D] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechan istic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June nea r Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, thedepletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19.The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction [C] separation [D] contempt20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops [D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.22. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biased [D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” genera tion reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent res pectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There,California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, Califo rnia’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it r eveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”25. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy [B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population [D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continen ts are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come torest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).27.The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the ea rth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe29. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates [B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents [D] the formation of new oceans30. The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities [B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies [D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosm ic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait. 33)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.31. ________32. ________33. ________34. ________35. ________Section V WritingDirections:[A] Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.[B] Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2. Give your commentsn.注：图片上的文字是：本母鸡承诺：①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角②保证有蛋皮，蛋黄和蛋清。
1998年考研英语试题及参考答案（2）
Passage 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-businesssales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they're looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its relia- bility. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier, " says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by con-ducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company ' s private internet . Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" cus- tomers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers , transmitting marketing messages di- rectly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continualiy updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Sub- scribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company ' s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push tech- nology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and se-curity will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55 . We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business__[A] has been striving to expand its market[B]intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C]tried but in vain to control the market[D]has been booming for one year or so56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that__[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B]businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C]there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57. In the view of Net purists,__[A]there should be no marketing messages in online culture[ B]money making should be given priority to on the Web[C]the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58. We learn from the last paragraph that __[A]pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[ B] interactivity , hospitality and security are important to online customers[ C]leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D]setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerPassage 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of stu- dents' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction-in-deed, contradiction--which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put comput- ers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, jus- tified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone' s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is in- complete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, It was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized coun- tries , we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking ontheconfusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, com- puter-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achieve- ment .There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student.Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre- sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business- men, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well- developed skills, all other factors being equal , can be the difference between having a job and not.Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer , that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take--at the very longest-a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is__[ A] far-reaching [ B] dubiously oriented [ C] self-contradictory [ D] radically reformatory60. The belief that educalion is indispensable to all children__[A]is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B]came into being along with the arrival of computers[C]is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocates[ D]originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61 . It could be inferred from the passage that in the author' s country the European model of pro-fessional training is__[A]dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B]worth trying in various social sections[C]of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62 . According to the author, basic computer skills should be__[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[ B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[ C]mastered through a life-long course[ D] equally emphasized by any school , vocational or otherwise。
1998年考研英语阅读理解真题解析
1998年考研英语阅读理解真题解析提升阅读和翻译能力要打好基础，要做到这一点，一定要学会精读，以历年真题为依托，仔细研究每个句子，日积月累，坚持百日，相信会有很大的提升。
下面凯程在线带大家来逐句拆分解读历年阅读真题，从成分到词汇及这你翻译，帮助大家打好基础，提升综合能力，大家抓紧学起来。
【2017考研英语阅读历年真题逐句拆分解析汇总】( 1998年真题Section III Reading Comprehension Text3第1段第2句)Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Issac Newton.译文：想想看，17世纪伽利略为他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教会的审判，还有诗人William Blake对Issac Newton的机械的世界观所作的尖刻批判。
分析：这是一个类似祈使句的无主语句。
think of后面的宾语部分比较繁杂，主要有两个宾语，主干部分其实是Think of Galileo's trial or Blake's remarks。
剩下的就是关于这两个宾语的修饰限定成分。
trial后面for his rebelling解释的是trial的原因，before短语解释的是trial 的地点;harsh remarks后面跟的against短语解释的是remarks的内容。
【词汇指南】Galileo 意大利科学家伽利略believe [bi'li:v](vt.)相信,信任(中考词汇)(2013年-阅读2)(be-使，live=love-爱，e-尾缀→源于当你全身心地去“爱”一个人，你就会毫无戒备地“相信、信任”他，正如歌词中说的那样“爱他就要相信他”。
1998考研英语真题及解析
1998考研英语真题及解析考研英语对于众多学子来说，是攀登学术高峰道路上的一道重要关卡。
1998 年的考研英语真题，具有其独特的特点和考察重点。
下面我们就来详细剖析一下这一年的真题。
首先，在阅读理解部分，文章选材广泛，涵盖了科技、文化、社会等多个领域。
这就要求考生具备较广泛的知识背景和较强的理解能力。
比如，其中有一篇关于科技发展对人类生活影响的文章，不仅考查了考生对科技词汇的掌握，更考验了对复杂逻辑关系的梳理和理解。
在词汇方面，1998 年的真题中出现了一些高频且具有一定难度的词汇。
像“profound”（深刻的）、“phenomenon”（现象）、“consistent”（一致的）等。
这提醒考生在备考过程中，要注重积累常见的考研词汇，尤其是那些在不同语境中具有多种含义的词汇。
语法的考查也较为全面。
长难句的出现频率较高，需要考生能够准确地分析句子结构，找出主谓宾等主要成分。
例如，有一个句子“Despite the fact that the vast majority of Americans believe that it is wro ng to discriminate on the basis of race, gender, or sexual orientation, discrimination still persists in many aspects of our society” 这个句子中包含了一个让步状语从句和一个宾语从句，理解起来具有一定的难度。
完形填空部分，注重对词汇的辨析和上下文逻辑关系的把握。
考生需要通过对整篇文章的理解，选择最合适的词汇填入空白处。
同时，一些固定搭配和短语的考查也不容忽视。
翻译部分，句子结构较为复杂，需要考生在准确理解原文的基础上，用通顺流畅的中文进行表达。
在翻译过程中，不仅要注意词汇的准确翻译，还要注意调整语序，使译文符合中文的表达习惯。
写作部分，题目要求考生清晰地表达自己的观点，并能够用恰当的论据进行支持。
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题试题精解-推荐下载
了；其次 believed 和 claimed 都是表达人们肯定态度的词语，它们和首句所表达的含义自相矛盾；因此只有 admitted 可
以承接上下文，表示一种让步，意为"直到最近，大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。尽管他们承认从
长远角度来看，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。"
2.[A] plain（man）衣着朴素或相貌平平的人 [B] average（man）平民，普通人
二、试题具体解析
对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电通，力1根保过据护管生高线0产中不工资仅艺料可高试以中卷解资配决料置吊试技顶卷术层要是配求指置，机不对组规电在范气进高设行中备继资进电料行保试空护卷载高问与中题带资22负料，荷试而下卷且高总可中体保资配障料置各试时类卷，管调需路控要习试在题验最到；大位对限。设度在备内管进来路行确敷调保设整机过使组程其高1在中正资，常料要工试加况卷强下安看2与全22过，22度并22工且22作尽2下可护1都能关可地于以缩管正小路常故高工障中作高资；中料对资试于料卷继试连电卷接保破管护坏口进范处行围理整，高核或中对者资定对料值某试，些卷审异弯核常扁与高度校中固对资定图料盒纸试位，卷置编工.写况保复进护杂行层设自防备动腐与处跨装理接置，地高尤线中其弯资要曲料避半试免径卷错标调误高试高等方中，案资要，料求编5试技写、卷术重电保交要气护底设设装。备备4置管高调、动线中试电作敷资高气，设料中课并3技试资件且、术卷料拒管中试试调绝路包验卷试动敷含方技作设线案术，技槽以来术、及避管系免架统不等启必多动要项方高方案中式；资，对料为整试解套卷决启突高动然中过停语程机文中。电高因气中此课资，件料电中试力管卷高壁电中薄气资、设料接备试口进卷不行保严调护等试装问工置题作调，并试合且技理进术利行，用过要管关求线运电敷行力设高保技中护术资装。料置线试做缆卷到敷技准设术确原指灵则导活：。。在对对分于于线调差盒试动处过保，程护当中装不高置同中高电资中压料资回试料路卷试交技卷叉术调时问试，题技应，术采作是用为指金调发属试电隔人机板员一进，变行需压隔要器开在组处事在理前发；掌生同握内一图部线纸故槽资障内料时，、，强设需电备要回制进路造行须厂外同家部时出电切具源断高高习中中题资资电料料源试试，卷卷线试切缆验除敷报从设告而完与采毕相用，关高要技中进术资行资料检料试查，卷和并主检且要测了保处解护理现装。场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。
1998年考研英语试题及参考答案（3）
Passage 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment- although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a na- tional policy on human cloning. That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission ( NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on anear-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton ' s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended in- definitely , and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recom- mendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNAor cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial ques- tion, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro sug- gested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to at- tempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. " Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions , although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of fed-eral funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or toknowingly endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation , but in a phone interview, he said this is- sue was still "up in the air. "63. We can learn from the first paragraph that__[A]federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C]NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D]the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that__[A]the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B]the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C]it is crimtnal to use private funding for human cloning[D]it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65 . NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because__[A]embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B]the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C]an embryo' s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D]the issue is expLicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__[A]some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B]a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC' s appeal[D]the issue of human cloning will soon be settledPassage 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn' t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those lalger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering.His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictabllity is part of the essential nature of research. If you don' t have unpredictable things, you don' t have research. Scienltists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scienlists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific melhod"a substitute for imaginative thought . I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing acertain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that, " the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has beenshocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writ- ings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them him- self, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indi- cate , then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know ex- actly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls a-mong researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team. "67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that __[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68 . The author asserts that sclentists __[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought[ B] shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[ C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D]should be confident about their research findings69. It seems that some young scientists__[A]have a keen interest in prediction[B]often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D]stick to "scientific method"70. The author implies that the results of scientific research__[A]may not be as profitable as they are expected[B]can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D]are mostly underestimated by managementPart IV: English-Chinese Translation71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation ofhistorians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In thls search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the histo- rian' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an un- ending process .72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questtons and providing rewarding ap- proaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a dis- cipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contempo- rary world. 73) During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74 ) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. His-torians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tun- nel method , " frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy. " Also common in the natural sci- ences , the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and intemal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their ac- tivity with specific techniques.。
1998年考研英语真题解析
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题分析Section I Cloze Test 一、文章总体分析 本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。 二、试题具体解析 1.[A] admitted承认 [B] believed相信，认为 [C] claimed声称 [D] predicted预言 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 动词词义辨析。难度：0.54 文章开篇指出：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution，接着第二句又谈到，in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。显然，后一句是对前一句的让步。第三句又以But开头，暗示与第二句有转折关系。因此可以肯定，这里要表达的意思是历史学家不得不承认既成事实。 四个选项中，首先排除predicted，因为句子时态是过去时，表明"提高人们的生活水平"已经是事实，不存在"预测"了；其次believed和claimed都是表达人们肯定态度的词语，它们和首句所表达的含义自相矛盾；因此只有admitted可以承接上下文，表示一种让步，意为"直到最近，大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。尽管他们承认从长远角度来看，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。" 2.[A] plain（man）衣着朴素或相貌平平的人 [B] average（man）平民，普通人 [C] mean平均的，吝啬的，卑鄙的 [D] normal（man）正常人 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。难度：0.53 本题要求考生判断工业革命提高了什么人的生活水平。四个选项中，首先排除mean，它意为"平均的"时一般不能直接作定语修饰人，如：the mean temperature（平均气温），a mean motive（卑鄙的动机）而a mean man(自私的、刻薄的人)；A选项强调的衣着和相貌与上下文没有关系；从文意来看，这里只是泛泛谈到工业革命对一般人的影响，并无正常和不正常人的区分，因此，D项也不正确；只有average man符合语意，意为：工业化提高了普通老百姓的生活水平。 3.[A] momentary瞬间的, 刹那间的 [B] prompt敏捷的，迅速的，即时的 [C] instant直接的，立即的 [D] immediate迅速的，直接的 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。难度：0.22 空格处的形容词修饰results。从下文来看，考生需判断from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery 是怎样一种后果。四个选项中，momentary强调相当短促的一段时间，如：momentary joy（瞬息的喜悦）；prompt强调速度很快，如：Prompt payment of bills greatly helps our company.（迅速付款帮了我们公司大忙）；instant通常指不需要花很多时间就可以完成的，如：instant noodles（方便面）。根据下文可知，这种结果持续了一百年，因此表示短暂时间的A、B、C这三个选项都应加以排除。只有immediate除了表示"立刻的"，还有"直接的"之意，如：the immediate cause of death（死亡的直接原因），它和results搭配，意为"（工业革命的）直接结果"，符合文意。此外，它与上句中时间状语in the long run形成对照。 4.[A] bulk（of） [B] host（of） [C] gross（of） [D] magnitude（of） [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：修饰名词的前置短语。难度：0.28 从结构上看，空格所在名词组成the4of短语，并修饰不可数名词population。首先排除host和gross，host组成的短语只能是a host of 或hosts of，意为"许多"，如：a host of students（许多学生）；gross作名词时，可表示"一罗（12打，144个）"，但只和具体数字而不和定冠词搭配，如：two grosses of bananas（两罗香蕉），它也可表示"总收入"，如：gross for the year（年收入），但我们不能说"对于英国人口总收入的广泛贫困"；magnitude意为"巨大"，如：The magnitude of the flood was impossible to comprehend.（这场水灾之大是无法想像的），但放入文中，表示"对于英国人口的巨大的广泛贫困"也不符合语意。正确选项是bulk，the bulk of是固定搭配，意为"大多数，大部分"，相当于"the majority of"，在文中，the bulk of English population意为"大多数英国人"。 5.[A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配。难度：0.48 contrast的常用短语是by contrast 和in contrast，选项中其它介词都不和contrast搭配。By contrast意为"对比起来，与之相比"，强调与另一事物进行比较，存在反差。它可单独使用，也可在后面接比较对象，从文意上讲，文中空格前提到，1750和1850年间英国人民普遍贫穷和苦难（widespread poverty and misery），空格后则提到1650到1750间英国的繁荣富足（great abundance and prosperity），两者刚好形成鲜明的对比。因此，选项D正确。 知识点补充：by contrast表示"对比之下"，可以和"with"连用，也可以单独使用，例如：His brother is very silent. By contrast, he is very outspoken.（他弟弟非常安静，相比之下，他非常健谈）；By contrast with his brother, he is very outspoken.（和弟弟相比，他非常健谈）。 in contrast必须与with或to连用，如：Her affected manner is in striking contrast with her sisters spontaneous gait.（她矫揉造作的样子和她妹妹天生的乐观形成了鲜明的对比）。 6.[A] broadly大体上，概括地，广泛地 ［B］ thoroughly 彻底地 ［C］ generally 通常地,一般地,普遍地 ［D］ completely 完全地 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 副词词义辨析。难度：0.40 从结构上来说，所填选项用来修饰形容词agricultural。四个选项中，先排除A、C选项，它们一般不修饰形容词，而修饰动词。如：The question must be considered broadly.（这个问题必须被广泛地考虑）；The plan has been generally accepted.（这项计划被人们普遍接受）。thoroughly强调程度彻底；completely强调范围的广泛性。根据常识或上文的提示可知，工业革命发生在1750年～1850年间，1750年以前，英国还没有工业革命的迹象。也就是说，那时的英国还是一个纯粹的完完全全的农业国。这里主要强调的是广度不是深度，因此D是正确答案。 7.[A] however然而，表转折关系 [B] meanwhile同时，表时间关系 [C] therefore因此，所以，表因果关系 [D] moreover而且，表递进关系 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。难度：0.89 两个逗号间显然要填入一个逻辑词。考生关键要判断空格所在句子This view,7, is generally thought to be wrong 和上文之间的关系。从上下文来看，句中的this view指的是上段历史学家们的观点，即大多数历史学家对工业革命仍持批判态度。而这句话指出这种观点被普遍认为是错误的，接着下文又介绍了一种完全相反的观点。因此空格处应是一种表转折关系的逻辑词，答案只能选however。 8.[A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配。难度：0.74 本题考查哪个介词与名词specialist搭配，表示"某方面的专家"。能表达这个含义的介词只有in，如：a specialist in linguistics（语言学专家）。类似的用法还有specialize in（擅长于，专攻）和expert in（„的专家），如：He specializes in math.（他专攻数学）；expert in teaching small children（幼儿教育专家）。 9.[A] manifested表现，证明 [B] approved同意，批准，赞同 [C] shown指出，显示，说明 [D] speculated推测, 思索 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义辨析。难度：0.39 本题要求考生判断"历史和经济学方面的专家"对两件事情作了什么动作。首先，需要知道这两件事是什么。从下文可知，一是1650年～1750年有显著的贫困（great poverty），二是工业革命当然没有加重这种贫困，而是使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。其中，第一件是客观事实，第二件是一种观点。接着，由上文可知，专家做这个动作的目的是为了证明"历史学家对工业革命持批判态度的观点是错误的"。 四个选项中，approve一般指"赞成，通过"，如：Congress approved the budget.（国会批准了国家预算），显然我们不能说专家赞成"显著的贫困"这个事实；speculate是一个不及物动词，一般与on搭配，如：Ive been speculating on my future.（我一直在思索我的未来），因此也可排出；余下两个选项，manifest可译为"证明"，show意为"指出，表明"，由于文中并未论述专家如何证明这两件事情，而只是把这些专家的观点和历史家的观点作了比较，因此have shown two things为正确答案，即：指出了两件事。 10.[A] （was）noted（for/as）因„而著名 [B] （was）impressed（by）被„留下深刻印象 [C] （was）labeled as被视为„，被称作„ [D] （was）marked（by）具有„的特征 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义和用法辨
考研资料英语真题1998年.doc
1998年Part ⅠStructure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ______ the last bus,[A] to have caught [B] to catch [C] catching [D] having caught2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ______ so formally.[A] needn't dress up [B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up [D] needn't have dressed up3. I apologize if I ______ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend [B] had offended [C] should have offended [D] might have offended4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______ what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told [B] having been told [C] being told [D] to have been told5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ______ avoided.[A] is to be [B] can be [C] will be [D] has been6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ______ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before [B] as [C] since [D] when7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter ______ he does.[A] how [B] where [C] what [D] when8. I've kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ______ twenty years ago.[A] about [B] since [C] till [D] with9. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered [B] considering [C] to be considered [D] having considered10. ______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been [B] Were it not [C] Be it not [D] Should it not beSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)11. According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species' ability for surviving are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generations.A. a species'B. for survivingC. areD. to succeeding12. Neither rain nor snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so much look forward to receive.A. keepsB. whichC. so muchD. to receive13. If they will not accept a check, we shall have to pay the cash, though it would be much trouble for both sides.A. will not acceptB. shall haveC. the cashD. would be14. Having been robbed off economic importance, those states are not likely to count for very much ininternational political terms.A. Having beenB. offC. notD. very much15. The message will be that neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their uncontrollable practices.A. will beB. thatC. theirD. practices16. The logic of scientific development is such that separates groups of men working on the same problem in far - scattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.A. suchB. separatesC. onD. far - scattered17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to the European races, and some may even have a freshness and vitality that can renew the energies of more advanced race.A. intellectual inferiorB. andC. aD. energies18. The more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than ample destroying every city in the world several times over.A. TheB. more thanC. destroyingD. over19. The universe works in a way so far remove from what common sense would allow that words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it.A. removeB. wouldC. thatD. it20. The integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authorities over technical economic tasks.A. could best beB. firstC. with authoritiesD. technicalSection CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. The machine needs a complete ______ since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amending [B] fitting [C] mending [D] renovating22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a ______ of him.[A] glance [B] glimpse [C] look [D] sight23. I don't think it's wise of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up [B] show out [C] show in [D] show off24. The returns in the short ______ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval [B] range [C] span [D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ______ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition [B] discrimination [C] curiosity [D] familiarity26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ______ her long effort.[A] justify [B] testify [C] rectify [D] verify27. I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ______ my debt in return for certain services.[A] take away [B] cut out [C]write off [D] clear up28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ______.[A] explosion [B] sensation [C] exaggeration [D] stimulation29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ______ no responsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders [B] possesses [C] carries [D] shares30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ______ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment [B] reaction [C] impression [D] comprehension31. Please ______ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.[A] restrain [B] hinder [C] restrict [D] prohibit32. Without telephone it would be impossible on carry on the functions of ______ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically [B] preferably [C] precisely [D] presumably33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ file $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to [B] in reply to [C] in relation to [D] in contrast to34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ______ at the end of this month.[A] expire [B] exceed [C] terminate [D] cease35. All the off - shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.[A] sentimental [B] affectionate [C] intimate [D] sensitive36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______ , or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s,[A] revolt [B] revolve [C] reverse [D] revive37. I was unaware of the critical points involved so my choice was quite ______.[A] arbitrary [B] rational [C] mechanical [D] unpredictable38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ______ according to the weather.[A] altered [B] converted [C] fluctuated [D] modified39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ______ their prospect of promotion.[A] spur [B] further [C] induce [D] reinforce40. In what ______ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies [B] accounts [C] attaches [D] amountsPart ⅡGloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter it; the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They, (41) that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the (42) man. But they insisted that its (43) results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the (44) of the English population. (45) contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a (46) agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, (47) is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists (48) history and economics, have (49) two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was (50) by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41. [A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted42. [A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal43. [A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate44. [A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude45. [A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By46. [A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely47. [A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover48. [A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for49. [A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated50. [A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] markedPart ⅢReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points ) Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the stoops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Gzechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go - ahead to the even more wrong - headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts, Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ______.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over - excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In Paragraph 5," the powerless" probably refers to ______.[A] areas short of electricity [B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India [D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil. [B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties. [D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ______.[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk" [B] "More haste, less speed"[C] "Look before you leap" [D] "He who laughs last laughs best"Passage 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978 - 87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are mom speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years, may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost, His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's A1 Rosen shine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of m-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- "the worst sort of ambulance - cashing."55. According to the author, the American economic situation is ______.[A] not as good as it seems [B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems [D] near to complete recovery56. The official statistics on productivity growth ______.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle [B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people [D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because ______.[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders ff the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings,Passage 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's 17th - century trial for his rebelling brief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "antiscience" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon -Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason, "held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academies who have questioned science's objectivity, Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview,A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated de creased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrtich of Stan ford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warning, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'antiscience' can lump together too many, quite different things, "notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science."They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard them- selves as more enlightened."59. The word "schism" (Line 3, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ______.[A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction[C] separation [D] contempt60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ______.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power [B] show the author's sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops [D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti- science.[C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti - science" is justifiable.62. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is ______.[A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biased [D] puzzlingPassage 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America's most densely-populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people--numerically the third-largest growth ever re corded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War Ⅱ, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-bait states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington DC, dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too--and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: more and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances:Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate --37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ______.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ______.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"65. We can see from the available statistics that ______.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66. The word "demographers" (Line 1, Paragraph 7) most probably means ______.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy [B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population [D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifePassage 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots, Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 mil lion years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, tile material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67. The author believes that ______.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be truse[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced front the fact that ______.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69. The hot spot theory may' prove useful in explaining ______.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans70. The passage is mainly about ______.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plate[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesPart ⅣEnglish - Chinese TranslationDirections:。
1998年英语考研真题
1998年英语考研真题1998年英语考研真题：回顾与反思1998年的英语考研真题是许多考生心中的经典之一。
回顾这道题目，我们可以从不同的角度进行反思和探讨。
在这篇文章中，我们将从题目的难度、考察的知识点以及备考技巧等方面展开讨论，希望能为考生们提供一些有益的参考。
首先，我们来探讨一下这道题目的难度。
1998年的英语考研真题整体难度适中，不过相较于近年来的考题，可能略显简单。
这也是因为当时的英语水平普遍较低，考试难度相应调整。
然而，这并不意味着这道题目不值得我们深入思考。
相反，我们可以从中发现一些备考的重要线索。
其次，我们来看看这道题目考察了哪些知识点。
这道题目主要涉及了词汇、语法、阅读和写作等多个方面的知识。
在词汇方面，考生需要掌握一定的词汇量，并能够正确运用。
在语法方面，考生需要熟悉常用的语法规则，并能够准确地运用到具体的句子中。
在阅读方面，考生需要具备一定的阅读理解能力，能够快速捕捉文章的主旨和关键信息。
在写作方面，考生需要能够组织语言，表达清晰，结构合理。
然而，仅仅掌握这些知识点是远远不够的。
对于备考来说，我们还需要有一些实用的技巧。
首先，我们可以通过刷题来提高自己的应试能力。
刷题不仅可以帮助我们熟悉考试的题型和出题方式，还可以帮助我们发现自己的不足之处，及时进行弥补。
其次，我们可以通过模拟考试来提升自己的应试水平。
模拟考试可以帮助我们熟悉考试的时间限制和答题方式，提高我们的应试效率。
此外，我们还可以通过参加培训班或找到合适的学习方法来提高备考效果。
总结起来，1998年的英语考研真题虽然相对简单，但仍然有很多值得我们深入思考和探讨的地方。
通过对这道题目的回顾与反思，我们可以更好地了解备考的重点和难点，提高自己的备考效果。
希望这篇文章能为考生们提供一些有益的指导和启示，祝愿大家都能取得满意的成绩！。